%0 journal article %@ 2305-6304 %A Karl, M.,Ramacher, M.O.P.,Oppo, S.,Lanzi, L.,Majamäki, E.,Jalkanen, J.P.,Lanzafame, G.M.,Temime-Roussel, B.,Le Berre, L.,D'Anna, B. %D 2023 %J Toxics %N 9 %P 771 %R doi:10.3390/toxics11090771 %T Measurement and modeling of ship-related ultrafine particles and secondary organic aerosols in a Mediterranean port city %U https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090771 9 %X Maritime transport emerges as a major source of ultrafine particle (UFP) pollution in coastal regions with consequences for the health of people living in port cities. Inhalation of UFPs can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which are starting points for further diseases. In addition to primary particles, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) may form through the photo-oxidation of volatile organic compounds emitted in ship exhaust. The characterization of size-segregated and chemical properties of particles is essential for assessing the health implications related to shipping. We applied a coupled regional–local chemistry transport modeling system to study the effects of ship emissions on atmospheric concentrations of UFP and SOA in the Mediterranean port city Marseille (France), which is characterized by the combination of high port activity, industrialized emissions, and active photochemistry in summer. Our results show that the average potential impact from local shipping in the port area was 6–9% for SOA and 27–51% for total particle number concentration in July 2020. The estimated oxidative potential of daily mean particulate organic matter related to shipping was lower than the oxidative potential reported for heavy fuel oil (HFO). The lower oxidative potential in this study is very likely due to the low share of ships using HFO during stopover. %0 book part %@ %A Quante, M.,Leisner, T. %D 2023 %J Warnsignal Klima: Hilft Technik gegen die Erderwärmung? %N %P 222-230 %R doi:10.25592/uhhfdm.12849 %T Das Strahlungsmanagement im Climate Engineering – ein Überblick %U https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.12849 %X Climate Engineering Methoden, die in den Strahlungshaushalt und damit in den Energiehaushalt der Erde eingreifen, werden unter dem Begriff Strahlungsmanagement zusammengefasst. Die vorgeschlagenen Verfahren wollen fast alle die einfallende Sonnenstrahlung so umlenken, dass dadurch die Erwärmung an der Erdoberfläche um ein gewisses Maß reduziert wird. Ein Vorschlag betrifft auch die Erhöhung der Wärmestrahlung in den Weltraum. Die potenzielle Wirksamkeit der Methoden ist höchst unterschiedlich. Gemeinsam ist ihnen das Auftreten unerwünschter meteorologischer oder ökologischer Nebenwirkungen. Dieser Beitrag liefert einen ersten Überblick über die Methodenvielfalt, Vertiefungen sind in den nachfolgen Kapiteln zu finden. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Fink, L.,Karl, M.,Matthias, V.,Oppo, S.,Kranenburg, R.,Kuenen, J.,Moldanova, J.,Jutterström, S.,Jalkanen, J.,Majamäki, E. %D 2023 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1825-1862 %R doi:10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023 %T Potential impact of shipping on air pollution in the Mediterranean region – a multimodel evaluation: comparison of photooxidants NO2 and O3 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1825-2023 3 %X Shipping has a significant share in the emissions of air pollutants such as NOx and particulate matter (PM), and the global maritime transport volumes are projected to increase further in the future. The major route for short sea shipping within Europe and the main shipping route between Europe and East Asia are found in the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, it is a highly frequented shipping area, and high levels of air pollutants with significant potential impacts from shipping emissions are observed at monitoring stations in many cities along the Mediterranean coast.,The present study is part of the EU H2020 project SCIPPER (Shipping contribution to Inland Pollution Push for the Enforcement of Regulations). Five different regional chemistry transport models (CAMx – Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions, CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP – European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme, LOTOS-EUROS) were used to simulate the transport, chemical transformation and fate of atmospheric pollutants in the Mediterranean Sea for 2015. Shipping emissions were calculated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) version 3.3.0, and land-based emissions were taken from the CAMS-REG v2.2.1 dataset for a domain covering the Mediterranean Sea at a resolution of 12 km × 12 km (or 0.1° × 0.1°). All models used their standard setup for further input. The potential impact of ships was calculated with the zero-out method. The model results were compared to each other and to measured background data at monitoring stations.,The model results differ regarding the time series and pattern but are similar concerning the overall underestimation of NO2 and overestimation of O3. The potential impact from ships on the total NO2 concentration was especially high on the main shipping routes and in coastal regions (25 % to 85 %). The potential impact from ships on the total O3 concentration was lowest in regions with the highest NO2 impact (down to −20%). CAMx and CHIMERE simulated the highest potential impacts of ships on the NO2 and O3 air concentrations. Additionally, the strongest correlation was found between CAMx and CHIMERE, which can be traced back to the use of the same meteorological input data. The other models used different meteorological input due to their standard setup. The CMAQ-, EMEP- and LOTOS-EUROS-simulated values were within one range for the NO2 and O3 air concentrations. Regarding simulated deposition, larger differences between the models were found when compared to air concentration. These uncertainties and deviations between models are caused by deposition mechanisms, which are unique within each model. A reliable output from models simulating ships' potential impacts can be expected for air concentrations of NO2 and O3. %0 journal article %@ 2072-4292 %A Bailey, J.,Ramacher, M.,Speyer, O.,Athanasopoulou, E.,Karl, M.,Gerasopoulos, E. %D 2023 %J Remote Sensing %N 4 %P 1082 %R doi:10.3390/rs15041082 %T Localizing SDG 11.6.2 via Earth Observation, Modelling Applications, and Harmonised City Definitions: Policy Implications on Addressing Air Pollution %U https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041082 4 %X While Earth observation (EO) increasingly provides a multitude of solutions to address environmental issues and sustainability from the city to global scale, their operational integration into the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) framework is still falling behind. Within this framework, SDG Indicator 11.6.2 asks countries to report the “annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in cities (population-weighted)”. The official United Nations (UN) methodology entails aggregation into a single, national level value derived from regulatory air quality monitoring networks, which are non-existent or sparse in many countries. EO, including, but not limited to remote sensing, brings forth novel monitoring methods to estimate SDG Indicator 11.6.2 alongside more traditional ones, and allows for comparability and scalability in the face of varying city definitions and monitoring capacities which impact the validity and usefulness of such an indicator. Pursuing a more harmonised global approach, the H2020 SMURBS/ERA-PLANET project provides two EO-driven approaches to deliver the indicator on a more granular level across Europe. The first approach provides both city and national values for SDG Indicator 11.6.2 through exploiting the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service reanalysis data (0.1° resolution and incorporating in situ and remote sensing data) for PM2.5 values. The SDG Indicator 11.6.2 values are calculated using two objective city definitions—“functional urban area” and “urban centre”—that follow the UN sanctioned Degree of Urbanization concept, and then compared with official indicator values. In the second approach, a high-resolution city-scale chemical transport model ingests satellite-derived data and calculates SDG Indicator 11.6.2 at intra-urban scales. Both novel approaches to calculating SDG Indicator 11.6.2 using EO enable exploration of air pollution hotspots that drive the indicator as well as actual population exposure within cities, which can influence funding allocation and intervention implementation. The approaches are introduced, and their results frame a discussion around interesting policy implications, all with the aim to help move the dial beyond solely reporting on SDGs to designing the pathways to achieve the overarching targets. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2023 %J Mitgliedertreffen SPD 60+ Lüneburg %N %P %T Climate Engineering – Rettung oder Risiko? %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Quante, M.,Gasperini, B.,Belge, B. %D 2023 %J Warnsignal Klima: Hilft Technik gegen die Erderwärmung? %N %P 34-42 %R doi:10.25592/uhhfdm.12773 %T Vom Regenmachen zur Klimaintervention - Ein Blick auf die Ideen- und Entwicklungsgeschichte des Climate Engineering %U https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.12773 %X Die aktuelle Diskussion um das Climate Engineering als mögliche Antwort auf die globale anthropogene Erwärmung blickt auf eine längere Vorgeschichte zurück. Erste Versuche, das Wetter durch die Erzeugung von Niederschlägen zu modifizieren, führten mit der Zeit zu Plänen, immer großskaliger einzugreifen. Viele der ursprünglichen Ideen verschwanden in den Schubladen, wenige blieben. Dieses Kapitel zeichnet die wechselhafte Geschichte des Climate Engineering bis in die heutigen Tage nach und zeigt auch auf den begleitenden wissenschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Diskurs. %0 book part %@ %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Matthias, V.,Badeke, R.,Petrik, R.,Quante, M.,Arndt, J.,Fink, L.,Feldner, J.,Schwarzkopf, D.,Link, E.M.,Wedemann, R. %D 2023 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVIII. ITM 2021 %N %P 319-327 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12786-1_43 %T Urban Population Exposure to Air Pollution Under COVID-19 Lockdown Conditions - Combined Effects of Emissions and Population Activity %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12786-1_43 %X The aim of this study is to quantify the BIAS in air pollution (PM2.5, NO2) exposure estimates that arise from neglecting population activity under COVID-19 lockdown conditions. We applied mobility data as derived from different sources (Google, Eurostat, Automatic Identification System, etc.) to model the impact of (1) changing emissions and (2) the change in population activity patterns in a European multi-city (Hamburg, Liège, Marseille) exposure study. Our results show significant underestimations of exposure estimates when activity profiles are either neglected or not adjusted for lockdown conditions. %0 book part %@ %A Possner, A.,Quaas, J.,Quante, M. %D 2023 %J Warnsignal Klima: Hilft Technik gegen die Erderwärmung? %N %P 250-255 %R doi:10.25592/uhhfdm.12857 %T Impfen von Wolken zur Erhöhung der Reflektivität - Konzepte, Potentiale und Risiken %U https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.12857 %X Die systematische Aufhellung von tiefen Wolken als Maßnahme des solaren Strahlungsmanagements gegen die fortschreitende Klimaerwärmung ist seit Anfang der 1990er Jahre in der Diskussion. Die Reflektivität geeigneter Wolken ließe sich prinzipiell durch ein Impfen mit zusätzlichen Kondensationskeimen erhöhen. Im Zentrum des Interesses stehen hier die marinen Stratocumuluswolken. Ein entsprechender Effekt wurde in Nachlauffahnen von Schiffen (ship tracks) beobachtet. Verfügbare Modellstudien zur Wirksamkeit und zu Nebenwirkungen der Wolkenaufhellung zeigen noch keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse. Fragen bezüglich der Anwendungsbereiche, der technologischen Umsetzung und der Risiken sind noch ungeklärt. %0 book part %@ %A Gasparini, B.,Quante, M.,Lohmann, U. %D 2023 %J Warnsignal Klima: Hilft Technik gegen die Erderwärmung? %N %P 256-263 %R doi:10.25592/uhhfdm.12860 %T Ausdünnung von Zirren um dem Klimawandel entgegenzuwirken? %U https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.12860 %X Das Ausdünnen von Zirren (CCT) ist eine Climate Engineering-Methode, die darauf abzielt, der globalen Erwärmung entgegenzuwirken. Im Unterschied zu stratosphärischen Aerosolinjektionen und der Aufhellung mariner Wolken, die darauf abzielen, mehr Sonnenlicht ins Weltall zu reflektieren, soll bei CCT mehr langwellige Wärmestrahlung ins Weltall abgestrahlt werden. Dazu werden Eisnukleationskerne in die Atmosphäre injiziert, damit sich die Zirren durch heterogene Nukleation bilden und somit optische dünner sind. Die existierende Literatur zu dem Thema ist sehr uneindeutig und spricht der CCT-Methode eine Wirkung zwischen fast garkeiner Bedeutung bis hin zu dem Äquivalent einer Halbierung der CO2-Konzentration in einem extremen Emissionsszenario zu. %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Schwarzkopf, D.A.,Petrik, R.,Hahn, J.,Ntziachristos, L.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2023 %J Atmosphere %N 5 %P 879 %R doi:10.3390/atmos14050879 %T Future Ship Emission Scenarios with a Focus on Ammonia Fuel %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050879 5 %X Current efforts by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to decarbonize the shipping sector have gained momentum, although the exact path to achieve this goal is currently unclear. However, it can be safely assumed that alternative cleaner and zero-carbon fuels will be key components in the strategy. In this work, three ship emission scenarios for 2025, 2040, and 2050 were developed that cover the area of the North and Baltic Seas. They aim at a fundamental transition in the usage of marine fuels towards ammonia as the mainly used fuel in 2050, via an intermediate step in 2040 with liquefied natural gas as the main fuel. Additionally, expected trends and developments for the shipping sector were implemented, i.e., a fleet growth by vessel size and number. Efficiency improvements were included that are in accordance with the Energy Efficiency Design Index of the IMO. The scenarios were created using a novel method based on modifications to a virtual shipping fleet. The vessels in this fleet were subject to decommission and renewal cycles that adapt them to the scenario’s target year. Emissions for this renewed shipping fleet were calculated with the Modular Ship Emission Modeling System (MoSES). With respect to ammonia engine technology, two cases were considered. The first case deals with compression ignition engines and marine gas oil as pilot fuel, while the second case treats spark ignition engines and hydrogen as the pilot fuel. The first case is considered more feasible until 2050. Reductions with the first case in 2050 compared to 2015 were 40% for CO2 emissions. However, CO2 equivalents were only reduced by 22%, with the difference mainly resulting from increased N2O emissions. NOX emissions were reduced by 39%, and different PM components and SO2 were between 73% and 84% for the same target year. The estimated NH3 slip from ammonia-fueled ships in the North and Baltic Seas was calculated to be 930 Gg in 2050. For the second ammonia engine technology that is considered more advanced, emission reductions were generally stronger and ammonia emissions smaller. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2023 %J 9th S3C Summer School on Sustainable Chemistry for Sustainable Development %N %P %T Climate modelling in the context of policy guidance and risk-assessments. %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1868-7776 %A Erbertseder, T.,Matthias, V.,Krajzewicz, D.,Righi, M.,Mertens, M.,Badeke, R.,Baier, F.,Handschuh, J.,Khorsandi, E.,Ramacher, M.,Quante, M.,Thaller, C. %D 2023 %J Immissionsschutz %N %P %R doi:10.37307/j.1868-7776.2023.03.04 %T Der Einfluss verschiedener Verkehrsträger auf die Luftqualität von Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.37307/j.1868-7776.2023.03.04 %X Gesamtstädtische Simulationen von Luftschadstoffen in Hamburg werden mit den Modellsystemen PALM-4U und EPISODE-CityChem durchgeführt, um Immissionen raumzeitlich hochaufgelöst zu quantifizieren. Zielsetzung ist dabei, den Einfluss von Emissionen verschiedener Sektoren und Verkehrsmodi wie Straßenverkehr, Schifffahrt und Luftfahrt auf die Luftqualität zu untersuchen und die Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Modellsysteme zu vergleichen. Die Analysen werden im Rahmen des gemeinsamen DLR/Hereon-Projekts ELK (EmissionsLandKarte) durchgeführt. Für die Abbildung der Emissionen werden das agentenbasierte Nachfragemodell TAPAS, die mikroskopische Verkehrsflusssimulation SUMO sowie die Emissionsmodelle HiMEMO, MoSES, UECT und MEGAN eingesetzt. Die aktuelle Verkehrstransformation kann mittels Verhaltensänderungen simuliert und mit Ergebnissen basierend auf realem Verkehrsgeschehen verglichen werden. Die hochaufgelösten Emissions- und Immissionskataster sollen Politik, Forschung und Gesellschaft dienen, die Luftqualität vor Ort zu verbessern. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Badeke, R.,Matthias, V.,Karl, M.,Grawe, D. %D 2022 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 10 %P 4077-4103 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022 %T Effects of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions on urban pollutant concentration – a sensitivity study with MITRAS v2.0 and EPISODE-CityChem v1.4 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022 10 %X The modeling of ship emissions in port areas involves several uncertainties and approximations. In Eulerian grid models, the vertical distribution of emissions plays a decisive role for the ground-level pollutant concentration. In this study, model results of a microscale model, which takes thermal plume rise and turbulence into account, are derived for the parameterization of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions. This is done considering various meteorological and ship-technical conditions. The influence of three different approximated parameterizations (Gaussian distribution, single-cell emission and exponential Gaussian distribution) on the ground-level concentration are then evaluated in a city-scale model. Choosing a Gaussian distribution is particularly suitable for high wind speeds (>5 m s−1) and a stable atmosphere, while at low wind speeds or unstable atmospheric conditions the plume rise can be more closely approximated by an exponential Gaussian distribution. While Gaussian and exponential Gaussian distributions lead to ground-level concentration maxima close to the source, with single-cell emission assumptions the maxima ground-level concentration occurs at a distance of about 1500 m from the source. Particularly high-resolution city-scale studies should therefore consider ship emissions with a suitable Gaussian or exponential Gaussian distribution. From a distance of around 4 km, the selected initial distribution no longer shows significant differences for the pollutant concentration near the ground; therefore, model studies with lower resolution can reasonably approximate ship plumes with a single-cell emission. %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2022 %J %N %P %T From emission to deposition - developments and improvements along the air quality modelling chain %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2190-4979 %A Meier, H.,Kniebusch, M.,Dieterich, C.,Gröger, M.,Zorita, E.,Elmgren, R.,Myrberg, K.,Ahola, M. P.,Bartosova, A.,Bonsdorff, E.,Börgel, F.,Capell, R.,Carlén, I.,Carlund, T.,Carstensen, J.,Christensen, O. B.,Dierschke, V.,Frauen, C.,Frederiksen, M.,Gaget, E.,Galatius, A.,Haapala, J. J.,Halkka, A.,Hugelius, G.,Hünicke, B.,Jaagus, J.,Jüssi, M.,Käyhkö, J.,Kirchner, N.,Kjellström, E.,Kulinski, K.,Lehmann, A.,Lindström, G.,May, W.,Miller, P. A.,Mohrholz, V.,Müller-Karulis, B.,Pavón-Jordán, D.,Quante, M.,Reckermann, M.,Rutgersson, A.,Savchuk, O. P.,Stendel, M.,Tuomi, L.,Viitasalo, M.,Weisse, R.,Zhang, W. %D 2022 %J Earth System Dynamics %N 1 %P 457-593 %R doi:10.5194/esd-13-457-2022 %T Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary %U https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022 1 %X Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in palaeo-, historical, and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution, and new scenario simulations with improved models, for example, for glaciers, lake ice, and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth system have been studied, and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication, and climate change. New datasets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal timescales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first palaeoclimate simulations regionalised for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, it was found that also other low-frequency modes of internal variability, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, have profound effects on the climate of the Baltic Sea region. Challenges were also identified, such as the systematic discrepancy between future cloudiness trends in global and regional models and the difficulty of confidently attributing large observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change. Finally, we compare our results with other coastal sea assessments, such as the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA), and find that the effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea differ from those on the North Sea, since Baltic Sea oceanography and ecosystems are very different from other coastal seas such as the North Sea. While the North Sea dynamics are dominated by tides, the Baltic Sea is characterised by brackish water, a perennial vertical stratification in the southern subbasins, and a seasonal sea ice cover in the northern subbasins. %0 journal article %@ 1462-9011 %A Georgiadis, C.,Patias, P.,Verde, N.,Tsioukas, V.,Kaimaris, D.,Georgoula, O.,Kocman, D.,Athanasopoulou, E.,Speyer, O.,Raudner, A.,Karl, M.,Gerasopoulos, E. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science & Policy %N %P 308-322 %R doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.030 %T State-of-play in addressing urban environmental pressures: Mind the gaps %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.030 %X The creation of Smart Cities is an emerging research and application field that has the objective to increase city resilience and improve the quality of life for citizens. In this paper an extensive and thorough gap analysis that was performed in the framework of the SMURBS1 project is presented. The gap analysis identified 117 gaps in the legal, methodological, and technological framework, in the thematic areas of air quality, disasters, urban growth and migration. The identified gaps can be used by policy makers in local, regional, national, or even at EU or UN level to form new policies that will bridge these gaps and lead to the creation of resilient and sustainable smart cities. %0 journal article %@ 1462-9011 %A Gerasopoulos, E.,Bailey, J.,Athanasopoulou, E.,Speyer, O.,Kocman, D.,Raudner, A.,Tsouni, A.,Kontoes, H.,Johansson, C.,Georgiadis, C.,Matthias, V.,Kussul, N.,Aquilino, M.,Paasonen, P. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science & Policy %N %P 296-307 %R doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.033 %T Earth observation: An integral part of a smart and sustainable city %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.033 %X Over the course of the 21st century, a century in which the urbanization process of the previous one is ever on the rise, the novel smart city concept has rapidly evolved and now encompasses the broader aspect of sustainability. Concurrently, there has been a sea change in the domain of Earth observation (EO) where scientific and technological breakthroughs are accompanied by a paradigm shift in the provision of open and free data. While the urban and EO communities share the end goal of achieving sustainability, cities still lack an understanding of the value EO can bring in this direction, an next a consolidated framework for tapping the full potential of EO and integrating it in their operational modus operandi. The “SMart URBan Solutions for air quality, disasters and city growth” H2020 project (SMURBS/ERA-PLANET) sits at this scientific and policy crossroad, and, by creating bottom-up EO-driven solutions against an array of environmental urban pressures, and by expanding the network of engaged and exemplary smart cities that push the state-of-the-art in EO uptake, brings the international ongoing discussion of EO for sustainable cities closer to home and contributes in this discussion. This paper advocates for EO as an integral part of a smart and sustainable city and aspires to lead by example. To this end, it documents the project’s impacts, ranging from the grander policy fields to an evolving portfolio of smart urban solutions and everyday city operations, as well as the cornerstones for successful EO integration. Drawing a parallel with the utilization of EO in supporting several aspects of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it aspires to be a point of reference for upcoming endeavors of city stakeholders and the EO community alike, to tread together, beyond traditional monitoring or urban planning, and to lay the foundations for urban sustainability. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Sokhi, R. S.,Moussiopoulos, N.,Baklanov, A.,Bartzis, J.,Coll, I.,Finardi, S.,Friedrich, R.,Geels, C.,Grönholm, T.,Halenka, T.,Ketzel, M.,Maragkidou, A.,Matthias, V.,Moldanova, J.,Ntziachristos, L.,Schäfer, K.,Suppan, P.,Tsegas, G.,Carmichael, G.,Franco, V.,Hanna, S.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Velders, G. J. M.,Kukkonen, J. %D 2022 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 7 %P 4615-4703 %R doi:10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022 %T Advances in air quality research - current and emerging challenges %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022 7 %X This review provides a community's perspective on air quality research focusing mainly on developments over the past decade. The article provides perspectives on current and future challenges as well as research needs for selected key topics. While this paper is not an exhaustive review of all research areas in the field of air quality, we have selected key topics that we feel are important from air quality research and policy perspectives. After providing a short historical overview, this review focuses on improvements in characterizing sources and emissions of air pollution, new air quality observations and instrumentation, advances in air quality prediction and forecasting, understanding interactions of air quality with meteorology and climate, exposure and health assessment, and air quality management and policy. In conducting the review, specific objectives were (i) to address current developments that push the boundaries of air quality research forward, (ii) to highlight the emerging prominent gaps of knowledge in air quality research, and (iii) to make recommendations to guide the direction for future research within the wider community. This review also identifies areas of particular importance for air quality policy. The original concept of this review was borne at the International Conference on Air Quality 2020 (held online due to the COVID 19 restrictions during 18–26 May 2020), but the article incorporates a wider landscape of research literature within the field of air quality science. On air pollution emissions the review highlights, in particular, the need to reduce uncertainties in emissions from diffuse sources, particulate matter chemical components, shipping emissions, and the importance of considering both indoor and outdoor sources. There is a growing need to have integrated air pollution and related observations from both ground-based and remote sensing instruments, including in particular those on satellites. The research should also capitalize on the growing area of low-cost sensors, while ensuring a quality of the measurements which are regulated by guidelines. Connecting various physical scales in air quality modelling is still a continual issue, with cities being affected by air pollution gradients at local scales and by long-range transport. At the same time, one should allow for the impacts from climate change on a longer timescale. Earth system modelling offers considerable potential by providing a consistent framework for treating scales and processes, especially where there are significant feedbacks, such as those related to aerosols, chemistry, and meteorology. Assessment of exposure to air pollution should consider the impacts of both indoor and outdoor emissions, as well as application of more sophisticated, dynamic modelling approaches to predict concentrations of air pollutants in both environments. With particulate matter being one of the most important pollutants for health, research is indicating the urgent need to understand, in particular, the role of particle number and chemical components in terms of health impact, which in turn requires improved emission inventories and models for predicting high-resolution distributions of these metrics over cities. The review also examines how air pollution management needs to adapt to the above-mentioned new challenges and briefly considers the implications from the COVID-19 pandemic for air quality. Finally, we provide recommendations for air quality research and support for policy. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Karl, M.,Pirjola, L.,Grönholm, T.,Kurppa, M.,Anand, S.,Zhang, X.,Held, A.,Sander, R.,Dal Maso, M.,Topping, D.,Jiang, S.,Kangas, L.,Kukkonen, J. %D 2022 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 9 %P 3969-4026 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-15-3969-2022 %T Description and evaluation of the community aerosol dynamics model MAFOR v2.0 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3969-2022 9 %X Numerical models are needed for evaluating aerosol processes in the atmosphere in state-of-the-art chemical transport models, urban-scale dispersion models, and climatic models. This article describes a publicly available aerosol dynamics model, MAFOR (Multicomponent Aerosol FORmation model; version 2.0); we address the main structure of the model, including the types of operation and the treatments of the aerosol processes. The model simultaneously solves the time evolution of both the particle number and the mass concentrations of aerosol components in each size section. In this way, the model can also allow for changes in the average density of particles. An evaluation of the model is also presented against a high-resolution observational dataset in a street canyon located in the centre of Helsinki (Finland) during afternoon traffic rush hour on 13 December 2010. The experimental data included measurements at different locations in the street canyon of ultrafine particles, black carbon, and fine particulate mass PM1. This evaluation has also included an intercomparison with the corresponding predictions of two other prominent aerosol dynamics models, AEROFOR and SALSA. All three models simulated the decrease in the measured total particle number concentrations fairly well with increasing distance from the vehicular emission source. The MAFOR model reproduced the evolution of the observed particle number size distributions more accurately than the other two models. The MAFOR model also predicted the variation of the concentration of PM1 better than the SALSA model. We also analysed the relative importance of various aerosol processes based on the predictions of the three models. As expected, atmospheric dilution dominated over other processes; dry deposition was the second most significant process. Numerical sensitivity tests with the MAFOR model revealed that the uncertainties associated with the properties of the condensing organic vapours affected only the size range of particles smaller than 10 nm in diameter. These uncertainties therefore do not significantly affect the predictions of the whole of the number size distribution and the total number concentration. The MAFOR model version 2 is well documented and versatile to use, providing a range of alternative parameterizations for various aerosol processes. The model includes an efficient numerical integration of particle number and mass concentrations, an operator splitting of processes, and the use of a fixed sectional method. The model could be used as a module in various atmospheric and climatic models. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2022 %J Universitätsgesellschaftlicher Dienstag %N %P %T Climate Engineering - Rettung oder Risiko %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Schwarzkopf, D.,Petrik, R.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Yu, G.,Zhang, Y. %D 2022 %J Atmosphere %N 6 %P 894 %R doi:10.3390/atmos13060894 %T Comparison of the Impact of Ship Emissions in Northern Europe and Eastern China %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060894 6 %X It is well known that ship emissions contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. However, the impact on air quality can regionally vary, as influenced by parameters such as the composition of the regional shipping fleet, state of background atmospheric pollution, and meteorological aspects. This study compared two regions with high shipping densities in 2015. These include the North and Baltic Seas in Europe and the Yellow and East China Seas in China. Here, a key focal point is an evaluation of differences and similarities of the impacts of ship emissions under different environmental conditions, particularly between regions with medium (Europe) and high air pollution (China). To assess this, two similarly performed chemical transport model runs were carried out with highly resolved bottom-up ship emission inventories for northern Europe and China, calculated with the recently developed MoSES model, publicly available emissions data for nonshipping sources (EDGAR, MEIC). The performance of the model was evaluated against measurement data recorded at coastal stations. Annual averages at affected coastal regions for NO2, SO2, O3 and PM2.5 were modeled in Europe to be 3, below 0.3, 2.5, 1 and in China 3, 2, 2–8, 1.5, respectively, all given in μg/m3. In highly affected regions, such as large harbors, the contributions of ship-related emissions modeled in Europe were 15%, 0.3%, −12.5%, 1.25% and in China were 15%, 6%, −7.5%, 2%, respectively. Absolute pollutant concentrations from ships were modeled slightly higher in China than in Europe, albeit the relative impact was smaller in China due to higher emissions from other sectors. The different climate zones of China and the higher level of atmospheric pollution were found to seasonally alter the chemical transformation processes of ship emissions. Especially in northern China, high PM concentrations during winter were found to regionally inhibit the transformation of ship exhausts to secondary PM, and reduce the impact of ship-related aerosols, compared to Europe. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Arndt, J. %D 2022 %J Teachers Science Club %N %P %T Lockdown; Wetter; Chemie der Atmosphäre %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0044-7447 %A Moldanová, J.,Hassellöv, I.-M.,Matthias, V.,Fridell, E.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Ytreberg, E.,Quante, M.,Tröltzsch, J.,Maljutenko, I.,Raudsepp, U.,Eriksson, K.M. %D 2022 %J Ambio %N 3 %P 754-769 %R doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01597-9 %T Framework for the environmental impact assessment of operational shipping %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01597-9 3 %X Shipping is an important source of pollution affecting both atmospheric and aquatic environments. To allow for efficient mitigation of environmental degradation, it is essential to know the extent of the impacts of shipping in relation to other sources of pollution. Here, we give a perspective on a holistic approach to studies of the environmental impacts of operational shipping through presentation of an assessment framework developed and applied on a case of shipping in the Baltic Sea. Through transfer of knowledge and concepts, previously used in assessments of air pollution, now applied to assessments of marine pollution and underwater noise, the horizon of understanding of shipping-related impacts is significantly improved. It identifies the main areas of environmental degradation caused by shipping and potential improvements through legislation and technological development. However, as the vast majority of contaminants discharged into the sea are not routinely monitored and assessed, the links between pressure of contaminants from shipping and environmental state and impacts will not be caught in the current environmental regulatory frameworks. %0 book part %@ %A Wichert, V.,Bouwer, L.,Abraham, N.,Brix, H.,Callies, U.,González Ávalos, E.,Marien, L.,Matthias, V.,Michaelis, P.,Rabe, D.,Rechid, D.,Ruhnke, R.,Scharun, C.,Valizadeh, M.,Vlasenko, A.,zu Castell, W. %D 2022 %J Integrating Data Science and Earth Science : Challenges and Solutions %N %P 29-53 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99546-1_4 %T Data Analysis and Exploration with Computational Approaches %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99546-1_4 %X Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly applied in Earth system research, for improving data analysis, and model performance, and eventually system understanding. In the Digital Earth project, several ML approaches have been tested and applied, and are discussed in this chapter. These include data analysis using supervised learning and classification for detection of river levees and underwater ammunition; process estimation of methane emissions and for environmental health; point-to-space extrapolation of varying observed quantities; anomaly and event detection in spatial and temporal geoscientific datasets. We present the approaches and results, and finally, we provide some conclusions on the broad applications of these computational data exploration methods and approaches. %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Jesemann, A.,Matthias, V.,Böhner, J.,Bechtel, B. %D 2022 %J Atmosphere %N 11 %P 1929 %R doi:10.3390/atmos13111929 %T Using Neural Network NO2-Predictions to Understand Air Quality Changes in Urban Areas—A Case Study in Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111929 11 %X Due to the link between air pollutants and human health, reliable model estimates of hourly pollutant concentrations are of particular interest. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are powerful modeling tools capable of reproducing the observed variations in pollutants with high accuracy. We present a simple ANN for the city of Hamburg that estimated the hourly NO2 concentration. The model was trained with a ten-year dataset (2007–2016), tested for the year 2017, and then applied to assess the efficiency of countermeasures against air pollution implemented since 2018. Using both meteorological data and describing the weekday dependent traffic variabilities as predictors, the model performed accurately and showed high consistency over the test data. This proved to be very efficient in detecting anomalies in the time series. The further the prediction was from the time of the training data, the more the modeled data deviated from the measured data. Using the model, we could detect changes in the time series that did not follow previous trends in the training data. The largest deviation occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, when traffic volumes decreased significantly. Concluding our case study, the ANN based approach proved suitable for modeling the NO2 concentrations and allowed for the assessment of the efficiency of policy measures addressing air pollution. %0 journal article %@ 2634-3606 %A Feldner, J.,Ramacher, M.O.P.,Karl, M.,Quante, M.,Luttkus, M.L. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science: Atmospheres %N 5 %P 1132-1151 %R doi:10.1039/D2EA00038E %T Analysis of the effect of abiotic stressors on BVOC emissions from urban green infrastructure in northern Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00038E 5 %X Many plants are well known to emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Under certain conditions BVOCs strongly enhance the photochemical formation of ozone (O3) and impact the levels of atmospheric photo-oxidants. Urban environments under the influence of climate change may face an increasing risk of elevated ozone formation potentials, because abiotic stressors such as heat and drought can stimulate BVOC emissions. However, it is largely uncertain how a combination of heat episodes and reduced soil water potentials affects air quality in cities. The effect of abiotic stress on BVOC emissions and urban O3 formation was assessed for the coastal metropolitan area of Hamburg in Germany during the vegetation period of 2018, characterized by remarkable drought and heat periods. BVOC emissions were modelled using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) version 3 that accounts for several abiotic stresses. Isoprene is the single VOC with the highest share (∼60%) in the BVOC emissions of the study area. Drought stress was identified as the most important abiotic stressor that modulates BVOC emissions in this area. Modelled biogenic emissions calculcated with MEGAN3 were included together with emissions of relevant anthropogenic sectors in simulations with the chemistry transport model EPISODE-CityChem to calculate ozone concentrations under a scenario of prolonged drought stress. As a major result we identified that isoprene concentrations in Hamburg were reduced by 65% (range 6% to 95%) under drought stress during the growing period compared to non-stress conditions. Reduction of isoprene concentrations due to drought stress spatially coincided with a reduction of ozone concentrations. To asses the importance of chemical reactions involved in the formation of ozone, concentrations of isoprene, methacryloyl peroxy nitrate (MPAN) and methacrolein (MACR) have been analysed. The drought stress effect on isoprene emissions led to reductions of MACR and MPAN by approximately 80% and 20%, respectively. Since a VOC limited regime is found presently for Hamburg, it is likely that further reductions in anthropogenic NOx emissions and/or increased BVOC emissions driven by extended green infrastructure and long-term temperature increases may lead to an enhanced photochemical production of ozone in Hamburg in the future. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2022 %J Vortrag im Winterprogramm 2021/2022 des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für das Fürstentum Lüneburg von 1851 e.V. %N %P %T Städte im Klimawandel - zwischen Klimaschutz und Anpassung %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1674-9278 %A von Storch, H.,Geyer, B.,Li, Y.,Matthias, V.,Rockel, B. %D 2021 %J Advances in Climate Change Research %N 5 %P 677-685 %R doi:10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003 %T Chinese lockdown as aerosol reduction experiment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003 5 %X The lockdown of large parts of Chinese economy beginning in late January 2020 lead to significant regional changes of aerosol loads, which suggests a reduction of backscatter and consequently a regional warming in the following months. Using local data and a numerical experiment with a limited area model, we have examined how strong this response may have been. The observed (local and reanalysis) observations point to a warming of less than 1.0 K, the simulations to a warming of the order of 0.5 K. These numbers are uncertain, because of large-scale natural variability and an ad-hoc choice of aerosol optical depth anomaly in the simulation. Thus, the result was, in short, that there was actually a weak warming of a few tenth of degrees, while noteworthy changes in circulation or in precipitation were not detected. More specifically, we found that at selected central China stations temperatures were found to be higher than in previous two years. This warming goes with a marked diurnal signal, with a maximum warming in the early afternoon (06 UTC), weakest at night (18 UTC). This may be related to a general warming of large swaths of Asia (including Siberia, which is not related to local aerosol forcing). Indeed, also the stations outside the immediate strong lockdown region are showing warming, albeit a weaker one. Thus, the difference 2020 minus 2019/2018 may overestimate the effect. The ad-hoc series of numerical experiments indicates that the simulated changes are robust and suffer little from internal dynamical variability. In particular, the overall reduction of the aerosol optical depth does not lead to phases of larger intermittent divergence among the model simulations, irrespective of the aerosol load. Instead, the simulations with reduced anthropogenic aerosol load show more a mere locally increased temperature. This may indicate that the aerosol effect is mostly thermodynamic in all local air columns in the region. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Fink, L.,Matthias, V.,Karl, M.,Petrik, R.,Majamäki, E.,Jalkanen, J.,Oppo, S.,Kranenburg, R. %D 2021 %J EGU General Assembly 2021 %N %P %R doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8344 %T The contribution of shipping to air pollution in the Mediterranean region – a model evaluation study %U https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8344 %X Shipping has major contribution to emissions of air pollutants like NOx and SO2 and the global maritime transport volumes are projected to increase significantly. The Mediterranean Sea is a region with dense ship traffic. Air quality observations in many cities along the Mediterranean coast indicate high levels of NO2 and particulate matter with significant contributions from ship emissions.,To quantify the current impact of shipping on air pollution, models for ship emissions and atmospheric transport can be applied, but model predictions may differ from observational data. To determine how well regional scale chemistry transport models simulate pollutant concentrations, the model outputs from several regional scale models were compared against each other and to measured data.,In the framework of the EU H2020 project SCIPPER, ship emission model STEAM and the regional scale models CMAQ and CHIMERE model were applied on a modelling domain covering the Mediterranean Sea. Modeling results were compared to air quality observations at coastal locations. The impact of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea was extracted from the model excluding shipping emissions. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Vlasenko, A.,Matthias, V.,Callies, U. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 118236 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118236 %T Simulation of chemical transport model estimates by means of a neural network using meteorological data %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118236 %X Chemical substances of either anthropogenic or natural origin affect air quality and, as a consequence, also the health of the population. Therefore, there is a high demand for reliable air quality scenarios that can support possible management decisions. However, generating long term assessments of air quality assuming different emission scenarios is still a great challenge when using detailed atmospheric chemistry models. In this study, we test machine learning technique based on neural networks (NN) to emulate process-oriented modeling outcomes. A successfully calibrated NN might estimate concentrations of chemical substances in the air several orders faster than the original model and with reasonably small errors. We designed a simple recurrent 3-layer NN to reproduce daily mean concentrations of NO2, SO2 and C2H6 over Europe as simulated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ). The general structure of the NN can be shown to approximate a continuity equation. Inputs of the network are daily mean meteorological state variables, taken from the climate model COSMO-CLM. The proposed NN emulates CMAQ outputs with an error not exceeding the difference between CMAQ and other known chemical transport models. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Badeke, R.,Matthias, V.,Grawe, D. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 8 %P 5935-5951 %R doi:10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021 %T Parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion of ship exhaust gas in the near field %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021 8 %X Estimating the impact of ship emissions on local air quality is a topic of high relevance, especially in large harbor cities. For chemistry-transport modeling studies, the initial plume rise and dispersion play a crucial role for the distribution of pollutants into vertical model layers. This study aims at parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion in the near field of a prototype cruise ship, depending on several meteorological and technical input parameters. By using the microscale chemistry, transport and stream model (MITRAS), a parameterization scheme was developed to calculate the downward dispersion, i.e., the fraction of emissions, which will be dispersed below stack height. This represents the local concentration in the vicinity of the ship. Cases with and without considering the obstacle effect of the ship have been compared. Wind speed and ship size were found to be the strongest factors influencing the downward dispersion, which can reach values up to 55 % at high wind speed and lateral wind. This compares to 31 % in the case where the obstacle effect was not considered and shows the importance of obstacle effects when assessing the ground-level pollution situation in ports. %0 journal article %@ %A Quante, M.,Karl, M.,Matthias, V.,Moldanova, J.,Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J EM : Air & Waste Management Association's magazine for environmental managers %N 2 %P %T Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Assessment of Current and Future Air Quality Implications %U 2 %X Air quality modeling studies reveal that shipping currently contributes considerably to degraded air quality in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea region. Future scenarios highlight the importance of implementing a Nitrogen Emission Control Area (NECA) to improve the situation. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Badeke, R.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Petrik, R.,Arndt, J.,Ramacher, M.,Schwarzkopf, D.,Fink, L.,Feldner, J.,Link, E. %D 2021 %J EGU General Assembly 2021 %N %P %R doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12394 %T Air quality improvements caused by COVID-19 lockdown measures in Central Europe – contributions of emission sectors and the meteorological situation %U https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12394 %X Corona lockdown measures caused unprecedented emission reductions in many parts of world. However, this does not linearly translate into improved air quality, since weather phenomena like precipitation, wind and solar radiation also show a significant impact on pollutant concentration patterns. The aim of this study is to disentangle effects of emission reduction and meteorology on the air quality in Central Europe during the first major lockdown from March to June 2020. For this purpose, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) was used with updated emission data for the year 2020, including time profiles for sectors and countries that approximate the lockdown emission reductions. The contributions of street traffic, air traffic, ship traffic, residential heating and industry to NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations were investigated. Meteorological data was derived from the regional COSMO model in CLimate Mode (COSMO-CLM). Additional city scale measurements were used to account for exceptional weather conditions as well as emission reduction effects at hotspots like traffic stations. Therefore, selected air pollutant and meteorological measurement data in the cities of Hamburg, Liége and Marseille are compared against the statistical trend of 2015 to 2019. %0 journal article %@ 2590-1621 %A Schwarzkopf, D.,Petrik, R.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Majamäki, E.,Jalkanen, J. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Environment: X %N %P 100132 %R doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132 %T A ship emission modeling system with scenario capabilities %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132 %X A bottom-up modular ship emission modeling system (MoSES) is presented that calculates highly spatiotemporally resolved ship exhaust emissions, based on ship position data recorded from the automatic identification system. MoSES is built in a modularized architecture, which guarantees good expandability. Several ship-type specific methods have been developed for estimating missing ship characteristics that are important for ship emission modeling, such as the gross tonnage, main or auxiliary engine power, engine rating or the service speed, since these characteristics are often not available in present data. Additionally, most recent emission factors for sulfate and black carbon were derived from literature that cover formerly neglected low-sulfur fuels. MoSES is demonstrated by the creation of an emissions inventory for the North and Baltic Sea region, but it may readily be applied to other regions as well. The results were evaluated and compared to ship emission data calculated with the established Ship Traffic Assessment Model (STEAM 3). A good agreement with the daily shipping activity and CO2 emissions was found, although fewer emissions were calculated with MoSES for SO2, SO4 and NOX due to differences in the method for calculating the power consumption, the assumed fuel sulfur content, and applied emission factors. Furthermore, the impact of different emissions factors and uncertainties due to missing ship characteristics has been investigated. Additionally, extensive functionalities for scenario generation were implemented that allow the modification of a ship fleet in a model run. A filtering algorithm was developed to support scenario generation by the creation of sub-emission inventories. These contain only emissions of ships moving between two specific harbors or points of interest. This feature is demonstrated for the ship traffic between the five busiest harbors in the North Sea among each other, and between the English Channel. The scenario capability of the model is exemplified on a case based on sub-emission inventories, that investigates a decreased trade volume between representative ports of mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Arndt, J.,Badeke, R.,Fink, L.,Petrik, R.,Feldner, J.,Schwarzkopf, D.,Link, E.-M.,Ramacher, M.,Wedemann, R. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 18 %P 13931-13971 %R doi:10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021 %T The role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown period in central Europe %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021 18 %X The lockdown measures taken to prevent a rapid spreading of the coronavirus in Europe in spring 2020 led to large emission reductions, particularly in road traffic and aviation. Atmospheric concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 were mostly reduced when compared to observations taken for the same time period in previous years; however, concentration reductions may not only be caused by emission reductions but also by specific weather situations.,In order to identify the role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements in central Europe, the meteorology chemistry transport model system COSMO-CLM/CMAQ was applied to Europe for the period 1 January to 30 June 2020. Emission data for 2020 were extrapolated from most recent reported emission data, and lockdown adjustment factors were computed from reported activity data changes, e.g. Google mobility reports. Meteorological factors were investigated through additional simulations with meteorological data from previous years.,The results showed that lockdown effects varied significantly among countries and were most prominent for NO2 concentrations in urban areas with 2-week-average reductions up to 55 % in the second half of March. Ozone concentrations were less strongly influenced (up to ±15 %) and showed both increasing and decreasing concentrations due to lockdown measures. This depended strongly on the meteorological situation and on the NOx /, VOC emission ratio. PM2.5 revealed 2 %–12 % reductions of 2-week-average concentrations in March and April, which is much less than a different weather situation could cause. Unusually low PM2.5 concentrations as observed in northern central Europe were only marginally caused by lockdown effects.,The lockdown can be seen as a big experiment about air quality improvements that can be achieved through drastic traffic emission reductions. From this investigation, it can be concluded that NO2 concentrations can be largely reduced, but effects on annual average values are small when the measures last only a few weeks. Secondary pollutants like ozone and PM2.5 depend more strongly on weather conditions and show a limited response to emission changes in single sectors. %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J.,Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019. Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 119-123 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_18 %T Multi-compartment Chemistry Transport Models %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_18 %X There exists a large range of pollutants of global concern for whom the ocean is a key part in their environmental cycle. Namely, mercury (Hg) and several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are subject to international treaties (e.g. Minamata Convention, Stockholm Convention) are actively exchanged between atmosphere and ocean and subsequently accumulated in the marine food web. Thus, modeling their environmental fate requires a numerical representation of atmospheric and marine physics and chemistry. Additionally, in the marine environment interactions with biota and detritus are an important factor leading to a multi-disciplinary biogeochemical research field involving chemistry, meteorology, oceanography, and biology. However, the chemistry transport modeling research community is still virtually limited to atmospheric transport and transformation of pollutants. The ocean is typically treated as a boundary condition and only few coupled hydrodynamic models have been developed so far. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Jutterström, S.,Moldan, F.,Moldanová, J.,Karl, M.,Matthias, V.,Posch, M. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 20 %P 15827-15845 %R doi:10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021 %T The impact of nitrogen and sulfur emissions from shipping on the exceedance of critical loads in the Baltic Sea region %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021 20 %X The emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) species to the atmosphere from shipping significantly contribute to S and N deposition near the coast and to acidification and/or eutrophication of soils and freshwater. In the countries around the Baltic Sea, the shipping volume and its relative importance as a source of emissions are expected to increase if no efficient regulations are implemented. To assess the extent of environmental damage due to ship emissions for the Baltic Sea area, the exceedance of critical loads (CLs) for N and S has been calculated for the years 2012 and 2040. The paper evaluates the effects of several future scenarios, including the implementation of NECA and SECA (Nitrogen And Sulfur Emission Control Areas). The implementation of NECA and SECA caused a significant decrease in the exceedance of CLs for N as a nutrient while the impact on the – already much lower – exceedance of CLs for acidification was less pronounced. The relative contribution from Baltic shipping to the total deposition decreased from 2012 in the 2040 scenario for both S and N. In contrast to exceedances of CLs for acidification, shipping still has an impact on exceedances for eutrophication in 2040. Geographically, the impact of shipping emissions is unevenly distributed even within each country. This is illustrated by calculating CL exceedances for 21 Swedish counties. The impact, on a national level, is driven by a few coastal counties, where the impact of shipping is much higher than the national summary suggests. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Zhang, F.,Chen, Y.,Su, P.,Cui, M.,Han, Y.,Matthias, V.,Wang, G. %D 2021 %J Environmental Pollution %N %P 117388 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117388 %T Variations and characteristics of carbonaceous substances emitted from a heavy fuel oil ship engine under different operating loads %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117388 %X Heavy fuel oil (HFO) accounts for approximately 80% of the fuel consumption of ocean-going ships in the world. Multiple toxic species are found in HFO exhaust, however, carbonaceous substances emitted from low-speed marine engine exhaust at different operating loads have not been thoroughly addressed. Therefore, a bench test for a low-speed marine engine with HFO fuel under different operating modes was carried out in this study. Emission factors and characteristics of CO2, CO, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), as well as OC and EC fragments, organic matters of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are given and discussed. Combined with the correlation analysis results among the measured species and engine technical parameters, the formation processes and influence factors of carbonaceous components are also inferred in this study. Besides, together with OC to EC ratio, n-alkanes to PAHs ratio, etc., EC1 to soot-EC ratio in PM can be considered as tracer characteristic of high-sulfur-content HFO ship distinguished from diesel fuel ships. Profiles of n-alkanes and PAHs in PM can be used to distinguish shipping emission source from other combustion sources. Moreover, characteristics of carbonaceous components in size-segregated particles are also discussed, including OC, EC, OC and EC fragments, as well as organic matters. Results show that most of the particle mass, OC, EC, and organic matters are concentrated in fine particles with size of less than 1.1 μm, indicating the significance of ultrafine particles. Formation processes of OC and EC fragments, EC1 and soot-EC are also deduced and proved combined with the characteristics of OC and EC fragments, organic matters, and especially PAHs. Besides, the large variations of OC to EC ratios and speciated profiles of n-alkanes and PAHs in different particle size bins indicate that particle size should be considered when they are used as characteristic tracer in source apportionment studies. %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Kakouri, A.,Speyer, O.,Feldner, J.,Karl, M.,Timmermans, R.,van der Gon, H.D.,Kuenen, J.,Gerasopoulos, E.,Athanasopoulou, E. %D 2021 %J Atmosphere %N 11 %P 1404 %R doi:10.3390/atmos12111404 %T The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111404 11 %X As cities are growing in size and complexity, the estimation of air pollution exposure requires a detailed spatial representation of air pollution levels, rather than homogenous fields, provided by global- or regional-scale models. A critical input for city-scale modeling is a timely and spatially resolved emission inventory. Bottom–up approaches to create urban-scale emission inventories can be a demanding and time-consuming task, whereas local emission rates derived from a top–down approach may lack accuracy. In the frame of this study, the UrbEm approach of downscaling gridded emission inventories is developed, investing upon existing, open access, and credible emission data sources. As a proof-of-concept, the regional anthropogenic emissions by Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) are handled with a top–down approach, creating an added-value product of anthropogenic emissions of trace gases and particulate matter for any city (or area) of Europe, at the desired spatial resolution down to 1 km. The disaggregation is based on contemporary proxies for the European area (e.g., Global Human Settlement population data, Urban Atlas 2012, Corine, OpenStreetMap data). The UrbEm approach is realized as a fully automated software tool to produce a detailed mapping of industrial (point), (road-) transport (line), and residential/agricultural/other (area) emission sources. Line sources are of particular value for air quality studies at the urban scale, as they enable explicit treatment of line sources by models capturing among others the street canyon effect and offer an overall better representation of the critical road transport sector. The UrbEm approach is an efficient solution for such studies and constitutes a fully credible option in case high-resolution emission inventories do not exist for a city (or area) of interest. The validity of UrbEm is examined through the evaluation of high-resolution air pollution predictions over Athens and Hamburg against in situ measurements. In addition to a better spatial representation of emission sources and especially hotspots, the air quality modeling results show that UrbEm outputs, when compared to a uniform spatial disaggregation, have an impact on NO2 predictions up to 70% for urban regions with complex topographies, which corresponds to a big improvement of model accuracy (FAC2 > 0.5), especially at the source-impacted sites. %0 journal article %@ 2305-6304 %A Lauenburg, M.,Karl, M.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J Toxics %N 1 %P 3 %R doi:10.3390/toxics10010003 %T City Scale Modeling of Ultrafine Particles in Urban Areas with Special Focus on Passenger Ferryboat Emission Impact %U https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010003 1 %X Air pollution by aerosol particles is mainly monitored as mass concentrations of particulate matter, such as PM10 and PM2.5. However, mass-based measurements are hardly representative for ultrafine particles (UFP), which can only be monitored adequately by particle number (PN) concentrations and are considered particularly harmful to human health. This study examines the dispersion of UFP in Hamburg city center and, in particular, the impact of passenger ferryboats by modeling PN concentrations and compares concentrations to measured values. To this end, emissions inventories and emission size spectra for different emission sectors influencing concentrations in the city center were created, explicitly considering passenger ferryboat traffic as an additional emission source. The city-scale chemical transport model EPISODE-CityChem is applied for the first time to simulate PN concentrations and additionally, observations of total particle number counts are taken at four different sampling sites in the city. Modeled UFP concentrations are in the range of 1.5–3 × 104 cm−3 at ferryboat piers and at the road traffic locations with particle sizes predominantly below 50 nm. Urban background concentrations are at 0.4–1.2 × 104 cm−3 with a predominant particle size in the range 50–100 nm. Ferryboat traffic is a significant source of emissions near the shore along the regular ferry routes. Modeled concentrations show slight differences to measured data, but the model is capable of reproducing the observed spatial variation of UFP concentrations. UFP show strong variations in both space and time, with day-to-day variations mainly controlled by differences in air temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Further model simulations should focus on longer periods of time to better understand the influence of meteorological conditions on UFP dynamics. %0 conference paper %@ %A Karl, M.,Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019 %N %P 235-239 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_33 %T Urban Atmospheric Chemistry with the EPISODE-CityChem Model %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_33 %X Photochemical ozone production in the urban area of Hamburg, Germany, was investigated using detailed emission inventories of ozone precursors and an urban-scale chemistry-transport model. Within the urban area, traffic-related emissions of nitric oxide destroy much of the inflowing ozone, mainly at night, leading to minimum concentrations along the traffic network and the port area. Net ozone production was determined based on the difference between the reference simulation, using an advanced photochemistry reaction scheme, and a simulation using photo-stationary state (PSS) assumption. Neglecting the photo-oxidation of VOC resulted in up to 4.5% lower average ozone in the city outflow in summer. %0 conference paper %@ %A Ramacher, M.,Karl, M.,Feldner, J.,Bieser, J. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019 %N %P 241-248 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_34 %T The Impact of BVOC Emissions from Urban Trees on O3 Production in Urban Areas Under Heat-Period Conditions %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_34 %X Heat-periods in summer occurred more frequently in this decade and affected the well-being of citizens in several ways. One effect of heat-periods is a higher photochemical ozone (O3) production rate, which leads to higher O3 concentrations. Strategies to influence urban climate and air pollution more often include urban trees. A side effect of urban trees is the emission of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), which are participating in urban O3 production. In this study, we investigate the effect of urban tree BVOCs during heat-period conditions on O3 formation using an integrated urban-scale biogenic emissions and chemistry transport model chain. To demonstrate the possibility of investigating the effect of urban trees on O3 production under heat-period conditions, we performed simulations in the densely populated Rhein-Ruhr area (DE) in July 2018. The results show impacts of up to 4% higher averaged maximum daily 8 h mean (MDA8) O3 concentrations due to local isoprene emissions and up to additional 15% higher MDA8 O3 values when decreasing NOx emissions from traffic and increasing urban tree emissions. In general, the relevance of biogenic emissions is expected to increase in future due to higher frequency of heat-period events related to climate change and due to the decreasing trend of anthropogenic emissions in response to current legislation. Therefore, the established model chain can be a valuable tool for urban planning. %0 conference paper %@ %A Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M.,Winkler, C.,Seum, S. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019 %N %P 39-44 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_6 %T Traffic Emissions 2040 - Impact on Air Quality in Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_6 %X Traffic emissions in Central Europe were calculated for today and for future scenarios in 2040. For Germany, a sophisticated multi-model chain including transport models, fleet composition models and an up-to-date set of emission factors was embedded. The relationship between transport demand and emissions for several road types has then been applied to other Central European countries for calculating transport demand from total road traffic emissions in these countries. This allows for the construction of consistent and detailed future scenarios for 2040, taking into account modified transport demand and fleet composition. Three emission scenarios were modelled with the full model chain based on societal and legislative developments that are both, plausible and consistent. The traffic emission data was then, together with emissions for all other relevant sectors, fed into the CMAQ chemistry transport model. Concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 have been calculated for summer and winter in the year 2010 and for three emission scenarios for 2040. All scenarios revealed an emission reduction in the order of 75–80% for NOx in 2040 compared to 2010. NO2 concentrations caused by traffic emissions were reduced accordingly. Their contribution to overall NO2 concentrations in Central Europe was halved in 2040. %0 conference paper %@ 2153-6996 %A Gerasopoulos, E.,Athanasopoulou, E.,Speyer, O.,Bailey, J.,Kocman, D.,Karl, M. %D 2021 %J 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS %N %P 1194-1197 %R doi:10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554066 %T Urban resilience to environmental stressors via EO-based smart solutions %U https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554066 %X Cities face a wide variety of pressures, many of which negatively impact the health of both the environment and citizens and require an integrated smart city approach to address. By infusing state-of-the-art Earth observation (EO) into tools for cities, the SMart URBan Solutions for air quality, disasters and city growth (SMURBS) project produced a portfolio of smart solutions based off of and refined by continued engagement and co-design with stakeholders and cities to address real needs, gaps, and issues. This portfolio of EO-driven solutions serves as an openly available archive and depository of city solutions for environmental pressures and aims to enhance urban resilience and sustainability, and therefore, make cities smarter. Within this paper, we describe the SMURBS experience of bringing together city stakeholders and EO experts and building the portfolio of smart urban solutions, concluding with the six foundational aspects distilled from this experience to serve as a playbook for solution builders to ensure the production of fit-for-purpose and effective city solutions. %0 journal article %@ 1660-4601 %A Karl, M.,Pirjola, L.,Karppinen, A.,Jalkanen, J.,Ramacher, M.,Kukkonen, J. %D 2020 %J International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health %N 3 %P 777 %R doi:10.3390/ijerph17030777 %T Modeling of the Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles in the Plumes of Ships in the Vicinity of Major Harbors %U https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030777 3 %X Marine traffic in harbors can be responsible for significant atmospheric concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs), which have widely recognized negative effects on human health. It is therefore essential to model and measure the time evolution of the number size distributions and chemical composition of UFPs in ship exhaust to assess the resulting exposure in the vicinity of shipping routes. In this study, a sequential modelling chain was developed and applied, in combination with the data measured and collected in major harbor areas in the cities of Helsinki and Turku in Finland, during winter and summer in 2010–2011. The models described ship emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and aerosol dynamics, complemented with a time–microenvironment–activity model to estimate the short-term UFP exposure. We estimated the dilution ratio during the initial fast expansion of the exhaust plume to be approximately equal to eight. This dispersion regime resulted in a fully formed nucleation mode (denoted as Nuc2). Different selected modelling assumptions about the chemical composition of Nuc2 did not have an effect on the formation of nucleation mode particles. Aerosol model simulations of the dispersing ship plume also revealed a partially formed nucleation mode (Nuc1; peaking at 1.5 nm), consisting of freshly nucleated sulfate particles and condensed organics that were produced within the first few seconds. However, subsequent growth of the new particles was limited, due to efficient scavenging by the larger particles originating from the ship exhaust. The transport of UFPs downwind of the ship track increased the hourly mean UFP concentrations in the neighboring residential areas by a factor of two or more up to a distance of 3600 m, compared with the corresponding UFP concentrations in the urban background. The substantially increased UFP concentrations due to ship traffic significantly affected the daily mean exposures in residential areas located in the vicinity of the harbors. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M.,Bieser, J.,Karl, M. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 117674 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117674 %T Contributions of traffic and shipping emissions to city-scale NOx and PM2.5 exposure in Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117674 %X We investigated the contribution of road traffic and shipping related emissions of NO2 and PM2.5 to total air quality and annual mean population exposure in Hamburg 2012. For this purpose, we compiled a detailed emission inventory following SNAP categories focusing on the detailed representations of road traffic and shipping emissions. The emission inventory was applied to a global-to-local Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) system to simulate hourly NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations with a horizontal grid resolution of 500 m. To simulate urban-scale pollutant concentrations we used the coupled prognostic meteorological and chemistry transport model TAPM. The comparison of modelled to measured hourly values gives high correlation and small bias at urban and background stations but large underestimations of NO2 and PM2.5 at measurements stations near roads. Simulated contributions of road traffic emissions to annual mean concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 is highest close to highways with relative contributions of 50% for NO2 and 40% for PM2.5. Nevertheless, the urban domain is widely affected by road traffic, especially in the city centre. Shipping impact focuses on the port and nearby industrial areas with contributions of up to 60% for NO2 and 40% for PM2.5. In residential areas in the north of the port, shipping contributes with up to 20–30% for NO2 and PM2.5. Our simulation resulted in 14% of the population of Hamburg being exposed to hourly NO2 concentration above the hourly limit of 200 μg/m³, <1% to annual NO2 concentrations above the annual limit of 40 μg/m³, and 39% to PM2.5 concentrations above the annual WHO limit of 10 μg/m³. The calculation of the population-weighted mean exposure (PWE) to NO2 and PM2.5 reveals mean exposures of 20.51 μg/m³ for NO2 and 9.42 μg/m³ for PM2.5. In terms of PWE to NO2, traffic contributes 22.7% to the total and is 1.6 times higher than the contribution of shipping (13.9%). In total, traffic and shipping contribute with 36.6% to the NO2 PWE in Hamburg in 2012. When it comes to PM2.5, traffic contributes 18.1% and is 5.3 times higher than the contribution from shipping (3.4%). In total, traffic and shipping contribute 21.5% to the PM2.5 PWE in Hamburg in 2012. Two local scenarios for emissions reductions have been applied. A scenario simulating decrease in shipping emissions by instalment of on-shore electricity for ships at berth, revealed reduction potentials of up to 40% for total NO2 exposure and 35% for PM2.5 respectively. A road traffic scenario simulating a change in the fleet composition in an inner city zone, shows lower reduction potentials of up to 18% for total exposure to NO2 and 7% for PM2.5 respectively. The discussion of uncertainties revealed high potentials for improving the emission inventories, chemical transport simulation setup and exposure estimates. Due to the use of exposure calculations for policy support and in health-effect studies, it is indispensable to reduce and quantify uncertainties in future studies. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Tang, L.,Ramacher, M.O.P.,Moldanova, J.,Matthias, V.,Karl, M.,Johansson, L.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Yaramenka, K.,Aulinger, A.,Gustafsson, M. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 12 %P 7509-7530 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020 %T The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020 12 %X Ship emissions in and around ports are of interest for urban air quality management in many harbour cities. We investigated the impact of regional and local ship emissions on urban air quality for 2012 conditions in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, the largest cargo port in Scandinavia. In order to assess the effects of ship emissions, a coupled regional- and local-scale model system has been set up using ship emissions in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea as well as in and around the port of Gothenburg. Ship emissions were calculated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM), taking into account individual vessel characteristics and vessel activity data. The calculated contributions from local and regional shipping to local air pollution in Gothenburg were found to be substantial, especially in areas around the city ports. The relative contribution from local shipping to annual mean NO2 concentrations was 14 % as the model domain average, while the relative contribution from regional shipping in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was 26 %. In an area close to the city terminals, the contribution of NO2 from local shipping (33 %) was higher than that of road traffic (28 %), which indicates the importance of controlling local shipping emissions. Local shipping emissions of NOx led to a decrease in the summer mean O3 levels in the city by 0.5 ppb (∼2 %) on average. Regional shipping led to a slight increase in O3 concentrations; however, the overall effect of regional and the local shipping together was a small decrease in the summer mean O3 concentrations in the city. In addition, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from local shipping compensate up to 4 ppb of the decrease in summer O3 concentrations due to the NO titration effect. For particulate matter with a median aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM2.5), local ship emissions contributed only 3 % to the annual mean in the model domain, while regional shipping under 2012 conditions was a larger contributor, with an annual mean contribution of 11 % of the city domain average.,Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the health effects of PM2.5, NO2 and ozone were assessed using the ALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean decrease in the life expectancy by 0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of local shipping to the impact of total PM2.5 was 2.2 %, which can be compared to the 5.3 % contribution from local road traffic. The relative contribution of the regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated with shipping were calculated to be 2.6 premature deaths yr−1. The relative contribution of local and regional shipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was 14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping-related ozone exposures were due to the NO titration effect leading to a negative number of premature deaths. Our study shows that overall health impacts of regional shipping can be more significant than those of local shipping, emphasizing that abatement policy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation across governance levels. Our findings indicate that the strengthened Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECAs) fuel sulphur limit from 1 % to 0.1 % in 2015, leading to a strong decrease in the formation of secondary particulate matter on a regional scale was an important step in improving the air quality in the city. %0 journal article %@ 1660-4601 %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Karl, M. %D 2020 %J International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health %N 6 %P 2099 %R doi:10.3390/ijerph17062099 %T Integrating Modes of Transport in a Dynamic Modelling Approach to Evaluate Population Exposure to Ambient NO2 and PM2.5 Pollution in Urban Areas %U https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062099 6 %X To evaluate the effectiveness of alternative policies and measures to reduce air pollution effects on urban citizen’s health, population exposure assessments are needed. Due to road traffic emissions being a major source of emissions and exposure in European cities, it is necessary to account for differentiated transport environments in population dynamics for exposure studies. In this study, we applied a modelling system to evaluate population exposure in the urban area of Hamburg in 2016. The modeling system consists of an urban-scale chemistry transport model to account for ambient air pollutant concentrations and a dynamic time-microenvironment-activity (TMA) approach, which accounts for population dynamics in different environments as well as for infiltration of outdoor to indoor air pollution. We integrated different modes of transport in the TMA approach to improve population exposure assessments in transport environments. The newly developed approach reports 12% more total exposure to NO2 and 19% more to PM2.5 compared with exposure estimates based on residential addresses. During the time people spend in different transport environments, the in-car environment contributes with 40% and 33% to the annual sum of exposure to NO2 and PM2.5, in the walking environment with 26% and 30%, in the cycling environment with 15% and 17% and other environments (buses, subway, suburban, and regional trains) with less than 10% respectively. The relative contribution of road traffic emissions to population exposure is highest in the in-car environment (57% for NO2 and 15% for PM2.5). Results for population-weighted exposure revealed exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above the WHO AQG limit value in the cycling environment. Uncertainties for the exposure contributions arising from emissions and infiltration from outdoor to indoor pollutant concentrations range from −12% to +7% for NO2 and PM2.5. The developed “dynamic transport approach” is integrated in a computationally efficient exposure model, which is generally applicable in European urban areas. The presented methodology is promoted for use in urban mobility planning, e.g., to investigate on policy-driven changes in modal split and their combined effect on emissions, population activity and population exposure. %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Ramacher, M. %D 2020 %J %N %P %T Development of an urban dynamic exposure model - Quantifying the impact of anthropogenic atmospheric emissions on urban populations in Europe %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Ramacher, M.,Tang, L.,Moldanova, J.,Matthias, V.,Karl, M.,Fridell, E.,Johansson, L. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 17 %P 10667-10686 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020 %T The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part II: Scenarios for 2040 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020 17 %X Shipping is an important source of air pollutants, from the global to the local scale. Ships emit substantial amounts of sulfur dioxides, nitrogen dioxides, and particulate matter in the vicinity of coasts, threatening the health of the coastal population, especially in harbour cities. Reductions in emissions due to shipping have been targeted by several regulations. Nevertheless, effects of these regulations come into force with temporal delays, global ship traffic is expected to grow in the future, and other land-based anthropogenic emissions might decrease. Thus, it is necessary to investigate combined impacts to identify the impact of shipping activities on air quality, population exposure, and health effects in the future.,We investigated the future effect of shipping emissions on air quality and related health effects considering different scenarios of the development of shipping under current regional trends of economic growth and already decided regulations in the Gothenburg urban area in 2040. Additionally, we investigated the impact of a large-scale implementation of shore electricity in the Port of Gothenburg. For this purpose, we established a one-way nested chemistry transport modelling (CTM) system from the global to the urban scale, to calculate pollutant concentrations, population-weighted concentrations, and health effects related to NO2, PM2.5, and O3.,The simulated concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 in future scenarios for the year 2040 are in general very low with up to 4 ppb for NO2 and up to 3.5 µg m−3 PM2.5 in the urban areas which are not close to the port area. From 2012 the simulated overall exposure to PM2.5 decreased by approximately 30 % in simulated future scenarios; for NO2 the decrease was over 60 %. The simulated concentrations of O3 increased from the year 2012 to 2040 by about 20 %. In general, the contributions of local shipping emissions in 2040 focus on the harbour area but to some extent also influence the rest of the city domain. The simulated impact of onshore electricity implementation for shipping in 2040 shows reductions for NO2 in the port of up to 30 %, while increasing O3 of up to 3 %. Implementation of onshore electricity for ships at berth leads to additional local reduction potentials of up to 3 % for PM2.5 and 12 % for SO2 in the port area. All future scenarios show substantial decreases in population-weighted exposure and health-effect impacts. %0 journal article %@ 1361-9209 %A Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Mocanu, T.,Pregger, T.,Quante, M.,Ramacher, M.,Seum, S.,Winkler, C. %D 2020 %J Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment %N %P 102536 %R doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102536 %T Modelling road transport emissions in Germany – Current day situation and scenarios for 2040 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102536 %X In the German project Traffic Development and the Environment an advanced model chain was built up that includes traffic models, fleet composition developments, new driving technologies, and emission factors in order to produce spatio-temporal emission distributions for use in atmospheric chemistry transport models. This novel model chain was first used to calculate current day traffic emissions in Germany and then to develop consistent future scenarios for 2040. In all scenarios, NOx emissions from traffic decrease by approximately 80% while PM emissions show a lower reduction. The scenarios Free Play, which is based on a free market economics logic, and Regulated Shift, which considers stricter environmental regulations, represent large differences in traffic emissions. NOx emissions will be 32% lower and PM emissions 13% lower in the Regulated Shift scenario compared to the Free Play. The data can be combined with other anthropogenic emissions for investigating air quality with chemistry transport models. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Zhang, X.,Karl, M.,Zhang, L.,Wang, J. %D 2020 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 22 %P 14161-14171 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02249 %T Influence of Aviation Emission on the Particle Number Concentration near Zurich Airport %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02249 22 %X In addition to the much-publicized environmental impact of CO2 emission by air traffic, aviation particulate emission also deserves attention. The abundant ultrafine particles in the aviation exhaust with diameters less than 100 nm may penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and cause adverse health effects. Here, we quantified the detailed aviation particle number emission from Zurich Airport and evaluated its influences on the annual mean particle number concentrations in the surrounding communities. The actual flight trajectory data were utilized for the first time to develop an emission inventory with high spatial resolution. The estimated total particle number emission was in the magnitude of 1024 particles per year. The annual mean particle mass concentrations in the nearby communities were increased by about 0.1 μg m–3 due to the aviation emission, equivalent to about 1% of the background concentration. However, the particle number concentration could be increased by a factor of 2–10 of the background level (104 cm–3) for nearby communities. Further studies are required to investigate the health effects of the increased particle number concentration and to evaluate whether the regulation based on the mass concentration is still sufficient for the air quality near airports. %0 conference paper %@ 2213-8684 %A Ramacher, M.,Karl, M.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J. %D 2020 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVI. ITM 2018. Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 177-183 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_28 %T Population Exposure to Emissions from Industry, Traffic, Shipping and Residential Heating in the Urban Area of Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_28 %X This study investigates the contributions of four major emission sources—industry, road traffic, shipping and residential heating—on air quality in the harbour city of Hamburg using a local-scale modelling system comprising meteorological, emissions and chemical transport models. Moreover, human exposure with regard to the overall air quality and the emissions sources under investigation was calculated. Based on detailed emission inventories and an evaluated CTM system, this study identifies road traffic as a major source of PM2.5 pollution and exposure during the entire year and in almost all populated areas in Hamburg. Overall, the highest contributor to PM2.5 concentrations is the industrial sector focussing on less populated areas. %0 journal article %@ 1812-0784 %A Neumann, D.,Karl, M.,Radtke, H.,Matthias, V.,Friedland, R.,Neumann, T. %D 2020 %J Ocean Science %N 1 %P 115-134 %R doi:10.5194/os-16-115-2020 %T Quantifying the contribution of shipping NOx emissions to the marine nitrogen inventory – a case study for the western Baltic Sea %U https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-115-2020 1 %X The western Baltic Sea is impacted by various anthropogenic activities and stressed by high riverine and atmospheric nutrient loads. Atmospheric deposition accounts for up to a third of the nitrogen input into the Baltic Sea and contributes to eutrophication. Amongst other emission sources, the shipping sector is a relevant contributor to the atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOX) in marine regions. Thus, it also contributes to atmospheric deposition of bioavailable oxidized nitrogen into the Baltic Sea. In this study, the contribution of shipping emissions to the nitrogen budget in the western Baltic Sea is evaluated with the coupled three-dimensional physical biogeochemical model MOM–ERGOM (Modular Ocean Model–Ecological ReGional Ocean Model) in order to assess the relevance of shipping emissions for eutrophication. The atmospheric input of bioavailable nitrogen impacts eutrophication differently depending on the time and place of input. The shipping sector contributes up to 5 % to the total nitrogen concentrations in the water. The impact of shipping-related nitrogen is highest in the offshore regions distant from the coast in early summer, but its contribution is considerably reduced during blooms of cyanobacteria in late summer because the cyanobacteria fix molecular nitrogen. Although absolute shipping-related total nitrogen concentrations are high in some coastal regions, the relative contribution of the shipping sector is low in the vicinity of the coast because of high riverine nutrient loads. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Zhang, F.,Guo, H.,Chen, Y.,Matthias, V.,Zhang, Y.,Yang, X.,Chen, J. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1549-1564 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-1549-2020 %T Size-segregated characteristics of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter in particulate matter (PM) emitted from different types of ships in China %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1549-2020 3 %X Studies of detailed chemical compositions in particles with different size ranges emitted from ships are in serious shortage. In this study, size-segregated distributions and characteristics of particle mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 25 n-alkanes measured aboard 12 different vessels in China are presented. The results showed the following. (1) More than half of the total particle mass, OC, EC, PAHs and n-alkanes were concentrated in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter (Dp) < 1.1 µm for most of the tested ships. The relative contributions of OC, EC, PAH and alkanes to the size-segregated particle mass are decreasing with the increase in particle size. However, different types of ships showed quite different particle-size-dependent chemical compositions. (2) In fine particles, the OC and EC were the dominant components, while in coarse particles, OC and EC only accounted for very small proportions. With the increase in particle size, the OC / EC ratios first decreased and then increased, having the lowest values for particle sizes between 0.43 and 1.1 µm. (3) Out of the four OC fragments and three EC fragments obtained in thermal–optical analysis, OC1, OC2 and OC3 were the dominant OC fragments for all the tested ships, while EC1 and EC2 were the main EC fragments for ships running on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine-diesel fuel, respectively; different OC and EC fragments presented different distributions in different particle sizes. (4) The four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had much higher PAH emission ratios than the four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV) and two-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV) in fine particles, and 2-HHV had the lowest values. (5) PAHs and n-alkanes showed different profile patterns for different types of ships and also between different particle-size bins, which meant that the particle size should be considered when source apportionment is conducted. It is also noteworthy from the results in this study that the smaller the particle size, the more toxic the particle was, especially for the fishing boats in China. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959x %A Hamer, P.D.,Walker, S.-E.,Sousa-Santos, G.,Vogt, M.,Vo-Thanh, D.,Lopez-Aparicio, S.,Schneider, P.,Ramacher, M.,Karl, M. %D 2020 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 9 %P 4323-4353 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-13-4323-2020 %T The urban dispersion model EPISODE v10.0 – Part 1: An Eulerian and sub-grid-scale air quality model and its application in Nordic winter conditions %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4323-2020 9 %X This paper describes the Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. EPISODE was developed to address a need for an urban air quality model in support of policy, planning, and air quality management in the Nordic, specifically Norwegian, setting. It can be used for the calculation of a variety of airborne pollutant concentrations, but we focus here on the implementation and application of the model for NO2 pollution. EPISODE consists of an Eulerian 3D grid model with embedded sub-grid dispersion models (e.g. a Gaussian plume model) for dispersion of pollution from line (i.e. roads) and point sources (e.g. chimney stacks). It considers the atmospheric processes advection, diffusion, and an NO2 photochemistry represented using the photostationary steady-state approximation for NO2. EPISODE calculates hourly air concentrations representative of the grids and at receptor points. The latter allow EPISODE to estimate concentrations representative of the levels experienced by the population and to estimate their exposure. This methodological framework makes it suitable for simulating NO2 concentrations at fine-scale resolution (<100 m) in Nordic environments. The model can be run in an offline nested mode using output concentrations from a global or regional chemical transport model and forced by meteorology from an external numerical weather prediction model; it also can be driven by meteorological observations. We give a full description of the overall model function and its individual components. We then present a case study for six Norwegian cities whereby we simulate NO2 pollution for the entire year of 2015. The model is evaluated against in situ observations for the entire year and for specific episodes of enhanced pollution during winter. We evaluate the model performance using the FAIRMODE DELTA Tool that utilises traditional statistical metrics, e.g. root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation R, and bias, along with some specialised tests for air quality model evaluation. We find that EPISODE attains the DELTA Tool model quality objective in all of the stations we evaluate against. Further, the other statistical evaluations show adequate model performance but that the model scores greatly improved correlations during winter and autumn compared to the summer. We attribute this to the use of the photostationary steady-state scheme for NO2, which should perform best in the absence of local ozone photochemical production. Oslo does not comply with the NO2 annual limit set in the 2008/50/EC directive (AQD). NO2 pollution episodes with the highest NO2 concentrations, which lead to the occurrence of exceedances of the AQD hourly limit for NO2, occur primarily in the winter and autumn in Oslo, so this strongly supports the use of EPISODE for application to these wintertime events. Overall, we conclude that the model is suitable for an assessment of annual mean NO2 concentrations and also for the study of hourly NO2 concentrations in the Nordic winter and autumn environment. Further, in this work we conclude that it is suitable for a range of policy applications specific to NO2 that include pollution episode analysis, evaluation of seasonal statistics, policy and planning support, and air quality management. Lastly, we identify a series of model developments specifically designed to address the limitations of the current model assumptions. Part 2 of this two-part paper discusses the CityChem extension to EPISODE, which includes a number of implementations such as a more comprehensive photochemical scheme suitable for describing more chemical species and a more diverse range of photochemical environments, as well as a more advanced treatment of the sub-grid dispersion. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M.,Zakrzweski, R. %D 2020 %J Geographisches Kolloquium WS 2019/20; Institut für Stadt- und Kulturraumforschung; Leuphana Universität Lüneburg %N %P %T Entwicklung und Grenzen der Wettervorhersage %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1812-0784 %A Callies, U.,Carrasco, R.,Floeter, J.,Horstmann, J.,Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Ocean Science %N 4 %P 865-889 %R doi:10.5194/os-15-865-2019 %T Submesoscale dispersion of surface drifters in a coastal sea near offshore wind farms %U https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-865-2019 4 %X We analyse relative dispersion of surface drifters released as pairs (6 instances) or triplets (2 instances) during three field experiments in the German Bight in close proximity to wind farms. Drifter pairs can be classified in a remarkably clear way into those with spatial separation growing either exponentially or non-monotonously. There is some tentative evidence that exponential relative dispersion growth rates preferably occur for drifter pairs that are most exposed to the possible influence of a wind farm. Kinetic energy spectra and velocity structure functions suggest that turbulent energy could be injected by tides, possibly also via an interaction between tidal currents and wind turbine towers. Applicability of inertial range turbulence theory, however, can be doubted given distinct peaks of overtides observed in velocity power spectra. More comprehensive studies would be needed to better separate submesoscale effects of wind farms, tides and possibly baroclinic instabilities on observed drifter behaviour in a complex coastal environment. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Kall, M.,Bieser, J.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Johansson, L. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 14 %P 9153-9179 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-9153-2019 %T Urban population exposure to NOx emissions from local shipping in three Baltic Sea harbour cities – A generic approach %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9153-2019 14 %X Ship emissions in ports can have a significant impact on local air quality (AQ), population exposure, and therefore human health in harbour cities. We determined the impact of shipping emissions on local AQ and population exposure in the Baltic Sea harbour cities Rostock (Germany), Riga (Latvia) and the urban agglomeration of Gdansk-Gdynia (Poland) for 2012. An urban AQ study was performed using a global-to-local Chemistry Transport Model chain with the EPISODE-CityChem model for the urban scale. We simulated NO2, O3 and PM concentrations in 2012 with the aim to determine the impact of local shipping activities to outdoor population exposure in Baltic Sea harbour cities. Based on simulated concentrations, dynamic population exposure on outdoor NO2 concentrations for all urban domains was calculated. We developed and used a novel generic approach to model dynamic population activity in different microenvironments based on publicly available data. The results of the new approach are hourly microenvironment-specific population grids with a spatial resolution of 100 × 100 m2. We multiplied these grids with surface pollutant concentration fields of the same resolution to calculate total population exposure. We found that the local shipping impact on NO2 concentrations is significant, contributing with 22 %, 11 %, and 16 % to the total annually averaged grid mean concentration for Rostock, Riga and Gdansk-Gdynia, respectively. For PM2.5, the contribution of shipping is substantially lower with 1–3 %. When it comes to microenvironment-specific exposure to annual NO2, the highest exposure to NO2 from all emission sources was found in the home environment (54–59 %). Emissions from shipping have a high impact on NO2 exposure in the port area (50–80 %) while the influence in home, work and other environments is lower on average (3–14 %), but still with high impacts close to the port areas and downwind of them. Besides this, the newly developed generic approach allows for dynamic population exposure calculations in European cities without the necessity of individually measured data or large-scale surveys on population data. %0 journal article %@ 0280-6509 %A Karl, M.,Leck, C.,Rad, F.M.,Baecklund, A.,Lopez-Aparicio, S.,Heintzenberg, J. %D 2019 %J Tellus B %N 1 %P 1-29 %R doi:10.1080/16000889.2019.1613143 %T New insights in sources of the sub-micrometre aerosol at Mt. Zeppelin observatory (Spitsbergen) in the year 2015 %U https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2019.1613143 1 %X In order to evaluate the potential impact of the Arctic anthropogenic emission sources it is essential to understand better the natural aerosol sources of the inner Arctic and the atmospheric processing of the aerosols during their transport in the Arctic atmosphere. A 1-year time series of chemically specific measurements of the sub-micrometre aerosol during 2015 has been taken at the Mt. Zeppelin observatory in the European Arctic. A source apportionment study combined measured molecular tracers as source markers, positive matrix factorization, analysis of the potential source distribution and auxiliary information from satellite data and ground-based observations. The annual average sub-micrometre mass was apportioned to regional background secondary sulphate (56%), sea spray (17%), biomass burning (15%), secondary nitrate (5.8%), secondary marine biogenic (4.5%), mixed combustion (1.6%), and two types of marine gel sources (together 0.7%). Secondary nitrate aerosol mainly contributed towards the end of summer and during autumn. During spring and summer, the secondary marine biogenic factor reached a contribution of up to 50% in some samples. The most likely origin of the mixed combustion source is due to oil and gas extraction activities in Eastern Siberia. The two marine polymer gel sources predominantly occurred in autumn and winter. The small contribution of the marine gel sources at Mt. Zeppelin observatory in summer as opposed to regions closer to the North Pole is attributed to differences in ocean biology, vertical distribution of phytoplankton, and the earlier start of the summer season. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M.,Jonson, J.E.,Uppstu, A.,Aulinger, A.,Prank, M.,Sofiev, M.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Johansson, L.,Quante, M.,Matthias, V. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 10 %P 7019-7053 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-7019-2019 %T Effects of ship emissions on air quality in the Baltic Sea region simulated with three different chemistry transport models %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7019-2019 10 %X The Baltic Sea is highly frequented shipping area with busy shipping lanes close to densely populated regions. Exhaust emissions from ship traffic into the atmosphere are not only enhancing air pollution, they also affect the Baltic Sea environment through acidification and eutrophication of marine waters and surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. As part of the European BONUS project SHEBA (Sustainable Shipping and Environment of the Baltic Sea Region), the transport, chemical transformation and fate of atmospheric pollutants in the Baltic Sea region was simulated with three regional chemistry transport models (CTM) systems, CMAQ, EMEP/MSC-W and SILAM with grid resolutions between 4 km and 11 km. The main goal was to quantify the effect that shipping emissions have on the regional air quality in the Baltic Sea region when the same shipping emissions dataset but different CTMs in their typical setups are used. The performance of these models and the shipping contribution to the results of the individual models was evaluated for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5). Model results from the three CTMs were compared to observations from rural and urban background stations of the AirBase monitoring network in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea region. The performance of the three CTM systems to predict pollutant concentrations is similar. However, observed PM2.5 in summer was underestimated strongly by CMAQ and to some extent by EMEP/MSC-W. The spatial average of annual mean O3 in the EMEP/MSC-W simulation is 15–25 % higher compared to the other two simulations, which is mainly the consequence of using a different set of boundary conditions for the European model domain. There are significant differences in the calculated ship contributions to the levels of air pollutants among the three models. SILAM predicted a much weaker ozone depletion through NO emissions in the proximity of the main shipping routes than the other two models. In the entire Baltic Sea region the average contribution of ships to PM2.5 levels is in the range of 4.3–6.5 % for the three CTMs. Differences in ship-related PM2.5 between the models are mainly attributed to differences in the schemes for inorganic aerosol formation. Inspection of the ship-related elemental carbon (EC) revealed that assumptions about the vertical ship emission profile can affect the dispersion and abundance of ship-related pollutants in the near-ground atmosphere. The models are in agreement regarding the ship-related deposition of oxidised nitrogen, reporting a ship contribution in the range of 21–23 ktN y−1 as atmospheric input to the Baltic Sea. Results from the present study show the sensitivity of the ship contribution to combined uncertainties of boundary conditions, meteorological data and aerosol formation and deposition schemes. This is an important step towards a more reliable evaluation of policy options regarding emission regulations for ship traffic and the planned introduction of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in 2021. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M.,Gaffron, P. %D 2019 %J 4. Hamburger Symposium zur regionalen Gesundheitsversorgung %N %P %T Luft und Laerm – Wie steht es um Hamburg? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Karl, M.,Walker, S.-E.,Solberg, S.,Ramacher, M.O.P. %D 2019 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N %P 3357-3399 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019 %T The Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE – Part 2: Extensions to the source dispersion and photochemistry for EPISODE–CityChem v1.2 and its application to the city of Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019 %X This paper describes the CityChem extension of the Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. The development of the CityChem extension was driven by the need to apply the model in lower latitude cities with higher insolation than in northern European cities. The CityChem extension offers a more advanced treatment of the photochemistry in urban areas and entails specific developments within the sub-grid components for a more accurate representation of the dispersion in the proximity of urban emission sources. The WMPP (WORM Meteorological Pre-Processor) is used in the point source sub-grid model to calculate the wind speed at plume height. The simplified street canyon model (SSCM) is used in the line source sub-grid model to calculate pollutant dispersion in street canyons. The EPISODE-CityChem model integrates the CityChem extension in EPISODE, with the capability of simulating photochemistry and dispersion of multiple reactive pollutants within urban areas. The main focus of the model is the simulation of the complex atmospheric chemistry involved in the photochemical production of ozone in urban areas. EPISODE-CityChem was evaluated with a series of tests and with a first application to the air quality situation in the city of Hamburg, Germany. A performance analysis with the FAIRMODE DELTA Tool for the air quality in Hamburg showed that the model fulfils the model performance objectives for NO2 (hourly), O3 (daily max. of the 8-h running mean) and PM10 (daily mean) set forth in the Air Quality Directive, qualifying the model for use in policy applications. Observed levels of annual mean ozone at the five urban background stations in Hamburg are captured by the model within 15%. Envisaged applications of the EPISODE-CityChem model are urban air quality studies, emission control scenarios in relation to traffic restrictions and the source attribution of sector-specific emissions to observed levels of air pollutants at urban monitoring stations. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Zukunftsgerechtes Bauen - Innovativ und Nachhaltig %N %P %T Staedte im Klimawandel – Was kommt auf Bebauung und Infrastruktur zu? %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Matthias, V.,Karl, M.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Shipping and the Environment 2019 %N %P %T Contributions of shipping and traffic emissions to city scale NO2 and PM2.5 exposure in Hamburg %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M.O.P.,Karl, M.,Feldner, J. %D 2019 %J 19th GEIA Conference %N %P %T The impact of BVOC emissions from urban forests on ozone production in urban areas under heat period condition %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Arndt, J.A.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 128-141 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.059 %T Quantification of lightning-induced nitrogen oxide emissions over Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.059 %X In this study, the importance of lightning-generated NO over Europe in the year 2010 is assessed with the COSMO-CCLM - SMOKE-EU - CMAQ chemistry transport modeling system. Lightning data from TRMM satellite flash density data climatologies are taken and linearly fitted to convective precipitation climatologies. With the resulting linear model, lightning activity in 2010 is calculated based on the convective precipitation rate from model data. This approach combines the globally available satellite observations with the simplicity of linear convective rain parameterizations. It provides a new method for fitting lightning data for linear flash density parameterizations. Compared to other linear flash rate approaches or the very common cloud top height parameterization, the data for 2010 derived by the climatologies and actual 2010 precipitation data better matches the TRMM observation data. Lightning was found to be the second most important natural source after nitrogen monoxide emission from soil, with an annual average amount of 0.295 Tg N per year and an amount in 2010 of 0.278 Tg N. While it is less important for near-surface concentrations, it has a considerable effect on the nitrogen deposition in southern and eastern Europe and a large effect on the NO2 concentration in higher model layers. The effect in higher atmospheric layers over eastern Europe is 6 times larger than the effect of aircrafts on the air concentration of NO2 in the mid- and high altitudes. Comparisons with NO2 observations from the OMI satellite revealed that lightning NO emissions have an observable impact on the NO2 column density over Europe. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M.,Bieser, J.,Geyer, B.,Matthias, V.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Johansson, L.,Fridell, E. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1721-1752 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 %T Impact of a NECA on future air quality %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 3 %X Air pollution due to shipping is a serious concern for coastal regions in Europe. Shipping emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in air over the Baltic Sea are of similar magnitude (330 kt yr−1) as the combined land-based NOx emissions from Finland and Sweden in all emission sectors. Deposition of nitrogen compounds originating from shipping activities contribute to eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coastal areas in the Baltic Sea region. For the North Sea and the Baltic Sea a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) will become effective in 2021; in accordance with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) target of reducing NOx emissions from ships. Future scenarios for 2040 were designed to study the effect of enforced and planned regulation of ship emissions and the fuel efficiency development on air quality and nitrogen deposition. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the current and future air quality situation. The meteorological fields, the emissions from ship traffic and the emissions from land-based sources were considered at a grid resolution of 4×4 km2 for the Baltic Sea region in nested CMAQ simulations. Model simulations for the present-day (2012) air quality show that shipping emissions are the major contributor to atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations over the Baltic Sea. In the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, with the introduction of the NECA, NOx emissions from ship traffic in the Baltic Sea are reduced by about 80 % in 2040. An approximate linear relationship was found between ship emissions of NOx and the simulated levels of annual average NO2 over the Baltic Sea in the year 2040, when following different future shipping scenarios. The burden of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over the Baltic Sea region is predicted to decrease by 35 %–37 % between 2012 and 2040. The reduction in PM2.5 is larger over sea, where it drops by 50 %–60 % along the main shipping routes, and is smaller over the coastal areas. The introduction of NECA is critical for reducing ship emissions of NOx to levels that are low enough to sustainably dampen ozone (O3) production in the Baltic Sea region. A second important effect of the NECA over the Baltic Sea region is the reduction in secondary formation of particulate nitrate. This lowers the ship-related PM2.5 by 72 % in 2040 compared to the present day, while it is reduced by only 48 % without implementation of the NECA. The effect of a lower fuel efficiency development on the absolute ship contribution of air pollutants is limited. Still, the annual mean ship contributions in 2040 to NO2, sulfur dioxide and PM2.5 and daily maximum O3 are significantly higher if a slower fuel efficiency development is assumed. Nitrogen deposition to the seawater of the Baltic Sea decreases on average by 40 %–44 % between 2012 and 2040 in the simulations. The effect of the NECA on nitrogen deposition is most significant in the western part of the Baltic Sea. It will be important to closely monitor compliance of individual ships with the enforced and planned emission regulations. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M.,Karl, M.,Gebert, C.,Bieser, J.,Feldner, J. %D 2019 %J 37th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T The impact of BVOC emissions from urban green insfrastructure on ozone production in urban areas under heat period conditions %U %X Heat periods in summer occurred more frequently in this decade and affected the well-being of citizens in several ways. One effect of heat-periods is a higher photochemical ozone production rate, which leads to higher ozone concentrations. Strategies to influence urban climate and air pollution more often include urban green infrastructures (UGI), which are also applied to lower the urban carbon footprint. A side effect of UGI is the emission of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) such as isoprene, terpenes and oxygenates, which are participating in urban ozone production. In this study, we investigate the effect of UGI BVOCs during heat-period conditions on ozone formation using an integrated urban-scale biogenic emissions and chemistry transport model chain. Therefore, we integrated modelling of BVOC emissions in the EPISODE-CityChem model based on high resolution land-cover and vegetation maps, emission factors for vegetation species, and algorithms to account for meteorological dependencies, e.g. radiation, temperature and humidity. The resulting European plant-specific emission inventory for isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated VOC has a spatial resolution of 100m and is applied in the EPISODE-CityChem model with the same resolution. The focus of EPISODE-CityChem is the simulation of complex atmospheric chemistry involved in the photochemical production of ozone in urban areas and accurate representation of dispersion in proximity of emission sources. We performed simulations in the densely populated Rhein-Ruhr area (DE) under heat-period conditions to identify the impact BVOC emissions on ozone formation. The relevance of biogenic emissions is expected to increase in future due to higher frequency of heat-period events related to climate change and due to the decreasing trend of anthropogenic emissions in response to current legislation. Therefore, the established model chain can be a valuable tool for urban planning in view of finding trade-offs between lowering the urban carbon footprint, regulating urban climate, and reduce urban air pollution. %0 book part %@ %A Quante, M.,Matthias, V.,Ramacher, M. %D 2019 %J Warnsignal Klima: Die Städte : wissenschaftliche Fakten %N %P 120-127 %T Städtische Luftqualität im Klimawandel %U %X The air quality will under future climate change also predominantly depend on primary anthropogenic emissions. Many cities in the world suffer from severe air,pollution caused mainly by emissions from the sectors traffic, industry and residential heating. Among the air pollutants it will be especially ground-level ozone for which higher concentrations are expected due to increased temperatures.,For particulate matter the overall effect of climate change is more complex to disentangle. In regions with a projected increase in precipitation amounts an increase in wet deposition is expected. Adaptation measures by employing urban trees should be aware of possible additional BVOC emissions and negative effects on ventilation. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Vollversammlung der Handwerkskammer Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Stade %N %P %T Klimawandel in der Nordseeregion – Klimaziele und Klimaschutz %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Ringvorlesung Wissenschaft trägt Veranwortung %N %P %T Die Pariser Klimaziele und die Netto Negativen Emissionen – ein Blick in die Forschungslandschaft %U %X Unser Klima wandelt sich. Veränderungen wichtiger Klimaparameter sind eindeutig nachgewiesen. Modellprojektionen zeigen, der vom Menschen angestoßene Klimawandel und seine Auswirkungen werden sich über viele Dekaden fortsetzen. Die Ausprägung der Veränderungen hängt jedoch stark von dem zukünftigen Emissionspfad ab.,Durch das Pariser Klimaabkommen hat sich die Weltgemeinschaft auf das Ziel festgelegt, die globale Temperaturerhöhung bis zum Jahrhundertende im Vergleich zum vorindustriellen Wert auf 2°C zu begrenzen (besser noch 1,5 °C). Da sich immer deutlicher abzeichnet, dass sich ein solches Ziel mit den bisherigen Anstrengung bei den Emissionsminderungen nicht erreichen lässt, treten sogenannte Negative Emissionstechnologien (NETs) in den Klimastabilisierungsstrategien immer stärker in den Vordergrund. Darunter sind unter anderem umfangreiche Aufforstungsmaßnahmen, CO2-Abscheidung und Speicherung (CCS), Bioenergie mit CCS (BECCS) oder auch die direkte Extraktion von CO2 aus der Atmosphäre (DACC) zu verstehen. Diese Maßnahmen gehören in den Themenkomplex des sogenannten Climate Engineering (CE), und werden sehr kontrovers diskutiert.,Ambitioniertere IPCC Szenarien beinhalten in ihrer Hintergrunderzählung NETs im unterlegten Technologiemix, obwohl einige der Maßnahmen wohlmöglich niemals auf das nötige Maß hochskaliert werden können. Ein massiver Einsatz von negativen Emissionstechnologien wird unweigerlich mit Nachhaltigkeitszielen (SDGs) in Konflikt geraten. Hier sind zwingend entsprechende Governance-Ansätze und ethische Betrachtungen gefragt.,Die Vorlesung wird zunächst die nachgewiesenen Klimaveränderungen und Ergebnisse von Modellprojektionen kurz zusammenfassen. Im Anschluss wird ein Überblick zum Themenfeld Climate Engineering gegeben. Der Bereich des Carbon Dixiode Removal (CDR) wird anschließend eingehender betrachtet, da hier die NETs verankert sind. Abschließend wird versucht, die aktuellen, lebendigen Diskussionen zum Thema im Forschungssektor zusammenzufassen. %0 journal article %@ 2590-1621 %A Mircea, M.,Bessagnet, B.,D'Isidoro, M.,Pirovano, G.,Aksoyoglu, S.,Ciarelli, G.,Tsyro, S.,Manders, A.,Bieser, J.,Stern, R.,Vivanco, M.G.,Cuvelier, C.,Aas, W.,Prévôt, A.S.H.,Aulinger, A.,Briganti, G.,Calori, G.,Cappelletti, A.,Colette, A.,Couvidat, F.,Fagerli, H.,Finardi, S.,Kranenburg, R.,Rouïl, L.,Silibello, C.,Spindler, G.,Poulain, L.,Herrmann, H.,Jimenez, J.L.,Day, D.A.,Tiitta, P.,Carbone, S. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Environment: X %N %P 100018 %R doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018 %T EURODELTA III exercise: An evaluation of air quality models’ capacity to reproduce the carbonaceous aerosol %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018 %X The carbonaceous aerosol accounts for an important part of total aerosol mass, affects human health and climate through its effects on physical and chemical properties of the aerosol, yet the understanding of its atmospheric sources and sinks is still incomplete. This study shows the state-of-the-art in modelling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe by comparing simulations performed with seven chemical transport models (CTMs) currently in air quality assessments in Europe: CAMx, CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP/MSC-W, LOTOS-EUROS, MINNI and RCGC. The simulations were carried out in the framework of the EURODELTA III modelling exercise and were evaluated against field measurements from intensive campaigns of European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI). Model simulations were performed over the same domain, using as much as possible the same input data and covering four seasons: summer (1–30 June 2006), winter (8 January – 4 February 2007), autumn (17 September- 15 October 2008) and spring (25 February - 26 March 2009). The analyses of models’ performances in prediction of elemental carbon (EC) for the four seasons and organic aerosol components (OA) for the last two seasons show that all models generally underestimate the measured concentrations. The maximum underestimation of EC is about 60% and up to about 80% for total organic matter (TOM). The underestimation of TOM outside of highly polluted area is a consequence of an underestimation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), in particular of its main contributor: biogenic secondary aerosol (BSOA). This result is independent on the SOA modelling approach used and season. The concentrations and daily cycles of total primary organic matter (TPOM) are generally better reproduced by the models since they used the same anthropogenic emissions. However, the combination of emissions and model formulation leads to overestimate TPOM concentrations in 2009 for most of the models. All models capture relatively well the SOA daily cycles at rural stations mainly due to the spatial resolution used in the simulations. For the investigated carbonaceous aerosol compounds, the differences between the concentrations simulated by different models are lower than the differences between the concentrations simulated with a model for different seasons. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Raudsepp, U.,Maljutenko, I.,Kouts, M.,Granhag, L.,Wilewska-Bien, M.,Hasselöv, I.,Eriksson, M.,Johansson, L.,Jalkanen, J.,Karl, M.,Matthias, V.,Moldanova, J. %D 2019 %J Science of the Total Environment %N %P 189-207 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.264 %T Shipborne nutrient dynamics and impact on the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.264 %X The Baltic Sea is a severely eutrophicated sea-area where intense shipping as an additional nutrient source is a potential contributor to changes in the ecosystem. The impact of the two most important shipborne nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, on the overall nutrient-phytoplankton-oxygen dynamics in the Baltic Sea was determined by using the coupled physical and biogeochemical model system General Estuarine Transport Model–Ecological Regional Ocean Model (GETM-ERGOM) in a cascade with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. We compared two nutrient scenarios in the Baltic Sea: with (SHIP) and without nutrient input from ships (NOSHIP). The model uses the combined nutrient input from shipping-related waste streams and atmospheric depositions originating from the ship emission and calculates the effect of excess nutrients on the overall biogeochemical cycle, primary production, detritus formation and nutrient flows. The shipping contribution is about 0.3% of the total phosphorus and 1.25–3.3% of the total nitrogen input to the Baltic Sea, but their impact to the different biogeochemical variables is up to 10%. Excess nitrogen entering the N-limited system of the Baltic Sea slightly alters certain pathways: cyanobacteria growth is compromised due to extra nitrogen available for other functional groups while the biomass of diatoms and especially flagellates increases due to the excess of the limiting nutrient. In terms of the Baltic Sea ecosystem functioning, continuous input of ship-borne nitrogen is compensated by steady decrease of nitrogen fixation and increase of denitrification, which results in stationary level of total nitrogen content in the water. Ship-borne phosphorus input results in a decrease of phosphate content in the water and increase of phosphorus binding to sediments. Oxygen content in the water decreases, but reaches stationary state eventually. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M.,Bieser, J.,Geyer, B.,Matthias, V.,Jalkanen, J.-P.,Johansson, L.,Fridell, E. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1721-1752 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 %T Impact of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) on the future air quality and nitrogen deposition to seawater in the Baltic Sea region %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 3 %X Air pollution due to shipping is a serious concern for coastal regions in Europe. Shipping emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in air over the Baltic Sea are of similar magnitude (330 kt yr−1) as the combined land-based NOx emissions from Finland and Sweden in all emission sectors. Deposition of nitrogen compounds originating from shipping activities contribute to eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coastal areas in the Baltic Sea region. For the North Sea and the Baltic Sea a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) will become effective in 2021; in accordance with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) target of reducing NOx emissions from ships. Future scenarios for 2040 were designed to study the effect of enforced and planned regulation of ship emissions and the fuel efficiency development on air quality and nitrogen deposition. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the current and future air quality situation. The meteorological fields, the emissions from ship traffic and the emissions from land-based sources were considered at a grid resolution of 4×4 km2 for the Baltic Sea region in nested CMAQ simulations. Model simulations for the present-day (2012) air quality show that shipping emissions are the major contributor to atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations over the Baltic Sea. In the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, with the introduction of the NECA, NOx emissions from ship traffic in the Baltic Sea are reduced by about 80 % in 2040. An approximate linear relationship was found between ship emissions of NOx and the simulated levels of annual average NO2 over the Baltic Sea in the year 2040, when following different future shipping scenarios. The burden of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over the Baltic Sea region is predicted to decrease by 35 %–37 % between 2012 and 2040. The reduction in PM2.5 is larger over sea, where it drops by 50 %–60 % along the main shipping routes, and is smaller over the coastal areas. The introduction of NECA is critical for reducing ship emissions of NOx to levels that are low enough to sustainably dampen ozone (O3) production in the Baltic Sea region. A second important effect of the NECA over the Baltic Sea region is the reduction in secondary formation of particulate nitrate. This lowers the ship-related PM2.5 by 72 % in 2040 compared to the present day, while it is reduced by only 48 % without implementation of the NECA. The effect of a lower fuel efficiency development on the absolute ship contribution of air pollutants is limited. Still, the annual mean ship contributions in 2040 to NO2, sulfur dioxide and PM2.5 and daily maximum O3 are significantly higher if a slower fuel efficiency development is assumed. Nitrogen deposition to the seawater of the Baltic Sea decreases on average by 40 %–44 % between 2012 and 2040 in the simulations. The effect of the NECA on nitrogen deposition is most significant in the western part of the Baltic Sea. It will be important to closely monitor compliance of individual ships with the enforced and planned emission regulations. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Zhang, F.,Chen, Y.,Cui, M.,Feng, Y.,Yang, X.,Chen, J.,Zhang, Y.,Gao, H.,Tian, C.,Matthias, V.,Liu, H. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 302-311 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.006 %T Emission factors and environmental implication of organic pollutants in PM emitted from various vessels in China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.006 %X Organic pollutants from ship exhaust have significant health and air quality impact in coastal areas; their profiles are also in urgent need. Studies on organic pollutants from ships are still rare, especially in China. Therefore, 21 PAHs and 29 n-alkanes in PM emitted from 15 ships with different types and fuels under different operating modes in China were tested in this study. The results showed that: (1) Identified organic matters accounted for 0.15%–23.3% of PM. Fuel-based emission factors (EFs) for ∑16PAHs ranged from 0.095 to 5.80 mg (kg fuel)−1, with low-engine-power fishing boats and heavy fuel oil (HFO) training ship had higher values compared with light diesel vessels. EFs for ∑n-alkanes ranged from 5.22 to 1589 mg (kg fuel)−1, with low-engine-power fishing boats had higher values compared with other vessels. (2) The dominant PAHs were medium molecular weight components of Pyr, Flua, Phe, and Chr. N-alkanes from C15 to C33 accounted for more than 97% of the total n-alkanes. (3) Ratios of typical PAHs and n-alkanes parameters in this study showed typical diagnostic characteristics of oil combustion source. Profiles and diagnostic characteristics of PAHs together with n-alkanes could provide a more precise source apportionment result in the future. (4) Besides, PAHs in PM emitted from ships inferred non-ignorable health influence. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Karl, M.,Neumann, D.,Ramacher, M.,Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Maritime Nacht %N %P %T Ist die Seeluft noch sauber? Wie und wo Schiffsemissionen die Luft belasten %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1096-2247 %A Matthias, V.,Arndt, J.A.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Gon, H.D.van der,Kranenburg, R.,Kuenen, J.,Neumann, D.,Pouliot, G.,Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association %N 8 %P 763-800 %R doi:10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057 %T Modeling emissions for three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport models %U https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057 8 %X Poor air quality is still a threat for human health in many parts of the world. In order to assess measures for emission reductions and improved air quality, three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems are used in numerous research institutions and public authorities. These models need accurate emission data in appropriate spatial and temporal resolution as input. This paper reviews the most widely used emission inventories on global and regional scale and looks into the methods used to make the inventory data model ready. Shortcomings of using standard temporal profiles for each emission sector are discussed and new methods to improve the spatio-temporal distribution of the emissions are presented. These methods are often neither top-down nor bottom-up approaches but can be seen as hybrid methods that use detailed information about the emission process to derive spatially varying temporal emission profiles. These profiles are subsequently used to distribute bulk emissions like national totals on appropriate grids. The wide area of natural emissions is also summarized and the calculation methods are described. Almost all types of natural emissions depend on meteorological information, which is why they are highly variable in time and space and frequently calculated within the chemistry transport models themselves. The paper closes with an outlook for new ways to improve model ready emission data, for example by using external databases about road traffic flow or satellite data to determine actual land use or leaf area. In a world where emission patterns change rapidly, it seems appropriate to use new types of statistical and observational data to create detailed emission data sets and keep emission inventories up-to-date. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Seminar Joint Mass Spectrometry Center der Uni Rostock %N %P %T How shipping and agriculture impact air quality in coastal regions %U %X %0 preprint %@ 1991-9611 %A Karl, M. %D 2018 %J Geoscientific Model Development Discussions %N %P 8 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-2018-8 %T Development of the city-scale chemistry transport model CityChem-EPISODE and its application to the city of Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-8 %X This paper describes the City-scale Chemistry (CityChem) extension of the urban dispersion model EPISODE with the aim to enable chemistry/transport simulations of multiple reactive pollutants on urban scales. The new model is called CityChem-EPISODE. The primary focus is on the simulation of urban ozone concentrations. Ozone is produced in photochemical reaction cycles involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by various anthropogenic activities in the urban area. The performance of the new model was evaluated with a series of synthetic tests and with a first application to the air quality situation in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The model performs fairly well for ozone in terms of temporal correlation and bias at the air quality monitoring stations in Hamburg. In summer afternoons, when photochemical activity is highest, modelled median ozone at an inner-city urban background station was about 30 % lower than the observed median ozone. Inaccuracy of the computed photolysis frequency of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is the most probable explanation for this. CityChem-EPISODE reproduces the spatial variation of annual mean NO2 concentrations between urban background, traffic and industrial stations. However, the temporal correlation between modelled and observed hourly NO2 concentrations is weak for some of the stations. For daily mean PM10, the performance of CityChem-EPISODE is moderate due to low temporal correlation. The low correlation is linked to uncertainties in the seasonal cycle of the anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions within the urban area. Missing emissions from domestic heating might be an explanation for the too low modelled PM10 in winter months. Four areas of need for improvement have been identified: (1) dry and wet deposition fluxes; (2) treatment of photochemistry in the urban atmosphere; (3) formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA); and (4) formation of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The inclusion of secondary aerosol formation will allow for a better sectorial attribution of observed PM levels. Envisaged applications of the CityChem-EPISODE model are urban air quality studies, environmental impact assessment, sensitivity analysis of sector-specific emission and the assessment of local and regional emission abatement policy options. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Arndt, J.A.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 302-311 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.035 %T Implementation of different big-leaf canopy reduction functions in the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS) and their impact on concentrations of oxidized nitrogen species in northern Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.035 %X Canopy reduction describes NO2 flux reduction at leaf stomata. We implemented the big-leaf reduction approaches of Wang et al. (1998) and Yienger and Levy (1995) in the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS) and compared them with the BEIS standard approach. The different reduction functions lead to a reduction of 17 Gg N or 27 Gg N respectively of nitrogen emission in comparison to the standard approach which reduces the nitrogen flux by about 1 Gg N in the three summer months of 2012. These are significant differences to the standard approach. The concentration reduction of oxidized reactive nitrogen in the model area shows also a significant reduction. While concentration reduction in central europe is low, in more rural regions of Europe, concentration changes are considerably higher. The calculated concentrations of NO2 show a significant improvement of the model performance when compared to EMEP observations in central Europe. This study favors the implementation and use of canopy reduction factors, especially the parameterization of Wang et al. (1998), for regional and global emission models for reasons of model physical correctness and improved model results. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Aulinger, A.,Karl, M.,Ramacher, M.,Quante, M.,Lebmeier, M.,Beiersdorf, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Best Practices for Ports, Piraeus Port Workshop %N %P %T Air pollution in harbour cities - Contributions from shipping and how they can be reduced %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Karl, M.,Ramacher, M.O.P. %D 2018 %J 2nd Korea-Germany Environmental Workshop, Urban air pollution control facing human health %N %P %T The Effect of Electro Mobility on Air Quality in Hamburg %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Matthias, V.,Ramacher, M.,Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Nachhaltige StadtGesundheit Hamburg - Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven %N %P 378-388 %T Luftqualität in Hamburg %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J.,Backes, A.M.,Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV - ITM 2016, Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 469-475 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_74 %T Investigation of Current and Future Nitrogen Depositions and Their Impact on Sensitive Ecosystems in Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_74 %X Eutrophication and acidification due to anthropogenic emissions is a major threat for bio diversity in vulnerable ecosystems. The combined impact of N and S deposition can be evaluated using ecosystem dependent critical load masses. Here, we used modelled N and S deposition fields from the CCLM-CMAQ chemistry transport model (CTM) to calculate the annual load. We compared the modelled loads with geo-referenced critical load (CL) maps from the Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE). We found that in central Europe around 25% of the areas defined in the CCE-CL database currently exceed their critical loads due to anthropogenic emissions. Expected NH3 emission reductions in the agricultural sector in the next decade showed little reduction potential in the area with critical load exceedance. A source receptor study of major N and S sources in Europe gave that SO2 emission reductions have a larger potential to decrease critical load exceedances than NH3 emission reductions. The most effective measure was the reduction of SO2 emissions from coal fired power plants. However, each source exhibited a different regional distribution which indicates that there is no general approach to reduce critical load exceedances. Moreover, we found a non-linear relationship between emission reductions and reductions in critical load exceedances. Furthermore, the reduction of only one of the two elements lead to diminishing returns without a reduction of the other. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Zhang, F.,Chen, Y.,Feng, Y.,Shang, Y.,Yang, X.,Gao, H.,Tian, C.,Li, J.,Zhang, G.,Matthias, V.,Xie, Z. %D 2018 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 8 %P 4910-4919 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04002 %T Real-World Emission Factors of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants from Marine Fishing Boats and Their Total Emissions in China %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04002 8 %X Pollutants from fishing boats have generally been neglected worldwide, and there is an acute shortage of measured emission data, especially in China. Therefore, on-board measurements of pollutants emitted from 12 different fishing boats in China (including gill net, angling, and trawler boats) were carried out in this study to investigate emission factors (EFs), characteristics and total emissions. The average EFs for CO2, CO, NOx, PM, and SO2 were 3074 ± 55.9, 50.6 ± 31.7, 54.2 ± 30.7, 9.54 ± 2.24, and 5.94 ± 6.38 g (kg fuel)−1, respectively, which were higher than those from previous studies of fishing boats. When compared to medium-speed and slow-speed engine vessels, high-speed engines on fishing boats had higher CO EFs but lower NOx EFs. Notably, when fishing boats were in low-load conditions, they always had higher EFs of CO, PM, and NO2 compared to other operating modes. The estimated results showed that emissions from motor-powered fishing boats in China in 2012 (232, 379, and 61.8 kt CO, NOx and PM) accounted for 10.7%, 10.9%, and 19.3% of the total CO, NOx and PM emitted from nonroad mobile sources, which means significant contribution of fishing boats to air pollution, especially in southern China areas. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Wissenschaft traegt Verantwortung, Ringvorlesung %N %P %T Die Pariser Klimaziele und die Netto Negativen Emissionen – Ein Blick in die Forschungslandschaft %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Natur und Kultur in der Elbtalaue, Jahrestagung Biosphaerenreservat Niedersaechsische Elbtalaue %N %P %T Witterungsextreme im Klimawandel – Ursachen und Perspektiven %U %X %0 conference paper %@ 2213-8684 %A Arndt, J.A.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Geyer, B.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV : Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 37-41 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_6 %T An Analysis of Modelled Long-Term Trends of Sulphur in the Atmosphere %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_6 %X Sulphur emissions have significantly decreased in Europe since the 1980s. Consequently, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur dioxide and particle bound sulphate have decreased, too, but not to the same extent. The oxidation of sulphur dioxide has become more efficient over time, leading to an increased sulphate to sulphur dioxide ratio. The reasons for this were investigated in a long term CMAQ model run covering the period 1985–2007. Observations and model results show the same non-linear relation between sulphur dioxide and particle bound sulphate concentrations. An analysis of the sulphur dioxide oxidation pathways was performed in a box-model simulation using the same algorithms as implemented in the CMAQ model. The oxidation was accelerated over time due to an increase in the hydrogen peroxide concentrations. This was mainly caused by a reduction of the sulphur dioxide concentrations, themselves. %0 conference paper %@ 2213-8684 %A Ramacher, M.,Karl, M.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV. ITM 2016. Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 309-316 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_49 %T The Impact of Emissions from Ships in Ports on Regional and Urban Scale Air Quality %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_49 %X Ships emit considerable amounts of pollutants, not only when sailing, but also during their stay in ports. This is of particular importance for harbor cities because ship emissions contribute to regional and urban air pollution. However, only few studies investigated the specific effect of shipping emissions on air pollution in cities. It is difficult to estimate the emissions from ships in harbors only from the technical specifications of the ships because their activities during their stay at berth differ a lot and are not well known. A multi-level approach was used to calculate the total emissions of ship activities in the port of Hamburg. The resulting emission inventory served as input for the Chemical Transport Model systems TAPM and CityChem. To investigate the impact of ship emissions on air pollution in the Hamburg area two different model runs for January and July 2013 were performed; one model run including land-based emissions and the ship emissions and a model run just including the land-based emissions. The modeling outcomes are compared with air quality data and resulted in dispersion maps of pollutants (PM2.5 and NO2) from harbor related ships in the Hamburg metropolitan area. On the urban scale, the highest concentrations are located in the port area of Hamburg. The monthly averaged NO2 concentrations mostly remain within the harbor area and the southwest region of Hamburg. The regional background concentrations in the metropolitan area are only slightly increased by shipping emissions from the harbor. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Hess, C.,Niemeyer, T.,Fichtner, A.,Jansen, K.,Kunz, M.,Maneke, M.,Wehrden, H.v.,Quante, M.,Walmsley, D.,Oheimb, G.v.,Haerdtle, W. %D 2018 %J Environmental Pollution %N %P 92-98 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.024 %T Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition alters growth responses of European beech (Fagus sylvativa L.) to climate change %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.024 %X Global change affects the functioning of forest ecosystems and the services they provide, but little is known about the interactive effects of co-occurring global change drivers on important functions such as tree growth and vitality. In the present study we quantified the interactive (i.e. synergistic or antagonistic) effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and climatic variables (temperature, precipitation) on tree growth (in terms of tree-ring width, TRW), taking forest ecosystems with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as an example. We hypothesised that (i) N deposition and climatic variables can evoke non-additive responses of the radial increment of beech trees, and (ii) N loads have the potential to strengthen the trees' sensitivity to climate change. In young stands, we found a synergistic positive effect of N deposition and annual mean temperature on TRW, possibly linked to the alleviation of an N shortage in young stands. In mature stands, however, high N deposition significantly increased the trees’ sensitivity to increasing annual mean temperatures (antagonistic effect on TRW), possibly due to increased fine root dieback, decreasing mycorrhizal colonization or shifts in biomass allocation patterns (aboveground vs. belowground). Accordingly, N deposition and climatic variables caused both synergistic and antagonistic effects on the radial increment of beech trees, depending on tree age and stand characteristics. Hence, the nature of interactions could mediate the long-term effects of global change drivers (including N deposition) on forest carbon sequestration. In conclusion, our findings illustrate that interaction processes between climatic variables and N deposition are complex and have the potential to impair growth and performance of European beech. This in turn emphasises the importance of multiple-factor studies to foster an integrated understanding and models aiming at improved projections of tree growth responses to co-occurring drivers of global change. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Schumann, U.,Baumann, R.,Baumgardner, D.,Bedka, S.T.,Duda, D.P.,Freudenthaler, V.,Gayet, J.-F.,Heymsfield, A.J.,Minnis, P.,Quante, M.,Raschke, E.,Schlager, H.,Vazquez-Navarro, M.,Voigt, C.,Wang, Z. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 1 %P 403-438 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-403-2017 %T Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-403-2017 1 %X Mean properties of individual contrails are characterized for a wide range of jet aircraft as a function of age during their life cycle from seconds to 11.5 h (7.4–18.7 km altitude, −88 to −31 °C ambient temperature), based on a compilation of about 230 previous in situ and remote sensing measurements. The airborne, satellite, and ground-based observations encompass exhaust contrails from jet aircraft from 1972 onwards, as well as a few older data for propeller aircraft. The contrails are characterized by mean ice particle sizes and concentrations, extinction, ice water content, optical depth, geometrical depth, and contrail width. Integral contrail properties include the cross-section area and total number of ice particles, total ice water content, and total extinction (area integral of extinction) per contrail length. When known, the contrail-causing aircraft and ambient conditions are characterized. The individual datasets are briefly described, including a few new analyses performed for this study, and compiled together to form a contrail library (COLI). The data are compared with results of the Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model. The observations confirm that the number of ice particles in contrails is controlled by the engine exhaust and the formation process in the jet phase, with some particle losses in the wake vortex phase, followed later by weak decreases with time. Contrail cross sections grow more quickly than expected from exhaust dilution. The cross-section-integrated extinction follows an algebraic approximation. The ratio of volume to effective mean radius decreases with time. The ice water content increases with increasing temperature, similar to non-contrail cirrus, while the equivalent relative humidity over ice saturation of the contrail ice mass increases at lower temperatures in the data. Several contrails were observed in warm air above the Schmidt–Appleman threshold temperature. The emission index of ice particles, i.e., the number of ice particles formed in the young contrail per burnt fuel mass, is estimated from the measured concentrations for estimated dilution; maximum values exceed 1015 kg−1. The dependence of the data on the observation methods is discussed. We find no obvious indication for significant contributions from spurious particles resulting from shattering of ice crystals on the microphysical probes. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Gencarelli, C.N.,Bieser, J.,Carbone, F.,De Simone, F.,Hedgecock, I.M.,matthias, V.,Travnikov, O.,Yang, X.,Pirrone, N. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 1 %P 627-643 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-627-2017 %T Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017 1 %X Atmospheric deposition is the most important pathway by which Hg reaches marine ecosystems, where it can be methylated and enter the base of food chain. The deposition, the transport and chemical interactions of atmospheric Hg has been simulated over Europe for the year 2013 in the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, performing 14 different model sensitivity tests using two high resolution three-dimensional Chemical Transport Models (CTMs), varying the anthropogenic emissions data sets, atmospheric Br input fields, the Hg oxidation schemes and the modelling domain boundary condition input. Sensitivity simulation results were compared with observations from 28 monitoring sites in Europe, to assess model performance and particularly to analyse the influence of anthropogenic emission speciation and the Hg0(g) atmospheric oxidation mechanism. The contribution of anthropogenic Hg emissions, their speciation and vertical distribution is crucial to the simulated concentration and deposition fields, as is also the choice of Hg0(g) oxidation pathway. The areas most sensitive to changes in Hg emission speciation and the emission vertical distribution are those near major sources, but also the Aegean and the Black Seas, the English Channel, the Skagerrak Strait and the North German coast. Considerable influence was found also evident over the Mediterranean, the North and Baltic Sea, some influence is seen over continental Europe, while this difference is least over the north-western part of the modelling domain, which includes the Norwegian Sea and Iceland. The Br oxidation pathway produces more HgII(g) in the lower model levels, but overall wet deposition is lower in comparison to the simulations which employ an O3/OH oxidation mechanism. The necessity to perform continuous measurements of speciated Hg, to investigate the local impacts of Hg emissions and deposition, as well as interactions dependent on land use and vegetation, forests, peat bogs etc. is highlighted in this study. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Vivanco, M.G.,Bessagnet, B.,Cuvelier, C.,Theobald, M.R.,Tsyro, S.,Pirovano, G.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Calori, G.,Ciarelli, G.,Manders, A.,Mircea, M.,Aksoyoglu, S.,Briganti, G.,Cappelletti, A.,Colette, A.,Couvidat, F.,D`Isidoro, M.,Kranenburg, R.,Meleux, F.,Menut, L.,Pay, M.T.,Rouil, L.,Silibello, C.,Thunis, P.,Ung, A. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 152-175 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.042 %T Joint analysis of deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and sulphur compounds predicted by six chemistry transport models in the frame of the EURODELTAIII project %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.042 %X In the framework of the UNECE Task Force on Measurement and Modelling (TFMM) under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), the EURODELTAIII project is evaluating how well air quality models are able to reproduce observed pollutant air concentrations and deposition fluxes in Europe. In this paper the sulphur and nitrogen deposition estimates of six state-of-the-art regional models (CAMx, CHIMERE, EMEP MSC-W, LOTOS-EUROS, MINNI and CMAQ) are evaluated and compared for four intensive EMEP measurement periods (25 Feb - 26 Mar 2009; 17 Sep - 15 Oct 2008; 8 Jan – 4 Feb 2007 and 1–30 Jun 2006).,For sulphur, this study shows the importance of including sea salt sulphate emissions for obtaining better model results; CMAQ, the only model considering these emissions in its formulation, was the only model able to reproduce the high measured values of wet deposition of sulphur at coastal sites. MINNI and LOTOS-EUROS underestimate sulphate wet deposition for all periods and have low wet deposition efficiency for sulphur.,For reduced nitrogen, all the models underestimate both wet deposition and total air concentrations (ammonia plus ammonium) in the summer campaign, highlighting a potential lack of emissions (or incoming fluxes) in this period. In the rest of campaigns there is a general underestimation of wet deposition by all models (MINNI and CMAQ with the highest negative bias), with the exception of EMEP, which underestimates the least and even overestimates deposition in two campaigns. This model has higher scavenging deposition efficiency for the aerosol component, which seems to partly explain the different behaviour of the models.,For oxidized nitrogen, CMAQ, CAMx and MINNI predict the lowest wet deposition and the highest total air concentrations (nitric acid plus nitrates). Comparison with observations indicates a general underestimation of wet oxidized nitrogen deposition by these models, as well as an overestimation of total air concentration for all the campaigns, except for the 2006 campaign. This points to a low efficiency in the wet deposition of oxidized nitrogen for these models, especially with regards to the scavenging of nitric acid, which is the main driver of oxidized N deposition for all the models. CHIMERE, LOTOS-EUROS and EMEP agree better with the observations for both wet deposition and air concentration of oxidized nitrogen, although CHIMERE seems to overestimate wet deposition in the summer period. This requires further investigation, as the gas-particle equilibrium seems to be biased towards the gas phase (nitric acid) for this model.,In the case of MINNI, the frequent underestimation of wet deposition combined with an overestimation of atmospheric concentrations for the three pollutants indicates a low efficiency of the wet deposition processes. This can be due to several reasons, such as an underestimation of scavenging ratios, large vertical concentration gradients (resulting in small concentrations at cloud height) or a poor parameterization of clouds.,Large differences between models were also found for the estimates of dry deposition. However, the lack of suitable measurements makes it impossible to assess model performance for this process. These uncertainties should be addressed in future research, since dry deposition contributes significantly to the total deposition for the three deposited species, with values in the same range as wet deposition for most of the models, and with even higher values for some of them, especially for reduced nitrogen. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Travnikov, O.,Angot, H.,Artaxo, P.,Bencardino, M.,Bieser, J.,D`Àmore, F.,Dastoor, A.,De Simone, F.,del Carmen Dieguez, M.,Dommergue, A.,Ebinghaus, R.,Feng, X.B.,Gencarelli, C.N.,Hedgecock, I.M.,Magand, O.,Martin, L.,Matthias, V.,Mashyanov, N.,Pirrone, N.,Ramachandran, R.,Read, K.A.,Ryjkov, A.,Selin, N.E.,Sena, F.,Song, S.,Sprovieri, F.,Wip, D.,Waengberg, I.,Yang, X. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 8 %P 5271-5295 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017 %T Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Atmospheric processes and model evaluation %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017 8 %X Current understanding of mercury (Hg) behaviour in the atmosphere contains significant gaps. Some key characteristics of Hg processes including anthropogenic and geogenic emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and air-surface exchange are still poorly known. This study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data from ground-based sites and simulation results of chemical transport models. A variety of long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) and reactive Hg (RM) concentration as well as Hg wet deposition flux has been compiled from different global and regional monitoring networks. Four contemporary global-scale transport models for Hg were applied both in their state-of-the-art configurations and for a number of numerical experiments aimed at evaluation of particular processes. Results of the model simulation were evaluated against measurements. As it follows from the analysis the inter-hemispheric gradient of GEM is largely formed by the spatial distribution of anthropogenic emissions which prevail in the Northern Hemisphere. Contribution of natural and secondary emissions enhances the south-to-north gradient but their effect is less significant. The atmospheric chemistry does not affect considerably both spatial distribution and temporal variation of GEM concentration in the surface air. On the other hand, RM air concentration and wet deposition are largely defined by oxidation chemistry. The Br oxidation mechanism allows successfully reproducing observed seasonal variation of the RM / GEM ratio in the near-surface layer, whereas it predicts maximum in wet deposition in spring instead of summer as observed at monitoring sites located in North America and Europe. Model runs with the OH chemistry correctly simulate both the periods of maximum and minimum values and the amplitude of observed seasonal variation but lead to shifting the maximum RM / GEM ratios from spring to summer. The O3 chemistry does not provide significant seasonal variation of Hg oxidation. Thus, performance of the considered Hg oxidation mechanisms differs in reproduction of different observed parameters that can imply possibility of more complex chemistry and multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Bieser, J.,Slemr, F.,Ambrose, J.,Brenninkmeijer, C.,Brooks, S.,Dastoor, A.,De Simone, F.,Ebinghaus, R.,Gencarelli, C.,Geyer, B.,Gratz, L.E.,Hedgecock, I.M.,Jaffe, D.,Kelley, P.,Lin, C.-J.,Matthias, V.,Ryjkov, A.,Selin, N.,Song, S.,Travnikov, O.,Weigelt, A.,Luke, W.,Ren, X.,Zahn, A.,Yang, X.,Zhu, Y.,Pirrone, N. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 11 %P 6925-6955 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017 %T Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Vertical distribution of mercury species %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017 11 %X Atmospheric chemistry and transport of mercury play a key role in the global mercury cycle. However, there are still considerable knowledge gaps concerning the fate of mercury in the atmosphere. This is the second part of a model intercomparison study investigating the impact of atmospheric chemistry and emissions on mercury in the atmosphere. While the first study focused on ground-based observations of mercury concentration and deposition, here we investigate the vertical and interhemispheric distribution and speciation of mercury from the planetary boundary layer to the lower stratosphere. So far, there have been few model studies investigating the vertical distribution of mercury, mostly focusing on single aircraft campaigns. Here, we present a first comprehensive analysis based on various aircraft observations in Europe, North America, and on intercontinental flights.,The investigated models proved to be able to reproduce the distribution of total and elemental mercury concentrations in the troposphere including interhemispheric trends. One key aspect of the study is the investigation of mercury oxidation in the troposphere. We found that different chemistry schemes were better at reproducing observed oxidized mercury patterns depending on altitude. High concentrations of oxidized mercury in the upper troposphere could be reproduced with oxidation by bromine while elevated concentrations in the lower troposphere were better reproduced by OH and ozone chemistry. However, the results were not always conclusive as the physical and chemical parameterizations in the chemistry transport models also proved to have a substantial impact on model results. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Karl, M. %D 2017 %J Airborne Engineered Nanomaterials: Measurements, Implications and Modelling, NanoFASE Workshop on Airborne Nanomaterials %N %P %T Evolution of size and composition of vehicle-exhaust nanoparticles from point of emission to city scale %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2017 %J Wissenschaft traegt Verantwortung, Ringvorlesung %N %P %T Klimaveraenderungen und Klimaskepsis %U %X %0 software %@ %A Karl, M. %D 2017 %J Zenodo %N %P %R doi:10.5281/zenodo.1116174 %T City-scale Chemistry Transport Model - User Guide CityChem-EPISODE version 1.0 %U https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1116174 %X CityChem-EPISODE, developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) is designed for treating complex atmospheric chemistry in urban areas (Karl, 2017). The model is an extension of the EPISODE dispersion model to enable chemistry/transport simulations of reactive pollutants on city scale. EPISODE is an Eulerian dispersion model developed at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) appropriate for air quality studies at the local scale (Slørdal et al. 2003 & 2008). The model is an open source code subject to the Reciprocal Public License ("RPL"). %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J.,Backes, A.M.,Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J 35th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2016 %N %P %T Investigation of Current and Future Nitrogen Depositions and Their Impact on Sensitive Ecosystems in Europe %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Neumann, D.,Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 15 %P 9905-9933 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016 %T A comparison of sea salt emission parameterizations in northwestern Europe using a chemistry transport model setup %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016 15 %X Atmospheric sea salt particles affect chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere. These particles provide surface area for condensation and reaction of nitrogen, sulfur, and organic species and are a vehicle for the transport of these species. Additionally, HCl is released from sea salt. Hence, sea salt has a relevant impact on air quality, particularly in coastal regions with high anthropogenic emissions, such as the North Sea region. Therefore, the integration of sea salt emissions in modeling studies in these regions is necessary. However, it was found that sea salt concentrations are not represented with the necessary accuracy in some situations.,In this study, three sea salt emission parameterizations depending on different combinations of wind speed, salinity, sea surface temperature, and wave data were implemented and compared: GO03 (Gong, 2003), SP13 (Spada et al., 2013), and OV14 (Ovadnevaite et al., 2014). The aim was to identify the parameterization that most accurately predicts the sea salt mass concentrations at different distances to the source regions. For this purpose, modeled particle sodium concentrations, sodium wet deposition, and aerosol optical depth were evaluated against measurements of these parameters. Each 2-month period in winter and summer 2008 were considered for this purpose. The shortness of these periods limits generalizability of the conclusions on other years.,While the GO03 emissions yielded overestimations in the PM10 concentrations at coastal stations and underestimations of those at inland stations, OV14 emissions conversely led to underestimations at coastal stations and overestimations at inland stations. Because of the differently shaped particle size distributions of the GO03 and OV14 emission cases, the deposition velocity of the coarse particles differed between both cases which yielded this distinct behavior at inland and coastal stations. The PM10 concentrations produced by the SP13 emissions generally overestimated the measured concentrations. The sodium wet deposition was generally underestimated by the model simulations but the SP13 cases yielded the least underestimations. Because the model tends to underestimate wet deposition, this result needs to be considered critically. Measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) were underestimated by all model cases in the summer and partly in winter. None of the model cases clearly improved the modeled AODs. Overall, GO03 and OV14 produced the most accurate results, but both parameterizations revealed weaknesses in some situations. %0 conference paper %@ %A Backes, A.M.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV - Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 29-35 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_5 %T Influence of ammonia emissions on aerosol formation in northern and central Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_5 %X High concentrations of particles pose a threat to human health and the environment. In this study the influence of ammonia (NH3) emissions on aerosol concentration in central Europe is investigated. Depending on crop growth, temperature and local legislation individual temporal profiles for fertilizer and manure application are calculated for each model grid cell of the SMOKE-EU emission model. The emission data was used as input for the CMAQ chemical transport model. Comparisons to EMEP observations indicate that the new ammonia emission module leads to a better agreement of modeled and observed concentrations. The model was used then to assess the influence of emission changes. It was found that a reduction of ammonia emissions by 50 % lead to a 24 % reduction of total PM2.5 concentrations in the model domain during winter, mainly driven by reduced formation of ammonium nitrate. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Neumann, D.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J 10th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application %N %P %T Modelling and Comparing the Impact of three Sea Salt Emission Parameterizations on Atmospheric Nitrate Concentrations in the North-Western European Region %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Neumann, D.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M.,Bieser, J. %D 2016 %J 22nd European Aerosol Conference 2016 %N %P %T Source attribution of particulate sulfate concentrations at chosen measurement stations in Europe by the use of the CMAQ chemistry transport model %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M.,Colijn, F.,Noehren, I. %D 2016 %J 1st Baltic Earth Conference %N %P %T The North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA): What happens in the south west of BACC? %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Quante, M.,Colijn, F.,Noehren, I. %D 2016 %J International Baltic Earth Secretariat Publication, Conference Proceedings, 1st Baltic Earth Conference %N %P 180-181 %T The North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA): What happens in the south west of BACC? %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2016 %J DACH Tagung 2016 %N %P %T Klimawandel im Nord- und Ostseeraum - Ergebnisse neuer regionaler Assessments %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Karl, M.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Air quality and emissions reduction from shipping – with regional focus on Baltic and North Seas, International Conference „BLUE SKY OVER THE SEA?“ %N %P %T Scenarios of shipping emissions in the North Sea region in 2030: Impact on air quality %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J 54th International Young Lawyers’ Congress AIJA %N %P %T Environmental impacts of international shipping and aviation %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Travnikov, O.,Hedgecock, I.M.,Gencarelli, C.,De Simone, F.,Weigelt, A.,Zhu, J %D 2016 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV - Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 519-523 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_83 %T Diagnostic Evalutation of Bromine Reactions on Mercury Chemistry %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_83 %X This model study about the influence of chemical reactants on the transport of mercury is part of an international mercury model inter-comparison (MMTF) coordinated by the EU-FP7 Research Project GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System). GMOS focuses on the improvement and validation of mercury models to assist establishing a global monitoring network and to support the implementation of the Minamata Convention. For the model inter-comparison, several global and regional Chemistry Transport Models (CTM) were used to simulate the influence of reactants on mercury oxidation. For this, gas and aqueous phase reactions of mercury with bromine were implemented into the models. As reactants, precalculated bromine concentrations were taken from the global bromine models P-TOMCAT and GEOS-CHEM. The modelled concentrations of oxidized mercury were compared to observations from GMOS measurement stations, and air craft campaigns. It was found that, even outside of polar regions, bromine plays an important role in the oxidation of mercury. Moreover, the chosen reactant influenced the vertical distribution of mercury in the atmosphere. While little difference was found for GOM concentrations at the surface level, the bromine reaction was able to explain the elevated concentration of GOM observed in the free troposphere. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Bessagnet, B.,Pirovano, G.,Mircea, M.,Cuvelier, C.,Aulinger, A.,Calori, G.,Ciarelli, G.,Manders, A.,Stern, R.,Tsyro, S.,Garcia Vivanco, M.,Thunis, P.,Pay, M.-T.,Colette, A.,Couvidat, F.,Meleux, F.,Rouil, L.,Ung, A.,Aksoyoglu, S.,Baldasano, J.M.,Bieser, J.,Briganti, G.,Cappelletti, A.,D`Isidoro, M.,Finardi, S.,Kranenburg, R.,Silibello, C.,Carnevale, C.,Aas, W.,Dupont, J.-C.,Fagerli, H.,Gonzales,L.,Menut, L.,Prevot, A.S.H.,Roberts, P.,White, L. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 19 %P 12667-12701 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016 %T Presentation of the EURODELTA III intercomparison exercise – evaluation of the chemistry transport models' performance on criteria pollutants and joint analysis with meteorology %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016 19 %X The EURODELTA III exercise has facilitated a comprehensive intercomparison and evaluation of chemistry transport model performances. Participating models performed calculations for four 1-month periods in different seasons in the years 2006 to 2009, allowing the influence of different meteorological conditions on model performances to be evaluated. The exercise was performed with strict requirements for the input data, with few exceptions. As a consequence, most of differences in the outputs will be attributed to the differences in model formulations of chemical and physical processes. The models were evaluated mainly for background rural stations in Europe. The performance was assessed in terms of bias, root mean square error and correlation with respect to the concentrations of air pollutants (NO2, O3, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5), as well as key meteorological variables. Though most of meteorological parameters were prescribed, some variables like the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the vertical diffusion coefficient were derived in the model preprocessors and can partly explain the spread in model results. In general, the daytime PBL height is underestimated by all models. The largest variability of predicted PBL is observed over the ocean and seas. For ozone, this study shows the importance of proper boundary conditions for accurate model calculations and then on the regime of the gas and particle chemistry. The models show similar and quite good performance for nitrogen dioxide, whereas they struggle to accurately reproduce measured sulfur dioxide concentrations (for which the agreement with observations is the poorest). In general, the models provide a close-to-observations map of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations over Europe rather with correlations in the range 0.4–0.7 and a systematic underestimation reaching −10 µg m−3 for PM10. The highest concentrations are much more underestimated, particularly in wintertime. Further evaluation of the mean diurnal cycles of PM reveals a general model tendency to overestimate the effect of the PBL height rise on PM levels in the morning, while the intensity of afternoon chemistry leads formation of secondary species to be underestimated. This results in larger modelled PM diurnal variations than the observations for all seasons. The models tend to be too sensitive to the daily variation of the PBL. All in all, in most cases model performances are more influenced by the model setup than the season. The good representation of temporal evolution of wind speed is the most responsible for models' skillfulness in reproducing the daily variability of pollutant concentrations (e.g. the development of peak episodes), while the reconstruction of the PBL diurnal cycle seems to play a larger role in driving the corresponding pollutant diurnal cycle and hence determines the presence of systematic positive and negative biases detectable on daily basis. %0 conference paper %@ %A Neumann, D.,Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV - Springer Proceedings in Complexity %N %P 55-59 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5 %T Effect of Sea Salt Emissions on Anthropogenic Air Pollution and Nitrogen Deposition in Northwestern Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5 %X The North Sea region is characterised by several anthropogenic activities such as shipping, agriculture, industry and tourism. These activities go along with emissions of air pollutants such as NO X , NH3, and SO2 leading to the formation of HNO3, H2SO4, and particulate matter. Gaseous bases and acids (mainly HNO3, H2SO4 and NH3) tend to form new particles or to condense on existing ones. Meteorological conditions and size distribution of existing particles affect partitioning of these substances between gas and particle phase and between particle modes. In the marine troposphere, sea salt particles (mainly Cl–, Na+ and SO 2− 4,SO42−,) account for a considerable amount of fine and coarse particles providing surface for condensation of above mentioned substances. The presence of sea salt may also affect N deposition because dry deposition velocities of gaseous substances and different particle modes vary considerably. In the presented study, the effect of sea salt emissions on atmospheric air pollution in the North Sea region was analysed by the means of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model. We simulated on a 24×24km 2,24×24km2,grid including the North and Baltic Sea. It was found, that the presence of sea salt increases coarse mode NH + 4,NH4+,and NO − 3,NO3−,concentrations considerably while fine mode concentrations are decreased. This leads to increased total N deposition in coastal regions. At the same time, the deposition distant to the shore on the land as well as into the ocean decreases. However, this study shows that on spatial average only about 5 % of N deposition into the North Sea is caused by sea salt particles. Locally, the effect of sea salt on N deposition is partly higher. Therefore, sea salt emissions in regional air quality models are important for predicting the partitioning of anthropogenic pollutants between gas and particle phase and their deposition patterns correctly. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Zhang, F.,Chen, Y.,Tian, C.,Lou, D.,Li, J.,Zhang, G.,Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 10 %P 6319-6334 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-6319-2016 %T Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6319-2016 10 %X Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and 1600kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH); for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8gkWh−1 compared to 7.14 and 6.97gkWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09gkWh−1 compared to 0.14 and 0.04gkWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineering vessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (such as 30.2gkg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5gkg−1 fuel in previous studies, 115gkg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to 22.3 to 87gkg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40gkg−1 fuel of PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6gkg−1 fuel in previous studies), while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of the average emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influence factors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The test inland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFs for CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to the significant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that no accurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement data for different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors and economic costs. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Kukkonen, J.,Karl, M.,Keuken, M.P.,Gon, H.A.C.D.van der,Denby, B.R.,Singh, V.,Douros, J.,Manders, A.,Samaras, Z.,Moussiopoulos, N.,Jonkers, S.,Aarnio, M.,Karppinen, A.,Kangas, L.,Lutzenkirchen, S.,Petaejae, T.,Vouitsis, I.,Sokhi, R.S. %D 2016 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 2 %P 451-478 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-9-451-2016 %T Modelling the dispersion of particle numbers in five European cities %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-451-2016 2 %X We present an overview of the modelling of particle number concentrations (PNCs) in five major European cities, namely Helsinki, Oslo, London, Rotterdam, and Athens, in 2008. Novel emission inventories of particle numbers have been compiled both on urban and European scales. We used atmospheric dispersion modelling for PNCs in the five target cities and on a European scale, and evaluated the predicted results against available measured concentrations. In all the target cities, the concentrations of particle numbers (PNs) were mostly influenced by the emissions originating from local vehicular traffic. The influence of shipping and harbours was also significant for Helsinki, Oslo, Rotterdam, and Athens, but not for London. The influence of the aviation emissions in Athens was also notable. The regional background concentrations were clearly lower than the contributions originating from urban sources in Helsinki, Oslo, and Athens. The regional background was also lower than urban contributions in traffic environments in London, but higher or approximately equal to urban contributions in Rotterdam. It was numerically evaluated that the influence of coagulation and dry deposition on the predicted PNCs was substantial for the urban background in Oslo. The predicted and measured annual average PNCs in four cities agreed within approximately  ≤  26 % (measured as fractional biases), except for one traffic station in London. This study indicates that it is feasible to model PNCs in major cities within a reasonable accuracy, although major challenges remain in the evaluation of both the emissions and atmospheric transformation of PNCs. %0 book part %@ %A Huthnance, J.,Weisse, R.,Wahl, T.,Thomas, H.,Pietrzak, J.,Souza, A.J.,Heteren, S.van,Schmelzer, N.,Beusekom, J.van,Colijn, F.,Haigh, I.,Hjoello, S.,Holfort, J.,Kent, E.C.,Kuehn, W.,Loewe, P.,Lorkowski, I.,Mork, K.A.,Paetsch, J.,Quante, M.,Salt, L.,Siddorn, J.,Smyth, T.,Sterl, A.,Woodworth, P. %D 2016 %J North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment %N %P 85-136 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0_3 %T Recent Change - North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0_3 %X This chapter discusses past and ongoing change in the following physical variables within the North Sea: temperature, salinity and stratification; currents and circulation; mean sea level; and extreme sea levels. Also considered are carbon dioxide; pH and nutrients; oxygen; suspended particulate matter and turbidity; coastal erosion, sedimentation and morphology; and sea ice. The distinctive character of the Wadden Sea is addressed, with a particular focus on nutrients and sediments. This chapter covers the past 200 years and focuses on the historical development of evidence (measurements, process understanding and models), the form, duration and accuracy of the evidence available, and what the evidence shows in terms of the state and trends in the respective variables. Much work has focused on detecting long-term change in the North Sea region, either from measurements or with models. Attempts to attribute such changes to, for example, anthropogenic forcing are still missing for the North Sea. Studies are urgently needed to assess consistency between observed changes and current expectations, in order to increase the level of confidence in projections of expected future conditions. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Neumann, D.,Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 5 %P 2921-2942 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016 %T Sensitivity of modeled atmospheric nitrogen species and nitrogen deposition to variations in sea salt emissions in the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016 5 %X Coarse sea salt particles are emitted ubiquitously from the ocean surface by wave-breaking and bubble-bursting processes. These particles impact the atmospheric chemistry by affecting the condensation of gas-phase species and, thus, indirectly the nucleation of new fine particles, particularly in regions with significant air pollution. In this study, atmospheric particle concentrations are modeled for the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions in northwestern Europe using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system and are compared to European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) measurement data. The sea salt emission module is extended by a salinity-dependent scaling of the sea salt emissions because the salinity in large parts of the Baltic Sea is very low, which leads to considerably lower sea salt mass emissions compared to other oceanic regions. The resulting improvement in predicted sea salt concentrations is assessed. The contribution of surf zone emissions is considered separately. Additionally, the impacts of sea salt particles on atmospheric nitrate and ammonium concentrations and on nitrogen deposition are evaluated.,The comparisons with observational data show that sea salt concentrations are commonly overestimated at coastal stations and partly underestimated farther inland. The introduced salinity scaling improves the predicted Baltic Sea sea salt concentrations considerably. The dates of measured peak concentrations are appropriately reproduced by the model. The impact of surf zone emissions is negligible in both seas. Nevertheless, they might be relevant because surf zone emissions were cut at an upper threshold in this study. Deactivating sea salt leads to minor increases in NH3 +  NH4+ and HNO3 +  NO3− and a decrease in NO3− concentrations. However, the overall effect on NH3 +  NH4+ and HNO3 +  NO3− concentrations is smaller than the deviation from the measurements. Nitrogen wet deposition is underestimated by the model at most stations. In coastal regions, the total nitrogen deposition (wet and dry) is considerably affected by sea salt particles. Approximately 3–7 % of atmospheric nitrogen deposition into the North Sea is caused by sea salt particles. The contribution is lower in the Baltic Sea region.,The stations in the EMEP network provide a solid basis for model evaluation and validation. However, for a more detailed analysis of the impact of sea salt particles on atmospheric nitrogen species, size-resolved measurements of Na+, NH4+, and NO3− are needed. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M.,Kukkonen, J.,Keuken, M.P.,Luetzenkirchen, S.,Pirjola, L.,Hussein, T. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 8 %P 4817-4835 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-4817-2016 %T Modelling and measurements of urban aerosol processes on the neighborhood scale in Rotterdam, Oslo and Helsinki %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4817-2016 8 %X This study evaluates the influence of aerosol processes on the particle number (PN) concentrations in three,major European cities on the temporal scale of 1 h, i.e., on the,neighborhood and city scales. We have used selected measured data of particle size distributions from previous campaigns in the cities of Helsinki, Oslo and Rotterdam. The,aerosol transformation processes were evaluated using the aerosol dynamics model MAFOR, combined with a simplified treatment of roadside and urban atmospheric dispersion. We have compared the model predictions of particle number,size distributions with the measured data, and conducted sensitivity analyses regarding the influence of various model input variables. We also present a simplified parameterization for aerosol processes, which is based on the more complex aerosol process computations; this simple model can easily be implemented to both Gaussian and Eulerian urban dis-,persion models. Aerosol processes considered in this study were (i) the coagulation of particles, (ii) the condensation and evaporation of two organic vapors, and (iii) dry deposi-,tion. The chemical transformation of gas-phase compounds was not taken into account. By choosing concentrations and particle size distributions at roadside as starting point of the computations, nucleation of gas-phase vapors from the exhaust has been regarded as post tail-pipe emission, avoid-,ing the need to include nucleation in the process analysis. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Backes, A.M.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 153-161 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.039 %T Ammonia emissions in Europe, part II: How ammonia emission abatement strategies affect secondary aerosols %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.039 %X In central Europe, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate make up a large fraction of fine particles which pose a threat to human health. Most studies on air pollution through particulate matter investigate the influence of emission reductions of sulphur- and nitrogen oxides on aerosol concentration. Here, we focus on the influence of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Emission scenarios have been created on the basis of the improved ammonia emission parameterization implemented in the SMOKE for Europe and CMAQ model systems described in part I of this study. This includes emissions based on future European legislation (the National Emission Ceilings) as well as a dynamic evaluation of the influence of different agricultural sectors (e.g. animal husbandry) on particle formation. The study compares the concentrations of NH3, View the MathML sourceNH4+, NO3 -, sulphur compounds and the total concentration of particles in winter and summer for a political-, technical- and behavioural scenario. It was found that a reduction of ammonia emissions by 50% lead to a 24% reduction of the total PM2.5 concentrations in northwest Europe. The observed reduction was mainly driven by reduced formation of ammonium nitrate. Moreover, emission reductions during winter had a larger impact than during the rest of the year. This leads to the conclusion that a reduction of the ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector related to animal husbandry could be more efficient than the reduction from other sectors due to its larger share in winter ammonia emissions. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Backes, A.,Bieser, J.,Geyer, B.,Quante, M.,Zeretzke, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 2 %P 759-776 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-759-2016 %T The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 2: Scenarios for 2030 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-759-2016 2 %X Scenarios for future shipping emissions in the North Sea have been developed in the framework of the Clean North Sea Shipping project. The effects of changing NOx and SO2 emissions were investigated with the CMAQ chemistry transport model for the year 2030 in the North Sea area. It has been found that, compared to today, the contribution of shipping to the NO2 and O3 concentrations will increase due to the expected enhanced traffic by more than 20 and 5 %, respectively, by 2030 if no regulation for further emission reductions is implemented in the North Sea area. PM2.5 will decrease slightly because the sulfur contents in ship fuels will be reduced as international regulations foresee. The effects differ largely between regions, seasons and date of the implementation of stricter regulations for NOx emissions from newly built ships. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Backes, A.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 55-66 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.041 %T Ammonia emissions in Europe, Part I: Development of a dynamical ammonia emission inventory %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.041 %X Nitrogen input from agricultural ammonia emissions into the environment causes numerous environmental and health problems. The purpose of this study is to present and evaluate an improved ammonia emission inventory based on a dynamical temporal parameterization suitable to compare and assess ammonia abatement strategies. The setup of the dynamical time profile (DTP) consists of individual temporal profiles for ammonia emissions, calculated for each model grid cell, depending on temperature, crop type, fertilizer and manure application, as well as on local legislation. It is based on the method of Skjøth et al., 2004 and Gyldenkærne et al., 2005. The method has been modified to cover the study area and to improve the performance of the emission model. To compare the results of the dynamical approach with the results of the static time profile (STP) the ammonia emission parameterizations have been implemented in the SMOKE for Europe emission model. Furthermore, the influence on secondary aerosol formation in the North Sea region and possible changes triggered through the use of a modified temporal distribution of ammonia emissions were analysed with the CMAQ chemistry transport model. The results were evaluated with observations of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). The correlation coefficient of NH3 improved significantly for 12 out of 16 EMEP measurement stations and an improvement in predicting the Normalized Mean Error can be seen for particulate NH4+ and NO3-. The prediction of the 95th percentile of the daily average concentrations has improved for NH3, NH4+ and NO3-. The NH3 concentration modelled with the STP is 157% higher in winter, and about 22% lower in early summer than the one modelled with the new DTP. Consequently, the influence of the DTP on the formation of secondary aerosols is particularly noticeable in winter, when the PM2.5 concentration is 25% lower in comparison to the use of STP for temporal disaggregation. Besides, the formation of particulate SO42- is not influenced by the use of the DTP. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Zeretzke, M.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M.,Backes, A. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 2 %P 739-758 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-739-2016 %T The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-739-2016 2 %X The North Sea is one of the areas with the highest ship traffic densities worldwide. At any time, about 3000 ships are sailing its waterways. Previous scientific publications have shown that ships contribute significantly to atmospheric concentrations of NOx, particulate matter and ozone. Especially in the case of particulate matter and ozone, this influence can even be seen in regions far away from the main shipping routes. In order to quantify the effects of North Sea shipping on air quality in its bordering states, it is essential to determine the emissions from shipping as accurately as possible. Within Interreg IVb project Clean North Sea Shipping (CNSS), a bottom-up approach was developed and used to thoroughly compile such an emission inventory for 2011 that served as the base year for the current emission situation. The innovative aspect of this approach was to use load-dependent functions to calculate emissions from the ships' current activities instead of averaged emission factors for the entire range of the engine loads. These functions were applied to ship activities that were derived from hourly records of Automatic Identification System signals together with a database containing the engine characteristics of the vessels that traveled the North Sea in 2011. The emission model yielded ship emissions among others of NOx and SO2 at high temporal and spatial resolution that were subsequently used in a chemistry transport model in order to simulate the impact of the emissions on pollutant concentration levels. The total emissions of nitrogen reached 540 Gg and those of sulfur oxides 123 Gg within the North Sea – including the adjacent western part of the Baltic Sea until 5° W. This was about twice as much of those of a medium-sized industrialized European state like the Netherlands. The relative contribution of ships to, for example, NO2 concentration levels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in summer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away from the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and 4 % in winter. The relative contribution of the secondary pollutant NO3− was found to reach 20 % in summer and 6 % in winter even far from the shore. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2015 %J Klima, Wandel, Gerechtigkeit - Leuphana Konferenzwoche 2015 %N %P %T Klimawissenschaft und Klimaschutz: Was kann, was weiss die Klimawissenschaft und wie sollte die Gesellschaft sie nutzen? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Zhu, J.,Wang, T.,Bieser, J.,Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 15 %P 8767-8779 %R doi:10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015 %T Source attribution and process analysis for atmospheric mercury in eastern China simulated by CMAQ-Hg %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015 15 %X The contribution from different emission sources and atmospheric processes to gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), particulate bound mercury (PBM) and mercury deposition in eastern China were quantified using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ-Hg) modeling system run with a nested domain. Natural sources (NAT) and six categories of anthropogenic mercury sources (ANTH) including cement production (CEM), domestic life (DOM), industrial boilers (IND), metal production (MET), coal-fired power plants (PP) and traffic (TRA) were considered for source apportionment. NAT were responsible for 36.6 % of annual averaged GEM concentration, which was regarded as the most important source for GEM in spite of obvious seasonal variation. Among ANTH, the influence of MET and PP on GEM were most evident especially in winter. ANTH dominated the variations of GOM and PBM concentrations with contributions of 86.7 and 79.1 %, respectively. Among ANTH, IND were the largest contributor for GOM (57.5 %) and PBM (34.4 %) so that most mercury deposition came from IND. The effect of mercury emitted from out of China was indicated by a > 30 % contribution to GEM concentration and wet deposition. The contributions from nine processes – consisting of emissions (EMIS), gas-phase chemical production/loss (CHEM), horizontal advection (HADV), vertical advection (ZADV), horizontal advection (HDIF), vertical diffusion (VDIF), dry deposition (DDEP), cloud processes (CLDS) and aerosol processes (AERO) – were calculated for process analysis with their comparison in urban and non-urban regions of the Yangtze River delta (YRD). EMIS and VDIF affected surface GEM and PBM concentrations most and tended to compensate each other all the time in both urban and non-urban areas. However, DDEP was the most important removal process for GOM with 7.3 and 2.9 ng m−3 reduced in the surface of urban and non-urban areas, respectively, in 1 day. The diurnal profile variation of processes revealed the transportation of GOM from urban area to non-urban areas and the importance of CHEM/AERO in higher altitudes which partly caused diffusion of GOM downwards to non-urban areas. Most of the anthropogenic mercury was transported and diffused away from urban areas by HADV and VDIF and increased mercury concentrations in non-urban areas by HADV. Natural emissions only influenced CHEM and AERO more significantly than anthropogenic. Local emissions in the YRD contributed 8.5 % more to GEM and ~ 30 % more to GOM and PBM in urban areas compared to non-urban areas. %0 journal article %@ 0924-7963 %A Emeis, K.,van Beusekom, J.,Callies, U.,Ebinghaus, R.,Kannen, A.,Kraus, G.,Kröncke, I.,Lenhatz, H.,Lorkoswski, I.,Matthias, V.,Möllmann, H.,Pätsch, J.,Scharfe, M.,Thomas, H.,Weisse, R.,Zorita, E. %D 2015 %J Journal of Marine Systems %N %P 18-33 %R doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012 %T The North Sea - A shelf sea in the Anthropocene %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012 %X Global and regional change clearly affects the structure and functioning of ecosystems in shelf seas. However, complex interactions within the shelf seas hinder the identification and unambiguous attribution of observed changes to drivers. These include variability in the climate system, in ocean dynamics, in biogeochemistry, and in shelf sea resource exploitation in the widest sense by societies. Observational time series are commonly too short, and resolution, integration time, and complexity of models are often insufficient to unravel natural variability from anthropogenic perturbation. The North Sea is a shelf sea of the North Atlantic and is impacted by virtually all global and regional developments. Natural variability (from interannual to multidecadal time scales) as response to forcing in the North Atlantic is overlain by global trends (sea level, temperature, acidification) and alternating phases of direct human impacts and attempts to remedy those. Human intervention started some 1000 years ago (diking and associated loss of wetlands), expanded to near-coastal parts in the industrial revolution of the mid-19th century (river management, waste disposal in rivers), and greatly accelerated in the mid-1950s (eutrophication, pollution, fisheries). The North Sea is now a heavily regulated shelf sea, yet societal goals (good environmental status versus increased uses), demands for benefits and policies diverge increasingly. Likely, the southern North Sea will be re-zoned as riparian countries dedicate increasing sea space for offshore wind energy generation — with uncertain consequences for the system's environmental status. We review available observational and model data (predominantly from the southeastern North Sea region) to identify and describe effects of natural variability, of secular changes, and of human impacts on the North Sea ecosystem, and outline developments in the next decades in response to environmental legislation, and in response to increased use of shelf sea space. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Travnikov, O.,Hedgecock, I.M.,Gencarelli, C.,De Simone, F.,Weigelt, A.,Zhu, J %D 2015 %J 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2015 %N %P %T Diagnostic Evalutation of Bromine Reactions on Mercury Chemistry %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0078-3234 %A Storch, H.v.,Emeis, K.,Meinke, I.,Kannen, A.,Matthias, V.,Ratter, B.M.W.,Stanev, E.,Weisse, R.,Wirtz, K. %D 2015 %J Oceanologia %N 1 %P 3-16 %R doi:10.1016/j.oceano.2014.09.001 %T Making coastal research useful – Cases from practice %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2014.09.001 1 %X Coastal research deals with that part of the sea, which is significantly affected by the land, and the part of the land, which is significantly affected by the sea. Coasts are in most cases densely populated, and the activities of people are shaping and changing the land/seascape of the coast. Thus, coast encompasses the coastal sea, the coastal land, coastal flora and fauna, and people. Since peoples’ economic and political preferences change and compete, the human impact on the coast changes is contested and subject to societal decision making processes.,While some coastal research can help informing and constraining such decisions, many legitimate scientific efforts have little bearing on society. All decision making processes are political, so that scientific knowledge is not the dominant driver in such processes. Using cases from the Institute of Coastal Research of Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, we describe some of these potentially useful parts of science, and discuss under which circumstances the potential usefulness transform into real utility. These cases do not span the full range of coastal science.,Important issues are the recognition of alternative knowledge claims, the inevitableness of uncertainties and incompleteness of scientific analysis, the acceptance of the political nature of decisions and the ubiquitous presence of social values. Modesty, self-reflexivity and skepticism are needed on the side of science and an organized exchange with stakeholders and public through designated “border” services. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Beyn, F.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Daehnke, K. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 281-288 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.057 %T Do N-isotopes in atmospheric nitrate deposition reflect air pollution levels? %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.057 %X Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric reactive nitrogen compounds mostly originate from anthropogenic NH3 and NOX sources. Regarding land-borne pollutants, coastal environments usually have a lower pollution level than terrestrial/urban areas, which have a greater anthropogenic imprint. To investigate this spatial characteristic, we measured View the MathML sourceNO3− and View the MathML sourceNH4+ deposition and N isotopes of View the MathML sourceNO3− (δ15N–View the MathML sourceNO3−) in 94 and 88 wet and dry deposition samples, respectively, at a coastal (List on Sylt) and a terrestrial/urban site (Geesthacht) in Germany from May 2012 to May 2013. A higher total N deposition rate was observed in Geesthacht (10.4 vs. 8.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1) due to higher View the MathML sourceNH4+ deposition, which can be explained by more agricultural influence. Surprisingly, overall View the MathML sourceNO3− fluxes were higher at the coastal site than at the terrestrial/urban site. We assume that sea-salt aerosols and the increased influence of NOX emissions from ships in most recent times compensate the higher terrestrial/urban pollution level and thus lead to higher View the MathML sourceNO3− fluxes in dry and comparable fluxes in wet deposition at the coastal site, despite a much lower impact of land-based sources. In line with this, overall mean N isotopes values of View the MathML sourceNO3− show higher values in List than in Geesthacht in dry (+3.1 vs. +1.9‰) as well as in wet deposition (−0.1 vs. −1.0‰). This surprising result can mainly be attributed to an emerging source of NOX, ship emissions, which have a distinctly higher impact at the coastal site. The usage of heavy oil and possibly new technologies in marine engines, which emit more enriched 15N in comparison to older engines, caused the spatial isotopic differences. %0 journal article %@ 2194-6434 %A Weisse, R.,Bisling, P.,Gaslikova, L.,Geyer, B.,Groll, N.,Hortamani, M.,Matthias, V.,Maneke, M.,Meinke, I.,Meyer, E.,Schwichtenberg, F.,Stempinski, F.,Wiese, F.,Woeckner-Kluwe, K. %D 2015 %J Earth Perspectives %N %P 3 %R doi:10.1186/s40322-015-0029-0 %T Climate services for marine applications in Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1186/s40322-015-0029-0 %X The term “climate services” is commonly used to refer to the generation of climate information, their transformation according to user needs and the subsequent use of the information in decision making processes. More generally, the concept also involves contextualization of information and knowledge. In the following a series of examples from the marine sector is described covering the generation, transformation and the use of climate information in decision making processes while contextualization is not considered. Examples comprise applications from naval architecture, offshore wind and more generally renewable energies, shipping emissions, and tidal basin water exchange and eutrophication levels. Moreover effects of climate change on coastal flood damages and the need for coastal protection are considered. Based on the analysis of these examples it is concluded that reliable climate information in data sparse regions is urgently needed, that for many applications historical climate information may be as or even more important as future long-term projections, and that the specific needs of different sectors substantially depend on their planning horizons. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Dreyer, A.,Kirchgeorg, T.,Weinberg, I.,Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J Chemosphere %N %P 142-149 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.069 %T Particle-size distribution of airborne poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.069 %X Eleven particle-size-segregated samples were taken to investigate the particle-size distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) using two five stage impactors in parallel. Samples were extracted with methanol and detected by HPLC/MS–MS. Investigation yielded reproducible results for the parallel samples over the entire sampling period. Particle-size distribution varied between perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctane carboxylate (PFOA) and other perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and n-methyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol (MeFOSE). Whereas PFOA and MeFOSE were predominantly observed in smallest size fraction (<0.14 μm), maximum PFOS mass fractions were observed in the coarser size fractions between 1.38 and 3.81 μm. The reason for this different behaviour remained unclear and indicated a complex atmospheric PFAS processing and sampling which should be further investigated and optimized, respectively. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Neumann, D.,Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Backes, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2015 %J European Aerosol Conference, EAC 2015 %N %P %T Comparing three sea salt emission parameterizations in the North-Western European domain %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2015 %J Wissenschaft traegt Verantwortung, Ringvorlesung %N %P %T Klimaveraenderungen und Klimaskepsis %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Neumann, D.,Quante, M. %D 2015 %J Nacht des Wissens, 2015, Universitaet Hamburg %N %P %T Gesunde Seeluft Fehlanzeige? Wie dicke Poette Hamburgs Luft belasten %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Backes, A.M.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2015 %J 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2015 %N %P %T Influence of ammonia emissions on aerosol formation in northern and central Europe %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Neumann, D.,Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2015 %N %P %T Effect of sea salt emissions on anthropogenic air pollution and nitrogen deposition in northwestern Europe %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Reckermann, M.,Storch, H.v.,Quante, M.,Omstedt, A. %D 2015 %J European Geosciences Union General Assembly, EGU 2015 %N %P %T Assessments of regional climate change and its impacts in Northern Europe %U %X %0 report %@ %A Ballini, F.,Neumann, D.,Brandt, J.,Aulinger, A.,Olcer, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J %N %P %T Air Pollution, Health and Economic Assessment Report - Periodic Compliance Activity WP3 %U %X Report on the impact of wind assisted hybrid shipping on the reduction of green house gasses, health and economics. %0 lecture %@ %A Kuemmerer, K.,Ebinghaus, R.,Scheringer, M.,Matthias, V. %D 2014 %J %N %P %T Aktuelle Fragen der Umweltchemie und Nachhaltigen Chemie %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2014 %J 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T The relation of the planetary boundary layer height to the vertical aerosol distribution in chemistry transport models %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII - NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P 59-63 %R doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_10 %T Reconstruction of Past and Prediction of Future Benzo[a]pyrene Concentrations Over Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_10 %X Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a highly carcinogenic substance that is created as an unintentional byproduct of combustion processes.,In order to simulate the development of European BaP concentrations between 1980 and 2020 a consistent emission dataset for the time span 1980–2010 was created using the SMOKE-EU emission model. Moreover, a variety of different emission scenarios for the year 2020 was created to estimate the future development of BaP emissions. The emission datasets have been used as input for a modified version of the Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) CMAQ. This CMAQ version is to our knowledge the only regional CTM to include the heterogeneous reaction of particulate BaP with ozone which, besides wet deposition, is the main sink of atmospheric BaP.,It was found that BaP concentrations have been decreasing strongly between 1980 and 2000. This is due to the large reduction of primary BaP emissions from industrial processes, residential wood and coal burning, and vehicle exhausts. Depending on the emission scenario, simulated BaP concentrations over Europe between 2000 and 2020 are changing by −25 to +5 %. Because further reduction of industrial BaP emissions is supposed to be low, the future development depends mainly on the amount of wood used for heat production. Also changes of emissions of ozone precursors showed to impact the degradation of BaP.,Finally, several regions were identified in which the annual BaP target value of 1 ng/m3 was exceeded. In 1980 this was the case for the Po-valley, the Paris metropolitan area, the Rhine-Ruhr area, Vienna, and Madrid. Predictions for 2020 lead to exceedances in the Po-valley, the Paris metropolitan area, and Vienna. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J. %D 2014 %J Maritime Abgasrunde %N %P %T Szenarien kuenftiger Schiffsemissionen auf der Nordsee %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2014 %J 9th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application %N %P %T Effects of Future Ship Emissions in the North Sea on Air Quality %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0025-326X %A Neumann, D.,Callies, U.,Matthies, M. %D 2014 %J Marine Pollution Bulletin %N 1-2 %P 219-228 %R doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.016 %T Marine litter ensemble transport simulations in the southern North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.016 1-2 %X The drift of marine litter in the southern North Sea was simulated with the offline Lagrangian transport model PELETS-2D. Assuming different source regions, passive tracer particles were released every 28 h within a nine-year period. Based on pre-calculated hourly wind and ocean current data, drift simulations were carried out forward and backward in time with and without the assumption of extra wind forces influencing particle movement. Due to strong variability of currents, backward simulations did not allow for the identification of particular source regions influencing given monitoring sites. Neither accumulation regions at open sea could be identified by forward simulations. A seasonal signal, however, could be identified in the number of tracer particles that reached the coastal areas. Both particle drift velocity and variability of drift paths further increased when an extra wind drift was assumed. %0 conference poster %@ %A Kattner, L.,Matthieu-Ueffing, B.,Aulinger, A.,Burrows, J.,Chirkov, M.,Matthias, V.,Neumann, D.,Richter, A.,Schmolke, S.,Seyler, A.,Theobald, N.,Wittrock, F. %D 2014 %J European Geosciences Union General Assembly, EGU 2014 %N %P %T Monitoring Shipping Emissions with In-situ Measurements of Trace Gases %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII - NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P 553-557 %R doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_93 %T The relation of the planetary boundary layer height to the vertical aerosol distribution in chemistry transport models %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_93 %X Simulated meteorological fields, ground values of aerosol concentrations (PM2.5) and aerosol concentration profiles, all calculated within the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) for the year 2006 for Europe are used to investigate the relation of the height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) to the modelled aerosol concentrations. It was found that in many cases simulated PBL heights match the observed values at Lindenberg, Germany, quite well at noon and under convective conditions. On the other hand, in winter and at night time, when the atmosphere is more frequently stably stratified, the modelled values underestimate the observed PBL height quite significantly. A strong relationship between the simulated PBL height and the aerosol concentrations at ground was found. While those models which showed good agreement with the observed PBL height typically underestimate PM2.5, too low PBL heights were connected with higher aerosol concentrations close to ground and therefore lower bias. Model biases in PBL height and in PM2.5 concentration at ground were found to be highly anti-correlated. %0 conference paper %@ %A Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P 295-300 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_48 %T Effects of Future Ship Emissions in the North Sea on Air Quality %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_48 %X By means of model simulations with the chemistry transport model CMAQ the influence of ship emissions in the North Sea on concentrations and depositions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides over Europe was investigated. Ship emissions for the North Sea of the base year 2008 were provided by the Dutch research institute MARIN. Based on this, emission scenarios were developed that comply to ECA regulations at different levels. Finally, the emissions were fed into the CMAQ model that simulates the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere in order to estimate concentrations and depositions of the pollutants of interest for each scenario. A comparison of the simulation results yielded a quantification of the changes of air pollution levels over the North Sea riparian states and, hence, provided information for estimating the benefit of installing ECAs in the North Sea. Concentration differences can reach up to 50 % close to shipping lines and still 25 % ashore. The ECA regulations to lower nitrogen and sulfur exhaust take effect at different time scales and are counteracted by the expected increase of fuel use due to increased ship traffic. %0 conference paper %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Geyer, B.,Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P 211-217 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_34 %T Air Pollution in China in January 2013 %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_34 %X In January 2013 exceptionally high levels of particulate matter (PM) concentrations were reported for the area around Beijing (40 N, 116 E) with maximum concentrations exceeding 500 μg/m3. Observations of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) within the Aeronet sun-photometer network showed an AOD of more than 2 on several days. In order to analyze this high pollution episode PM concentrations in China were simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for the period from 10 December 2012 to 31 January 2013. Emissions were taken from the EDGAR data base. The most recent emission rates from 2008 were further increased considering the growth of China’s gross domestic product. The results were compared to ground based PM2.5 measurements taken at the US embassy in Beijing and to Aeronet sun-photometer observations. The model was generally able to reproduce the high PM levels measured in situ close to ground, however the largest peak on 12 January was not captured, because of an exceptionally strong temperature inversion close to ground that was not reproduced in the meteorological fields. The meteorological model significantly underestimated the relative humidity in the lowest layer, leading to some underestimations of the aerosol optical depth. An analysis of the most important source sectors showed that residential heating was the main emission source sector on those days with the highest aerosol concentrations. %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Geyer, B.,Hedgecock, I.,de Simone, F.,Gencarelli, C.,Travnikov, O. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P 189-195 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_31 %T Impact of Mercury Chemistry on Regional Concentration and Deposition Patterns %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_31 %X In the atmosphere mercury exists in three forms: Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM), Gaseous Oxidized Mercury (GOM), and Particle Bound Mercury (PBM). GOM and PBM make up only 1 % of the total. But deposition, which is the only sink for atmospheric mercury, is dominated by these two species. Therefore, oxidation processes are key to understand the behaviour of mercury in the atmosphere. However, in the scientific community a consensus on the importance of oxidizing reactants, namely ozone, hydroxy radicals, and halogens, has not been reached.,This model study about the influence of chemical reactants on the regional transport of mercury is part of the European Union FP7 Research Project GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System). GMOS focuses on the improvement and validation of mercury models to assist establishing a global monitoring network and to support political decisions.,In the course of this study the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the transport and deposition of mercury. CMAQ was run on a regional domain over Europe using different chemical mechanisms for the oxidation of mercury. The model results were compared to newly available long term observations of speciated mercury. Based on this unique dataset, the relevance of different chemical reactions for the oxidation and reduction of mercury were investigated. The main finding was that the emissions of GOM as well as the production of GOM by oxidation processes is vastly overestimated. Moreover, there are indicators that the fraction of PBM, produced by reaction of GEM with ozone and OH is overestimated. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Beyn, F.,Matthias, V.,Daehnke, K. %D 2014 %J Environmental Pollution %N %P 1-10 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.043 %T Changes in atmospheric nitrate deposition in Germany – An isotopic perspective %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.043 %X We investigated the isotopic composition of atmospheric NO3− deposition at a moderately polluted site in Western Europe over an annual cycle from December 2011 to November 2012. On average, we measured load-weighted δ15N values of +0.1 and +3.0‰ in wet and dry deposition, respectively. A comparison to source-specific N emission trends and to isotope data from the 1980s reveals distinct changes in δ15N–NO3− values: In contrast to the increasing relative importance of isotopically depleted natural NOx sources, we find an increase of isotope values in comparison to historical data. We explore the role of land-based N sources, because backward trajectories reveal a correlation of higher δ15N to air mass origin from industrialized areas. Nowadays isotopically enriched NOx of coal-fired power plants using selective catalytic converters and land-based vehicle emissions, which use same technology, are apparently the main driver of rising δ15N values in nitrate deposition. %0 journal article %@ 0944-1344 %A Bieser, J.,De Simone, F.,Gencarelli, C.,Geyer, B.,Hedgecock, I.,Matthias, V.,Travnikov, O.,Weigelt, A. %D 2014 %J Environmental Science and Pollution Research %N 16 %P 9995-10012 %R doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2863-2 %T A diagnostic evaluation of modeled mercury wet depositions in Europe using atmospheric speciated high-resolution observations %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2863-2 16 %X This study is part of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS), a European FP7 project dedicated to the improvement and validation of mercury models to assist in establishing a global monitoring network and to support political decisions. One key question about the global mercury cycle is the efficiency of its removal out of the atmosphere into other environmental compartments. So far, the evaluation of modeled wet deposition of mercury was difficult because of a lack of long-term measurements of oxidized and elemental mercury. The oxidized mercury species gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) which are found in the atmosphere in typical concentrations of a few to a few tens pg/m3 are the relevant components for the wet deposition of mercury. In this study, the first European long-term dataset of speciated mercury taken at Waldhof/Germany was used to evaluate deposition fields modeled with the chemistry transport model (CTM) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) and to analyze the influence of the governing parameters. The influence of the parameters precipitation and atmospheric concentration was evaluated using different input datasets for a variety of CMAQ simulations for the year 2009. It was found that on the basis of daily and weekly measurement data, the bias of modeled depositions could be explained by the bias of precipitation fields and atmospheric concentrations of GOM and PBM. A correction of the modeled wet deposition using observed daily precipitation increased the correlation, on average, from 0.17 to 0.78. An additional correction based on the daily average GOM and PBM concentration lead to a 50 % decrease of the model error for all CMAQ scenarios. Monthly deposition measurements were found to have a too low temporal resolution to adequately analyze model deficiencies in wet deposition processes due to the nonlinear nature of the scavenging process. Moreover, the general overestimation of atmospheric GOM by the CTM in combination with an underestimation of low precipitation events in the meteorological models lead to a good agreement of total annual wet deposition besides the large error in weekly deposition estimates. Moreover, it was found that the current speciation profiles for GOM emissions are the main factor for the overestimation of atmospheric GOM concentrations and might need to be revised in the future. The assumption of zero emissions of GOM lead to an improvement of the mean normalized bias for three-hourly observations of atmospheric GOM from 9.7 to 0.5, Furthermore, the diurnal correlation between model and observation increased from 0.01 to 0.64. This is a strong indicator that GOM is not directly emitted from primary sources but is mainly created by oxidation of GEM. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J. %D 2014 %J International Conference Emission Control for Seagoing Ships, ECSS %N %P %T Shipping Emissions in the North Sea Area: Scenarios for 2030 %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Nordsee zwischen Oekologie und Oekonomie, Evangelische Akademie Loccum %N %P %T Der Norseeklimabericht – ein Ueberblick %U %X %0 conference paper %@ 2267-1242 %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences : Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment %N %P 27002 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130127002 %T Influence of emissions on regional atmospheric mercury concentrations %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130127002 %X Mercury is a global pollutant that is rapidly transported in the atmosphere. Unlike the majority of air pollutants the background concentrations of mercury play a major role for the atmospheric concentrations on a hemispheric scale. In this study the influence of regional anthropogenic emissions in comparison to the global emissions on mercury concentrations over Europe are investigated. For this purpose an advanced threedimensional model system is used that consists of three components. The emission model SMOKE-EU, the meteorological model COSMO-CLM, and the chemistry transport model (CTM) CMAQ. A variety of sensitivity runs is performed in order to determine the influence of different driving factors (i.e. boundary conditions, anthropogenic and natural emissions, emission factors, meteorological fields) on the atmoshperic concentrations of different mercury species. This study is part of the European FP7 project GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System). The aim is to identify the most important drivers for atmospheric mercury in order to optimize future regional modelling studies in the course of the GMOS project. Moreover, the model results are used to determine areas of interest for air-plane based in-situ measurements which are also part of GMOS. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Online Praesentation, Global Classroom ‐ Arizona State University / Leuphana University %N %P %T Urban Climate and Climate Change %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J ERCA 2013, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T Cloud and precipitation physics - An introduction %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J ERCA 2013, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T The Role of Clouds in Climate and Environment %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Metropolitan Solutions Forum, Hannover Messe %N %P %T Climate change and the implications to coastal regions and harbor cities %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Vortrag an der Heinrich Boell Stiftung Hamburg %N %P %T Geoengineering - Was steckt hinter dieser hoch umstrittenen Option dem Klimawandel zu begegnen? %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Nordsee zwischen Oekologie und Oekonomie, Evangelische Akademie Loccum %N %P %T Auswirkungen des Schiffsverkehrs auf die Stickstoffdeposition in der Nordsee %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J 23rd Meeting of the Wadden Sea Forum, WSF 23 %N %P %T The International North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA) - An analysis of the scientific legitimate knowledge for science and decision making %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Bieser, J.,Quante, M. %D 2013 %J 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T Effects of future ship emissions in the North Sea on air quality %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Geyer, B.,Hedgecock, I.,de Simone, F.,Gencarelli, C.,Travnikov, O. %D 2013 %J 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T Impact of mercury chemistry on regional concentration and deposition patterns %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Geyer, B.,Quante, M. %D 2013 %J 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T Air pollution in China in Januray 2013 %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1385-0237 %A Haerdtle, W.,Niemeyer, T.,Assmann, T.,Aulinger, A.,Fichtner, A.,Lang, A.,Leuschner, C.,Neuwirth, B.,Pfister, L.,Quante, M.,Ries, C.,Schuldt, A.,Oheimb, G.v. %D 2013 %J Plant Ecology %N 9 %P 1147-1156 %R doi:10.1007/s11258-013-0239-1 %T Climatic responses of tree-ring width and Delta13C signatures of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) on soils with contrasting water supply %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0239-1 9 %X We investigated climate–growth relationships (in terms of tree-ring width, basal area increment (BAI), and tree-ring δ13C signatures) of Quercus petraea in Central Europe (Luxembourg). Tree responses were assessed for 160 years and compared for sites with contrasting water supply (i.e. Cambisols vs. Regosols with 175 and 42 mm available water capacity, respectively). Oak trees displayed very low climate sensitivity, and climatic variables explained only 24 and 21 % of variance in tree-ring width (TRW) (Cambisol and Regosol sites, respectively). Contrary to our expectations, site-related differences in growth responses (i.e. BAI, δ13C signatures) to climate shifts were not significant. This finding suggests a high plasticity of oak trees in the study area. Despite a distinct growth depression found for all trees in the decade 1988–1997 (attributable to increasing annual mean temperatures by 1.1 °C), oak trees completely recovered in subsequent years. This indicates a high resilience of sessile oak to climate change. Shifts in δ13Ccorr signatures were mainly affected by temperature, and peaks in δ13Ccorr values (corrected for the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2) coincided with decadal maximum temperatures. Correlations between δ13C signatures and TRW (mainly affected by precipitation) were not significant. This finding suggests that wood growth often was disconnected from carbon assimilation (e.g. due to carbon storage in the trunk or allocation to seeds). Since the selection of drought-resistant tree species gains importance within the context of adaptive forest management strategies, Q. petraea proves to be an adaptive tree species in Central Europe’s forests under shifting climatic conditions. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M.,Colijn, F. %D 2013 %J The dynamics of shelf seas, Workshop %N %P %T The international North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA) - An analysis of the scientific legitimate knowledge for science and decision making %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Auftaktveranstaltung der 2. Aktionstage Nachhaltigkeit 2013 und 19. Umweltmesse %N %P %T Wasser und Klima %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2012 %J ERCA 2012, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T The role of clouds in climate and environment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Bieser, J.,Cuesta, J.,Geyer, B.,Langmann, B.,Serikov, I.,Mattis, I.,Minikin, A.,Mona, L.,Quante, M.,Schumann, U.,Weinzierl, B. %D 2012 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 184-194 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.077 %T The ash dispersion over Europe during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption – Comparison of CMAQ simulations to remote sensing and air-borne in-situ observations %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.077 %X The dispersion of volcanic ash over Europe after the outbreak of the Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland on 14 April 2010 has been simulated with a conventional three-dimensional Eulerian chemistry transport model system, the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Four different emission scenarios representing the lower and upper bounds of the emission height and intensity were considered. The atmospheric ash concentrations turned out to be highly variable in time and space. The model results were compared to three different kinds of observations: Aeronet aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements, Earlinet aerosol extinction profiles and in-situ observations of the ash concentration by means of optical particle counters aboard the DLR Falcon aircraft. The model was able to reproduce observed AOD values and atmospheric ash concentrations. Best agreement was achieved for lower emission heights and a fraction of 2% transportable ash in the total volcanic emissions. The complex vertical structure of the volcanic ash layers in the free troposphere could not be simulated. Compared to the observations, the model tends to show vertically more extended, homogeneous aerosol layers. This is caused by a poor vertical resolution of the model at higher altitudes and a lack of information about the vertical distribution of the volcanic emissions. Only a combination of quickly available observations of the volcanic ash cloud and atmospheric transport models can give a comprehensive picture of ash concentrations in the atmosphere. %0 journal article %@ 0941-2948 %A Hermans, A.,Ament, F.,Geyer, B.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Rockel, B. %D 2012 %J Meteorologische Zeitschrift %N 5 %P 487-502 %R doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0326 %T Evaluation of Humidity, Clouds and Precipitation in COSMO-CLM and MM5 over Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2012/0326 5 %X The knowledge of uncertainties resulting from simulations of the hydrological cycle in meteorological models is crucial for the interpretation of model results. In order to gain confidence in statements about future changes, it is necessary to assess the model skill in the representation of the hydrological cycle. This study focuses on the evaluation of the atmospheric part of the hydrological cycle in two mesoscale meteorological models, MM5 and COSMO-CLM (CCLM). By using high resolution observations from the General Observation Period (GOP) performed in the German Priority Program on Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting, the representation of integrated water vapour, total cloud cover and precipitation is evaluated. Model runs were performed for the period of 2007 and 2008 within the model domain covering Germany with a spatial resolution of about 18 km. Both models are forced by reanalysis data of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP1). The performance of the models is evaluated concerning their annual cycles, space-time structures and diurnal cycles of the model simulations. Error structures of the three considered key variables are very different: Concerning integrated water vapour, errors are mainly due to the large scale forcing in both models. MM5 exhibits a systematic wet bias. In contrast, errors in predicted total cloud cover are dominated by shortcomings of the parametrizations concerning convection and clouds. Precipitation errors are influenced by the orography and depend on the convection parametrization. Interestingly, the wet bias in integrated water vapour of MM5 does not result in a positive precipitation bias. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Langmann, B.,Folch, A.,Hensch, M.,Matthias, V. %D 2012 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 1-8 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.054 %T Volcanic ash over Europe during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland, April–May 2010 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.054 %X During the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull on Iceland in April/May 2010, air traffic over Europe was repeatedly interrupted because of volcanic ash in the atmosphere. This completely unusual situation in Europe leads to the demand of improved crisis management, e.g. European wide regulations of volcanic ash thresholds and improved ash dispersion forecasts. However, the quality of the forecast of fine volcanic ash concentrations in the atmosphere depends to a great extent on a realistic description of the erupted mass flux of fine ash particles, which is rather uncertain. Numerous aerosol measurements (ground based and satellite remote sensing, and in-situ measurements) all over Europe tracked the volcanic ash clouds during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull offering the possibility for an interdisciplinary effort between volcanologists and aerosol researchers to analyse the release and dispersion of fine volcanic ash in order to better understand the needs for realistic volcanic ash forecasts. In this introductory paper, we provide a general introduction into magma fragmentation processes during explosive volcanic eruptions, describe the evolution of the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, present the possibilities of ground based in-situ and remote measurements and numerical model studies of volcanic ash and summarise open questions and future directions. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Vautard, R.,Moran, M.D.,Solazzo, E.,Gilliam, R.C.,Matthias, V.,Bianconi, R.,Chemel, C.,Ferreira, J.,Geyer, B.,Hansen, A.B.,Jericevic, A.,Prank, M.,Segers, A.,Silver, J.D.,Werhahn, J.,Wolke, R.,Rao, S.T.,Galmarini, S. %D 2012 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 15-37 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.065 %T Evaluation of the meteorological forcing used for the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) air quality simulations %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.065 %X Accurate regional air pollution simulation relies strongly on the accuracy of the mesoscale meteorological simulation used to drive the air quality model. The framework of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII), which involved a large international community of modeling groups in Europe and North America, offered a unique opportunity to evaluate the skill of mesoscale meteorological models for two continents for the same period. More than 20 groups worldwide participated in AQMEII, using several meteorological and chemical transport models with different configurations. The evaluation has been performed over a full year (2006) for both continents. The focus for this particular evaluation was meteorological parameters relevant to air quality processes such as transport and mixing, chemistry, and surface fluxes. The unprecedented scale of the exercise (one year, two continents) allowed us to examine the general characteristics of meteorological models’ skill and uncertainty. In particular, we found that there was a large variability between models or even model versions in predicting key parameters such as surface shortwave radiation. We also found several systematic model biases such as wind speed overestimations, particularly during stable conditions. We conclude that major challenges still remain in the simulation of meteorology, such as nighttime meteorology and cloud/radiation processes, for air quality simulation. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2012 %J ERCA 2012, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T Introduction to cloud and precipitation physics %U %X %0 journal article %@ k.A. %A Vik, A.,Quante, M.,Moldanova, J.,Matthias, V. %D 2012 %J Earthzine %N %P %T A GEOSS perspective on Air Quality and Health in Europe: The EGIDA Methodology %U %X No abstract %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2012 %J 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T Reconstruction of Past and Prediction of Future Benzo[a]pyrene Concentrations Over Europe %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2012 %J ERCA 2012, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T Geoengineering climate - An overview on suggestions and objections under discussion %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2012 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXI , Proceedings of the 31th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P 533-538 %R doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1359-8 %T Implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive emission model for Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1359-8 %X Temporal and spatial distributed emissions are an essential input parameter for Chemical Transport Models (CTM). In order to obtain consistent emissions for longterm,CTM runs the US EPA emission model SMOKE has been adapted and,modified. The modified version of the SMOKE emission model (SMOKEEU) uses official and publicly available data sets and statistics to create emissions of,CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, PM2.5, PM10, NMVOC. Currently it supports several photochemical mechanisms and a PM2.5 split. Additionally emissions of benzo[a]pyrene have been modelled. The temporal resolution of the emissions is,one hour. The resolution of the surrogates used for spatial disaggregation is 1x1,km². Vertical distribution is done via plume rise calculations. The area covered by,the emission model is Europe including eastern Russia, north Africa and Turkey,The currently implemented datasets allow for the calculation of emissions between,19702020.,Emissions for the year 2000 on a 54x54km² domain were evaluated by comparison,to datasets from three commonly used emission models. Additionally,SMOKE/EU emissions were used as input for the CMAQ4.6 CTM and the calculated,air concentrations of Ozone, NH4, NO3 and SO4 were compared to EMEP,measurements. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Solazzo, E.,Biancini, R.,Pirovano, G.,Matthias, V.,Vautard, R.,Moran, M.D.,Appel, K.W.,Bessagnet, B.,Brandt, J.,Christensen, J.H.,Chemel, C.,Coll, I.,Ferreira, J.,Forkel, R.,Francis, X.V.,Grell, G.,Grossi, P.,Hansen, A.B.,Miranda, A.I.,Nopmongcol, U.,Prank, M.,Sartelet, K.N.,Schaap, M.,Silver, J.D.,Sokhil, R.S.,Vira, J.,Werhahn, J.,Wolke, R.,Yarwood, G.,Zhang, J.,Rao, S.T.,Galmarini, S. %D 2012 %J Atmospheric Environment %N %P 75-92 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.045 %T Operational model evaluation for particulate matter in Europe and North America in the context of AQMEII %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.045 %X Ten state-of-the-science regional air quality (AQ) modeling systems have been applied to continental-scale domains in North America and Europe for full-year simulations of 2006 in the context of Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII), whose main goals are model inter-comparison and evaluation. Standardised modeling outputs from each group have been shared on the web-distributed ENSEMBLE system, which allows statistical and ensemble analyses to be performed. In this study, the one-year model simulations are inter-compared and evaluated with a large set of observations for ground-level particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and its chemical components. Modeled concentrations of gaseous PM precursors, SO2 and NO2, have also been evaluated against observational data for both continents. Furthermore, modeled deposition (dry and wet) and emissions of several species relevant to PM are also inter-compared. The unprecedented scale of the exercise (two continents, one full year, fifteen modeling groups) allows for a detailed description of AQ model skill and uncertainty with respect to PM.,Analyses of PM10 yearly time series and mean diurnal cycle show a large underestimation throughout the year for the AQ models included in AQMEII. The possible causes of PM bias, including errors in the emissions and meteorological inputs (e.g., wind speed and precipitation), and the calculated deposition are investigated. Further analysis of the coarse PM components, PM2.5 and its major components (SO4, NH4, NO3, elemental carbon), have also been performed, and the model performance for each component evaluated against measurements. Finally, the ability of the models to capture high PM concentrations has been evaluated by examining two separate PM2.5 episodes in Europe and North America. A large variability among models in predicting emissions, deposition, and concentration of PM and its precursors during the episodes has been found. Major challenges still remain with regards to identifying and eliminating the sources of PM bias in the models. Although PM2.5 was found to be much better estimated by the models than PM10, no model was found to consistently match the observations for all locations throughout the entire year. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2012 %J Vortragsabend im Rahmen des Jahresprogramms des niedersaechsischen Landfrauenverbandes Salzhausen %N %P %T Das Wissen zum Klimawandel im norddeutschen Raum – Der Beitrag regionaler Klimaberichte %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M.,Meinke, I. %D 2012 %J Umweltmesse Lueneburg 2012 %N %P %T Der Klimawandel und seine regionale Auspraegung: Die Metropolregion Hamburg %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0049-6979 %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2012 %J Water, Air, and Soil Pollution %N 3 %P 1393-1414 %R doi:10.1007/s11270-011-0953-z %T Impact of Emission Reductions between 1980 and 2020 on Atmospheric Benzo[a]pyrene Concentrations over Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0953-z 3 %X Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) has been proven to be toxic and carcinogenic. Since 2010, the European Union officially established target values for BaP concentrations in ambient air. In this study BaP concentrations over Europe have been modelled using a modified version of the chemistry transport model Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) which includes the relevant reactions of BaP. CMAQ has been run using different emission datasets for the years 1980, 2000, and 2020 as input data. In this study, the changes in BaP concentrations between 1980 and 2020 are evaluated and regions which exceed the European annual target value of 1 ng/m3 are identified, i.e. the Po Valley, the Paris metropolitan,area, the Rhine-Ruhr area, Vienna, Madrid, and Moscow. Additionally, the impact of emission reductions,on atmospheric concentrations of BaP is investigated.,Between 1980 and 2000, half of the BaP emission reductions are due to lower emissions from industrial sources. These emission reductions, however, only contribute to one third of the total ground-level BaP,concentration reduction. Further findings are that between 2000 and 2020, a large part (40%) of the BaP,concentration reduction is not due to changes in BaP emissions but caused by changes in emissions of criteria,pollutants which have an impact on the formation of ozone. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Yang, H.,Dobbie, S.,Mace, G.G.,Ross, A.,Quante, M. %D 2012 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 3 %P 829-843 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-5-829-2012 %T GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) cirrus cloud working group: development of an observation-based case study for model evaluation %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-829-2012 3 %X The GCSS working group on cirrus focuses on an inter-comparison of model simulations ranging from very detailed microphysical and dynamical models through to general circulation models (GCMs). The past GCSS cirrus cloud inter-comparison highlighted the wide range in modelling results that was a surprise to the modelling community. That inter-comparison was idealised and, therefore, a key issue was that it did not benefit from observations to help distinguish between model performances.,In this work, we aim to address this key issue by developing an observationally based case study to be used for the GCSS cirrus modelling inter-comparison study. We focused on developing a case that had sufficient observations with which to evaluate models, to help identify which models in the inter-comparison are performing well and highlight areas for model development. Furthermore, it will provide a base case for future model comparisons or testing of new or updated models. This paper outlines the modelling case development and the inter-comparison results will be presented in a follow-on paper.,The case was based on the 9 March 2000 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) during an intensive observation period (IOP). The case was developed utilising various observations including ARM SGP remote sensing including the MilliMeter Cloud Radar (MMCR), radiometers, radiosondes, aircraft observations, satellite observations, objective analysis and complemented with results from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model as well as bespoke gravity wave simulations used to provide the best estimate for large scale forcing. The retrievals of ice water content, ice number concentration and fall velocity provide several constraints to evaluate model performances. Initial testing of the case has been reported using the UK Met Office Large Eddy Simulation Model (LEM) which suggests the case is appropriate for the model inter-comparison study. To our knowledge, this case offers the most detailed case study for cirrus comparison available and we anticipate this will offer significant benefits over past comparisons which have mostly been loosely based on observations. %0 journal article %@ 1313-2989 %A Drees,C.,Brandmayr, P.,Buse, J.,Dieker, P.,Guerlich, S.,Habel, J.,Harry, I.,Haerdtle, W.,Matern, A.,Meyer, H.,Pizzolotto, R.,Quante, M.,Schaefer, K.,Schuldt, A.,Taboada, A.,Assmann, T. %D 2011 %J ZooKeys %N %P 333-352 %R doi:10.3897/zookeys.100.1535 %T Poleward range expansion without a southern contraction in the ground beetle Agonum viridicupreum (Coleoptera, Carabidae) %U https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1535 %X We investigated the extent of poleward shifts in the distribution range of Agonum viridicupreum due to climate change in the western Palaearctic. Species’ records were obtained from extensive literature sources as well as from collections, and consistent amateur entomologists’ recordings. Within the general geographic range of the species, we analyzed in detail two parts of both, the northern and southern distribution range boundaries: (1 and 2) north-western Germany (leading or high-latitude edge), (3) Israel and (4) southern Italy (rear or low-latitude edge). Temporal changes in the occurrence data of the species indicated a northward shift of the leading edge of a minimum of 100 km within the last 50 to 100 years. In contrast, according to the data gathered, the rear edge has not changed during the last decades. Further studies are needed in order to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of the different behaviour of leading and rear range edges of A. viridicupreum in the current context of global change. Despite our incomplete understanding, chronosequences of the occurrence of the given species have the potential to optimize climate niche modelling to predict trends in the distribution range in the future. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M.,Colijn, F. %D 2011 %J ICES Working Group on Integrated Assessment of the North Sea %N %P %T North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment – NOSCCA %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2011 %J ERCA 2011, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T The Role of Clouds in Climate and Environment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Denier van der Gon, H.A.C. %D 2011 %J Environmental Pollution %N 10 %P 2935-2946 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.030 %T Vertical emission profiles for Europe based on plume rise calculations %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.04.030 10 %X The vertical allocation of emissions has a major impact on results of Chemistry Transport Models. However, in Europe it is still common to use fixed vertical profiles based on rough estimates to determine the emission height of point sources. This publication introduces a set of new vertical profiles for the use in chemistry transport modeling that were created from hourly gridded emissions calculated by the SMOKE for Europe emission model. SMOKE uses plume rise calculations to determine effective emission heights. Out of more than 40 000 different vertical emission profiles 73 have been chosen by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. These profiles show large differences to those currently used in many emission models. Emissions from combustion processes are released in much lower altitudes while those from production processes are allocated to higher altitudes. The profiles have a high temporal and spatial variability which is not represented by currently used profiles. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M.,Meinke, I.,Reckermann, M. %D 2011 %J Jahresversammlung Niedersaechsischer Landfrauenverband %N %P %T Das Wissen ueber den Klimawandel im Norddeutschen Raum %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2011 %J ERCA 2011, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T Cloud and precipitation physics – An introduction %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Daewel, U.,Schrum, C.,Ebinghaus, R. %D 2011 %J 10th International Conference on Mercury as a Global Pollutant, ICMGP %N %P %T Atmosphere Ocean Exchange of Mercury in a Coupled Regional Model for the North and Baltic Sea Area %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2011 %J ERCA 2011, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T Geoengineering climate: An overview on suggestions and objections under discussion %U %X %0 report part %@ %A Holliday, P.,Hughes, S.,Quante, M.,Rudels, B. %D 2011 %J ICES status report on climate change in the North Atlantic %N %P 47-58 %T Sea level rise and changes in Arctic sea ice %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Quante, M.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V. %D 2011 %J Warnsignal Klima - Die Meere - Änderungen und Risiken %N %P 286-293 %T Der Schifftransport und sein Beitrag zum Klimawandel %U %X International shipping and its contribution to climate change: More than 80% of the global trade is conducted via the oceans and seas. Presently, shipping is one of the fastest growing emission sectors. Key compounds emitted are the greenhouse gas (GHG) carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, black carbon, and particulate matter. International shipping is estimated to,have contributed about 2.7% to the global emissions of carbon dioxide in 2007. Emissions of nitrogen oxides lead to the formation of the GHG ozone and reduce the GHG methane. Ship emissions of sulphur dioxide cause cooling by the formation of sulphate aerosols and effects on marine boundary layer clouds.,Currently, the global mean radiative forcing from shipping is negative and implies cooling. In the longer term, emissions from shipping will result in a warming response as the long atmospheric life time of carbon dioxide will overwhelm any shorter-term cooling effects. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Builtjes, P. %D 2011 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 1 %P 47-68 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-4-47-2011 %T SMOKE for Europe – adaptation, modification and evaluation of a comprehensive emission model for Europe %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-47-2011 1 %X The US EPA regional emission model SMOKE was adopted and modified to create temporally and spatially distributed emission for Europe and surrounding countries based on official reports and public domain data only. The aim is to develop a flexible model capable of creating consistent high resolution emission data for long-term runs of Chemical Transport Models (CTMs). This modified version of SMOKE, called SMOKE for EUROPE (SMOKE-EU) was successfully used to create hourly gridded emissions for the timespan 1970–2010.,In this paper the SMOKE-EU model and the underlying European datasets are introduced. Emission data created by SMOKE-EU for the year 2000 are evaluated by comparison to data of three different state-of-the-art emission models. SMOKE-EU produced a range of values comparable to the other three datasets. Further, concentrations of criteria pollutants calculated by the CTM CMAQ using the four different emission datasets were compared against EMEP measurements with hourly and daily resolution. Using SMOKE-EU gave the most reliable modelling of O3, NO2 and SO42−. The amount of simulated concentrations within a factor of 2 (F2) of the observations for these species are: O3 (F2 = 0.79, N = 329 197), NO2 (F2 = 0.55, N = 11 465) and SO42− (F2 = 0.62, N = 17 536). The lowest values were found for NH4+ (F2 = 0.34, N = 7400) and NO3− (F2 = 0.25, N = 6184). NH4+ concentrations were generally overestimated, leading to a fractional bias (FB) averaged over 22 measurement stations of (FB = 0.83 ± 0.41) while better agreements with observations were found for SO42− (FB = 0.06 ± 0.38, 51 stations) and NO3− (FB = 0.13 ± 0.75, 18 stations).,CMAQ simulations using the three other emission datasets were similar to those modelled using SMOKE-EU emissions. Highest differences where found for NH4+ while O3 concentrations were almost identical. %0 book part %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2011 %J Persistent Pollution – Past, Present and Future %N %P 267-286 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17419-3_14 %T Aerosols as Transport Vehicles of Persistent Pollutants %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17419-3_14 %X Aerosol particles belong to the most important constituents of the Earth’s atmosphere. Cloud formation and cloud properties strongly depend on the amount and the type of atmospheric aerosol particles. By scattering and absorbing solar radiation they have a large impact on the global radiation budget and locally on the visibility. Finally, they consist of various chemical compounds including harmful or even toxic substances. The atmospheric lifetime of aerosols strongly depends on meteorological conditions. On the one hand, they are efficiently washed out during rain events. On the other hand they accumulate in the atmosphere under dry conditions and they can be transported over long distances, particularly if they have been mixed into higher altitudes before. Furthermore persistent pollutants like lead and other heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are often bound to these particles and are transported with them. Their regional distribution and deposition can only be understood together with the knowledge about atmospheric aerosol particles. %0 conference poster %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2011 %J 3rd Urbino Symposium Air Quality and Climate Change, ACCENT %N %P %T The Contribution of Ship Emissions to Enhanced Nitrogen Aerosol Concentration and Deposition in the North Sea Region %U %X %0 report part %@ %A Holliday, P.,Quante, M.,Sherwin, T.,Nolan, G.,Mork, K.-A.,Cannaby, H.,Berry, D. %D 2011 %J ICES status report on climate change in the North Atlantic %N %P 5-20 %T North Atlantic circulation and atmospheric forcing %U %X %0 report part %@ %A Holliday, P.,Hughes, S.,Borenaes, K.,Feistel, R.,Gaillard, F.,Lavin, A.,loeng, H.,Mork, K.-A.,Nolan, G.,Quante, M.,Somavilla, R. %D 2011 %J ICES status report on climate change in the North Atlantic %N %P 21-46 %T Long-term physical variability in the North Atlantic Ocean %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2010 %J Vortragsveranstaltung der Heinrich Boell Stiftung %N %P %T Geht uns das Wasser aus? - Der Klimawandel und die Verfuegbarkeit der wichtigsten Naturressource %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2010 %J Relict Species - Phylogeography and Conservation Biology %N %P 9-56 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92160-8_2 %T The Changing Climate: Past, Present and Future %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92160-8_2 %X Over the 4.6 billion years of its existence, the Earth has seen a large variety of climate states. During the evolution of our planet, its climate was characterized by periods of enhanced climate variability or even swings and some more or less stable - almost quiet - periods. Natural climate variability was the rule rather than an exception and the evolution of life on Earth was closely linked to climate and its change.,For about 250 years, mankind has interfered stronger with the climate system via the release of radiative gases and particles in substantial amounts into the atmosphere. A global mean near surface temperature increase - global warming - can be deduced from instrumental observations, which started in about 1860. The pace and amount of this temperature increase is unprecedented at least the past 1600 years, as reconstructions from proxy data indicate. The observed warming can be attributed to a large extent to human activities as the most recent report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states. The atmospheric temperature increase is accompanied by an increase in sea surface temperature and a rise of the sea level. Evidence is building that human-induced climate change has also a direct influence on changes in precipitation and the hydrological cycle.,Climate projection driven by socio-economic scenarios indicate that the global temperature and sea level rise will continue throughout the twenty-first century and beyond, the amount of which is strongly dependent on the underlying emission assumptions.,There are a few climate elements that may be sensitive to sudden, abrupt changes, when a set of conditioning parameters is overstepped or certain thresholds are passed; a prominent example is a possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation in the North Atlantic. Here, further research in necessary to quantify thres­holds, effects and time horizons.,Overall it can be said that a certain amount of future climate change is unavoidable regardless which route of emission reductions mankind will follow and that emissions from the twenty-first century will noticeably affect climate over the entire millennium. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2010 %J Naturschutz aktuell - Naturschutz und Klimawandel, Oeffentliche Ringvorlesung der Alfred Toepfer Akademie fuer Naturschutz %N %P %T Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen zum Klimawandel: Ein Update %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Dreyer, A.,Matthias, V.,Weinberg, I.,Ebinghaus, R. %D 2010 %J Environmental Pollution %N 5 %P 1221-1227 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.030 %T Wet deposition of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in Northern Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.01.030 5 %X Twenty precipitation samples were taken concurrently with air samples at a northern German monitoring site over a period of 7 months in 2007 and 2008. Thirty four poly- and perfluorinated compounds (PFC) were determined in rain water samples by solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS analysis. Seventeen compounds were detected in rain water with ΣPFC concentrations ranging from 1.6 ng L−1 to 48.6 ng L−1. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorobutanate (PFBA) were the compounds that were usually observed in highest concentrations. Calculated ΣPFC deposition rates were between 2 and 91 ng m−2 d−1. These findings indicate that particle phase PFC are deposited from the atmosphere by precipitation. A relationship between PFC wet deposition and air concentration may be established via precipitation amounts. Trajectory analysis revealed that PFC concentration and deposition estimates in precipitation can only be explained if a detailed air mass history is considered.,Information on air mass history, meteorological conditions, and distribution of PFC sources is necessary to understand and estimate PFC concentrations and wet deposition. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Matthias, V.,Bewersdorf, I.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2010 %J Environmental Pollution %N 6 %P 2241-2250 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.013 %T The contribution of ship emissions to air pollution in the North Sea regions %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.013 6 %X As a consequence of the global distribution of manufacturing sites and the increasing international division of labour, ship traffic is steadily increasing and is becoming more and more important as an origin of air pollution.,This study investigates the impact of ship emissions in coastal areas of the North Sea under conditions of the year 2000 by means of a regional chemistry transport model which runs on a sufficiently high resolution to study air pollution in coastal regions. It was found that northern Germany and Denmark in summer suffer from more than 50% higher sulphate, nitrate and ammonium aerosol concentrations due to contributions from ships. The implementation of a sulphur emission control area (SECA) in the North Sea, as it was implemented at the end of 2007, directly results in reduced sulphur dioxide and sulphate aerosol concentrations while nitrate aerosol concentrations are slightly increased.,Ship emissions lead to significantly enhanced air pollution by secondary inorganic aerosols in North Sea coastal areas. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V.,Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2010 %J Meeresumweltsymposium 2010 %N %P %T Luftschadstoffe aus Schiffsemissionen im Nordseeraum %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2010 %J Das Meer und wir, Arbeitnehmerfortbildung der Heinrich Boell-Stiftung in der Akademie am Meer %N %P %T Die Meere und der Klimawandel %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2010 %J Umsetzung der Meeresstrategie-Rahmenrichtlinie, Fachtagung %N %P %T Naehrstoffeintrag aus der Luft - Beitrag zur Eutrophierung %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M.,Meinke, I.,Reckermann, M. %D 2010 %J 22. Sitzung des Nachhaltigkeits-Rat Lueneburg %N %P %T Das Wissen ueber den Klimawandel im Norddeutschen Raum – Beitrag regionaler Klimaberichte %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2010 %J 31th NATO/SPS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %N %P %T Implementation and evaluation of a comprehensive emission model for Europe %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Kreuzfahrt - Vortragsserie %N %P %T Geht uns das Wasser aus ? Der Klimawandel und die Verfuegbarkeit der wichtigsten Naturressource %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2009 %J Vortrag im Naturmuseum Lueneburg %N %P %T Optische Phaenomene in der Atmosphaere – Vom Regenbogen bis zur Fata Morgana %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Freiwilliges Oekologisches Jahr Niedersachsen, Seminartreffen Energie- und Umweltzentrum am Deister %N %P %T Der Klimawandel in Vergangenheit und Zukunft, und was sagen Regionalmodelle fuer Norddeutschland voraus? %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J 9. Lueneburger Umweltfilmtage %N %P %T Wasser – Das aussergewoehnliche Molekuel in Klima und Umwelt %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1567-7419 %A Matthias, V.,Quante, M.,Aulinger, A. %D 2009 %J Environmental Fluid Mechanics %N 1 %P 91-108 %R doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9103-6 %T Determination of the optimum MM5 configuration for long term CMAQ simulations of aerosol bound pollutants in Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-008-9103-6 1 %X Realistic meteorological fields are a prerequisite for the determination of pollutant concentrations and depositions by means of a chemistry transport model. Different configurations of the 5th generation NCAR/Penn State University mesoscale meteorological model MM5 were tested to determine the optimum set up for long term hindcasts that cover several months up to years. Four dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) significantly enhances the spatio temporal representation of temperature, humidity and wind. Best agreement with radiosonde observations could be achieved when temperature, humidity and wind were grid nudged every 6 h. The quality of the resulting meteorological fields showed no significant systematic temporal or spatial variation over Europe in a model run of the year 2000. It was found that the hydrological cycle was not correctly reproduced by the model when no nudging was applied. The relevant model run showed too high relative humidity and too high rainfall when compared to observations. This led to considerably lower aerosol concentrations close to ground and a shift in the deposition patterns of particle bound pollutants like the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Dreyer, A.,Matthias, V.,Temme, C.,Ebinghaus, R. %D 2009 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 11 %P 4029-4036 %R doi:10.1021/es900257w %T Annual Time Series of Air Concentrations of Polyfluorinated Compounds %U https://doi.org/10.1021/es900257w 11 %X Per- and polyfluorinated organic compounds (PFC) in air were determined in samples taken at two sites in the vicinity of Hamburg, Germany, over a period of 14 months. PUF/XAD-2/PUF cartridges and glass fiber filters were applied for the collection of airborne PFC. A set of volatile, neutral PFCs such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) or perfluorinated sulfonamides and ionic, nonvolatile PFC like perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates were determined using GC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS. Backward trajectory analysis was performed to elucidate the origin of the air mass parcels sampled. PFCs were predominantly detected in the gas phase. A fluctuating baseline presenting north German background levels and singular events of high concentrations were characteristic for the time series of all analytes and both locations. The origin of sampled air was the driving parameter influencing the PFC levels. Elevated PFC concentrations occurred in air arriving from industrialized and populated regions west and southwest of Hamburg. Maximum individual PFC concentrations reached 600 pg m−3 (8:2 FTOH) in the gas phase and 13 pg m−3 (perfluorooctane sulfonate) in the particle phase. The class of FTOH clearly dominated the gas-phase substance spectrum. The compound that was detected in highest concentrations was 8:2 FTOH. Individual gas-phase PFC concentrations were higher in summer than in winter. Temperature-dependent emissions of volatile and semi-volatile PFCs from diffuse sources to the gas phase are presumed to be responsible for this observation. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Oeffentlicher Vortrag beim Verein "Alte Schule Wendisch Evern e.V." %N %P %T Der Klimawandel schreitet voran - welche Handlungsoptionen werden diskutiert? %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Drees,C.,Brandmayr, P.,Buse, J.,Dieker, P.,Guerlich, S.,Habel, J.,Harry, I.,Haerdtle, W.,Matern, A.,Meyer, H.,Pizzolotto, R.,Quante, M.,Schaefer, K.,Schuldt, A.,Taboada, A.,Assmann, T. %D 2009 %J Carabid Beetles as Bioindicators: Biogeographical, Ecological and Environmental Studies, 14th European Carabidologists Meeting %N %P %R doi:10.3897/zookeys.100.1535 %T Poleward range expansion without a southern contraction in the ground beetle Agonum viridicupreum (Coleoptera, Carabidae) %U https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1535 %X %0 journal article %@ 0941-2948 %A Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Meteorologische Zeitschrift %N 1 %P 41-53 %R doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2009/351 %T The effect of temporal resolution of PAH emission data on transport and deposition patterns simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality modelling system (CMAQ) %U https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2009/351 1 %X The effect of different temporal resolutions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission data on transport and deposition patterns was analysed in a sensitivity study. Simulations were performed with the Community Multiscale Air Quality modelling system (CMAQ) for Europe for the year 2000 on a 54 × 54 km2 grid. The carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) was used as a representative for the group of PAHs. The official emission data are only available as one-year bulk emissions. The major emission sources of B(a)P vary in fact within seasonal, weekly and diurnal cycles. Therefore different approaches for the temporal disaggregation of the bulk emissions were developed and their effects were tested. The inclusion of a seasonal variability leads to an increase in the modelled annually averaged near-ground concentrations and annually accumulated depositions. Additional effects of the emissions with the most detailed time-resolution, i.e. considering weekly and diurnal cycles, are only visible on a regional scale and particularly in summer. A non-linear relation between the emissions and the concentrations is most evident in connection with the seasonal cycle in January and with the weekly and diurnal cycle in July. The effects of the diurnal variation of the emissions comply with a more efficient vertical transport during daytime. A comparison of the modelled concentrations obtained with seasonally resolved emissions with measurements at two different sites in Germany shows correlation coefficients of 0.62 and 0.74 for the four selected months. The magnitude of the summer-winter differences in the observed concentrations can be best reproduced by the model with the seasonal variations in the emission data. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Kreuzfahrt - Vortragsserie %N %P %T Was birgt die Wolke? - Die Rolle der Wolken in Wetter, Klima und Umwelt %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Atmospheric Environment %N 26 %P 4078-4086 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.058 %T CMAQ simulations of the benzo(a)pyrene distribution over Europe for 2000 and 2001 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.058 26 %X In order to investigate benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) concentrations in ambient air in Europe and the respective deposition fields an expanded version of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modelling system has been used to simulate these fields for the years 2000 and 2001. Significant differences exist between different regions in Europe and between winter and summer concentrations. Modelled B(a)P concentrations are highest in Central Europe, South Ukraine and around Moscow. Wet deposition shows mainly the same regional distribution as the concentrations. Simulated concentrations and depositions are compared to measurements at selected sites of the EMEP network and of the German Federal Environmental Agencies. The measurements are on average underestimated by 50%. The temporal evolution and the regional distribution of B(a)P are captured by the model. In the approach presented here, particle bound B(a)P undergoes degradation by reactions with ozone. In order to assess the importance of the degradation process the results are compared to a model run where no degradation of particle bound B(a)P is considered. It was found that the inclusion of heterogeneous reactions of B(a)P with ozone results in a reduction of the modelled air concentration by approx. a factor of 5. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J 9th EMS Annual Meeting & 9th ECAM, Applications of Meteorology %N %P %T Solar radiation and clouds – An overview on processes, interactions and trends %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Seminarreihe des Rotary-Club Ratzeburg %N %P %T Klimawandel und Wasser - eine Problemkartierung %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J 8th International Symposium on Tropospheric Profiling %N %P %T Using windprofiler data in time and frequency domain for the evaluation of meteorological drivers employed in chemistry transport modelling %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2009 %J Kreuzfahrt - Vortragsserie %N %P %T Wie sieht eine Wolke von innen aus? - Von der Beobachtung zum Wetterbericht %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M.,Zakrzewski, R. %D 2008 %J Abendvortrag in der Veranstaltungsreihe des Vereins Alte Schule Wendisch Evern e.V. %N %P %T Der Klimawandel und seine Auswirkungen in unserer Region %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J ERCA 2008, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T The Role of Clouds in the Climate System %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J 8. Lueneburger Umweltfilmtage %N %P %T Der Klimawandel und das Wasser - Was ist zu tun? %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J ERCA 2008, European Research Course on Atmospheres %N %P %T Introduction to Cloud Physics %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1364-8152 %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Environmental Modelling & Software %N 3 %P 356-368 %R doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.04.010 %T Adapting CMAQ to investigate air pollution in North Sea coastal regions %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.04.010 3 %X The Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model is setup on a 54 × 54 km2 grid for Europe and on a nested smaller domain with a 18 × 18 km2 grid for the North Sea region. This paper concentrates on the models ability to represent the transport and deposition of atmospheric pollution in North Sea coastal areas. Comparisons to NO2 and PM10 measurements at selected sites of the Co-operative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP) are used for quality control for atmospheric concentrations. We use modeled nitrogen deposition fields and EMEP wet deposition measurements during January and July 2001 as a measure to evaluate the deposition schemes. Close agreement between the model and the measurements was found for the oxidised nitrogen compounds in January, when on average NO2 was overestimated by 18% (measured: 3.52 μg N/m3, modeled: 4.16 μg N/m3) and nitrate deposition was only slightly underestimated by 2%. However, ammonia was underestimated by 44%. In July, NO2 levels are much lower than in January and the model underestimates the mean concentration by 35% (measured 1.49 μg N/m3, modeled 0.97 μg N/m3). Wet deposition is also underestimated, but again the results for nitrate (−38%) were in better agreement with the measurements than for ammonium (−57%). PM10 concentrations are largely underestimated in January and July (by about 65% on average), but this result was expected, because only anthropogenic emissions were considered. Nevertheless, especially in January high daily correlations (0.69–0.84) between the modeled dry PM10 and the measurements in Germany were found. This indicates that the aerosol transport pathways are captured quite well by the model. CMAQ has been expanded to represent also persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this paper first results of deposition fields of the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) are shown. Preliminary comparisons to air concentration and deposition measurements show that the model results are in the right order of magnitude. In particular the observed strong seasonal cycle of B(a)P in air was also present in the model. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2008 %J European Aerosol Conference, EAC 2008 %N %P %T The aerosol distribution in Europe derived with the CMAQ model: Comparison to near surface in situ and sunphotometer measurements %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Wasser - Sehen, hoeren und begreifen, Veranstaltung zum Tag des Wassers im Wasserturm %N %P %T Wasser und Klima - Ein Beziehungsgeflecht %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2008 %J Wasser - Sehen, hoeren und begreifen, Veranstaltung zum Tag des Wassers im Wasserturm %N %P %T Wasserbilder in der Atmosphaere %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J 2nd International Scientific Conference on Harbours, Air Quality and Climate Change %N %P %T The contribution of Benzo(a)pyrene ship emissions to air pollution in North Sea coastal areas %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J 12th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes %N %P %T Modelling of Benzo(a)pyrene Concentrations in North Sea Coastal Areas: Contribution of Ship Emissions %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Abendvortrag im Jahresprogramm der Freien Lauenburgischen Akademie fuer Wissenschaft und Kultur %N %P %T Klimawandel und Wasserverfuegbarkeit %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Abendvortrag vor der Bezirksgruppe Hamburg/Lueneburg %N %P %T Klimawandel und Wasserverfuegbarkeit %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Austausch ueber wissenschaftliche Zusammenarbeit Universitaet Bergen/GKSS %N %P %T Atmospheric transport of persistent pollutants and nutrients in North Sea coastal regions %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Matthias, V. %D 2008 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 17 %P 5077-5097 %R doi:10.5194/acp-8-5077-2008 %T The aerosol distribution in Europe derived with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model: Comparison to near surface in situ and sunphotometer measurements %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-5077-2008 17 %X The aerosol distribution in Europe was simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model system version 4.5 for the years 2000 and 2001. The results were compared with daily averages of PM10 measurements taken in the framework of EMEP and with aerosol optical depth (AOD) values measured within AERONET. The modelled total aerosol mass is typically about 30–60% lower than the corresponding measurements. However a comparison of the chemical composition of the aerosol revealed a considerably better agreement between the modelled and the measured aerosol components for ammonium, nitrate and sulfate, which are on average only 15–20% underestimated. Sligthly worse agreement was determined for sea salt, that was only avaliable at two sites. The largest discrepancies result from the aerosol mass which was not chemically specified by the measurements. The agreement between measurements and model is better in winter than in summer. The modelled organic aerosol mass is higher in summer than in winter but it is significantly underestimated by the model. This could be one of the main reasons for the discrepancies between measurements and model results. The other is that primary coarse particles are underestimated in the emissions. The probability distribution function of the PM10 measurements follows a log-normal distribution at most sites. The model is only able to reproduce this distribution function at non-coastal low altitude stations. The AOD derived from the model results is 20–70% lower than the values observed within AERONET. This is mainly attributed to the missing aerosol mass in the model. The day-to-day variability of the AOD and the log-normal distribution functions are quite well reproduced by the model. The seasonality on the other hand is underestimated by the model results because better agreement is achieved in winter. %0 conference poster %@ %A Quante, M.,Matthias, V.,Aulinger, A. %D 2008 %J EMS Annual Meeting, European Conference on Applied Climatology, ECAC 2008 %N %P %T Evaluation of the spectral behaviour of model wind data as used for chemistry transport modelling %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Naturschutz und Klimawandel, Alfred Toepfer Akademie fuer Naturschutz %N %P %T Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Wasserverfuegbarkeit von Oekosystemtypen %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Das Klima wandelt sich - und unser Leben? %N %P %T Der Klimawandel: Ursachen und Folgen in Niedersachsen %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Model Applications and Model Evaluation, Results of COST 728 Workshop am Zentrum fuer Marine und Atmosphaerische Wissenschaften, ZMAW %N %P %T Spectral behaviour of model wind data and a comparison to windprofiler observations %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J 17th International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution %N %P %T The contribution of ship exhaust to air pollution in North Sea coastal areas %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes %N %P 586-590 %T Modelling of Benzo(a)pyrene Concentrations in North Sea Coastal Areas: Contribution of Ship Emissions %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Bewersdorff, I.,Aulinger, A.,Matthias, V.,Quante, M. %D 2008 %J SETAC Europe 18th Annual Meeting %N %P %T The contribution of ship exhaust to air pollution in North Sea coastal areas %U %X