@misc{kasneryk_controllable_recrystallization_2024, author={Kasneryk, V., Wu, T., Rohr, H., Serdechnova, M., Mojsilovi , K., Wieland, F.D.C., Davydok, A., Gazenbiller, E., Vasili , R., Blawert, C., Stock, N., Zheludkevich, M.L.}, title={Controllable recrystallization of ZnO/ZnAl2O4 based PEO into ZIF-8 as a route for the formation of multifunctional coatings}, year={2024}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.11.033}, abstract = {Nowadays, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has become widespread as an effective method for preparation of multifunctional coatings. However, the PEO coatings have numerous pores. On the one hand, their presence restricts their broad application; on the other hand, they represent an excellent platform for post-sealing allowing creating coatings with peculiar properties. In the current work, the possibility of controllable recrystallization of ZnO/ZnAl2O4 based PEO preformed on Zn Z1 alloy into ZIF-8@PEO composite coating was demonstrated for the first time. It was found that the corrosion protection, photocatalytic and photoluminescence properties of the final coatings can be modified by varying the conditions of the post-modification process, which include the amount of the organic linker (2-methylimidazole) and treatment time. This study opens an innovative approach for the formation of multifunctional coatings.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2023.11.033} (DOI). Kasneryk, V.; Wu, T.; Rohr, H.; Serdechnova, M.; Mojsilovi, K.; Wieland, F.; Davydok, A.; Gazenbiller, E.; Vasili, R.; Blawert, C.; Stock, N.; Zheludkevich, M.: Controllable recrystallization of ZnO/ZnAl2O4 based PEO into ZIF-8 as a route for the formation of multifunctional coatings. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2024. vol. 263, 119538. DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.11.033}} @misc{lopesmarinho_a_comparison_2024, author={Lopes Marinho, A., Kazimi, B., Cwieka, H., Willumeit-Römer, R., Moosmann, J., Zeller-Plumhoff, B.}, title={A comparison of deep learning segmentation models for synchrotron radiation based tomograms of biodegradable bone implants}, year={2024}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1257512}, abstract = {Introduction: Synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT) has been used as a non-invasive technique to examine the microstructure and tissue integration of biodegradable bone implants. To be able to characterize parameters regarding the disintegration and osseointegration of such materials quantitatively, the three-dimensional (3D) image data provided by SRμCT needs to be processed by means of semantic segmentation. However, accurate image segmentation is challenging using traditional automated techniques. This study investigates the effectiveness of deep learning approaches for semantic segmentation of SRμCT volumes of Mg-based implants in sheep bone ex vivo. Methodology: For this purpose different convolutional neural networks (CNNs), including U-Net, HR-Net, U²-Net, from the TomoSeg framework, the Scaled U-Net framework, and 2D/3D U-Net from the nnU-Net framework were trained and validated. The image data used in this work was part of a previous study where biodegradable screws were surgically implanted in sheep tibiae and imaged using SRμCT after different healing periods. The comparative analysis of CNN models considers their performance in semantic segmentation and subsequent calculation of degradation and osseointegration parameters. The models’ performance is evaluated using the intersection over union (IoU) metric, and their generalization ability is tested on unseen datasets. Results and discussion: This work shows that the 2D nnU-Net achieves better generalization performance, with the degradation layer being the most challenging label to segment for all models.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2024.1257512} (DOI). Lopes Marinho, A.; Kazimi, B.; Cwieka, H.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Moosmann, J.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.: A comparison of deep learning segmentation models for synchrotron radiation based tomograms of biodegradable bone implants. Frontiers in Physics. 2024. vol. 12, 1257512. DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2024.1257512}} @misc{kallungal_in_situ_2023, author={Kallungal, J., Chazeau, L., Chenal, J.M., Adrien, J., Maire, E., Barrès, B.Cantaloube, B., Heuillet, P., Wilde, F., Moosmann, J., Weitkamp, T.}, title={In situ observation of microscopic damage and crack initiation mechanisms in a filled EPDM}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.109007}, abstract = {The paper presents a precise 3D quantification of damage evolution and eventual crack initiation due to metallic oxide particles and filler agglomerates in a peroxide crosslinked filled EPDM during uniaxial solicitation, thanks to synchrotron radiation X-ray Tomography. An in-situ tensile study using this technique reveals polymer debonding at the poles of all metallic oxide particles upon stretching. The cavities caused by this decohesion do not lead to crack initiation since they grow parallel to the applied stress direction. Conversely, crack always initiates from carbon black agglomerates (CBaggl). The crack initiation mechanism is a three step process that begins with the nucleation of cavities inside the CBaggl upon stretching. This is followed by the growth of these cavities which brings about the fracture of the agglomerates. Finally, this fracture can lead to the creation of a matrix crack at the origin of the material rupture. It is also confirmed that CBaggl that initiate the critical crack in the material are the biggest sized CBaggl and are located close to the edges of the sample.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.109007} (DOI). Kallungal, J.; Chazeau, L.; Chenal, J.; Adrien, J.; Maire, E.; Barrès, B.; Heuillet, P.; Wilde, F.; Moosmann, J.; Weitkamp, T.: In situ observation of microscopic damage and crack initiation mechanisms in a filled EPDM. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2023. vol. 277, 109007. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.109007}} @misc{shen_microstructures_in_2023, author={Shen, J., Martin, A.C., Schell, N., Fink, C., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Microstructures in arc-welded Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 and Al10.87Co21.74Cr21.74Cu2.17Fe21.74Ni21.74 multi-principal element alloys: Comparison between experimental data and thermodynamic predictions}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104784}, abstract = {The development of multi-principal element alloys is currently on the rise. While there is significant fundamental work being performed to understand microstructure-property relationships, the processability of these novel alloys is yet incipient. In this work, the microstructure evolution in two arc-welded multi-principal element alloys, Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 and Al10.87Co21.74Cr21.74Cu2.17Fe21.74Ni21.74, was evaluated by electron microscopy and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction coupled with thermodynamic calculations. By correlating microhardness maps across the welds to results from microstructure characterization, it was possible to identify the strengthening phases across the welded materials, which can aid in fine tuning the alloy microstructure to achieve targeted strengths. Moreover, a comparison between the thermodynamically predicted microstructure evolution and that present in the welded joints was performed, highlighting the difficulty of such predictions in complex, scarcely studied multi-principal element systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104784} (DOI). Shen, J.; Martin, A.; Schell, N.; Fink, C.; Oliveira, J.: Microstructures in arc-welded Al10Co25Cr8Fe15Ni36Ti6 and Al10.87Co21.74Cr21.74Cu2.17Fe21.74Ni21.74 multi-principal element alloys: Comparison between experimental data and thermodynamic predictions. Materials Today : Communications. 2023. vol. 34, 104784. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104784}} @misc{solrzanokraemer_miocene_pinhole_2023, author={Solórzano-Kraemer, M., Hammel, J., Kunz, R., Xu, C., Cognato, A.}, title={Miocene pinhole borer ambrosia beetles: new species of Diapus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae)}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2021.10.001}, abstract = {New fossil species of the genus Diapus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae) are described in Miocene amber from Ethiopia and Zhangpu, China, based on male and female specimens. We report 24 male and 6 female specimens in Zhangpu amber and one male from Ethiopian amber. However, the number of specimens in Ethiopian amber will probably increase when more material is available for study. The large amount of Diapus specimens supports the paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Zhangpu amber forest as a megathermal seasonal rainforest. The new species highlight that Platypodinae diversification likely associated with angiosperms may have started in the Cretaceous with an increase of diversity in the Miocene. The specimens described here are the first record of Diapus preserved in amber.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2021.10.001} (DOI). Solórzano-Kraemer, M.; Hammel, J.; Kunz, R.; Xu, C.; Cognato, A.: Miocene pinhole borer ambrosia beetles: new species of Diapus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae). Palaeoworld. 2023. vol. 32, no. 4, 658-668. DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2021.10.001}} @misc{wang_role_of_2023, author={Wang, J., Li, X., Maawad, E., Han, L., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Z.}, title={Role of solute in stress development of nanocrystalline films during heating: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.10.025}, abstract = {The effect of the solute (Mo) on the stress development of nanocrystalline Ni and Ni–Mo films upon heating has been investigated in real time using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The complex and distinct relationship between the film stress and grain boundaries (GBs) has been examined by the evolution of real-time intrinsic stress in combination with the in situ grain growth and thermal characterizations. The different intrinsic stress evolutions in the Ni and Ni–Mo films during the heating process result from the modification of GBs by Mo alloying, including GB amorphization, GB relaxation, and GB segregation. It has been found that GBs play a vital role in the stress development of nanocrystalline films. The addition of a solute can not only inhibit grain growth but also influence the stress evolution in the film by changing the atomic diffusivity at the GBs. This work provides valuable and unique insights into the effect of solutes on stress development in nanocrystalline films during annealing, permitting control of the film stress through solute addition and heat treatment, which is critical for improving the design, processing, and lifetime of advanced nanocrystalline film devices at high temperatures.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2022.10.025} (DOI). Wang, J.; Li, X.; Maawad, E.; Han, L.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Z.: Role of solute in stress development of nanocrystalline films during heating: An in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2023. vol. 144, 188-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.10.025}} @misc{pyczak_stability_and_2023, author={Pyczak, F., Liang, Z., Neumeier, S., Rao, Z.}, title={Stability and physical properties of the L12-γ′ phase in the CoNiAlTi-system}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06949-y}, abstract = {There is a current interest in Co-based superalloys hardened by a L12-γ′ phase because Co has a higher melting point than Ni and is more resistant against sulfidation attack. However, the Co-Al-W system many of those γ′ hardened Co-based superalloys are based on, has a number of drawbacks. The γ′ phase Co3(Al,W) is not stable at high temperature, the density of the alloys is very high and the oxidation resistance is insufficient. Due to this, there is an ongoing interest to develop γ′-hardened Co-based superalloys based on other systems. Here, first principles calculations are presented to investigate the properties of the γ′ L12-(Co0.5,Ni0.5)3(Al0.5,Ti0.5) phase and related L12 structures. (Co0.5,Ni0.5)3(Al0.5,Ti0.5) exhibits a lower energy of formation than Co3Ti and Co3(Al0.5,W0.5). Nevertheless, Ni3(Al0.5,Ti0.5) has an even lower energy of formation which is further lowered if Ti is enriched on the second sublattice. This finding is supported by analyzing the electronic densities of states. Ni3(Al0.5,Ti0.5) and especially Ni3(Al0.25,Ti0.75) exhibit Fermi levels close to the gap between binding and antibinding states, which is an indicator for stability. In addition to the stability of the γ′-phase in dependence on Ni and Ti content, also the elastic properties were calculated. Ni3(Al0.25,Ti0.75) is less elastic anisotropic and has higher Young’s and shear modulus compared to Ni3(Al0.5,Ti0.5) and (Co0.5,Ni0.5)3(Al0.5,Ti0.5).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06949-y} (DOI). Pyczak, F.; Liang, Z.; Neumeier, S.; Rao, Z.: Stability and physical properties of the L12-γ′ phase in the CoNiAlTi-system. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2023. vol. 54, 1661-1670. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06949-y}} @misc{volpato_outofequilibrium_formation_2023, author={Volpato, G.M., Pereira, A.S.P., Lemos, G., Schmitt, M., Glatzel, U., Pyczak, F., Tetzlaff, U., Fredel, M.C.}, title={Out-of-equilibrium formation of Ni3Ti η-phase in Inconel X-750 produced via laser powder bed fusion and spark plasma sintering}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06946-1}, abstract = {Advanced manufacturing techniques such as powder bed fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF-LB/M) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) for the production of superalloy components can potentially become competitive with the industry-established routes of casting and forging. In contrast with those routes, these novel methods are particularly effective in optimizing component geometry, which is not so easily accomplished when using conventional techniques. However, since the manufacturing conditions imposed by such methods are considerably different from those of casting and forging, the final microstructure of the materials produced may vary. This is described in the present study with regard to a γ′-strengthened Ni-based superalloy produced through PBF-LB/M and SPS, production routes which, after heat treatment, induced the formation of acicular η-Ni3Ti within the alloy’s microstructure. This phase was identified at grain boundaries of both materials, not being expected according to the heat treatment employed. Such distribution, which contrasts with reports from the literature, is expected to lead to the impairment of the mechanical behavior of the materials produced using these techniques, a prospect that is supported by nanoindentation measurements of local hardness and stiffness.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06946-1} (DOI). Volpato, G.; Pereira, A.; Lemos, G.; Schmitt, M.; Glatzel, U.; Pyczak, F.; Tetzlaff, U.; Fredel, M.: Out-of-equilibrium formation of Ni3Ti η-phase in Inconel X-750 produced via laser powder bed fusion and spark plasma sintering. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2023. vol. 54, 1924-1936. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06946-1}} @misc{bukreeva_micromorphology_of_2023, author={Bukreeva, I., Junemann, O., Cedola, A., Brun, F., Longo, E., Tromba, G., Wilde, F., Chukalina, M. V., Krivonosov, Y. S., Dyachkova, I.G., Buzmakov, A.V., Zolotov, D.A., Palermo, F., Gigli, G., Otlyga, D.A., Saveliev, S.V., Fratini, M., Asadchikov, V.E.}, title={Micromorphology of pineal gland calcification in age-related neurodegenerative diseases}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16080}, abstract = {The present work provides the basis for future scientific research focused on the dynamic nature of PG calcium deposits and PG soft tissue in normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.16080} (DOI). Bukreeva, I.; Junemann, O.; Cedola, A.; Brun, F.; Longo, E.; Tromba, G.; Wilde, F.; Chukalina, M.; Krivonosov, Y.; Dyachkova, I.; Buzmakov, A.; Zolotov, D.; Palermo, F.; Gigli, G.; Otlyga, D.; Saveliev, S.; Fratini, M.; Asadchikov, V.: Micromorphology of pineal gland calcification in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Medical Physics. 2023. vol. 50, no. 3, 1601-1613. DOI: 10.1002/mp.16080}} @misc{ha_analysis_of_2023, author={Ha, C., Kim, Y.M., Woo, S.W., Maawad, E., Letzig, D., Yi, S.}, title={Analysis of dislocation activity of Mg-Zn-Y alloy by using synchrotron radiation under tensile loading}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1107/S1600577523003491}, abstract = {An understanding of deformation behavior and texture development is crucial for the formability improvement of Mg alloys. X-ray line profile analysis using the convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) fitting method allows the experimental determination of dislocation densities separately for different Burgers vectors up to a high deformation degree. A wider use of this technique still requires exploration and testing of various materials. In this regard, the reliability of the CMWP fitting method for Mg–Zn–Y alloys, in terms of the dislocation activity during tensile deformation, was verified in the present study by the combined analysis of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) investigation and visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) simulation. The predominant activity of non-basal ⟨a⟩ dislocation slip was revealed by CMWP analysis, and Schmid factor analysis from the EBSD results supported the higher potential of non-basal dislocation slip in comparison with basal ⟨a⟩ dislocation slip. Moreover, the relative slip activities obtained by the VPSC simulation also show a similar trend to those obtained from the CMWP evaluation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1107/S1600577523003491} (DOI). Ha, C.; Kim, Y.; Woo, S.; Maawad, E.; Letzig, D.; Yi, S.: Analysis of dislocation activity of Mg-Zn-Y alloy by using synchrotron radiation under tensile loading. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2023. vol. 30, DOI: doi.org/10.1107/S1600577523003491}} @misc{riedel_comparing_xray_2023, author={Riedel, M., Taphorn, K., Gustschin, A., Busse, M., Hammel, J.U., Moosmann, J., Beckmann, F., Fischer, F., Thibault, P., Herzen, J.}, title={Comparing x-ray phase-contrast imaging using a Talbot array illuminator to propagation-based imaging for non-homogeneous biomedical samples}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33788-7}, abstract = {Phase-contrast computed tomography can visualize soft tissue samples with high contrast. At coherent sources, propagation-based imaging (PBI) techniques are among the most common, as they are easy to implement and produce high-resolution images. Their downside is a low degree of quantitative data due to simplifying assumptions of the sample properties in the reconstruction. These assumptions can be avoided, by using quantitative phase-contrast techniques as an alternative. However, these often compromise spatial resolution and require complicated setups. In order to overcome this limitation, we designed and constructed a new imaging setup using a 2D Talbot array illuminator as a wavefront marker and speckle-based imaging phase-retrieval techniques. We developed a post-processing chain that can compensate for wavefront marker drifts and that improves the overall sensitivity. By comparing two measurements of biomedical samples, we demonstrate that the spatial resolution of our setup is comparable to the one of PBI scans while being able to successfully image a sample that breaks the typical homogeneity assumption used in PBI.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33788-7} (DOI). Riedel, M.; Taphorn, K.; Gustschin, A.; Busse, M.; Hammel, J.; Moosmann, J.; Beckmann, F.; Fischer, F.; Thibault, P.; Herzen, J.: Comparing x-ray phase-contrast imaging using a Talbot array illuminator to propagation-based imaging for non-homogeneous biomedical samples. Scientific Reports. 2023. vol. 13, 6996. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33788-7}} @misc{bodner_influence_of_2023, author={Bodner, S.C., Hlushko, K., Kutleša, K., Todt, J., Renk, O., Meindlhumer, M., Resch, F., Nielsen, M.A., Keckes, J., Eckert, J.}, title={Influence of Hatch Strategy on Crystallographic Texture Evolution, Mechanical Anisotropy of Laser Beam Powder Bed Fused S316L Steel}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200524}, abstract = {The correlations between process conditions, microstructure, and mechanical properties of additively manufactured components are not fully understood yet. In this contribution, three different hatch strategies are used to fabricate rod-like samples from S316L stainless steel, which are further investigated using synchrotron diffraction, optical microscopy, and tensile tests. The results indicate the presence of ⟨110⟩ biaxial and fiber textures, whose sharpness depends on the applied hatch strategy. Mechanical tests reveal a strong correlation of the samples’ response to the observed anisotropy in the plane perpendicular to the build direction. Even though the average yield and ultimate tensile strengths of around 475 and 500 MPa, respectively, do not differ significantly, the stress–strain behavior can be correlated with the observed in-plane anisotropy. Particularly, twinning-induced plasticity, a distinct increase of the work hardening rate at larger strains and elliptical necking are observed in some samples with biaxial (Goss) texture. These findings indicate that texture design by means of applying dedicated hatch strategies can be used to effectively tune the multiaxial deformation behavior of components produced by laser powder bed fusion.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202200524} (DOI). Bodner, S.; Hlushko, K.; Kutleša, K.; Todt, J.; Renk, O.; Meindlhumer, M.; Resch, F.; Nielsen, M.; Keckes, J.; Eckert, J.: Influence of Hatch Strategy on Crystallographic Texture Evolution, Mechanical Anisotropy of Laser Beam Powder Bed Fused S316L Steel. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2023. vol. 25, no. 7, 2200524. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202200524}} @misc{zellerplumhoff_technical_note_2023, author={Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Helmholz, H., Feyerabend, F., Dose, T., Wilde, F., Hipp, A., Beckmann, F., Willumeit-Römer, R., Hammel, J.U.}, title={Technical note on the determination of degradation rates of biodegradable magnesium implants}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202313751}, abstract = {Magnesium-based alloys are emerging as a capable alternative to traditional materials for bone implant applications. The implant's degradation rate is the main indicator of their performance; however, different formulas have been reported to determine it based on three-dimensional imaging. In this technical note, we are presenting the deviation in the degradation rate determined by different equations for two sets of data and the implications for the comparison of different studies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.202313751} (DOI). Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Helmholz, H.; Feyerabend, F.; Dose, T.; Wilde, F.; Hipp, A.; Beckmann, F.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Hammel, J.: Technical note on the determination of degradation rates of biodegradable magnesium implants. Materials and Corrosion. 2023. vol. 74, no. 7, 1116-1119. DOI: 10.1002/maco.202313751}} @misc{espiritu_detailing_the_2023, author={Espiritu, J., Sefa, S., Cwieka, H., Greving, I., Flenner, S., Willumeit-Römer, R., Seitz, J.M., Zeller-Plumhoff, B.}, title={Detailing the influence of PEO-coated biodegradable Mg-based implants on the lacuno-canalicular network in sheep bone: A pilot study}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.018}, abstract = {Utilising synchrotron-based transmission X-ray microscopy, we have characterised morphological LCN differences around uncoated and PEO-coated WE43 screws implanted into sheep bone. Bone specimens were explanted after 4, 8, and 12 weeks and regions near the implant surface were prepared for imaging. Findings from this investigation indicate that the slower degradation of PEO-coated WE43 induces healthier lacunar shapes within the LCN. However, the stimuli perceived by the uncoated material with higher degradation rates induces a greater connected LCN better prepared for bone disturbance.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.018} (DOI). Espiritu, J.; Sefa, S.; Cwieka, H.; Greving, I.; Flenner, S.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Seitz, J.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.: Detailing the influence of PEO-coated biodegradable Mg-based implants on the lacuno-canalicular network in sheep bone: A pilot study. Bioactive Materials. 2023. vol. 26, 14-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.02.018}} @misc{escobar_rapid_grain_2023, author={Escobar, J., Gwalani, B., Silverstein, J., Ajantiwalay, T., Roach, C., Bergmann, L., dos Santos, J.F., Maawad, E., Klusemann, B., Devaraj, A.}, title={Rapid grain refinement and compositional homogenization in a cast binary Cu50Ni alloy achieved by friction stir processing}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112999}, abstract = {Friction stir processing (FSP) has been increasingly adopted for joining and processing materials in automotive, aerospace, and industrial construction. During FSP, a dynamic competition between high-speed shear deformation and deformation-induced heating brings about a complex competition between multiple dynamic microstructural evolution mechanisms making it difficult to predict the microstructural evolution pathway. Hence, improved understanding of microstructural evolution mechanisms during FSP can be beneficial for continued growth in the adoption of FSP for demanding applications of future. Towards this goal, this study uses a model binary Cu – 50 at.% Ni alloy to clarify the effect of single and double pass FSP on the microstructural evolution of a coarse grained and compositionally heterogeneous cast microstructure. High energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, and nanoindentation are used to clarify the microstructural evolution due to FSP. The process of compositional homogenization of as-cast segregations is studied by energy dispersive spectroscopy and atom probe tomography. Our results show that a single fast FSP pass at 30 mm.s−1 produces a 100 μm deep layer of submicrometric and hall-petch hardened CuNi grains. The initial cast compositional heterogeneities in a micrometric scale is rapidly transformed to nano-sized domains, mainly confined at grain boundaries. Double pass FSP increases the penetration depth of the processed layer and leads to a 2.9 times grain growth relative to single pass FSP. Grain fragmentation, discontinuous dynamic recrystallization, grain growth, and twinning mechanisms are discussed. These results highlight the value of FSP for ultrafast grain refinement and compositional homogenization of cast alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112999} (DOI). Escobar, J.; Gwalani, B.; Silverstein, J.; Ajantiwalay, T.; Roach, C.; Bergmann, L.; dos Santos, J.; Maawad, E.; Klusemann, B.; Devaraj, A.: Rapid grain refinement and compositional homogenization in a cast binary Cu50Ni alloy achieved by friction stir processing. Materials Characterization. 2023. vol. 202, 112999. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2023.112999}} @misc{bruns_on_the_2023, author={Bruns, S., Krüger, D., Galli, S., Wieland, D.C.F., Hammel, J.U., Beckmann, F., Wennerberg, A., Willumeit-Römer, R., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Moosmann, J.}, title={On the material dependency of peri-implant morphology and stability in healing bone}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.006}, abstract = {The microstructural architecture of remodeled bone in the peri-implant region of screw implants plays a vital role in the distribution of strain energy and implant stability. We present a study in which screw implants made from titanium, polyetheretherketone and biodegradable magnesium-gadolinium alloys were implanted into rat tibia and subjected to a push-out test four, eight and twelve weeks after implantation. Screws were 4 mm in length and with an M2 thread. The loading experiment was accompanied by simultaneous three-dimensional imaging using synchrotron-radiation microcomputed tomography at 5 μm resolution. Bone deformation and strains were tracked by applying optical flow-based digital volume correlation to the recorded image sequences. Implant stabilities measured for screws of biodegradable alloys were comparable to pins whereas non-degradable biomaterials experienced additional mechanical stabilization. Peri-implant bone morphology and strain transfer from the loaded implant site depended heavily on the biomaterial utilized. Titanium implants stimulated rapid callus formation displaying a consistent monomodal strain profile whereas the bone volume fraction in the vicinity of magnesium-gadolinium alloys exhibited a minimum close to the interface of the implant and less ordered strain transfer. Correlations in our data suggest that implant stability benefits from disparate bone morphological properties depending on the biomaterial utilized. This leaves the choice of biomaterial as situational depending on local tissue properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.006} (DOI). Bruns, S.; Krüger, D.; Galli, S.; Wieland, D.; Hammel, J.; Beckmann, F.; Wennerberg, A.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Moosmann, J.: On the material dependency of peri-implant morphology and stability in healing bone. Bioactive Materials. 2023. vol. 28, 155-166. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.006}} @misc{reimers_development_of_2023, author={Reimers, J., Trinh, H.C., Wiese, B., Meyer, S., Brehling, J., Flenner, S., Hagemann, J., Kruth, M., Kibkalo, L., Cwieka, H., Hindenlang, B., Lipinska-Chwalek, M., Mayer, J., Willumeit-Roemer, R., Greving, I., Zeller-Plumhoff, B.}, title={Development of a bioreactor-coupled flow-cell setup for 3D in situ nanotomography of Mg alloy biodegradation}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c04054}, abstract = {Functional materials feature hierarchical microstructures that define their unique set of properties. The prediction and tailoring of these require a multiscale knowledge of the mechanistic interaction of microstructure and property. An important material in this respect is biodegradable magnesium alloys used for implant applications. To correlate the relationship between the microstructure and the nonlinear degradation process, high-resolution in situ three-dimensional (3D) imaging experiments must be performed. For this purpose, a novel experimental flow cell is presented which allows for the in situ 3D-nano imaging of the biodegradation process of materials with nominal resolutions below 100 nm using nanofocused hard X-ray radiation from a synchrotron source. The flow cell setup can operate under adjustable physiological and hydrodynamic conditions. As a model material, the biodegradation of thin Mg-4Ag wires in simulated body fluid under physiological conditions and a flow rate of 1 mL/min is studied. The use of two full-field nanotomographic imaging techniques, namely transmission X-ray microscopy and near-field holotomography, is compared, revealing holotomography as the superior imaging technique for this purpose. Additionally, the importance of maintaining physiological conditions is highlighted by the preliminary results. Supporting measurements using electron microscopy to investigate the chemical composition of the samples after degradation are performed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c04054} (DOI). Reimers, J.; Trinh, H.; Wiese, B.; Meyer, S.; Brehling, J.; Flenner, S.; Hagemann, J.; Kruth, M.; Kibkalo, L.; Cwieka, H.; Hindenlang, B.; Lipinska-Chwalek, M.; Mayer, J.; Willumeit-Roemer, R.; Greving, I.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.: Development of a bioreactor-coupled flow-cell setup for 3D in situ nanotomography of Mg alloy biodegradation. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2023. vol. 15, no. 29, 35600-35610. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04054}} @misc{frbel_assessment_of_2023, author={Fröbel, U., Stark, A., Paul, J., Pyczak, F.}, title={Assessment of the capability of Zr, Y, La, Gd, Dy, C, and Si to enhance the creep strength of gamma titanium aluminide alloys based on their effect on flow stress and thermal activation parameters}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2023.108018}, abstract = {The present work examines the capacity of the elements Zr, Y, La, Gd, Dy, C, and Si to increase the structural stability and creep strength of γ titanium aluminide alloys. The elements were alloyed for this purpose to the base material Ti-44at.%Al-5at.%Nb, and were transformed into four different states of precipitate dispersions via thermomechanical treatment. The resulting materials were deformed in compression at room temperature as well as at 1023 and 1173 K. Strain-rate cycling was performed during the tests to determine the associated flow stresses and the reciprocal activations volumes of plastic deformation. This information has been used to estimate the impact of the precipitates on the athermal component of the flow stress, which significantly influences the creep properties. The results indicate that only the elements C and Si are able to effectively enhance the creep strength in the long term. The element C forms Ti3AlC precipitates, which lead to a considerable increase of the athermal stress component, whereas Si forms Ti5Si3 precipitates leading to a moderate increase of the athermal stress component but a comparatively stable microstructure. Moreover, it appears that the strengthening effects could be increased by using higher additions of C or Si.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2023.108018} (DOI). Fröbel, U.; Stark, A.; Paul, J.; Pyczak, F.: Assessment of the capability of Zr, Y, La, Gd, Dy, C, and Si to enhance the creep strength of gamma titanium aluminide alloys based on their effect on flow stress and thermal activation parameters. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023. vol. 162, 108018. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2023.108018}} @misc{tang_firstprinciples_calculations_2023, author={Tang, Y., Li, W., Li, C., Lu, S., Vitos, L., Pyczak, F.}, title={First-Principles Calculations of Elastic and Thermodynamic Properties for Multi-component Co-based Superalloys}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06891-z}, abstract = {First-principles calculations were performed to investigate the elastic and thermodynamic properties for multi-component Co-based superalloy systems and explored the effect of alloying on stabilizing the γ′ phase. First, the comparisons were carried out for the γ′ phase in Co3(Al,TM) (TM being transition metals) and Ni3Al systems between the present computational results using the EMTO-CPA method and other available DFT calculations as well as experimental data. The lattice parameters, elastic constants, and Debye temperatures are consistent with experimental results and other calculations. The predicted thermodynamic properties, e.g., the Gibbs free energy, excess entropy, and linear thermal expansion coefficient, agree well with CALPHAD results, experimental results, and other available first-principles calculations. A combination of EMTO-CPA method and Debye–Grüneisen model is utilized in this work to ensure that the alloying effect on the stability of the γ′ phase in a multi-component Co-based system is captured efficiently. This could open the path for designing novel multi-component Co-based alloys based on first-principles calculation. To demonstrate this, predictions for the properties of multicomponent systems were undertaken. Our results show that Ni aids in the stabilization of the (CoNi)3(Al, Mo, Nb) phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06891-z} (DOI). Tang, Y.; Li, W.; Li, C.; Lu, S.; Vitos, L.; Pyczak, F.: First-Principles Calculations of Elastic and Thermodynamic Properties for Multi-component Co-based Superalloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2023. vol. 54, 1635-1648. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06891-z}} @misc{solrzanokraemer_parasitic_humpbacked_2023, author={Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M., Bourdeau, C., Rosse-Guillevic, S., Hammel, J.U., Xu, C.-P., Brown, B.V.}, title={Parasitic hump-backed flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from Miocene ambers}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2021.11.002}, abstract = {Phorid flies are an abundant and diverse dipteran family in modern faunas, yet poorly represented in the fossil record. Here, we describe the first fossil species of the millipede parasitizing genus Myriophora, M. asiatica n. sp., and three new fossil species of the ant parasitizing genus Apocephalus, A. miocenus n. sp., A. dominicanus n. sp., and A. chiapanecus n. sp. discovered in Miocene amber deposits from China, Dominican Republic, and Mexico, respectively. Moreover, we add details on the species Apocephalus succineus Brown, previously described in Dominican amber, with the observation of a new specimen. We also include a dichotomous key for all Apocephalus species described in the fossil record.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2021.11.002} (DOI). Solórzano-Kraemer, M.; Bourdeau, C.; Rosse-Guillevic, S.; Hammel, J.; Xu, C.; Brown, B.: Parasitic hump-backed flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from Miocene ambers. Palaeoworld. 2023. vol. 32, no. 4, 669-685. DOI: 10.1016/j.palwor.2021.11.002}} @misc{garces_the_effect_2023, author={Garces, G., Medina, J., Perez, P., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={The effect of temperature on load partitioning evolution in magnesium metal matrix composite reinforced with Ti particles using in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.022}, abstract = {The load partitioning between the magnesium and titanium phases in an extruded Mg-15%Ti (vol.%) composite from room temperature up to 300 °C using synchrotron radiation diffraction during in-situ compression tests. During compression, the magnesium matrix composite deforms mainly by the activation of the extension twinning system up to 200 °C. The volume fraction of twins increases with the plastic strain but decrease with the compression temperature. Hard titanium particles bear an additional load transferred by the soft magnesium matrix from room temperature up to 300 °C. This effect is amplified after yield stress during plastic deformation. Additionally, twins within magnesium grains behaves as an additional reinforcement at low temperature (below 200 °C) inducing an increase in the work hardening of the composite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.022} (DOI). Garces, G.; Medina, J.; Perez, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: The effect of temperature on load partitioning evolution in magnesium metal matrix composite reinforced with Ti particles using in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2023. vol. 11, no. 2, 706-719. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.022}} @misc{flenner_hard_xray_2023, author={Flenner, S., Hagemann, J., Wittwer, F., Longo, E., Kubec, A., Rothkirch, A., David, C., Müller, M., Greving, I.}, title={Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577522012103}, abstract = {Full-field X-ray nanoimaging is a widely used tool in a broad range of scientific areas. In particular, for low-absorbing biological or medical samples, phase contrast methods have to be considered. Three well established phase contrast methods at the nanoscale are transmission X-ray microscopy with Zernike phase contrast, near-field holography and near-field ptychography. The high spatial resolution, however, often comes with the drawback of a lower signal-to-noise ratio and significantly longer scan times, compared with microimaging. In order to tackle these challenges a single-photon-counting detector has been implemented at the nanoimaging endstation of the beamline P05 at PETRA III (DESY, Hamburg) operated by Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. Thanks to the long sample-to-detector distance available, spatial resolutions of below 100 nm were reached in all three presented nanoimaging techniques. This work shows that a single-photon-counting detector in combination with a long sample-to-detector distance allows one to increase the time resolution for in situ nanoimaging, while keeping a high signal-to-noise level.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577522012103} (DOI). Flenner, S.; Hagemann, J.; Wittwer, F.; Longo, E.; Kubec, A.; Rothkirch, A.; David, C.; Müller, M.; Greving, I.: Hard X-ray full-field nanoimaging using a direct photon-counting detector. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2023. vol. 30, no. 2, 390-399. DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522012103}} @misc{rosseguillevic_the_genus_2023, author={Rosse-Guillevic, S., Peñalver, E., Hammel, J.U., León, A., Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M.}, title={The genus Plecia (Diptera: Bibionidae) in middle Miocene Dominican amber}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067755}, abstract = {Two new species of the genus Plecia (Diptera: Bibionidae) are described. The only occurrence of the genus Plecia in the Miocene amber of Dominican Republic was formerly identified as P. pristina, a species having previously been described in the Mexican Miocene fauna. The Dominican specimen is hereby studied again and attributed to a new species, Plecia jorgecaridadi n. sp., alongside another new species, Plecia surieli n. sp.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2067755} (DOI). Rosse-Guillevic, S.; Peñalver, E.; Hammel, J.; León, A.; Solórzano-Kraemer, M.: The genus Plecia (Diptera: Bibionidae) in middle Miocene Dominican amber. Historical Biology. 2023. vol. 35, no. 5, 762-779. DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2022.2067755}} @misc{wang_stacking_fault_2023, author={Wang, L., Liang, X., Liu, B., Oehring, M., Paul, J., Liu, J., Song, M., Pyczak, F., Liu, Y.}, title={Stacking fault formation in perovskite Ti3AlC carbides in a TiAl based alloy during creep at 800°C}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115034}, abstract = {The interaction between dislocations and perovskite Ti3AlC precipitates in Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.75C after being crept at 800 °C was investigated by aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy. The results show that Ti3AlC carbides can be sheared by dislocations, but unlike dislocation activity reported in other perovskite structures, stacking faults and crossed stacking fault configurations form. The stacking fault formation is induced by the shear of 1/6<112> Shockley partial dislocations that resulted from the dissociation of 1/2<110> partial dislocations. Due to enhanced local atomic reordering processes at 800 °C, nearest neighbor atom violation of the complex stacking faults was relieved and thus stacking fault formation was promoted in Ti3AlC carbides. By glide of partial dislocations, stacking faults extended along {111} planes and encountered each other to form crossed stacking fault configurations. The resulting stair-rod arrangement might further strengthen the precipitates, and thus make them strong obstacles for dislocation gliding at 800 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115034} (DOI). Wang, L.; Liang, X.; Liu, B.; Oehring, M.; Paul, J.; Liu, J.; Song, M.; Pyczak, F.; Liu, Y.: Stacking fault formation in perovskite Ti3AlC carbides in a TiAl based alloy during creep at 800°C. Scripta Materialia. 2023. vol. 222, 115034. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115034}} @misc{shen_microstructure_and_2023, author={Shen, J., Gonçalves, R., Choi, Y.T., Lopes, J.G., Yang, J., Schell, N., Kim, H.S., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded CoCrFeMnNi joints using a 308 stainless steel filler metal}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115053}, abstract = {In this paper, gas metal arc welding of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy was performed using 308 stainless steel filler wire. Electron backscatter diffraction and synchrotron X-ray diffraction were used to determine the microstructural evolution, while microhardness mapping and non-contact digital image correlation were employed to assess the local mechanical response across the welded joints. Further, thermodynamic calculations were implemented to support the understanding of the microstructure evolution. Through a systematic analysis of the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties, it is established a correlation between welding process, microstructure and mechanical properties. Besides, this work lays the foundations for the use of low-cost arc-based welding technologies for successful joining and application of welded joints based on high entropy alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115053} (DOI). Shen, J.; Gonçalves, R.; Choi, Y.; Lopes, J.; Yang, J.; Schell, N.; Kim, H.; Oliveira, J.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded CoCrFeMnNi joints using a 308 stainless steel filler metal. Scripta Materialia. 2023. vol. 222, 115053. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115053}} @misc{gabrisch_impact_of_2023, author={Gabrisch, H., Janovská, M., Rackel, M.W., Pyczak, F., Stark, A.}, title={Impact of microstructure on elastic properties in the alloy Ti-42Al-8.5 Nb}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167578}, abstract = {The microstructure of a γ-TiAl alloy containing niobium undergoes continuous transformations during annealing at 550 °C. These take place within the α2-phase of lamellar (α2 +γ) colonies. We have characterized these changes by transmission electron microscopy and made a correlation to the elastic constants determined by resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy during in-situ annealing at the same temperature. The results show a continuous increase of the E-modulus. This can be attributed to elastic strains acting within α2 lamellae as a result of lattice transformations. After 5000 h, a thermodynamic equilibrium was established with equal fractions of α2-phase and O-phase that differ only in lattice symmetry and Nb content. Generally, the presence of O-phase should contribute to lower elastic moduli, however in the present case the evolving microstructural characteristics were responsible for the observed increase in the E-modulus.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167578} (DOI). Gabrisch, H.; Janovská, M.; Rackel, M.; Pyczak, F.; Stark, A.: Impact of microstructure on elastic properties in the alloy Ti-42Al-8.5 Nb. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023. vol. 932, 167578. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167578}} @misc{kumar_xray_microtomography_2023, author={Kumar, R., Besson, J., King, A., Dahl, A., Morgeneyer, T.F.}, title={X-ray microtomography investigation of damage fields ahead of cracks in CT and SENT C-Mn steel samples}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-022-00674-8}, abstract = {To reduce over conservative safety margins, toughness may be assessed by Single Edge Notched Tensile (SENT) testing in addition to Compact Tension (CT) testing. Higher crack growth resistance is found during SENT testing compared to CT testing for the studied 15NiCuMoNb5 (WB36) ferritic steel. To identify differences in damage mechanisms for the two samples that might explain these differences, synchrotron microtomography is carried out on stopped cracks cut from CT and SENT samples. They are complemented by post mortem fractography and elasto-plastic 3D finite element simulations. For the CT sample, substantial growth of voids is found, that primarily nucleated on MnS particles, leading to a rough crack with a diffuse crack tip. In contrast, the SENT sample shows limited void growth and a very defined and smooth crack with a damage free fan shaped zone ahead of the crack. Complementary high-resolution fractography also shows very small dimples for the SENT sample that is linked to nucleation on carbides. Damage quantification in regions of interest (ROIs) of 50 µm length showed void volume fractions up to 7% for the CT sample over hundreds of micrometres while the narrow damage zone of the SENT sample showed void volume fraction below 1%. An internal length of about 150 µm below which the result of damage analysis does not change has been found for the CT sample. The damage free zone in the SENT sample is attributed to the fact that the strain in this region is low according to finite element simulations. The results indicate that the damage mechanisms change between the two samples and that secondary nucleation on carbides needs to be accounted for to model failure in SENT samples.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-022-00674-8} (DOI). Kumar, R.; Besson, J.; King, A.; Dahl, A.; Morgeneyer, T.: X-ray microtomography investigation of damage fields ahead of cracks in CT and SENT C-Mn steel samples. International Journal of Fracture. 2023. vol. 239, 233-254. DOI: 10.1007/s10704-022-00674-8}} @misc{amherdhidalgo_highoxygen_mim_2023, author={Amherd Hidalgo, A., Ebel, T., Frykholm, R., Carreño-Morelli, E., Pyczak, F.}, title={High-oxygen MIM Ti-6Al-7Nb: Microstructure, tensile and fatigue properties}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104982}, abstract = {The intention to make cost-effective titanium parts by powder metallurgy (PM) is a challenge. The oxygen content in PM titanium alloys depends on the powder production method used and increases during handling and sintering of powders. This paper contributes to understand the influence of oxygen on tensile and high cycle fatigue (HCF) properties of Ti‐6Al‐7Nb processed by MIM. It was confirmed that oxygen could purposely be used as a potent strengthener. However, special attention has to be paid if using an excessive amount of oxygen that might cause a dramatic drop of ductility due to deformation mode changes and evolution of non-equilibrium microstructures. It has been determined that such a non-equilibrium microstructure contributes to strengthening and loss of ductility and it can be controlled using an optimised cooling rate during the sintering cycle. Moreover, it was found that oxygen produces a progressive reduction of HCF properties. In summary, this study validates the tolerance of MIM α + β titanium alloys to certain amounts of oxygen content in relation to the mechanical properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104982} (DOI). Amherd Hidalgo, A.; Ebel, T.; Frykholm, R.; Carreño-Morelli, E.; Pyczak, F.: High-oxygen MIM Ti-6Al-7Nb: Microstructure, tensile and fatigue properties. Materials Today Communications. 2023. vol. 34, 104982. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104982}} @misc{bernardi_fatigue_behaviour_2023, author={Bernardi, M., Suhuddin, U., Fu, B., Gerber, J., Bianchi, M., Ostrovsky, I., Sievers, B., Faes, K., Maawad, E., Lazzeri, L., dos Santos, J., Klusemann, B.}, title={Fatigue behaviour of multi-spot joints of 2024-T3 aluminium sheets obtained by refill Friction Stir Spot Welding with polysulfide sealant}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107539}, abstract = {The aeronautical industry is looking with interest at friction-based welding for many years due to weight-saving capacities, where fusion-based welding problems can be avoided, allowing also the joining of materials considered complicated to weld with other technologies. Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (refill FSSW) is a solid-state joining process that shows great potential to be a substitute for single-point joining processes like riveting. The main objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of multi-spot joints of AA 2024-T3 obtained by refill FSSW with the addition of a sealant commonly used in riveted joints by the aviation industry. A fatigue test campaign was carried out on the joints with and without sealant to evaluate the possible synergy between the refill FSSW and sealant. The fatigue data obtained are statistically analyzed and compared. According to the comprehensive study including macro- and micro-structure, deformation strain field, residual stress distribution as well as the fatigue crack growth behaviour, the underlying history of multi-spot joints fatigue damage is revealed. The overall results prove that producing lap-joints by refill FSSW with sealant improves considerably the fatigue performance.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107539} (DOI). Bernardi, M.; Suhuddin, U.; Fu, B.; Gerber, J.; Bianchi, M.; Ostrovsky, I.; Sievers, B.; Faes, K.; Maawad, E.; Lazzeri, L.; dos Santos, J.; Klusemann, B.: Fatigue behaviour of multi-spot joints of 2024-T3 aluminium sheets obtained by refill Friction Stir Spot Welding with polysulfide sealant. International Journal of Fatigue. 2023. vol. 172, 107539. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107539}} @misc{ma_break_through_2023, author={Ma, Y., Chen, H., Zhang, M.-X., Addad, A., Kong, Y., Lezaack, M.B., Gan, W., Chen, Z., Ji, G.}, title={Break through the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in aluminum matrix composites via precipitation-assisted interface tailoring}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118470}, abstract = {Strength-ductility trade-off is usually an inevitable scenario in most engineering materials, including metal matrix composites (MMCs) where reinforcement particles significantly degrade ductility. The decrease of ductility is mainly attributed to dislocation pile-ups at the high mismatch interface between reinforcement particles and matrix, which can not lead to effective dislocation multiplication and annihilation, finally leading to a low work hardening rate. To address this challenge, herein we propose a precipitation-assisted interface tailoring (PAIT) mechanism to improve the coherency of interface between reinforcement particles and matrix by introducing an interphase (IP). To achieve this PAIT mechanism, we design a manufacturing process combining the conventional casting, friction stir processing (FSP), hot extrusion with heat treatment. A TiB2/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composite fabricated with this process shows higher strength and ductility, which stand out from most available Al-based materials. In this composite, a Mg(Zn1.5Cu0.5) IP is introduced to improve the coherency and strength of the TiB2/Al interface by transforming the high mismatch TiB2/Al interface into the low mismatch TiB2/IP/Al multi-interfaces (i.e. sandwich structure). This effectively promotes dislocation multiplication and subsequent dislocation annihilation to increase the work hardening rate by restricting the dislocation pile-ups surrounding the interface, thus leading to a higher ductility. Our study aims to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off of MMCs by tailoring interface structure, which can provide insight into the production of high-performance MMCs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118470} (DOI). Ma, Y.; Chen, H.; Zhang, M.; Addad, A.; Kong, Y.; Lezaack, M.; Gan, W.; Chen, Z.; Ji, G.: Break through the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in aluminum matrix composites via precipitation-assisted interface tailoring. Acta Materialia. 2023. vol. 242, 118470. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118470}} @misc{hauck_overcoming_water_2023, author={Hauck, M., Saure, L.M., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Kaps, S., Hammel, J., Mohr, C., Rieck, L., Nia, A.S., Feng, X., Pugno, N.M., Adelung, R., Schütt, F.}, title={Overcoming water diffusion limitations in hydrogels via microtubular graphene networks for soft actuators}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302816}, abstract = {Hydrogel-based soft actuators can operate in sensitive environments, bridging the gap of rigid machines interacting with soft matter. However, while stimuli-responsive hydrogels can undergo extreme reversible volume changes of up to ≈90%, water transport in hydrogel actuators is in general limited by their poroelastic behavior. For poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) the actuation performance is even further compromised by the formation of a dense skin layer. Here it is shown, that incorporating a bioinspired microtube graphene network into a PNIPAM matrix with a total porosity of only 5.4% dramatically enhances actuation dynamics by up to ≈400% and actuation stress by ≈4000% without sacrificing the mechanical stability, overcoming the water transport limitations. The graphene network provides both untethered light-controlled and electrically powered actuation. It is anticipated that the concept provides a versatile platform for enhancing the functionality of soft matter by combining responsive and 2D materials, paving the way toward designing soft intelligent matter.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202302816} (DOI). Hauck, M.; Saure, L.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Kaps, S.; Hammel, J.; Mohr, C.; Rieck, L.; Nia, A.; Feng, X.; Pugno, N.; Adelung, R.; Schütt, F.: Overcoming water diffusion limitations in hydrogels via microtubular graphene networks for soft actuators. Advanced Materials. 2023. 2302816. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302816}} @misc{liu_comparison_on_2023, author={Liu, Q., Song, J., Shen, Q., Wu, L., Jiang, B., Gan, W., Zheng, K., Pan, F.}, title={Comparison on crack propagation under tension at 150 °C of Mg-2Zn-1.5Mn alloy sheets with and without crack notch}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.030}, abstract = {Generally, edge crack of rolled magnesium alloy sheets initiates in the RD (rolling direction)-ND (normal direction) plane and then propagate in the RD-TD (transverse direction) plane. Hence, the Mg-2Zn-1.5Mn (ZM21) alloy sheets with and without crack notch were designed to carry out in-situ tensile experiments under 150 °C (the same temperature of rolling), with the aim to understand their crack propagation mechanism. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques were utilized to reveal microstructural evolution in real time at designated displacements. The results show that the prismatic slip, basal slip, and extension twining play synergistic role in coordinating strain during the tensile process in ZM21 alloy sheet at 150 °C. In both tensile samples with and without crack notch, localized strain is mainly concentrated at relatively fine grain area and the grain boundaries or triple junctions of the grains with large basal Schmid factor (SF) difference, which eventually leads to severe surface roughening and subsequent crack initiation. Compared with the sample without crack notch, the pre-cracked sample exhibits severer deformation at the crack tip due to strain concentration. Strain gradient distribution is observed at the crack tip region in the pre-cracked sample. The crack propagation path of the sample with pre-crack is identified and the underlying mechanism is also discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.030} (DOI). Liu, Q.; Song, J.; Shen, Q.; Wu, L.; Jiang, B.; Gan, W.; Zheng, K.; Pan, F.: Comparison on crack propagation under tension at 150 °C of Mg-2Zn-1.5Mn alloy sheets with and without crack notch. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2023. vol. 11, no. 5, 1536-1548. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.030}} @misc{jakob_evolution_of_2023, author={Jakob, S., Lorich, A., Knabl, W., Stark, A., Staron, P., Clemens, H., Spoerk-Erdely, P., Maier-Kiener, V.}, title={Evolution of nano-pores during annealing of technically pure molybdenum sheet produced from different sintered formats}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.106032}, abstract = {Molybdenum is a refractory metal with no phase transformation in the solid state and a high melting point. It is therefore an excellent structural material for various high temperature applications. Especially in this field of operation, significant creep resistance is essential. To achieve this, a microstructure with grains in the range of millimeters is desired. However, as demonstrated in the present study, the onset temperature for secondary recrystallization, which would lead to a beneficial grain size, is among other things dependent on the initial dimensions of the sintered part. One possible reason for the different microstructural evolutions is the influence of residual pores in sub-micrometer size. Sheets were thus fabricated via three different production routes employing the same initial Mo powder to exclude chemical variation as an influencing factor. The samples were investigated by in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering at a synchrotron radiation source with two different heating rates. Additionally, selected annealed samples were studied ex-situ with high energy X-rays. The apparent volume fraction of pores is compared to a volatilization model for the vaporization of typical accompanying elements and the induced thermal expansion.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.106032} (DOI). Jakob, S.; Lorich, A.; Knabl, W.; Stark, A.; Staron, P.; Clemens, H.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Maier-Kiener, V.: Evolution of nano-pores during annealing of technically pure molybdenum sheet produced from different sintered formats. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023. vol. 110, 106032. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2022.106032}} @misc{haug_35_millionyearold_2023, author={Haug, C., Baranov, V.A., Hörnig, M.K., Gauweiler, J., Hammel, J.U., Perkovsky, E.E., Haug, J.T.}, title={35 million-year-old solid-wood-borer beetle larvae support the idea of stressed Eocene amber forests}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-022-00552-0}, abstract = {Eocene amber is an important window into the past about 35 million years ago. The large quantities of resin produced by this forest of the past, resulting in amber, triggered the idea of a forest under stress. Recent findings of higher abundances of hoverfly larvae in Eocene amber, in the modern fauna often associated with wood-borer larvae, provided a hint that wood-borer larvae may have contributed to this stress. Yet, so far only few such larvae have been reported. We have compiled a dozen additional wood-borer larvae in amber, including a giant one of at least 35 mm length in Rovno amber. Heavily damaged fossils furthermore indicate that larger larvae of this type were prone to oxidation and that, at least some, enigmatic tube-like tunnels in larger amber pieces may represent remains of large wood-borer larvae. This find strongly indicates that wood-borer larvae were not rare, but common in the Eocene amber forest, which is compatible with the high abundances of hoverfly larvae and further supports the idea of a forest under stress. Whether the possible higher abundances of wood-borer larvae were the cause of the stress or a symptom of an already stressed forest remains so far unclear.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-022-00552-0} (DOI). Haug, C.; Baranov, V.; Hörnig, M.; Gauweiler, J.; Hammel, J.; Perkovsky, E.; Haug, J.: 35 million-year-old solid-wood-borer beetle larvae support the idea of stressed Eocene amber forests. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 2023. vol. 103, 521-530. DOI: 10.1007/s12549-022-00552-0}} @misc{hummel_analysis_on_2023, author={Hummel, M., Hagenlocher, C., Haeusler, A., Hollatz, S., Lind, J., Olowinsky, A., Gillner, A., Beckmann, F., Moosmann, J., Weber, R., Graf, T., Häfner, C.}, title={Analysis on the influence of vapor capillary aspect ratio on pore formation in laser beam welding of aluminum}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.117862}, abstract = {Laser welds of electrical components made of highly conductive and light weight aluminum material are essential for the successful transformation of the energy and mobility sector towards renewable energy solutions. To generate a deeper understanding of this important laser welding process and to evaluate process dynamics, it is inevitable to use modern in situ analysis methods. In this work, in situ phase-contrast high-speed videography using synchrotron radiation is used for the first time to analyse the behaviour of different aspect ratios of the vapor capillary (capillary depth/focal diameter) on the stability and thus the porosity of laser welds. The phase contrast method reveals the phase boundaries between solid, liquid, and gaseous material phases and allows the quantitative analysis of the capillary depth and the porosity for different laser parameters and focal diameters. The study is based on the hypothesis that vapor capillaries with high aspect ratio are less influenced by the variation in the degree of energy coupling of the laser radiation, allowing a more stable process without the formation of pores. As result of the investigations, the welding processes with high aspect ratios show no formation of pores and thus higher capillary stability. A value for the aspect ratio of about 10 is identified as a geometric limit, above which pore formation in the processes no longer occurs. The findings are used to derive advice for a quality-specific process design in laser manufacturing processes of metallic materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.117862} (DOI). Hummel, M.; Hagenlocher, C.; Haeusler, A.; Hollatz, S.; Lind, J.; Olowinsky, A.; Gillner, A.; Beckmann, F.; Moosmann, J.; Weber, R.; Graf, T.; Häfner, C.: Analysis on the influence of vapor capillary aspect ratio on pore formation in laser beam welding of aluminum. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2023. vol. 312, 117862. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2023.117862}} @misc{kaufmann_characterization_of_2023, author={Kaufmann, F., Forster, C., Hummel, M., Olowinsky, A., Beckmann, F., Moosmann, J., Roth, S., Schmidt, M.}, title={Characterization of Vapor Capillary Geometry in Laser Beam Welding of Copper with 515 nm and 1030 nm Laser Beam Sources by Means of In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Imaging}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010135}, abstract = {Laser welding of copper is being used with increasing demand for contacting applications in electric components such as batteries, power electronics, and electric drives. With its local, non-contact energy input and high automation capability enabling reproducible weld quality, this joining technology represents a key enabler of future mobility systems. However, a major challenge in process design is the combination of energy efficiency and precise process guidance in terms of weld seam depth and defect prevention (i.e., spatter and melt ejections) due to the high electrical and thermal conductivity of copper. High-power lasers in the near infrared wavelength range (𝜆 ≈ 1 μm) and excellent beam quality provide an established joining solution for this purpose; nevertheless, the low absorptivity (≤5%) advocates novel beam sources at visible wavelengths due to altered absorptivity (40% at 515 nm) characteristics as an improved tool. In order to understand the influence of laser wavelength and process parameters on the vapor capillary geometry, in situ synchrotron investigations on Cu-ETP with 515 nm and 1030 nm laser sources with the same spot diameter are compared. The material phase contrast analysis was successfully used to distinguish keyhole and melt pool phase boundaries during the welding process. A significantly different sensitivity of the keyhole depth in relation to the feed rate was found, which is increased for the infrared laser. This behavior could be attributed to the increased effect of multiple reflections at 1030 nm.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010135} (DOI). Kaufmann, F.; Forster, C.; Hummel, M.; Olowinsky, A.; Beckmann, F.; Moosmann, J.; Roth, S.; Schmidt, M.: Characterization of Vapor Capillary Geometry in Laser Beam Welding of Copper with 515 nm and 1030 nm Laser Beam Sources by Means of In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Imaging. Metals. 2023. vol. 13, no. 1, 135. DOI: 10.3390/met13010135}} @misc{mccluskey_advice_on_2023, author={McCluskey, A., Caruana, A., Kinane, C., Armstrong, A., Arnold, T., Cooper, J., Cortie, D., Hughes, A., Moulin, J., Nelson, A., Potrzebowski, W., Starostin, V.}, title={Advice on describing Bayesian analysis of neutron and X-ray reflectometry}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576722011426}, abstract = {As a result of the availability of modern software and hardware, Bayesian analysis is becoming more popular in neutron and X-ray reflectometry analysis. The understandability and replicability of these analyses may be harmed by inconsistencies in how the probability distributions central to Bayesian methods are represented in the literature. Herein advice is provided on how to report the results of Bayesian analysis as applied to neutron and X-ray reflectometry. This includes the clear reporting of initial starting conditions, the prior probabilities, the results of any analysis and the posterior probabilities that are the Bayesian equivalent of the error bar, to enable replicability and improve understanding. It is believed that this advice, grounded in the authors' experience working in the field, will enable greater analytical reproducibility in the work of the reflectometry community, and improve the quality and usability of results.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576722011426} (DOI). McCluskey, A.; Caruana, A.; Kinane, C.; Armstrong, A.; Arnold, T.; Cooper, J.; Cortie, D.; Hughes, A.; Moulin, J.; Nelson, A.; Potrzebowski, W.; Starostin, V.: Advice on describing Bayesian analysis of neutron and X-ray reflectometry. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2023. vol. 56, no. 1, 12-17. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576722011426}} @misc{ribamar_austenite_carbon_2023, author={Ribamar, G.G., Escobar, J.D., Kwiatkowski da Silva, A., Schell, N., Ávila, J.A., Nishikawa, A.S., Oliveira, J.P., Goldenstein, H.}, title={Austenite carbon enrichment and decomposition during quenching and tempering of high silicon high carbon bearing steel}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118742}, abstract = {The addition of Si to steels is a well stablished method to delay cementite precipitation, allowing for carbon partitioning from martensite to retained austenite during tempering. It has been argued that carbon enrichment and stabilization of austenite leads to increased ductility and toughness. This has been the main motivation for the development of novel heat treatments, such as quenching and partitioning. High carbon steels can also benefit from improved ductility provided by the presence of stabilized retained austenite. However, the process of carbon partitioning is less understood due to the increased tendency for competitive carbide formation with increasing carbon content. The present work investigates the austenite carbon partitioning and austenite decomposition phenomena in a modified 1.82 wt.% Si hypereutectoid bearing steel during tempering. Dilatometry, in-situ and ex-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, 3D atom probe tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and hardness measurements were used. The results are discussed based on different equilibrium states between α' and carbides. It was found that carbon partitioning towards retained austenite occurs for several minutes without significant phase decomposition at temperatures lower than 300 °C. A transition temperature between prevalent austenite carbon enrichment and austenite decomposition occurs at 350 °C. Secondary cementite precipitation inside martensite, and at the α'/γ interfaces, is observed during tempering at temperatures above 400 °C. Results from constrained carbon equilibrium modeling with carbide presence indicate that homogeneously dispersed spheroidized primary cementite has little influence in the carbon partitioning phenomenon.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118742} (DOI). Ribamar, G.; Escobar, J.; Kwiatkowski da Silva, A.; Schell, N.; Ávila, J.; Nishikawa, A.; Oliveira, J.; Goldenstein, H.: Austenite carbon enrichment and decomposition during quenching and tempering of high silicon high carbon bearing steel. Acta Materialia. 2023. vol. 247, 118742. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118742}} @misc{sefa_multiscale_morphological_2023, author={Sefa, S., Espiritu, J., Ćwieka, H., Greving, I., Flenner, S., Will, O., Beuer, S., Wieland, D.C.F., Willumeit-Römer, R., Zeller-Plumhoff, B.}, title={Multiscale morphological analysis of bone microarchitecture around Mg-10Gd implants}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.017}, abstract = {The utilization of biodegradable magnesium (Mg)-based implants for restoration of bone function following trauma represents a transformative approach in orthopaedic application. One such alloy, magnesium-10 weight percent gadolinium (Mg-10Gd), has been specifically developed to address the rapid degradation of Mg while enhancing its mechanical properties to promote bone healing. Previous studies have demonstrated that Mg-10Gd exhibits favorable osseointegration; however, it exhibits distinct ultrastructural adaptation in comparison to conventional implants like titanium (Ti). A crucial aspect that remains unexplored is the impact of Mg-10Gd degradation on the bone microarchitecture. To address this, we employed hierarchical three-dimensional imaging using synchrotron radiation in conjunction with image-based finite element modelling. By using the methods outlined, the vascular porosity, lacunar porosity and the lacunar-canaliculi network (LCN) morphology of bone around Mg-10Gd in comparison to Ti in a rat model from 4 weeks to 20 weeks post-implantation was investigated. Our investigation revealed that within our observation period, the degradation of Mg-10Gd implants was associated with significantly lower (p < 0.05) lacunar density in the surrounding bone, compared to Ti. Remarkably, the LCN morphology and the fluid flow analysis did not significantly differ for both implant types. In summary, a more pronounced lower lacunae distribution rather than their morphological changes was detected in the surrounding bone upon the degradation of Mg-10Gd implants. This implies potential disparities in bone remodelling rates when compared to Ti implants. Our findings shed light on the intricate relationship between Mg-10Gd degradation and bone microarchitecture, contributing to a deeper understanding of the implications for successful osseointegration.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.017} (DOI). Sefa, S.; Espiritu, J.; Ćwieka, H.; Greving, I.; Flenner, S.; Will, O.; Beuer, S.; Wieland, D.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.: Multiscale morphological analysis of bone microarchitecture around Mg-10Gd implants. Bioactive Materials. 2023. vol. 30, 154-168. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.07.017}} @misc{duan_deformationinduced_homogenization_2023, author={Duan, C., Kostka, A., Li, X., Peng, Z., Kutlesa, P., Pippan, R., Werner, E.}, title={Deformation-induced homogenization of the multi-phase senary high-entropy alloy MoNbTaTiVZr processed by high-pressure torsion}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144923}, abstract = {Dendritic microstructures are frequently observed in as-solidified refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), and their homogenization typically requires a long-term heat treatment at extremely high temperatures. High-pressure torsion (HPT) has been shown to be capable of mixing immiscible systems at room temperature, and therefore represents a promising technique for homogenizing dendritic RHEAs. In this work, the as-solidified RHEA MoNbTaTiVZr was processed up to 40 revolutions by HPT. It was found that the dendritic microstructure was eliminated, resulting in a chemical homogeneity at a von Mises equivalent shear strain of about 400. The study of deformation mechanism showed an initial strain localization, followed by a co-deformation of the dendritic and interdendritic regions. In the co-deformation step, the Zr-rich interdendritic region gradually disappeared. The deformation-induced mixing also led to the formation of an ultra-fine grained (UFG) microstructure, exhibiting a grain size of approximately 50 nm. The microhardness increased from 500 HV in the as-solidified to 675 HV in the homogenized UFG state. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the microhardness enhancement, such as grain refinement and solid solution strengthening, were also discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144923} (DOI). Duan, C.; Kostka, A.; Li, X.; Peng, Z.; Kutlesa, P.; Pippan, R.; Werner, E.: Deformation-induced homogenization of the multi-phase senary high-entropy alloy MoNbTaTiVZr processed by high-pressure torsion. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023. vol. 871, 144923. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.144923}} @misc{zhang_deformation_processes_2023, author={Zhang, W., Shen, J., Oliveira, J.P., Wang, H., Feng, S., Schell, N., Kooi, B.J., Pei, Y.}, title={Deformation processes of additively manufactured interstitial-strengthened high entropy alloy: In-situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction and microstructural appraisal}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103791}, abstract = {Additively manufactured components often exhibit pronounced anisotropy due to the heterogeneous microstructure generated by the complex and repetitive thermal cycling history. Grain orientation is one of the determinant microstructural features that influences the activation of different deformation mechanisms. In this work, laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) was applied to fabricate Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.5 interstitial-strengthened high entropy alloy (iHEA). Fabrication was performed at angles of 0° and 90° relative to the main laser scanning direction, and the plastic deformation behavior of these two oriented specimens was studied. The initial microstructure of the LPBF-built iHEA was composed of a complex heterogeneous columnar grains containing high-density dislocation network and a large number of stacking faults, as well as nano-precipitates and elemental segregation of Mn at subgrain boundaries. During uniaxial tension in-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HE-SXRD) was performed to track the deformation processes and mechanisms of this metastable iHEA. The influence of different deformation mechanisms on the mechanical responses of the current LPBF-built iHEA was scrutinized combining in-situ HE-SXRD with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, which not only gives insights into the macrostructural evolution but also provides comprehensive characterization on microstructural responses and the orientation-dependent effects imposed by the fabrication constraints originally imposed. The implemented multiscale characterization revealed the presence of a strain-induced fcc to hcp phase transformation, which is influenced by the growth texture close to <110> along the building direction. Moreover, EBSD and TEM analysis of the fracture regions uncovered the formation of nanosized deformation twins, confirming the simultaneous activation of phase transformation- and twinning-induced plasticity (TRIP and TWIP) effects. The results obtained in this work gain new insights into orientation-dependent deformation behavior of additively manufactured iHEA, which facilitates the microstructural design when exploiting the TRIP/TWIP effects.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103791} (DOI). Zhang, W.; Shen, J.; Oliveira, J.; Wang, H.; Feng, S.; Schell, N.; Kooi, B.; Pei, Y.: Deformation processes of additively manufactured interstitial-strengthened high entropy alloy: In-situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction and microstructural appraisal. Additive Manufacturing. 2023. vol. 76, 103791. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103791}} @misc{rout_formation_of_2023, author={Rout, S.S., Storz, J., Davydok, A., Bischoff, A., John, T., Krywka, C., Ritter, M.}, title={Formation of diamond and lonsdaleite in ureilites by impact shock processing of graphite}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14082}, abstract = {The origin of diamond in ureilites has been frequently debated. We investigated carbon phase assemblages (CPAs) in five ureilitic samples of the brecciated asteroid 2008 TC3, found within the Almahata Sitta (AHS) strewn field, by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and cathodoluminescence. Samples MS-MU 006, MS-187, and MS-170, are of low to moderate shock degree (U-S2 and U-S3), and samples MS-MU 027 (U-S4) and MS-MU 045 (U-S5) have a higher shock degree. In MS-MU 006 and MS-187, we did not find any diamond grains. MS-170 contains disordered and distorted graphite with diamond grains up to 12 μm in size and containing inclusions of Fe,Ni-metal, FeS, Fe-phosphide, and Cr,Fe-oxide. These diamond grains formed under relatively low (5–15 GPa) shock pressures through a catalytic process in the presence of a Fe,Ni,Cr,S,P-rich melt. The highly shocked and fine-grained ureilites MS-MU 027 and MS-MU 045 have three different types of CPAs, namely a nanopolycrystalline assemblage of diamond and defect-rich diamond/lonsdaleite, disordered and distorted graphite, and polycrystalline diamond with abundant Fe-rich mineral inclusions. The CPAs that have only diamond and planar defect-rich diamond (e.g., MS-MU 027) most likely formed through martensitic transformation of graphite to diamond and lonsdaleite at >15 GPa and >2000 K. The assemblage of diamond, defect-rich diamond, and disordered and distorted graphite (e.g., MS-MU 045) formed by martensitic transformation of graphite to diamond and lonsdaleite, followed by back-transformation to disordered graphite. We did not find any conclusive evidence to support the formation of diamond grains under high static pressure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14082} (DOI). Rout, S.; Storz, J.; Davydok, A.; Bischoff, A.; John, T.; Krywka, C.; Ritter, M.: Formation of diamond and lonsdaleite in ureilites by impact shock processing of graphite. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 2023. vol. 58, no. 10, 1469-1494. DOI: 10.1111/maps.14082}} @misc{otte_kinetics_of_2023, author={Otte, A.L., Mai, P.T., Stark, A., Hoelzel, M., Hofmann, M., Gibmeier, J.}, title={Kinetics of martensite decomposition and microstructure stability of Ti-6246 during rapid heating to service temperatures}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030484}, abstract = {The aerospace alloy Ti-6246 was subjected to inductive heat treatments with high heating and quenching rates (up to 1500 K/s) while being applied to an in situ diffraction study at the HEMS beamline P07B at DESY. Thereby, the characterization of the emerging phases was possible at any point in the process. The heat treatment schedules include the preparation of Ti-6246 samples by means of a homogenization treatment and subsequent quenching to trigger α″-martensite formation. In order to simulate fast reheating within the scope of application, the samples were reheated to the upper range of possible service temperatures (550–650 °C) with a heating rate of 100 K/s. In a second heat treatment design, the homogenized and quenched sample state was exposed to high-temperature tempering at 840 °C, which aims for the elimination of α″. Again, fast reheating to the same service temperatures was executed. With the aim of this approach, the stability of the microstructure consisting of α-Ti, β-Ti and α″-martensite was characterized. Further, the martensite decomposition path was analyzed. It shows a two-tier nature, firstly approaching the bcc β-unit cell in the low-temperature range (<400 °C) but subsequently transforming into an hcp-like unit cell and later on into equilibrium α-Ti.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met13030484} (DOI). Otte, A.; Mai, P.; Stark, A.; Hoelzel, M.; Hofmann, M.; Gibmeier, J.: Kinetics of martensite decomposition and microstructure stability of Ti-6246 during rapid heating to service temperatures. Metals. 2023. vol. 13, no. 3, 484. DOI: 10.3390/met13030484}} @misc{shen_deformation_behavior_2023, author={Shen, J., Lopes, J.G., Zeng, Z., Choi, Y.T., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Kim, H.S., Mishra, R.S., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Deformation behavior and strengthening effects of an eutectic AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy probed by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and post-mortem EBSD}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144946}, abstract = {In this work, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used during tensile testing of an as-cast eutectic AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy. Aside, from determining for the first time the volume fractions of existing phases, we further detail their role on the alloy deformation behavior. The two major phases, a soft disordered FCC and a hard ordered B2 BCC, were observed to exhibit a stress partitioning effect which can be used to modulate the mechanical response of the material based on the relative volume fraction of each phase. Dislocation density analysis revealed that the soft FCC phase had a significantly higher dislocation density right after the onset of plastic deformation. This is attributed to the existence of strain gradients across the lamellar structure, where the hard B2 BCC prevents free deformation of the FCC phase. Nonetheless, despite the increase of the dislocation density in the soft FCC phase, calculations of the strengthening effects induced by generation of dislocations are more significant in the hard B2 BCC phases, as this phase is primarily responsible for the strength increase in the alloy. Besides, the evolutions in dislocation density of the soft FCC and hard B2 BCC phases during tensile deformation obtained from synchrotron X-ray diffraction data are consistent with the evolution of KAM determined by EBSD characterization. Also, lattice strain analysis across two principal directions (parallel and perpendicular to the loading axis) reveals that for these specific orientations there is a preferential deformation of the hard FCC planes which can be related to the deformation response of specific lattice planes at distinct orientations, as well as to the phase partitioning stress behavior.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144946} (DOI). Shen, J.; Lopes, J.; Zeng, Z.; Choi, Y.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Kim, H.; Mishra, R.; Oliveira, J.: Deformation behavior and strengthening effects of an eutectic AlCoCrFeNi2.1 high entropy alloy probed by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and post-mortem EBSD. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023. vol. 872, 144946. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.144946}} @misc{vollmer_time_resolved_2023, author={Vollmer, M., Degener, S., Bolender, A., Bauer, A., Liehr, A., Stark, A., Schell, N., Barriobero-Vila, P., Requena, G., Niendorf, T.}, title={Time resolved insights into abnormal grain growth by in situ synchrotron measurements}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119168}, abstract = {Large oligo-crystalline or single-crystalline metallic materials are of great interest for numerous applications, and a recently developed strategy for promoting abnormal grain growth induced by a cyclic heat treatment opens up new opportunities to manufacture single crystals with a size of several centimeters. So far, the entire available knowledge on this kind of abnormal grain growth has been elaborated based on time discrete observations and, thus, detailed insights into the interplay of elementary mechanisms are still lacking in open literature. The present study reveals time resolved insights into this kind of abnormal grain growth for the first time. It was possible to break down the influence of the individual heat treatment phases by in situ synchrotron high energy X-ray diffraction analysis during cyclic heat treatment. The results obtained not only help to gain a deep understanding of the abnormal grain growth mechanisms, they will also be the basis for an adjustment of the cyclic heat treatment process to improve its efficiency and to eventually obtain even larger single crystals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119168} (DOI). Vollmer, M.; Degener, S.; Bolender, A.; Bauer, A.; Liehr, A.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Barriobero-Vila, P.; Requena, G.; Niendorf, T.: Time resolved insights into abnormal grain growth by in situ synchrotron measurements. Acta Materialia. 2023. vol. 257, 119168. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2023.119168}} @misc{shi_recrystallization_texture_2023, author={Shi, H., Gan, W., Esling, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Maawad, E., Stark, A., Li, X., Wang, L.}, title={Recrystallization texture evolution of cold-rolled Cu foils governed by microstructural and sample geometrical factors during heating}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112605}, abstract = {With the increased use of 2D materials for instrument minimization, research on recrystallization texture of cold-deformed metal foils during annealing becomes attractive, as the recrystallization process is also subjected to external constraints (biaxial thermal strain and surface energy) in addition to the microstructural factors. In this work, the orientation evolution of cold-rolled Cu foils (10 μm thick) during heating was thoroughly investigated macroscopically by neutron and synchrotron radiation diffraction and microscopically by SEM-EBSD, combined with crystallographic analysis. The results showed that the foils underwent a transition from the cold-rolling texture to a recrystallization texture dominated by two rotated orientations, i.e., RD-rotated Cube and φ2-rotated Copper. The transition was screened by both intrinsic microstructural and extrinsic geometrical factors. The orientations of the nuclei were mainly inherited from the deformation orientations. Those with low Taylor factors (Cube, Goss and Brass) demonstrated size preference. The post-nucleation growth was affected by the biaxial thermal elastic constraint and surface energy. Due to their opposite effects, the orientations having moderate biaxial moduli and surface energy density (S, Copper, Brass and recrystallization components) survived, resulting in a mixed texture at the completion of recrystallization. The coherent Σ3 boundaries between the new components stabilized their growth through consuming the other crystals separated by random high-angle boundaries. The present results provide quantitative information on recrystallization texture and contribute to deepening the understanding of the recrystallization behavior of cold-worked metals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112605} (DOI). Shi, H.; Gan, W.; Esling, C.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Maawad, E.; Stark, A.; Li, X.; Wang, L.: Recrystallization texture evolution of cold-rolled Cu foils governed by microstructural and sample geometrical factors during heating. Materials Characterization. 2023. vol. 196, 112605. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112605}} @misc{bcke_decomposition_pathways_2023, author={Bäcke, O., Kalbfleisch, S., Stiens, D., Manns, T., Davydok, A., Halvarsson, M., Hörnqvist Colliander, M.}, title={Decomposition pathways in nano-lamellar CVD Ti0.2Al0.8N}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2023.101833}, abstract = {Recent progress in chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technology has enabled synthesis of metastable cubic TiAlN coatings with as high as 0.8–0.9. These coatings have unique micro- and nano-structures consisting of grains with epitaxially grown nanolamellae with different Al/Ti ratios, and exhibit exceptional hardness and resistance to wear and oxidation. Here, the thermal stability and decomposition of nano-lamellar CVD Ti0.2Al0.8N at temperatures between 800 and 1000 °C have been investigated using a combination of cross-sectional transmission X-ray nano-diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy. The decomposition started by formation of hexagonal AlN (h-AlN) in the grain boundaries throughout the coating. Below 900 °C, only limited further decomposition of the grain interiors occurred. At higher temperatures the formation of grain boundary h-AlN was followed by a bulk transformation of the nano-lamellar structure, starting at the top of the coating and subsequently sweeping inwards. The bulk transformation occurred initially through spinodal decomposition, followed by transformation of the Al-rich cubic phase to h-AlN, leading to a coarsened structure with Ti-rich domains in a h-AlN matrix. The behaviour is explained by the higher capability of grain boundaries and free surfaces to accommodate the volumetric expansion from the h-AlN formation. The results increase our understanding of the complicated decomposition processes in these metastable cubic coatings, which are of utmost importance from both technological and scientific perspectives.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2023.101833} (DOI). Bäcke, O.; Kalbfleisch, S.; Stiens, D.; Manns, T.; Davydok, A.; Halvarsson, M.; Hörnqvist Colliander, M.: Decomposition pathways in nano-lamellar CVD Ti0.2Al0.8N. Materialia. 2023. vol. 30, 101833. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2023.101833}} @misc{farias_in_situ_2023, author={Farias, F.W.C., Duarte, V.R., Felice, I.O., Filho, J.D.C.P., Schell, N., Maawad, E., Li, J.Y., Zhang, Y., Santos, T.G., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={In situ interlayer hot forging arc plasma directed energy deposition of Inconel® 625: microstructure evolution during heat treatments}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170059}, abstract = {The study reports that the combined use of in situ interlayer hot forging and post-deposition heat treatment (PDHT) could alter the typical coarse and oriented microstructure of the Ni-based superalloy 625 obtained by arc plasma directed energy deposition (DED) to a fine and non-oriented condition. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction showed that the high-temperature (1100 °C/ 1 h) PDHT induced significant recrystallization, leading to grain refinement and low texture index, while partially dissolving deleterious Laves and δ phases. Low-temperature (980 °C/ 1 h) PDHT had a limited effect on the grain size refinement and induced the formation of secondary phases. It is shown that conventional heat treatments applied to Ni-based superalloy 625 obtained by arc plasma DED are not conducive to optimized microstructure features. In situ hot forging induced enough crystal defects to promote static recrystallization during PDHT. Besides, high-temperature PDHT met the AMS 5662 grain size requirements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170059} (DOI). Farias, F.; Duarte, V.; Felice, I.; Filho, J.; Schell, N.; Maawad, E.; Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: In situ interlayer hot forging arc plasma directed energy deposition of Inconel® 625: microstructure evolution during heat treatments. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023. vol. 952, 170059. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170059}} @misc{kagerer_oxidation_protection_2023, author={Kagerer, S., Hudak, O.E., Wojcik, T., Hahn, R., Davydok, A., Schloffer, M., Riedl, H., Mayrhofer, P.H.}, title={Oxidation protection of TNM alloys with Al-rich γ-TiAl-based coatings}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172343}, abstract = {The request to reduce carbon emissions as well as fuel consumptions of modern aerospace and aviation mobility, heavily motivated the development of lighter and more durable high temperature materials. γ-TiAl bulk materials meet many of these requirements due to their unique properties, such as low density, high strength or excellent creep resistance. However, improving their oxidation resistance above 750 °C is still challenging, especially without deteriorating other material properties. Recently, we showed that magnetron sputtered Al-rich γ-TiAl coatings are ideal candidates for well-established TNM bulk alloys (Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B, in at%) to increase their oxidation resistance and to block oxygen inward diffusion. Within this study, we present detailed microstructural investigations of the appearing phase transformations and morphological changes in the coating due to ambient-air-exposure at 850 °C for up to 1000 h. These show that only a 4-µm-thin, well-adhering α-Al2O3-based thermally grown oxide (TGO) forms on top of an initial 16.5-µm-thick coating. Cross-sectional nanobeam diffraction in conjunction with high resolution chemical as well as structural analysis during transmission electron microscopy after these exposures highlight that the Al-rich γ-TiAl coating is perfectly intermixed with the TNM substrate material. Already after 100 h oxidation at 850 °C, no interface between the Al-rich γ-TiAl coating and the TNM alloy can be identified chemically or structurally. The structural homogenization is governed by the transformation of all Al-rich phases (i.e., TiAl3 or Ti2Al5) – also present in the as-deposited state – towards γ-TiAl. After 1000 h at 850 °C, the predominant phase within the original coating region is γ-TiAl, next to the highly dense and well-adherent α-Al2O3-based scale.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172343} (DOI). Kagerer, S.; Hudak, O.; Wojcik, T.; Hahn, R.; Davydok, A.; Schloffer, M.; Riedl, H.; Mayrhofer, P.: Oxidation protection of TNM alloys with Al-rich γ-TiAl-based coatings. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2023. vol. 969, 172343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172343}} @misc{farias_in_situ_2023, author={Farias, F.W.C., Duarte, V.R., Felice, I.O., Filho, J.D.C.P., Schell, N., Maawad, E., Avila, J.A., Li, J.Y., Zhang, Y., Santos, T.G., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={In situ interlayer hot forging arc-based directed energy deposition of Inconel® 625: process development and microstructure effects}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103476}, abstract = {The typical as-built coarse and cube-oriented microstructure of Inconel® 625 parts fabricated via arc-based directed energy deposition (DED) induces anisotropic mechanical behavior, reducing the potential applications of arc-based DEDed Inconel® 625 in critical components. In this sense, the present work aimed to reduce the grain size and texture by applying an in situ interlayer hot forging (HF) combined with post-deposition heat treatments (PDHT). The produced samples were characterized through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron backscatter diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and Vickers microhardness. Also, a dedicated deformation tool was designed and optimized via a finite element method model considering the processing conditions and thermal cycle experienced by the material. It is shown that the in situ interlayer deformation induced a thermo-mechanical-affected zone (dynamic recrystallized + remaining deformation, with a height of ≈ 1.2 mm) at the bead top surface, which resulted in thinner aligned grains and lower texture index in relation to as-built DED counterpart. In addition, the effects of solution (1100 °C/ 1 h) and stabilization (980 °C/ 1 h) PDHTs on the Inconel® 625 HF-DEDed parts were also analyzed, which promoted fine and equiaxed static recrystallized grains without cube orientation, comparable to wrought material. Therefore, the HF-DED process significantly refined the typical coarse and highly oriented microstructure of Ni-based superalloys obtained by arc-based DED.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103476} (DOI). Farias, F.; Duarte, V.; Felice, I.; Filho, J.; Schell, N.; Maawad, E.; Avila, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: In situ interlayer hot forging arc-based directed energy deposition of Inconel® 625: process development and microstructure effects. Additive Manufacturing. 2023. vol. 66, 103476. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103476}} @misc{liang_hightemperature_conibased_2023, author={Liang, Z., Paul, J.D.H., Stark, A., Bezold, A., Neumeier, S., Göken, M., Pyczak, F.}, title={High-Temperature CoNi-Based Superalloys Strengthened by γ′-(Ni,Co)3(Cr,Al,Ti,X): The Effect of Refractory Elements}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06795-y}, abstract = {Recent research on Co-based and CoNi-based alloys revealed that the Co–Al–W-system provides interesting properties, however, the high content of W addition triggers high mass density of alloys which limits its industrial application. Therefore, new high temperature superalloys based on the Co–Ni–Al–Ti-system with high content Cr and strengthened by γ′-(Ni,Co)3(Cr,Al,Ti) precipitates, have been developed, and the effect of different refractory element additions was investigated. STEM-EDS and HEXRD were employed to determine the elemental partitioning behavior and the lattice misfit between the γ and γ′ phases. Ta and Nb strongly concentrate within the γ′ phase, whereas Mo weakly partitions to the γ phase. W distributes equally between the γ and γ′ phases. These new superalloys have an unexpectedly high positive misfit compared with some conventional Ni-based superalloys and Co-based superalloys. Nb and Ta additions increase the lattice misfit further, while Mo and W decrease the lattice misfit. The effect of refractory elements alloying on the yield stress at room temperature was evaluated by analyzing the contributions of different strengthening mechanisms. Alloying with Nb or Ta significantly improves precipitation strengthening by increasing the antiphase boundary energy. Mo has the highest solid solution strengthening effect in the γ phase, followed by W. Compared with some conventional Ni-based superalloys, the investigated new CoNi-based superalloys exhibited better mechanical properties at high temperature, which indicates that these compositionally complex alloys are possible candidates for high temperature applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06795-y} (DOI). Liang, Z.; Paul, J.; Stark, A.; Bezold, A.; Neumeier, S.; Göken, M.; Pyczak, F.: High-Temperature CoNi-Based Superalloys Strengthened by γ′-(Ni,Co)3(Cr,Al,Ti,X): The Effect of Refractory Elements. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2023. vol. 54, 1620-1634. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06795-y}} @misc{zhou_computational_thermodynamics_2023, author={Zhou, T., Spartacus, G., Dahlström, A., Babu, R.P., Davydok, A., Hedström, P.}, title={Computational thermodynamics and kinetics-guided re-engineering of a high-performance tool steel}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115496}, abstract = {Targeting to obtain fine dispersions of nanoscale precipitates to enhance the mechanical properties of a high-performance tool steel, re-engineering of the alloy composition and heat treatment was guided by computational thermodynamics and kinetics. A prototype alloy was prepared using the designed chemistry and heat treatment. Thereafter, advanced microstructural characterization and mechanical testing confirmed the successful design to reach a high number density of (V, Mo)C precipitates with an average diameter of about 5 nm in the peak-hardened condition, after tempering the martensite at 600 °C for 2 h.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115496} (DOI). Zhou, T.; Spartacus, G.; Dahlström, A.; Babu, R.; Davydok, A.; Hedström, P.: Computational thermodynamics and kinetics-guided re-engineering of a high-performance tool steel. Scripta Materialia. 2023. vol. 232, 115496. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2023.115496}} @misc{storm_investigation_of_2023, author={Storm, S.L.S., Krywka, C., Burghammer, M., di Cola, E., Müller, M.}, title={Investigation of native cellulose under high pressure using microfocused synchrotron radiation}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05581-2}, abstract = {The mechanical properties of native cellulose are critical for understanding the properties of natural biomaterials. To investigate the elastic moduli of the cellulose crystalline fraction an isotropic mechanical load using hydrostatic pressure ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 GPa was applied to flax fibers, pine wood and tension wood samples. The response of the crystalline part was monitored by using microfocused synchrotron radiation. The compressibility of the crystalline fraction of native cellulose was anisotropic and dependent on the crystal size and possibly on the composition of the sample. The compressibilities along the [001] direction, where covalent bonds hold the cellulose chains together, varied between 2.1 and 2.9 TPa−1 for the different samples and confirm similar values found for cotton fibres. However, the compressibilities along the [100]-direction range from 56.2 TPa−1 to 63.5 TPa−1, slightly exceeding the previously determined value of 50 TPa−1, which can possibly be attributed to differences between individual samples.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05581-2} (DOI). Storm, S.; Krywka, C.; Burghammer, M.; di Cola, E.; Müller, M.: Investigation of native cellulose under high pressure using microfocused synchrotron radiation. Cellulose. 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-023-05581-2}} @misc{kumar_gamma_in_2023, author={Kumar, R., Sommer, L., Tremsin, A.S., Losko, A.S.}, title={Gamma In Addition to Neutron Tomography (GIANT) at the NECTAR instrument}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47237-y}, abstract = {The NECTAR instrument provides access to thermal and fast neutrons which are suitable for non-destructive inspection of large and dense objects. Scintillators are used in combination with a camera system for radiography and tomography. Gamma-rays are produced as inevitable by-products of the neutron production. Furthermore, these gamma-rays are highly directional due to their constraint to the same beam-line geometry and come with similar divergence as the neutrons. We demonstrate how these gamma-rays, previously treated as beam contamination can be used as a complementary probe. While difficult to shield, it is possible to utilize them by using gamma sensitive scintillator screens in place of the neutron sensitive scintillators, viewed by the same camera based detector system. The combination of multiple probes often provides complementary information that can result in a better contrast or insight into the sample composition, for a broader range of materials and applications. Hence dual-mode imaging, combining thermal/cold neutrons with X-ray imaging has been developed at many neutron facilities. With X-rays limited in penetration of dense materials to millimeters only, we present a multimodal imaging technique that is capable of penetrating cm-sized objects using thermal to fast neutrons with the addition of gamma-rays by changing the combination of scintillator and beam filter used at the NECTAR instrument.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47237-y} (DOI). Kumar, R.; Sommer, L.; Tremsin, A.; Losko, A.: Gamma In Addition to Neutron Tomography (GIANT) at the NECTAR instrument. Scientific Reports. 2023. vol. 13, 20120. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47237-y}} @misc{liu_e_ects_2023, author={Liu, H., Lv, S., Xuan, Y., Oliveira, J.P., Schell, N., Shen, J., Deng, J., Wang, Y., Yang, J.}, title={E ects of heat input on weld microstructure and properties in keyhole TIG welding of Invar 36 alloy}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103692}, abstract = {The Invar alloy is widely used for aircraft wing mould manufacturing. In this work, keyhole-tungsten inert gas (K-TIG) butt welding was used to join 10 mm thick Invar 36 alloy plates. The effect of heat input on the microstructure, morphology and mechanical properties was studied by using scanning electron microscopy, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, microhardness mapping, tensile and impact testing. It was shown that regardless of the selected heat input, the material was solely composed of austenite, although the grain size changed significantly. The change in heat input also led to texture changes in the fusion zone, as qualitatively determined with synchrotron radiation. With increases in heat input, the impact properties of the welded joints decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the joints was measured, which demonstrated that the current process is suitable for aerospace applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103692} (DOI). Liu, H.; Lv, S.; Xuan, Y.; Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Shen, J.; Deng, J.; Wang, Y.; Yang, J.: E ects of heat input on weld microstructure and properties in keyhole TIG welding of Invar 36 alloy. Materials. 2023. vol. 16, no. 10, 3692. DOI: 10.3390/ma16103692}} @misc{trost_fatigue_lifetime_2023, author={Trost, C.O.W., Žák, S., Ruderes, K., Hammer, R., Rosc, J., Krivec, T., Schell, N., Gänser, H.-P., Hohenwarter, A., Cordill, M.J.}, title={Fatigue lifetime assessment of metal foils in multifunctional composites via combined experiments and simulations}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110715}, abstract = {In many applications metal foils are part of multifunctional composites exhibiting a wide range of (thermo-) mechanical fatigue loading. Data about low cycle fatigue of metallic foils subjected to tension-compression fatigue is sparse due to geometric limits. In this contribution, detailed information about design, tension-compression fatigue testing and data extraction of a layered sample are given. Fatigue failure of both copper and Pre-Preg are analysed using scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography. Numerical models are used to calculate the elastic and plastic strains for the copper foils within the composite sample, allowing a correlation to the observed fatigue life.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110715} (DOI). Trost, C.; Žák, S.; Ruderes, K.; Hammer, R.; Rosc, J.; Krivec, T.; Schell, N.; Gänser, H.; Hohenwarter, A.; Cordill, M.: Fatigue lifetime assessment of metal foils in multifunctional composites via combined experiments and simulations. Composites. Part B, Engineering. 2023. vol. 259, 110715. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110715}} @misc{rodrigues_effect_of_2023, author={Rodrigues, T.A., Cipriano Farias, F.W., Avila, J.A., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Santos, T.G., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Effect of heat treatments on Inconel 625 fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing: an in-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction analysis}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2187927}, abstract = {The effect of heat treatments on wire and arc additively manufactured Inconel 625 parts was investigated using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and hardness testing. As-built samples revealed the presence of a γ-matrix with precipitation of γ′, γ′′ and MC carbides. When heat treated at 750°C for 4 h, γ′′ phase precipitated increasing the hardness by 5%. In situ X-ray observations revealed that heat treating at 870°C for 1 h resulted in δ-phase precipitation. Two different second-stage temperatures were tested (1050°C and 1150°C), which dissolved the δ-phase while MC carbides formed upon cooling. The second stage at 1150°C had a higher deleterious effect than the one performed at 1050°C due to extensive grain growth.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/13621718.2023.2187927} (DOI). Rodrigues, T.; Cipriano Farias, F.; Avila, J.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: Effect of heat treatments on Inconel 625 fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing: an in-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction analysis. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining. 2023. vol. 28, no. 7, 534-539. DOI: 10.1080/13621718.2023.2187927}} @misc{frerker_effects_of_2023, author={Frerker, B., Fiedler, S., Kirschstein, T., Lange, F., Porath, K., Sellmann, T., Kutzner, L., Wilde, F., Moosmann, J., Köhling, R., Hildebrandt, G., Schültke, E.}, title={Effects of Microbeam Irradiation on Rodent Esophageal Smooth Muscle Contraction}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12010176}, abstract = {Background: High-dose-rate radiotherapy has shown promising results with respect to normal tissue preservation. We developed an ex vivo model to study the physiological effects of experimental radiotherapy in the rodent esophageal smooth muscle. Methods: We assessed the physiological parameters of the esophageal function in ex vivo preparations of the proximal, middle, and distal segments in the organ bath. High-dose-rate synchrotron irradiation was conducted using both the microbeam irradiation (MBI) technique with peak doses greater than 200 Gy and broadbeam irradiation (BBI) with doses ranging between 3.5–4 Gy. Results: Neither MBI nor BBI affected the function of the contractile apparatus. While peak latency and maximal force change were not affected in the BBI group, and no changes were seen in the proximal esophagus segments after MBI, a significant increase in peak latency and a decrease in maximal force change was observed in the middle and distal esophageal segments. Conclusion: No severe changes in physiological parameters of esophageal contraction were determined after high-dose-rate radiotherapy in our model, but our results indicate a delayed esophageal function. From the clinical perspective, the observed increase in peak latency and decreased maximal force change may indicate delayed esophageal transit.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12010176} (DOI). Frerker, B.; Fiedler, S.; Kirschstein, T.; Lange, F.; Porath, K.; Sellmann, T.; Kutzner, L.; Wilde, F.; Moosmann, J.; Köhling, R.; Hildebrandt, G.; Schültke, E.: Effects of Microbeam Irradiation on Rodent Esophageal Smooth Muscle Contraction. Cells. 2023. vol. 12, no. 1, 176. DOI: 10.3390/cells12010176}} @misc{lauhoff_microstructure_of_2023, author={Lauhoff, C., Arold, T., Bolender, A., Rackel, M.W., Pyczak, F., Weimann, M., Xu, W., Molotnikov, A., Niendorf, T.}, title={Microstructure of an additively manufactured Ti-Ta-Al alloy using novel pre-alloyed powder feedstock material}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addlet.2023.100144}, abstract = {Binary Ti-Ta and ternary Ti-Ta-Al alloys attracted considerable attention as new potential biomaterials and/or high-temperature shape memory alloys. However, conventional forming and manufacturing technologies of refractory based titanium alloys are difficult and cost-intensive, especially when complex shapes are required. Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) emerged as a suitable alternative and several studies exploited elemental powder mixing approaches to obtain a desired alloy and subsequently use it for complex shape manufacture. However, this approach has one major limitation associated with material inhomogeneities after fabrication. In present work, novel pre-alloyed powder material of a Ti-Ta-Al alloy was additively manufactured. Hereto, electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB/M) technique was used for the first time to process such Ti-Ta based alloy system. Detailed microstructural analysis revealed that additively manufactured structures had a near full density and high chemical homogeneity. Thus, AM of pre-alloyed feedstock material offers great potential to overcome major roadblocks, even when significant differences in the melting points and densities of the constituents are present as proven in the present case study. The homogeneous microstructure allows to apply short-term thermal post treatments. The highly efficient process chain detailed will open up novel application fields for Ti-Ta based alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addlet.2023.100144} (DOI). Lauhoff, C.; Arold, T.; Bolender, A.; Rackel, M.; Pyczak, F.; Weimann, M.; Xu, W.; Molotnikov, A.; Niendorf, T.: Microstructure of an additively manufactured Ti-Ta-Al alloy using novel pre-alloyed powder feedstock material. Additive Manufacturing Letters. 2023. vol. 6, 100144. DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2023.100144}} @misc{forouzan_kinetics_of_2023, author={Forouzan, F., Surki Aliabad, R., Hedayati, A., Hosseini, N., Maawad, E., Blasco, N., Vuorinen, E.}, title={Kinetics of Carbon Enrichment in Austenite during Partitioning Stage Studied via In-Situ Synchrotron XRD}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041557}, abstract = {The present study reveals the microstructural evolution and corresponding mechanisms occurring during different stages of quenching and partitioning (Q&P) conducted on 0.6C-1.5Si steel using in-situ High Energy X-Ray Diffraction (HEXRD) and high-resolution dilatometry methods. The results support that the symmetry of ferrite is not cubic when first formed since it is fully supersaturated with carbon at the early stages of partitioning. Moreover, by increasing partitioning temperature, the dominant carbon source for austenite enrichment changes from ongoing bainitic ferrite transformation during the partitioning stage to initial martensite formed in the quenching stage. At low partitioning temperatures, a bimodal distribution of low- and high-carbon austenite, 0.6 and 1.9 wt.% carbon, is detected. At higher temperatures, a better distribution of carbon occurs, approaching full homogenization. An initial martensite content of around 11.5 wt.% after partitioning at 280 °C via bainitic ferrite transformation results in higher carbon enrichment of austenite and increased retained austenite amount by approximately 4% in comparison with partitioning at 500 °C. In comparison with austempering heat treatment with no prior martensite, the presence of initial martensite in the Q&P microstructure accelerates the subsequent low-temperature bainitic transformation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041557} (DOI). Forouzan, F.; Surki Aliabad, R.; Hedayati, A.; Hosseini, N.; Maawad, E.; Blasco, N.; Vuorinen, E.: Kinetics of Carbon Enrichment in Austenite during Partitioning Stage Studied via In-Situ Synchrotron XRD. Materials. 2023. vol. 16, no. 4, 1557. DOI: 10.3390/ma16041557}} @misc{strohmann_can_unsupervised_2023, author={Strohmann, T., Barriobero-Vila, P., Gussone, J., Melching, D., Stark, A., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={Can unsupervised machine learning boost the on-site analysis of in situ synchrotron diffraction data?}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115238}, abstract = {We explore the use of unsupervised machine learning to analyze in situ diffraction data of an additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The model is trained on a dataset consisting of four thermal cycles. The α/α’-β phase transformation results in a steep gradient of the reconstruction error, whose derivative is applicable to detect periods of fast phase transformation. Moreover, the latent space features of the autoencoder correlate well with the volume fractions of α/α’ and β. The methodology can be implemented to monitor phase transformation kinetics on-site during experiments at synchrotrons without the need of continuous training or manual data labeling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115238} (DOI). Strohmann, T.; Barriobero-Vila, P.; Gussone, J.; Melching, D.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: Can unsupervised machine learning boost the on-site analysis of in situ synchrotron diffraction data?. Scripta Materialia. 2023. vol. 226, 115238. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.115238}} @misc{middents_angledifferential_cross_2023, author={Middents, W., Weber, G., Gumberize, A., Hahn, C., Krings, T., Kurz, N., Pfäfflein, P., Schell, N., Spillmann, U., Strnat, S., Vockert, M., Volotka, A., Surzhykov, A., Stöhlker, T.}, title={Angle-differential cross sections for Rayleigh scattering of highly linearly polarized hard x rays on Au atoms}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.012805}, abstract = {We perform a study on Rayleigh scattering of highly linearly polarized hard x rays on a thin Au foil target. In the study the angular distribution of the scattered radiation is analyzed in a relativistic regime both within and out of the plane of polarization of the incident beam. Within this experiment we scatter a synchrotron beam with a photon energy of 175 keV on a high-Z target foil, namely, gold. Our findings correlate well with state-of-the-art calculations of the scattering process performed in the framework of quantum electrodynamics and may have considerable impact on future experiments regarding a polarization-resolved analysis of Delbrück scattering. Furthermore, we show that the angular distribution of Rayleigh scattering can be used for a highly sensitive determination of the degree and orientation of the linear polarization of the incident hard-x-ray beam, if we rely on the theoretical framework.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.107.012805} (DOI). Middents, W.; Weber, G.; Gumberize, A.; Hahn, C.; Krings, T.; Kurz, N.; Pfäfflein, P.; Schell, N.; Spillmann, U.; Strnat, S.; Vockert, M.; Volotka, A.; Surzhykov, A.; Stöhlker, T.: Angle-differential cross sections for Rayleigh scattering of highly linearly polarized hard x rays on Au atoms. Physical Review A. 2023. vol. 107, 012805. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.107.012805}} @misc{heinze_influence_of_2023, author={Heinze, S., Stark, A., Hendl, J., Leyens, C.}, title={Influence of the deposition process on the Cr2AlC phase formation during heat treatment of Cr-Al-C thin films}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111462}, abstract = {This paper focuses on the Cr2AlC phase formation during annealing post-treatment, with amorphous Cr-Al-C and (Cr,Al)2C as initial phases in the as-deposited state. The influence of the deposition process on the Cr2AlC formation, texture, and phase composition is investigated and an in-depth discussion of the intermediate phase is carried out. Cr-Al-C thin films were deposited by Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering and High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering with the variation of the deposition temperature. To investigate the microstructure, phase composition, and texture, in situ synchrotron and high-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted and accompanied by electron microscopy. The Cr2AlC formation can be described as a temperature and time-dependent process with one intermediate state characterized by the formation of the disordered-Cr2AlC phase. Disordered-Cr2AlC shows a similar unit cell to Cr2AlC with an increased c/a ratio. The ratio decreases during the phase formation resulting from an ordering process. Formation temperatures depend on the initial phase, with a decreased formation temperature for (Cr,Al)2C, and the deposition process. While the (002) fiber texture of (Cr,Al)2C inherited to Cr2AlC, Cr2AlC originated from amorphous Cr-Al-C showed no preferred orientation. The coatings contained Cr7C3 as an additional phase, dependent on the deposition process and initial phases.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111462} (DOI). Heinze, S.; Stark, A.; Hendl, J.; Leyens, C.: Influence of the deposition process on the Cr2AlC phase formation during heat treatment of Cr-Al-C thin films. Materials & Design. 2023. vol. 225, 111462. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111462}} @misc{kainz_oxidation_behavior_2023, author={Kainz, C., Letofsky-Papst, I., Saringer, C., Krüger, H., Stark, A., Schell, N., Pohler, M., Czettl, C.}, title={Oxidation behavior of a cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.69Ta0.20B0.11N coating}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0002356}, abstract = {CrTaBN hard coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation are a promising new material class for use in demanding applications, due to their high hardness and good thermal stability in protective atmosphere. Up to now however, studies on the detailed oxidation mechanism of quaternary CrTaBN coatings are lacking in the literature. Thus, within this work, the oxidation behavior of a Cr0.69Ta0.20B0.11N coating grown by cathodic arc evaporation was studied in a combinatorial approach of advanced characterization techniques. In situ high-energy x-ray diffraction at a synchrotron radiation facility showed that up to ∼1100 °C, only the face-centered cubic (fcc) CrxTayB1−x−yN solid solution of powdered CrTaBN contributes to the crystalline phase composition. As the temperature is further increased, tetragonal CrTaO4 and rhombohedral Cr2O3 form. In situ high-temperature Raman spectroscopy evidenced that B2O3 contributes to the phase composition of the material in the temperature regime from ∼600 to 1000 °C. Applying high-resolution transmission electron microscopy allowed to identify the presence of four discrete zones in a partly oxidized CrTaBN coating on sapphire: intact fcc-CrTaBN at the interface to the substrate, followed by a Cr-deficient and Cr-enriched layer, respectively, and a porous layer with small grains at the surface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0002356} (DOI). Kainz, C.; Letofsky-Papst, I.; Saringer, C.; Krüger, H.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Pohler, M.; Czettl, C.: Oxidation behavior of a cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.69Ta0.20B0.11N coating. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 2023. vol. 42, 023102. DOI: 10.1116/6.0002356}} @misc{shen_microstructure_evolution_2023, author={Shen, J., Agrawal, P., Rodrigues, T.A., Lopes, J.G., Schell, N., He, J., Zeng, Z., Mishra, R.S., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in a gas tungsten arc welded Fe42Mn28Co10Cr15Si5 metastable high entropy alloy}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144722}, abstract = {Weldability studies on high entropy alloys are still relatively scarce, delaying the deployment of these materials into real-life applications. Thus, there is an urgent need for in-depth studies of the weldability of these novel advanced engineering alloys. In the current work, an as-cast Fe42Mn28Co10Cr15Si5 metastable high entropy alloy was welded for the first time using gas tungsten arc welding. The weld thermal cycle effect on the microstructure evolution over the welded joint was examined using electron microscopy in combination with electron backscatter diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis, and thermodynamic calculations. Furthermore, tensile testing and hardness mapping were correlated with the microstructure evolution. The microstructure evolution across the joint is unveiled, including the origin of the ε-h.c.p. phase at different locations of the material. Different strengthening effects measured throughout the joint are associated with the weld thermal cycle and resulting microstructure. A synergistic effect of smaller grain size of the ε-h.c.p. phase in the fusion zone, overturns the reduced volume fraction of this phase, increasing the local strength of the material. Moreover, the brittle nanosized σ phase was also found to play a critical role in the joints’ premature failure during mechanical testing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2023.144722} (DOI). Shen, J.; Agrawal, P.; Rodrigues, T.; Lopes, J.; Schell, N.; He, J.; Zeng, Z.; Mishra, R.; Oliveira, J.: Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in a gas tungsten arc welded Fe42Mn28Co10Cr15Si5 metastable high entropy alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2023. vol. 867, 144722. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2023.144722}} @misc{kohne_evolution_of_2023, author={Kohne, T., Fahlkrans, J., Stormvinter, A., Maawad, E., Winkelmann, A., Hedström, P., Borgenstam, A.}, title={Evolution of Martensite Tetragonality in High-Carbon Steels Revealed by In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06948-z}, abstract = {The martensitic transformation was studied by in situ and ex situ experiments in two high-carbon, 0.54 and 0.74 wt pct C, steels applying three different cooling rates, 15 °C/s, 5 °C/s, and 0.5 °C/s, in the temperature range around Ms, to improve the understanding of the evolution of martensite tetragonality c/a and phase fraction formed during the transformation. The combination of in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction during controlled cooling and spatially resolved tetragonality c/a determination by electron backscatter diffraction pattern matching was used to study the transformation behavior. The cooling rate and the different Ms for the steels had a clear impact on the martensitic transformation with a decrease in average tetragonality due to stronger autotempering for a decreasing cooling rate and higher Ms. A slower cooling rate also resulted in a lower fraction of martensite at room temperature, but with an increase in fraction of autotempered martensite. Additionally, a heterogeneous distribution of martensite tetragonality was observed for all cooling rates.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06948-z} (DOI). Kohne, T.; Fahlkrans, J.; Stormvinter, A.; Maawad, E.; Winkelmann, A.; Hedström, P.; Borgenstam, A.: Evolution of Martensite Tetragonality in High-Carbon Steels Revealed by In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2023. vol. 54, 1083-1100. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06948-z}} @misc{salamone_thiol_functionalised_2023, author={Salamone, T.A., Rutigliano, L., Pennacchi, B., Cerra, S., Matassa, R., Nottola, S., Sciubba, F., Battocchio, C., Marsotto, M., Del Giudice, A., Chumakov, A., Davydok, A., Grigorian, S., Canettieri, G., Agostinelli, E., Fratoddi, I.}, title={Thiol functionalised gold nanoparticles loaded with methotrexate for cancer treatment: From synthesis to in vitro studies on neuroblastoma cell lines}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.078}, abstract = {Findings: Molar drug encapsulation efficiency was optimised to be >70%. A non-covalent interaction between the π system and the carboxylate moiety belonging to MTX and the charged aminic group of one of the thiols was found. The MTX loading slightly decreased the structural order of the system and increased the distance between the AuNPs. Free AuNPs showed no cytotoxicity whereas the AuNPs-MTX nanoconjugate had a more potent effect when compared to free MTX. The active role of AuNPs was evidenced by permeation studies: an improvement on penetration of the drug inside cells was evidenced.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.078} (DOI). Salamone, T.; Rutigliano, L.; Pennacchi, B.; Cerra, S.; Matassa, R.; Nottola, S.; Sciubba, F.; Battocchio, C.; Marsotto, M.; Del Giudice, A.; Chumakov, A.; Davydok, A.; Grigorian, S.; Canettieri, G.; Agostinelli, E.; Fratoddi, I.: Thiol functionalised gold nanoparticles loaded with methotrexate for cancer treatment: From synthesis to in vitro studies on neuroblastoma cell lines. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2023. vol. 649, 264-278. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.078}} @misc{xu_investigations_on_2023, author={Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Gan, W., Wang, S., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Hort, N.}, title={Investigations on the tensile deformation of pure Mg and Mg–15Gd alloy by in-situ X-ray synchrotron radiation and visco-plastic self-consistent modeling}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.06.011}, abstract = {In this study, the texture evolutions of two Mg materials during tension are explored. In-situ X-ray synchrotron and Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) modeling are employed to investigate the different deformation modes between pure Mg and Mg–15Gd (wt.%) alloy. These two materials with a strong extrusion texture show large different slip/twinning activity behaviors during tensile deformation. The basal (a) slip has the highest contribution to the initial stage of plastic deformation for pure Mg. During the subsequent plastic deformation, the prismatic slip is dominant due to the strong ED // (100) fiber texture. In contrast, the deformation behavior of Mg–15Gd alloy is more complex. Twinning and basal slip are dominant at the early stage of plastic deformation, but further deformation results in the increased activation of prismatic and pyramidal slips. In comparison to pure Mg, the ratios of the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) between non-basal slip and basal slip of the Mg–15Gd alloy are much lower.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.06.011} (DOI). Xu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Gan, W.; Wang, S.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Hort, N.: Investigations on the tensile deformation of pure Mg and Mg–15Gd alloy by in-situ X-ray synchrotron radiation and visco-plastic self-consistent modeling. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2023. vol. 11, no. 2, 607-613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.06.011}} @misc{simon_on_the_2023, author={Simon, N., Schell, N., Gibmeier, J.}, title={On the oscillating course of dhkl−sin2ψ plots for plastically deformed, cold-rolled ferritic and duplex stainless steel sheets}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030419}, abstract = {This work deals with non-linear 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙−sin2𝜓 distributions, often observed in X-ray residual stress analysis of plastically deformed metals. Two different alloys were examined: duplex stainless steel EN 1.4362 with an austenite:ferrite volume ratio of 50:50 and ferritic stainless steel EN 1.4016. By means of an in situ experiment with high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, the phase-specific lattice strain response under increasing tensile deformation was analysed continuously with a sampling rate of 0.5 Hz. From Debye–Scherrer rings of nine different lattice planes {hkl}, the 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙−sin2𝜓 distributions were evaluated and the phase-specific stresses were calculated. For almost all lattice planes investigated, oscillating courses in the 𝑑ℎ𝑘𝑙−sin2𝜓 distributions were observed, already occurring below the macro yield point and increasing in amplitude within the elasto-plastic region. By comparing the loaded and the unloaded state after deformation, the contribution of crystallographic texture and plastically induced intergranular strains to these oscillations could be separated. For the given material states, only a minor influence of crystallographic texture was observed. However, a strong dependence of the non-linearities on the respective lattice plane was found. In such cases, a stress evaluation according to the sin2𝜓 method leads to errors, which increase significantly if only a limited 𝜓 range is considered.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030419} (DOI). Simon, N.; Schell, N.; Gibmeier, J.: On the oscillating course of dhkl−sin2ψ plots for plastically deformed, cold-rolled ferritic and duplex stainless steel sheets. Crystals. 2023. vol. 13, no. 3, 419. DOI: 10.3390/cryst13030419}} @misc{lott_experiments_push_2023, author={Lott, D.}, title={Experiments push the limits of micromagnetic SANS theory}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1107/S2052252523005663}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1107/S2052252523005663} (DOI). Lott, D.: Experiments push the limits of micromagnetic SANS theory. IUCrJ. 2023. vol. 10, no. Part 4, 380-381. DOI: doi.org/10.1107/S2052252523005663}} @misc{nowak_a_design_2023, author={Nowak, G., Stefanescu, I., Beldowski, A., Fenske, J., Hall-Wilton, R., Müller, M.}, title={A design study of a 1-m2 Multi-Wire-Proportional-Chamber Position-Sensitive-Neutron-Detector (MWPC-PSND)}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328603007}, abstract = {Neutron detection by MWPC based on 10B4C coatings can surpass in performance the one utilising 3He-gas in terms of position resolution and count rate capability at similar detection efficiency [13]. The use of m2-size foils coated by 10B4C demands the development of a mechanical concept to avoid deformations of the neutron sensitive surface due to their own weight and the electrostatic forces resulting from high voltage for operation. To preserve a flat shape of the converter, a pressure gradient is applied between its both sides [4]. The design shall allow a stacking of detection modules consisting of sequenced elements [converter/x-y-multi-wire planes/converter] in few mm proximity. A multiple stacking of the detector modules is needed to accumulate a sufficient high detection efficiency for diffraction with thermal neutrons over the entire detector [2]. The MWPC is planned to have fifteen detection modules corresponding to an efficiency equivalent of 30 converters coated with 1.2 µm of 10B4C. Efficiency simulations of a converter coating thickness-profile from 0.6 µm up to 1.2 µm prognoses a conversion rate up to 50 % for thermal neutrons and the presented design parameters of the 1-m2 MWPC allow a position resolution of 2 mm.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328603007} (DOI). Nowak, G.; Stefanescu, I.; Beldowski, A.; Fenske, J.; Hall-Wilton, R.; Müller, M.: A design study of a 1-m2 Multi-Wire-Proportional-Chamber Position-Sensitive-Neutron-Detector (MWPC-PSND). EPJ Web of Conferences. 2023. vol. 286, 03007. DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202328603007}} @misc{musi_on_the_2023, author={Musi, M., Clemens, H., Stark, A., Spörk-Erdely, P.}, title={On the temperature-induced equilibration of phase distribution and microstructure in a gas-atomized titanium aluminide powder}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201242}, abstract = {Powder production by gas atomization of γ-TiAl based alloys typically yields a highly nonequilibrium material regarding the occurring phases and their microstructural appearance. In particular, the equilibration of the powder and the associated phase transformations during heating are of great importance for the subsequently applied densification techniques. The present work employs in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction to investigate how this thermodynamic equilibration manifests itself in the resulting phase distribution, the ordering behavior of the disordered α and β phase, both evidenced in the powder, and the change of the γ lattice parameters during heating of a Ti–46.3Al–2.2W–0.2B (at%) powder up to 850 °C. Complementary microstructural characterization of the gas-atomized powder and the heat-treated material condition reveals that the temperature exposure predominately affects the dendritic parts of the microstructure, especially when the α phase is transformed into γ phase with small embedded grains of α2 and βo.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201242} (DOI). Musi, M.; Clemens, H.; Stark, A.; Spörk-Erdely, P.: On the temperature-induced equilibration of phase distribution and microstructure in a gas-atomized titanium aluminide powder. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2023. vol. 25, no. 6, 2201242. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202201242}} @misc{zhang_phase_transformation_2023, author={Zhang, Z., Dong, K., Mazzio, K.A., Hilger, A., Markötter, H., Wilde, F., Heinemann, T., Manke, I., Adelhelm, P.}, title={Phase Transformation and Microstructural Evolution of CuS Electrodes in Solid-State Batteries Probed by In Situ 3D X-Ray Tomography}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203143}, abstract = {Copper sulfide shows some unique physico-chemical properties that make it appealing as a cathode active material (CAM) for solid-state batteries (SSBs). The most peculiar feature of the electrode reaction is the reversible formation of µm-sized Cu crystals during cycling, despite its large theoretical volume change (75%). Here, the dynamic microstructural evolution of CuS cathodes in SSBs is studied using in situ synchrotron X-ray tomography. The formation of µm-sized Cu within the CAM particles can be clearly followed. This process is accompanied by crack formation that can be prevented by increasing the stack pressure from 26 to 40 MPa. Both the Cu inclusions and cracks show a preferential orientation perpendicular to the cell stack pressure, which can be a result of a z-oriented expansion of the CAM particles during lithiation. In addition, cycling leads to a z-oriented reversible displacement of the cathode pellet, which is linked to the plating/stripping of the Li counter electrode. The pronounced structural changes cause pressure changes of up to 6 MPa within the cell, as determined by operando stack pressure measurements. Reasons for the reversibility of the electrode reaction are discussed and are attributed to the favorable combination of soft materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202203143} (DOI). Zhang, Z.; Dong, K.; Mazzio, K.; Hilger, A.; Markötter, H.; Wilde, F.; Heinemann, T.; Manke, I.; Adelhelm, P.: Phase Transformation and Microstructural Evolution of CuS Electrodes in Solid-State Batteries Probed by In Situ 3D X-Ray Tomography. Advanced Energy Materials. 2023. vol. 13, no. 2, 2203143. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202203143}} @misc{fritton_investigation_of_2023, author={Fritton, M., Kümmel, F., Kirchmayer, A., Stark, A., Hafez Haghighat, M., Gehrmann, B., Neumeier, S., Gilles, R.}, title={Investigation of the hot deformation behavior in VDM© Alloy 780 by in situ high energy x-ray diffraction}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06942-5}, abstract = {Ni-based superalloys are indispensable for applications in demanding environments, such as the heavily stressed rotating discs in the hot sections of modern gas turbines or jet engines. In this paper, the microstructure evolution during hot deformation to mimic the forging process was investigated in the polycrystalline VDM® Alloy 780 via in situ X-ray diffraction at temperatures of 950, 1000, and 1050 °C. For the tested temperatures, the hot forming led to subgrain formation, the built-up of a texture by rotation of the matrix grains into preferred orientations, and dynamic recrystallization. The influence of the deformation was analyzed depending on the direction of the lattice plane normals to the load direction, for the first five γ-reflections in the diffraction pattern. During uniaxial compressive deformation intensity, maxima develop in the loading direction solely for the γ-(220) reflections, while intensity minima develop for the other reflections which correspond to the formation of a <110> fiber texture. In the transverse direction, all γ-reflections except the (220) have an increased intensity at the maximum specimen strain of 20 pct. Directly after the hot forming, three different cooling rates of 10, 100, and 1000 °C/min and their influence on the microstructure were investigated. The fast and medium cooling rates lead to low recrystallized fractions and a largely preserved deformation texture, whereas the low cooling rate leads to a high recrystallized fraction and a slight remaining texture. Additionally, the diffraction data are complemented by electron microscopy measurements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06942-5} (DOI). Fritton, M.; Kümmel, F.; Kirchmayer, A.; Stark, A.; Hafez Haghighat, M.; Gehrmann, B.; Neumeier, S.; Gilles, R.: Investigation of the hot deformation behavior in VDM© Alloy 780 by in situ high energy x-ray diffraction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2023. vol. 54, 2037-2051. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06942-5}} @misc{eriksson_morphology_control_2023, author={Eriksson, F., Ghafoor, N., Broekhuijsen, S., Grecynski, G., Schell, N., Birch, J.}, title={Morphology control in Ni/Ti multilayer neutron mirrors by ion-assisted interface engineering and B4C incorporation}, year={2023}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.476713}, abstract = {The optical contrast and minimum layer thickness of Ni/Ti broadband neutron multilayer supermirrors is usually hampered by an interface width, typically 0.7 nm, caused by nanocrystallites, interdiffusion, and/or intermixing. We explore the elimination of nanocrystallites in combination with interface smoothening by modulation of ion assistance during magnetron sputter deposition of 0.8 to 6.4 nm thick Ni and Ti layers. The amorphization is achieved through incorporation of natural B4C where B and C preferably bond to Ti. A two-stage substrate bias was applied to each layer; -30 V for the initial 1 nm followed by -100 V for the remaining part, generating multilayer mirrors with interface widths of 0.40-0.45 nm. The results predict that high performance supermirrors with m-values as high as 10 are feasible by using 11B isotope-enriched B4C combined with temporal control of the ion assistance.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.476713} (DOI). Eriksson, F.; Ghafoor, N.; Broekhuijsen, S.; Grecynski, G.; Schell, N.; Birch, J.: Morphology control in Ni/Ti multilayer neutron mirrors by ion-assisted interface engineering and B4C incorporation. Optical Materials Express. 2023. vol. 13, no. 5, 1424-1439. DOI: 10.1364/OME.476713}} @misc{inacio_functionalized_material_2022, author={Inacio, P., Nogueira, F., Ferreira, F., Vidal, C., Schell, N., Tero, T., Vilaça, P., Oliveira, J., Santos, T.}, title={Functionalized material production via multi-stack Upward Friction Stir Processing (UFSP)}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2021.1942909}, abstract = {An innovative friction stir processing variant, named Upward Friction Stir Processing (UFSP), for producing customized materials with multifunctional particles is presented. In the UFSP, an upward flow is used to disperse these functional particles in a metallic matrix, in opposition to the widely used downward flow. As a proof of concept, SiC particles were introduced and dispersed into an aluminum alloy AA7075-T651 matrix to study different process parameters and to validate this novel material processing technology. Six different small-sized ingots were produced and compared to the conventional FSP technology. The microstructural evolution is studied by means of light microscopy, eddy current testing, microhardness mapping and advanced characterization techniques, such as high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The number of passes was seen to greatly impact the particle distribution. Additionally, UFSP promotes a more uniform particle distribution over a larger processed area, when the lateral tool offset progress along the retreating side.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2021.1942909} (DOI). Inacio, P.; Nogueira, F.; Ferreira, F.; Vidal, C.; Schell, N.; Tero, T.; Vilaça, P.; Oliveira, J.; Santos, T.: Functionalized material production via multi-stack Upward Friction Stir Processing (UFSP). Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 2022. vol. 37, no. 1, 11-24. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2021.1942909}} @misc{kmmel_nearsurface_and_2022, author={Kümmel, F., Fritton, M., Solís, C., Kriele, A., Stark, A., Gilles, R.}, title={Near-Surface and Bulk Dissolution Behavior of γ′ Precipitates in Nickel-Based VDM® Alloy 780 Studied with In-Situ Lab-Source and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071067}, abstract = {The dissolution of nano-sized Ni3Al-based γ′ precipitates was investigated in the newly developed polycrystalline nickel-based VDM® Alloy 780 at the surface and in the bulk region with in-situ lab-source and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. These studies are important in obtaining a deeper understanding of the strengthening mechanism responsible for the stability and long service lives of such superalloys. We found that the dissolution behavior of the γ′ phase is very similar at the surface and in the bulk region, but small deviations were detected. The dissolution of γ′ starts at around 800 °C and no γ′ was found at temperatures exceeding 970 °C. As a result, the elements Al and Nb, which were bound in the γ′ phase, dissolved into the γ matrix and strongly increased the γ lattice parameter, as their atomic size is larger than the γ-forming elements Ni, Co, and Cr. However, this effect was suppressed in the surface area. A second matrix γ phase was detected at the same temperature range as that of the dissolution of the γ′ phase in the lab-source XRD measurements. The newly formed γ-2 phase had a smaller lattice parameter than that of the initial γ matrix. We propose that the γ-2 matrix phase is a result of high-temperature surface oxidation, which consumes, among other elements, Al and Nb and, therefore, leads to the smaller γ lattice parameter.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071067} (DOI). Kümmel, F.; Fritton, M.; Solís, C.; Kriele, A.; Stark, A.; Gilles, R.: Near-Surface and Bulk Dissolution Behavior of γ′ Precipitates in Nickel-Based VDM® Alloy 780 Studied with In-Situ Lab-Source and Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction. Metals. 2022. vol. 12, no. 7, 1067. DOI: 10.3390/met12071067}} @misc{lazurenko_tial3ti_metalintermetallic_2022, author={Lazurenko, D.V., Petrov, I.Y., Mali, V.I., Esikov, M.A., Kuzmin, R.I., Lozanov, V.V., Pyczak, F., Stark, A., Dovzhenko, G.D., Bataev, I.A., Terentiev, D.S., Ruktuev, A.A.}, title={Ti-Al3Ti metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composite with a cubic titanium trialuminide stabilized with silver: Selection of fabrication regimes, structure, and properties}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165480}, abstract = {Ti-Al3Ti metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites are known as promising structural materials due to the unique combination of their specific properties. However, their application is still limited due to the extremely high brittleness of the Al3Ti phase. In this study, we attempt to address this issue by changing the D022 crystal structure of Al3Ti to the more ductile L12 structure by alloying it with silver. To select the best fabrication regimes of Ti-Ti(Al1−xAgx)3 composites, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to reveal the chemical reactions occurring upon heating the Ti-Al-Ag sample. The analysis showed that the highest amount of Ti(Al1−xAgx)3 phase with the L12 structure appears at 930 °C. This temperature was chosen for subsequent spark plasma sintering experiments. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the sintered sample consisted mainly of Ti, Ti(Al1−xAgx)3, and a minor fraction of the Ag-Al compound distributed in the central parts of the intermetallic layers and at the grain boundaries. Modification of the titanium trialuminide crystal structure positively affected the properties of the composite, providing a 60% increase in fracture toughness. The Ag-Al phase also contributed to toughening, causing an additional crack deflection effect.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165480} (DOI). Lazurenko, D.; Petrov, I.; Mali, V.; Esikov, M.; Kuzmin, R.; Lozanov, V.; Pyczak, F.; Stark, A.; Dovzhenko, G.; Bataev, I.; Terentiev, D.; Ruktuev, A.: Ti-Al3Ti metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composite with a cubic titanium trialuminide stabilized with silver: Selection of fabrication regimes, structure, and properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022. vol. 916, 165480. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165480}} @misc{kohne_early_martensitic_2022, author={Kohne, T., Maimaitiyili, T., Winkelmann, A., Maawad, E., Hedström, P., Borgenstam, A.}, title={Early Martensitic Transformation in a 0.74C–1.15Mn–1.08Cr High Carbon Steel}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06724-z}, abstract = {The martensitic transformation in a high carbon steel was studied by a new experimental approach focusing on the nucleation and growth as well as the variant pairing of the early-formed martensite. A mixed microstructure with tempered early-formed martensite and fresh later-formed martensite was achieved by a heat treatment with an isothermal hold below the martensite start temperature. In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction showed no further transformation of austenite to ferrite/martensite during the isothermal hold. The tempered early-formed martensite was characterized with a combination of light optical microscopy and local tetragonality determination by electron backscatter diffraction. The characterization allowed qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the tempered early-formed martensite with regard to the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGB) and variant pairing. The early-formed martensite was shown to grow predominantly along the PAGBs and clustering was observed indicating an autocatalytic nucleation mechanism. The variant pairing of the early-formed martensite had a stronger plate character compared to the later-formed martensite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06724-z} (DOI). Kohne, T.; Maimaitiyili, T.; Winkelmann, A.; Maawad, E.; Hedström, P.; Borgenstam, A.: Early Martensitic Transformation in a 0.74C–1.15Mn–1.08Cr High Carbon Steel. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2022. vol. 53, no. 8, 3034-3043. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06724-z}} @misc{liu_in_and_2022, author={Liu, X., Song, L., Liu, T., Stark, A., Pyczak, F., He, Z., Lin, J., Zhang, T.}, title={In- and ex-situ study of the deformation behavior of the βo(ωo) phase in a Ti4Al3Nb alloy during high-temperature compression}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165626}, abstract = {In-situ synchrotron-based high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and ex-situ Gleeble tests were conducted to investigate the deformation behavior of the βo(ωo) phase in a Ti4Al3Nb alloy. In samples compressed at 600 and 800 °C, the brittle ωo phase deforms mostly elastically, resulting in the failure of the Ti4Al3Nb alloy by premature fracture. In a sample deformed at 900 °C, the ωo phase mostly transforms into the βo phase under uniaxial loading. Moreover, the ductility of a Ti4Al3Nb alloy is largely enhanced at this temperature. In a sample deformed at 1000 °C, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) of the βo phase extensively takes place. Direction 1 (D1) and Direction 2 (D2) deviating from the loading direction with an angle of 65° ± 5° and 15° ± 5° are selected to analyze the lattice strain evolution of (110)βo lattice planes. At the late stage of macro strain hardening, deformed<110>βo//D1 oriented grains bear a higher load due to the occurrence of DRX in<110>βo//D2 oriented grains. Subsequently, DRX continues in<110>βo//D1 oriented βo grains. The coordinated deformation of βo grains ensures the good deformability of a Ti4Al3Nb alloy at 1000 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165626} (DOI). Liu, X.; Song, L.; Liu, T.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; He, Z.; Lin, J.; Zhang, T.: In- and ex-situ study of the deformation behavior of the βo(ωo) phase in a Ti4Al3Nb alloy during high-temperature compression. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022. vol. 918, 165626. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165626}} @misc{rebelokornmeier_quantification_of_2022, author={Rebelo-Kornmeier, J., Marques, M.J., Gan, W., Batista, A.C., Paddea, S., Loureiro, A.}, title={Quantification of Residual Stress Relief by Heat Treatments in Austenitic Cladded Layers}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041364}, abstract = {The effect of the heat treatment on the residual stresses of welded cladded steel samples is analyzed in this study. The residual stresses across the plate’s square sections were determined using complementary methods; applying diffraction with neutron radiation and mechanically using the contour method. The analysis of the large coarse grain austenitic cladded layers, at the feasibility limits of diffraction methods, was only made possible by applying both methods. The samples are composed of steel plates, coated on one of the faces with stainless steel filler metals, this coating process, usually known as cladding, was carried out by submerged arc welding. After cladding, the samples were submitted to two different heat treatments with dissimilar parameters: one at a temperature of 620 °C maintained for 1 h and, the second at 540 °C, for ten hours. There was some difference in residual stresses measured by the two techniques along the surface of the coating in the as-welded state, although they are similar at the welding interface and in the heat-affected zone. The results also show that there is a residual stress relaxation for both heat-treated samples. The heat treatment carried out at a higher temperature showed sometimes more than 50% reduction in the initial residual stress values and has the advantage of being less time consuming, giving it an industrial advantage and making it more viable economically.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041364} (DOI). Rebelo-Kornmeier, J.; Marques, M.; Gan, W.; Batista, A.; Paddea, S.; Loureiro, A.: Quantification of Residual Stress Relief by Heat Treatments in Austenitic Cladded Layers. Materials. 2022. vol. 15, no. 4, 1364. DOI: 10.3390/ma15041364}} @misc{zhang_unconventional_twin_2022, author={Zhang, X., Li, Z., Li, D., Yang, B., Yan, H., Gan, W., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Zhao, X., Zuo, L.}, title={Unconventional twin deformation of Ni-Mn-Ga 7M martensite under tension mediated by the collective lattice reorientation from a-c twin to b-c twin}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117729}, abstract = {Deformation of martensite twins is a prerequisite to obtain the shape memory effect in shape memory alloys, which is conventionally conceived to be realized by twinning/detwinning based on the simple shear. Here, we report the unconventional twin deformation of seven-layered modulated (7M) martensite under tension in a directionally solidified Ni50Mn30Ga20 alloy. Based on the neutron diffraction and EBSD measurements, it is evidenced that the deformation of 7M martensite in the variant colonies with unfavorable Schmid factors is achieved by the collective lattice reorientation from four twin-related variants (a-c twin) to another type of four twin-related variants (b-c twin), rather than the detwinning of existing variants. Such deformation is not caused by the simple shear, but originated from the local atomic rearrangements that convert the initial lattice to the reoriented lattice. Moreover, the collective conversion from the initial self-accommodated variants to the reoriented variants follows a specific orientation relationship, where the deformation of individual variant yields the consistent dilatational strain along the loading direction and effectively accommodates the macroscopic strain. The present study provides clear evidence on the unconventional twin deformation mediated by the collective lattice reorientation, which is expected to deepen the understanding of martensite deformation behaviors in shape memory alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117729} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Li, Z.; Li, D.; Yang, B.; Yan, H.; Gan, W.; Zhang, Y.; Esling, C.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.: Unconventional twin deformation of Ni-Mn-Ga 7M martensite under tension mediated by the collective lattice reorientation from a-c twin to b-c twin. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 227, 117729. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117729}} @misc{zuo_effect_of_2022, author={Zuo, J., Nakata, T., Xu, C., Xia, Y.P., Shi, H.L., Wang, X.J., Tang, G.Z., Gan, W.M., Maawad, E., Fan, G.H., Kamado, S., Geng, L.}, title={Effect of grain boundary segregation on microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained Mg–Al–Ca–Mn alloy wires}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143423}, abstract = {An extraordinary high-strength dilute Mg-0.8Al-0.1Ca-0.6Mn (wt. %) alloy wire was successfully developed by hot drawing, which exhibits high tensile yield strength of 394 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 431 MPa and moderate elongation to failure of 6.0%. The high strength was mainly attributed to the ultra-fine dynamically recrystallized (DRXed) grains, coarse elongated unrecrystallized grains with dense dislocations as well as nano-sized Al2Ca and Al–Mn precipitates dispersed in the as-drawn alloy wire. The microstructure observation by transmission electron microscopy reveals that Al and Ca remarkably co-segregated to the DRXed grain boundaries while Al rather than Ca segregated at the low-angle grain boundaries in the unrecrystallized grains. The solute segregations not only exerted strong solute drag effect on the grain boundaries to restrict the dynamic recrystallization and DRXed grain growth, but also contributed to the high strength of the alloy wire by pinning the dislocations. The findings from this work provide a new insight into the development of strong low-cost and light-weight Mg alloy wires.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143423} (DOI). Zuo, J.; Nakata, T.; Xu, C.; Xia, Y.; Shi, H.; Wang, X.; Tang, G.; Gan, W.; Maawad, E.; Fan, G.; Kamado, S.; Geng, L.: Effect of grain boundary segregation on microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained Mg–Al–Ca–Mn alloy wires. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 848, 143423. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.143423}} @misc{palazzo_multiscale_analysis_2022, author={Palazzo, Q., Stagioni, M., Raaijmakers, S., Bellemann, R., Prada, F., Hammel, J., Kaandorp, J., Goffredo, S., Falini, G.}, title={Multiscale analysis on otolith structural features reveals differences in ontogenesis and sex in Merluccius merluccius in the western Adriatic Sea}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211943}, abstract = {Otolith biomineralization results from biochemical processes regulated by the interaction of internal (physiological) and external (environmental) factors which lead to morphological and ultrastructural variability at intra- and interspecific levels. The aim of this study was to conduct a multi-scale analysis of the sagittal otoliths of the Merlucius merlucius (European hake) from the western Adriatic Sea in order to correlate otolith features with fish ontogeny and sex. We show that otoliths of sexually undifferentiated (non-sexed) individuals having a fish body total length (TL) less than 15 cm had faster growth in length, width, area, perimeter, volume and weight and a higher amount of organic matrix compared with otoliths of sexually differentiated individuals (females and males) having a fish size range of 15–50 cm. Most importantly, with increasing fish TL, female saccular otoliths contained a higher number of protuberances and rougher surface compared with male specimens, which showed more uniform mean curvature density. The differences between females and males discovered in this study could be associated with fish hearing adaptation to reproductive behavioural strategies during the spawning season. The outcomes of this research provide insights on how size and sex-related variations in otolith features may be affected by fish ecological and behavioural patterns.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211943} (DOI). Palazzo, Q.; Stagioni, M.; Raaijmakers, S.; Bellemann, R.; Prada, F.; Hammel, J.; Kaandorp, J.; Goffredo, S.; Falini, G.: Multiscale analysis on otolith structural features reveals differences in ontogenesis and sex in Merluccius merluccius in the western Adriatic Sea. Royal Society Open Science. 2022. vol. 9, no. 5, 211943. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211943}} @misc{jszfi_residual_stress_2022, author={Jászfi, V., Prevedel, P., Raninger, P., Todt, J., Mevec, D., Godai, Y., Maawad, E., Ebner, R.}, title={Residual stress distribution of a locally and inductively quenched and tempered 50CrMo4 steel analysed by synchrotron transmission techniques}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110936}, abstract = {This work investigates the in-depth residual stress distribution and retained austenite content in plates that were wire eroded from one locally quenched and one locally quenched-tempered 50CrMo4 cylinders by the means of high-energy X-Ray synchrotron transmission techniques. The main challenge was to interpret the results from all diffraction angles to obtain meaningful validation data for future computer simulations of induction hardening and tempering. The results were discussed in relation to hardness distribution. With the help of the applied measurement technique, even the effects of macro-segregation near the longitudinal sample axis can be detected. In inductively heated and quenched cylindrical specimens of 50CrMo4 specimens, macro-segregations near the longitudinal sample axis lead to a reduced retained austenite content, which shifts the axial stresses towards tensile stresses. Comparing the results with those from the literature, it can be seen that variations in the chemical composition of the sample within the specification range of the steel grade have less influence on the residual stress distribution in the induction hardened samples than the sample geometry and/or the quenching rate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110936} (DOI). Jászfi, V.; Prevedel, P.; Raninger, P.; Todt, J.; Mevec, D.; Godai, Y.; Maawad, E.; Ebner, R.: Residual stress distribution of a locally and inductively quenched and tempered 50CrMo4 steel analysed by synchrotron transmission techniques. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 221, 110936. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110936}} @misc{defrancescomagnussen_diversity_of_2022, author={De Francesco Magnussen, I., Müller, S., Hammel, J., Kotthoff, U., Harms, D.}, title={Diversity of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida) revealed by new fossil genera and species from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber with implications for a Gondwanan origin of the Burma Terrane Get access Arrow}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac034}, abstract = {Short-tailed whipscorpions are a small arachnid order with 379 described species from (sub)tropical regions of the world. The order has a fragmentary fossil record but has left a rich, albeit hitherto undocumented, fossil legacy in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, also called Burmese amber or Burmite. Here, we review a large series of schizomids from this type of amber and propose four new genera for seven new species. In addition, we include a short revision of all schizomid genera based on 14 morphological characters. Although none of the fossils can be assigned to Recent genera, they resemble the modern fauna in general morphology and highlight relative morphological stasis in this arachnid order. The fossils show a general trend towards eye reduction, but some of the specimens retain corneate eyes. Comparative data suggest affinities of the fossils with the Recent Old World fauna rather than American relatives. Furthermore, the fossils provide evidence for a Gondwanan origin of the Burma Terrane. Overall, the data suggest a high diversity at both species and genus levels for Burmese amber schizomids. We discuss potential reasons for this richness that will probably necessitate the description of additional genera and species in future studies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac034} (DOI). De Francesco Magnussen, I.; Müller, S.; Hammel, J.; Kotthoff, U.; Harms, D.: Diversity of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida) revealed by new fossil genera and species from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber with implications for a Gondwanan origin of the Burma Terrane Get access Arrow. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2022. vol. 196, no. 2, 792-844. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac034}} @misc{rodgers_combining_highresolution_2022, author={Rodgers, G., Sigron, G.R., Tanner, C., Hieber, S.E., Beckmann, F., Schulz, G., Scherberich, A., Jaquiéry, C., Kunz, C., Müller, B.}, title={Combining High-Resolution Hard X-ray Tomography and Histology for Stem Cell-Mediated Distraction Osteogenesis}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126286}, abstract = {Distraction osteogenesis is a clinically established technique for lengthening, molding and shaping bone by new bone formation. The experimental evaluation of this expensive and time-consuming treatment is of high impact for better understanding of tissue engineering but mainly relies on a limited number of histological slices. These tissue slices contain two-dimensional information comprising only about one percent of the volume of interest. In order to analyze the soft and hard tissues of the entire jaw of a single rat in a multimodal assessment, we combined micro computed tomography (µCT) with histology. The µCT data acquired before and after decalcification were registered to determine the impact of decalcification on local tissue shrinkage. Identification of the location of the H&E-stained specimen within the synchrotron radiation-based µCT data collected after decalcification was achieved via non-rigid slice-to-volume registration. The resulting bi- and tri-variate histograms were divided into clusters related to anatomical features from bone and soft tissues, which allowed for a comparison of the approaches and resulted in the hypothesis that the combination of laboratory-based µCT before decalcification, synchrotron radiation-based µCT after decalcification and histology with hematoxylin-and-eosin staining could be used to discriminate between different types of collagen, key components of new bone formation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126286} (DOI). Rodgers, G.; Sigron, G.; Tanner, C.; Hieber, S.; Beckmann, F.; Schulz, G.; Scherberich, A.; Jaquiéry, C.; Kunz, C.; Müller, B.: Combining High-Resolution Hard X-ray Tomography and Histology for Stem Cell-Mediated Distraction Osteogenesis. Applied Sciences. 2022. vol. 12, no. 12, 6286. DOI: 10.3390/app12126286}} @misc{krohmer_revealing_dynamic_2022, author={Krohmer, E., Schmeiser, F., Wahlmann, B., Rosigkeit, J., Graf, G., Spoerk-Erdely, P., Clemens, H., Staron, P., Körner, C., Reimers, W., Uhlmann, E.}, title={Revealing dynamic processes in laser powder bed fusion with in situ X-ray diffraction at PETRA III}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077105}, abstract = {The high flux combined with the high energy of the monochromatic synchrotron radiation available at modern synchrotron facilities offers vast possibilities for fundamental research on metal processing technologies. Especially in the case of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), an additive manufacturing technology for the manufacturing of complex-shaped metallic parts, in situ methods are necessary to understand the highly dynamic thermal, mechanical, and metallurgical processes involved in the creation of the parts. At PETRA III, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, a customized LPBF system featuring all essential functions of an industrial LPBF system, is used for in situ x-ray diffraction research. Three use cases with different experimental setups and research questions are presented to demonstrate research opportunities. First, the influence of substrate pre-heating and a complex scan pattern on the strain and internal stress progression during the manufacturing of Inconel 625 parts is investigated. Second, a study on the nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 reveals the formation and dissolution of γ′ precipitates depending on the scan pattern in different part locations. Third, phase transitions during melting and solidification of an intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloy are examined, and the advantages of using thin platelet-shaped specimens to resolve the phase components are discussed. The presented cases give an overview of in situ x-ray diffraction experiments at PETRA III for research on the LPBF technology and provide information on specific experimental procedures.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0077105} (DOI). Krohmer, E.; Schmeiser, F.; Wahlmann, B.; Rosigkeit, J.; Graf, G.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Clemens, H.; Staron, P.; Körner, C.; Reimers, W.; Uhlmann, E.: Revealing dynamic processes in laser powder bed fusion with in situ X-ray diffraction at PETRA III. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2022. vol. 93, no. 6, 065104. DOI: 10.1063/5.0077105}} @misc{bosch_functional_and_2022, author={Bosch, C., Ackels, T., Pacureanu, A., Zhang, Y., Peddie, C.J., Berning, M., Rzepka, N., Zdora, M.-C., Whiteley, I., Storm, M., Bonnin, A., Rau, C., Margrie, T., Collinson, L., Schaefer, A.T.}, title={Functional and multiscale 3D structural investigation of brain tissue through correlative in vivo physiology, synchrotron microtomography and volume electron microscopy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30199-6}, abstract = {Understanding the function of biological tissues requires a coordinated study of physiology and structure, exploring volumes that contain complete functional units at a detail that resolves the relevant features. Here, we introduce an approach to address this challenge: Mouse brain tissue sections containing a region where function was recorded using in vivo 2-photon calcium imaging were stained, dehydrated, resin-embedded and imaged with synchrotron X-ray computed tomography with propagation-based phase contrast (SXRT). SXRT provided context at subcellular detail, and could be followed by targeted acquisition of multiple volumes using serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM). In the olfactory bulb, combining SXRT and SBEM enabled disambiguation of in vivo-assigned regions of interest. In the hippocampus, we found that superficial pyramidal neurons in CA1a displayed a larger density of spine apparati than deeper ones. Altogether, this approach can enable a functional and structural investigation of subcellular features in the context of cells and tissues.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30199-6} (DOI). Bosch, C.; Ackels, T.; Pacureanu, A.; Zhang, Y.; Peddie, C.; Berning, M.; Rzepka, N.; Zdora, M.; Whiteley, I.; Storm, M.; Bonnin, A.; Rau, C.; Margrie, T.; Collinson, L.; Schaefer, A.: Functional and multiscale 3D structural investigation of brain tissue through correlative in vivo physiology, synchrotron microtomography and volume electron microscopy. Nature Communications. 2022. vol. 13, no. 1, 2923. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30199-6}} @misc{arya_which_factor_2022, author={Arya, M., Ganguly, A., Krishnamurthy, G.V., Rout, S.S., Gurevich, L., Krekeler, T., Ritter, M., Pedersen, K., Störmer, M., Yu Petrov, A., Eich, M., Chirumamilla, M.}, title={Which factor determines the optical losses in refractory tungsten thin films at high temperatures?}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152927}, abstract = {Herein, we show experimentally, how film thickness and temperature affects the optical losses in W. A drastic increase in the effective electron collision frequency is observed with decreasing the film thickness down to 5 nm, due to the grain-boundary and surface-scattering mechanisms. At sufficiently high temperatures (greater than 200 °C for W), the electron–phonon interaction eventually becomes the dominant mechanism, linearly increasing collision frequency with temperature, and it is independent of the geometry of the thin film structure. The impact of thickness and temperature-dependent optical properties of W is showcased with a hyperbolic 1D metamaterial structure acting as a thermophotovoltaic emitter. This work opens new directions in accurate prediction of the optical properties of nanostructures and design of efficient devices in various applications, such as aerospace, energy-efficient lighting, radiative cooling and energy harvesting, by incorporating thickness and temperature-dependent optical constants.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152927} (DOI). Arya, M.; Ganguly, A.; Krishnamurthy, G.; Rout, S.; Gurevich, L.; Krekeler, T.; Ritter, M.; Pedersen, K.; Störmer, M.; Yu Petrov, A.; Eich, M.; Chirumamilla, M.: Which factor determines the optical losses in refractory tungsten thin films at high temperatures?. Applied Surface Science. 2022. vol. 588, 152927. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152927}} @misc{platl_cracking_mechanism_2022, author={Platl, J., Bodner, S., Hofer, C., Landefeld, A., Leitner, H., Turk, C., Nielsen, M.-A., Demir, A.G., Previtali, B., Keckes, J., Schnitzer, R.}, title={Cracking mechanism in a laser powder bed fused cold-work tool steel: The role of residual stresses, microstructure and local elemental concentrations}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117570}, abstract = {Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) facilitates economic advantages by enhancing cutting speeds of tools through the implementation of complex internal cooling channels that could not be fabricated otherwise. However, tool steels are prone to cracking during the cyclic remelting process with extremely fast cooling rates due to their high carbon and alloying element contents and related stresses. In this work, a correlation between microscopic crack patterns in a tool steel processed via LPBF, residual stress gradients, local microstructure and near-crack elemental concentrations is studied using longitudinal/transverse sectional synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction, electron microscopy techniques and atom probe tomography. A formation of horizontal micro-cracks correlates with longitudinal/transverse sectional residual stress drops, especially at geometrically notched positions and sample edges. Remarkably, the cracks propagate predominantly along the network of eutectic intergranular carbides of type M2C deposited at the grain boundaries of carbon martensite and retained austenite matrix. A comparison of representative carbide sizes at the crack surfaces and within the crack-free regions indicates that cracks propagate preferably through the carbides in a transcrystalline manner, whereas no correlation between the cracking and the martensite formation is observed. The observations link the crack propagation to the solidification microstructure and the prevailing eutectic network. Therefore, the stress-induced cracking of eutectic carbides, which formed during the solidification and fracture in the solid state due to tensile stress accumulations, was found as the predominant cracking mechanism of the tool steel during the LPBF process.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117570} (DOI). Platl, J.; Bodner, S.; Hofer, C.; Landefeld, A.; Leitner, H.; Turk, C.; Nielsen, M.; Demir, A.; Previtali, B.; Keckes, J.; Schnitzer, R.: Cracking mechanism in a laser powder bed fused cold-work tool steel: The role of residual stresses, microstructure and local elemental concentrations. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 225, 117570. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117570}} @misc{garces_analysis_of_2022, author={Garces, G., Medina, J., Perez, P., Stark, A., Lim, H.K., Kim, S., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Analysis of the Microstructure Role in the Yield Asymmetry of Extruded Mg-LPSO Alloys Using In Situ Diffraction Experiments}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05334-9}, abstract = {The effect of microstructure and processing parameters on the mechanical behavior of extruded Mg-Y2x-Znx alloys containing different volume fractions of the long-period stacking order (LPSO) phase is evaluated using in situ diffraction experiments. The Mg-LPSO extruded alloys exhibit a microstructure consisting of a mixture of fine dynamically recrystallized α-Mg grains, highly oriented non-recrystallized coarse α-Mg grains with the basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction, and particles of the LPSO phase elongated in the extrusion direction. The volume fraction of dynamically recrystallized α-Mg grain areas tends to increase as the volume fraction of the LPSO phase and the processing stress increase. In situ diffraction experiments have allowed the understanding of the elastic–plastic behavior of non-DRXed and DRXed grains, and their individual contribution to the macroscopic deformation of magnesium alloys containing LPSO phases and, consequently, the reverse tension–compression asymmetry.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05334-9} (DOI). Garces, G.; Medina, J.; Perez, P.; Stark, A.; Lim, H.; Kim, S.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Analysis of the Microstructure Role in the Yield Asymmetry of Extruded Mg-LPSO Alloys Using In Situ Diffraction Experiments. JOM. 2022. vol. 74, no. 7, 2609-2621. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-022-05334-9}} @misc{kainz_oxidation_resistance_2022, author={Kainz, C., Saringer, C., Burtscher, M., Tkadletz, M., Stark, A., Schell, N., Pohler, M., Czettl, C., Kiener, D., Schalk, N.}, title={Oxidation resistance of cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.74Ta0.26N coatings}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114492}, abstract = {Owing to their combination of high hardness and increased fracture toughness, CrTaN coatings have recently gained increasing interest as suitable candidates for metal cutting applications. However, up to now, the detailed mechanisms underlying the oxidation of this promising coating system are not thoroughly understood. Thus within this work, the evolution of microstructure and phase composition of a cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.74Ta0.26N coating were illuminated in ambient atmosphere up to 1400 °C. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction showed that powdered face-centered cubic (fcc) CrTaN displays an excellent oxidation resistance up to ∼1050 °C, where the formation of tetragonal (t) CrTaO4 and rhombohedral (r) Cr2O3 sets in. The compact CrTaN deposited on sapphire subjected to 1225 °C in ambient atmosphere exhibits intact fcc-CrTaN regions near the substrate, a porous intermediate layer of r-Cr2O3 and t-CrTaO4 and a dense r-Cr2O3 oxide scale at the surface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114492} (DOI). Kainz, C.; Saringer, C.; Burtscher, M.; Tkadletz, M.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Pohler, M.; Czettl, C.; Kiener, D.; Schalk, N.: Oxidation resistance of cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.74Ta0.26N coatings. Scripta Materialia. 2022. vol. 211, 114492. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114492}} @misc{benatti_generalized_pole_2022, author={Benatti, E.A., De Vincentis, N.S., Al-Hamdany, N., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.-G., Avalos, M., Bolmaro, R.E.}, title={Generalized pole figures from post-processing whole Debye–Scherrer patterns for microstructural analysis on deformed materials}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057752200220X}, abstract = {Debye–Scherrer patterns, obtained from X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron light in transmission geometry, were analysed to construct generalized pole figures, and further used as input for an orientation distribution function inversion algorithm. By using Langford's method for separating strain and size contributions to peak broadening, it was possible, for the first time, to obtain full domain size and dislocation density generalized distribution functions (GDFs). This method was applied to cold-rolled and annealed interstitial-free steel. The predictions made using GDFs were corroborated by electron backscatter diffraction measurements and were also consistent with what was previously known for this kind of material under these conditions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057752200220X} (DOI). Benatti, E.; De Vincentis, N.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Avalos, M.; Bolmaro, R.: Generalized pole figures from post-processing whole Debye–Scherrer patterns for microstructural analysis on deformed materials. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2022. vol. 29, no. 3, 732-748. DOI: 10.1107/S160057752200220X}} @misc{oliveira_improving_the_2022, author={Oliveira, J.P., Shamsolhodaei, A., Shen, J., Lopes, J.G., Gonçalves, R.M., de Brito Ferraz, M., Piçarra, L., Zeng, Z., Schell, N., Zhou, N., Seop Kim, H.}, title={Improving the ductility in laser welded joints of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110717}, abstract = {Dissimilar joining involving high entropy alloys is currently being explored to evaluate the suitability of these novel advanced engineering materials in structural applications. Recently, joining of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel was successfully attempted. However, the joint ductility was limited by the lack of deformation experienced by the cold-rolled CoCrFeMnNi base material during tensile loading. In this work, it is shown that by simply changing the base material condition, from cold-rolled to annealed, it is possible to significantly improve the joint fracture strain from ≈ 5 to ≈ 10 %, while preserving the strength at ≈ 450 MPa. Using electron microscopy, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and mechanical testing aided by digital image correlation, the microstructure evolution across the welded joint is assessed and correlated to its mechanical performance. Moreover, thermodynamic calculations considering the compositional changes across the fusion zone were used to predict the microstructure evolution of this region.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110717} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Shamsolhodaei, A.; Shen, J.; Lopes, J.; Gonçalves, R.; de Brito Ferraz, M.; Piçarra, L.; Zeng, Z.; Schell, N.; Zhou, N.; Seop Kim, H.: Improving the ductility in laser welded joints of CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 219, 110717. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110717}} @misc{garces_temperature_dependence_2022, author={Garces, G., Clemente, A., Medina, J., Perez, P., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Temperature Dependence of Hall–Petch Parameters Using In Situ Diffraction Experiments in AZ31 Alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05320-1}, abstract = {The temperature evolution of the Hall–Petch parameters for basal slip and twinning systems has been evaluated for the AZ31 alloy, using synchrotron radiation diffraction during compression tests from room temperature to 473 K. The AZ31 alloy was processed following two processing routes, casting and powder metallurgy, to obtain two different grain sizes with a similar strong fiber texture. Although macroscopic plasticity is controlled by tensile twinning, the stress for the activation of basal slip can also be calculated. At low temperatures, the grain size dependence of twinning is much higher than that for basal slip. However, basal slip prevails at 473 K, especially for the alloy processed through the powder metallurgy route, because of the low tendency for twinning deformation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05320-1} (DOI). Garces, G.; Clemente, A.; Medina, J.; Perez, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Temperature Dependence of Hall–Petch Parameters Using In Situ Diffraction Experiments in AZ31 Alloy. JOM. 2022. vol. 74, no. 7, 2622-2634. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-022-05320-1}} @misc{khokhriakov_a_novel_2022, author={Khokhriakov, I., Merkulova, O., Nozik, A., Fromme, P., Mazalova, V.}, title={A novel solution for controlling hardware components of accelerators and beamlines}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577522002685}, abstract = {A novel approach to the remote-control system for the compact multi-crystal energy-dispersive spectrometer for X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) applications has been developed. This new approach is based on asynchronous communication between software components and on reactive design principles. In this paper, the challenges faced, their solutions, as well as the implementation and future development prospects are identified. The main motivation of this work was the development of a new holistic communication protocol that can be implemented to control various hardware components allowing both independent operation and easy integration into different SCADA systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577522002685} (DOI). Khokhriakov, I.; Merkulova, O.; Nozik, A.; Fromme, P.; Mazalova, V.: A novel solution for controlling hardware components of accelerators and beamlines. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2022. vol. 29, no. 3, 644-653. DOI: 10.1107/S1600577522002685}} @misc{sanamar_formation_of_2022, author={Sanamar, S., Brokmeier, H., Schell, N.}, title={Formation of the intermetallic phases Al12Mg17 and Al3Mg2 during heating of elemental Al-Mg composites studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165114}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study is to track the formation of the intermetallic phases that form in the binary Al-Mg system and investigate their orientation relationships to the parent Al and Mg elements. Therefore, two compositions Al60Mg40 and Al40Mg60 (wt%), which are very suitable for studying the diffusion of Al in Mg and Mg in Al were heated from room temperature up to elevated temperatures below the melting point. Powder metallurgy, including cold extrusion was used to create a large interface between the Al and Mg, which facilitates fast reaction kinetics. In order to observe the phase formation during heating and analyze the crystal structures, X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation was used. The use of high energy X-ray was extremely helpful, enabling the detection of small phase fractions and information on the orientation relationships between the Al and Mg and the intermetallic phases that formed. The γ-Al12Mg17phase was the first phase formed in both alloy compositions on annealing. Subsequently, the β-Al3Mg2phase was formed. After annealing at 400 ºC for 2 h, the Al40Mg60 composition consisted of a very high amount of Al12Mg17 and a small amount of Mg phase while the Al60Mg40 composition consisted of mainly Al3Mg2 and a small fraction of Al12Mg17, indicating that thermodynamic equilibrium has been approximated. On further annealing at 400 ºC for 12 h, both compositions formed only one phase, namely the Al12Mg17 phase in the Al40Mg60 composition and the Al3Mg2 phase in the Al60Mg40 composition. In this condition, a Pitsch-Schrader orientation relationship was found between the Mg and the γ-Al12Mg17 phase, the occurrence of which is discussed within the framework of literature models. No orientation relationship between either the Al or the Mg with the Al3Mg2 phase was found.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165114} (DOI). Sanamar, S.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.: Formation of the intermetallic phases Al12Mg17 and Al3Mg2 during heating of elemental Al-Mg composites studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022. vol. 911, 165114. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.165114}} @misc{duarte_insitu_hot_2022, author={Duarte, V.R., Rodrigues, T.A., Schell, N., Miranda, R.M., Oliveira, J.P., Santos, T.G.}, title={In-situ hot forging directed energy deposition-arc of CuAl8 alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102847}, abstract = {CuAl8 alloy finds applications in industrial components, where a good anti-corrosion and anti-wearing properties are required. The alloy has a medium strength and a good toughness with an elongation to fracture at room temperature of about 40%. Additionally, it has a good electrical conductivity, though lower than that of pure Al or pure Cu. Despite these characteristics, additive manufacturing of the CuAl8 alloy was not yet reported. In this work, the direct energy deposition-arc (DED-arc) with and without in-situ hot forging was used to determine the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. No internal defects were seen on the parts produced. Hot forging combined with DED-arc was seen to reduce and homogenize the grain size, improve mechanical strength and isotropy of mechanical properties. Moreover, the use of this novel DED-arc variant was seen to reduce the magnitude of residual stresses throughout the fabricated part. We highlight that this alloy can be processed by DED-arc, and the hot forging operation concomitant with the material deposition has beneficial effects on the microstructure refinement and homogenization.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102847} (DOI). Duarte, V.; Rodrigues, T.; Schell, N.; Miranda, R.; Oliveira, J.; Santos, T.: In-situ hot forging directed energy deposition-arc of CuAl8 alloy. Additive Manufacturing. 2022. vol. 55, 102847. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2022.102847}} @misc{hariharan_designing_the_2022, author={Hariharan, A., Goldberg, P., Gustmann, T., Maawad, E., Pilz, S., Schell, F., Kunze, T., Zwahr, C., Gebert, A.}, title={Designing the microstructural constituents of an additively manufactured near β Ti alloy for an enhanced mechanical and corrosion response}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110618}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing of near β-type Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys using the laser powder bed fusion process (LPBF) opens up new avenues to tailor the microstructure and subsequent macro-scale properties that aids in developing new generation patient-specific, load-bearing orthopedic implants. In this work, we investigate a wide range of LPBF parameter space to optimize the volumetric energy density, surface characteristics and melt track widths to achieve a stable process and part density of greater than 99 %. Further, optimized sample states were achieved via thermal post-processing using standard capability aging, super-transus (900 °C) and sub-transus (660 °C) heat treatment strategies with varying quenching mediums (air, water and ice). The applied heat treatment strategies induce various fractions of α, martensite (α', α'') in combination with the β phase and strongly correlated with the observed enhanced mechanical properties and a relatively low elastic modulus. In summary, our work highlights a practical strategy for optimizing the mechanical and corrosion properties of a LPBF produced near β-type Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloy via careful evaluation of processing and post-processing steps and the interrelation to the corresponding microstructures. Corrosion studies revealed excellent corrosion resistances of the heat-treated LPBF samples comparable to wrought Ti-13Nb-13Zr alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110618} (DOI). Hariharan, A.; Goldberg, P.; Gustmann, T.; Maawad, E.; Pilz, S.; Schell, F.; Kunze, T.; Zwahr, C.; Gebert, A.: Designing the microstructural constituents of an additively manufactured near β Ti alloy for an enhanced mechanical and corrosion response. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 217, 110618. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110618}} @misc{vitzthum_insitu_analysis_2022, author={Vitzthum, S., Rebelo Kornmeier, J., Hofmann, M., Gruber, M., Maawad, E., Batista, A.C., Hartmann, C., Volk, W.}, title={In-situ analysis of the thermoelastic effect and its relation to the onset of yielding of low carbon steel}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110753}, abstract = {The thermoelastic effect indicates the dependency of temperature and volume change in the material and, due to the heat released during plastic deformation, a temperature minimum occurs in the region of the onset of yielding. An experimental setup is presented for the microscopic analysis of the thermoelastic effect, which allows high precision measurements of specimen. In-situ diffraction experiments were performed for a single phase low carbon steel HC260Y using synchrotron diffraction at the High Energy Material Science beamline P07 in Petra III, DESY. This allows a direct comparison of the onset of yielding by observing the evolution of lattice strains and dislocations densities with the specimen temperature in a continuous cyclic test having high measuring frequency and accuracy. Therefore, the lattice strains are evaluated based on the peak shift of several lattice planes and the dislocation density is estimated based on the micro strain due to peak broadening. The results prove existing assumptions about the relation between the thermoelastic effect and the onset of yielding and clearly qualify the temperature-based determination method for material characterization on a microstructural basis. The usefulness of the temperature elasticity parameters is shown exemplarily with the determination of loading moduli and compared to existing methods.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110753} (DOI). Vitzthum, S.; Rebelo Kornmeier, J.; Hofmann, M.; Gruber, M.; Maawad, E.; Batista, A.; Hartmann, C.; Volk, W.: In-situ analysis of the thermoelastic effect and its relation to the onset of yielding of low carbon steel. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 219, 110753. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110753}} @misc{xu_influence_of_2022, author={Xu, P., Ebel, T., Pyczak, F., Willumeit-Römer, R., Yu, S.}, title={Influence of defects on damage tolerance of Metal-Injection-Molded β titanium alloys under static and dynamic loading}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2022.2069077}, abstract = {The β titanium alloys are key materials in lightweight and biomedical applications, due to the combination of excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, the Binder-based Powder Technologies such as Metal-Injection-Molding (MIM), Binder-Jetting and Fused-Filament-Fabrication, normally introduce three major processing-related defects in the as-sintered Ti-parts: (i) residual porosity, (ii) high impurity level and (iii) coarse-grained structure. The previous studies revealed that these processing defects invariably tend to be even more severe in β titanium alloys than in α/β Ti-6Al-4V alloy, all fabricated by powder metallurgical route. In this work, these processing defects and their likely origins in MIM β titanium alloys are analysed. Furthermore, the influence of these defects on damage tolerance and fracture mechanisms of MIM β titanium alloys under either static or dynamic loading is investigated. Based on the studies, strategic technical improvements in the processing to improve the reliability of MIM β titanium alloys products are proposed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/00325899.2022.2069077} (DOI). Xu, P.; Ebel, T.; Pyczak, F.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Yu, S.: Influence of defects on damage tolerance of Metal-Injection-Molded β titanium alloys under static and dynamic loading. Powder Metallurgy. 2022. vol. 65, no. 5, 354-364. DOI: 10.1080/00325899.2022.2069077}} @misc{wu_peo_processing_2022, author={Wu, T., Blawert, C., Serdechnova, M., Karlova, P., Dovzhenko, G., Wieland, F., Zheludkevich, M.}, title={PEO processing of AZ91Nd/Al2O3 MMC-the role of alumina fibers}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.09.017}, abstract = {This work reports the influence of alumina fiber reinforcement of an AZ91Nd MMC (metal matrix composite) on the PEO coating formation process in a sodium phosphate-based electrolyte. By comparison with the pure AZ91Nd, the evolution of alumina fiber during the processing and the characteristics of the resultant PEO coating were investigated. The voltage response as a function of processing time was changed. Lower voltage in the presence of alumina fiber is responsible for the lower coating thickness. The morphology and phase composition of the coatings are also influenced by the incorporation of the fiber. Firstly, the fiber is embedded in the coating and interrupts the continuity of the coating. With increasing processing time, the fiber is found to be reactively incorporated in the coating. The intention to produce a MgAl2O4 containing coating is achieved and it is mainly accumulated near the coating surface. However, due to the low number of fibers, the Al content is overall still low and only near to the fibers the MgAl2O4 spinel phase can form.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.09.017} (DOI). Wu, T.; Blawert, C.; Serdechnova, M.; Karlova, P.; Dovzhenko, G.; Wieland, F.; Zheludkevich, M.: PEO processing of AZ91Nd/Al2O3 MMC-the role of alumina fibers. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2022. vol. 10, no. 2, 423-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.09.017}} @misc{lin_effect_of_2022, author={Lin, S., Borgenstam, A., Stark, A., Hedström, P.}, title={Effect of Si on bainitic transformation kinetics in steels explained by carbon partitioning, carbide formation, dislocation densities, and thermodynamic conditions}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111774}, abstract = {The effect of Si addition on the evolution of bainitic transformation, carbon diffusion, carbide formation, and dislocation density in steel was investigated using in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). Alloys Fe-0.4C-1.7Mn (in wt%) with 1–4 wt% Si were austenitized at 1273 K and then isothermally heat treated at 573, 623, and 673 K. According to the HEXRD results, increasing Si content reduces the bainitic transformation kinetics and causes the incompleteness of the bainitic transformation to occur at lower bainite volume fraction. This is because i) Si retards carbide formation, impeding the eutectoid bainitic transformation, and leads to the accumulation of carbon at the migrating interface; ii) Si leads to higher strain energy and more dislocations in the austenite that also hinders the migration of the interface. Carbide formation was observed to occur prior to the incomplete transformation stage. During further isothermal holding, the decrease in dislocation density due to dislocation annihilation had little effect on carbide formation or carbon diffusion. Finally, the Si content has a minor effect on the calculated T0, T0’, and WBs lines. The measured carbon content in carbon enriched austenite agrees well with WBs and T0 but not with T0’.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111774} (DOI). Lin, S.; Borgenstam, A.; Stark, A.; Hedström, P.: Effect of Si on bainitic transformation kinetics in steels explained by carbon partitioning, carbide formation, dislocation densities, and thermodynamic conditions. Materials Characterization. 2022. vol. 185, 111774. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.111774}} @misc{geiler_the_first_2022, author={Geißler, C., Kotthoff, U., Hammel, J., Harvey, M., Harms, D.}, title={The first fossil of the pseudoscorpion family Ideoroncidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones): A new taxon from the mid-Cretaceous of northern Myanmar}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105030}, abstract = {Pseudoscorpions have a sparse fossil record although they are among the oldest terrestrial lineages with origins that go back to the Devonian (ca. 385 Ma). Amongst the 25 extant families of pseudoscorpions, only 14 are known from fossils, most of which are preserved in European ambers from the Eocene. Burmese amber from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of northern Myanmar is an important source of Mesozoic pseudoscorpion fossils but only six species have been described from this amber to date. In this paper, we establish the first fossil record for the pseudoscorpion family Ideoroncidae Chamberlin, 1930, which is coequally the oldest record of the pseudoscorpion superfamily Neobisioidea. The new genus Proalbiorix is established for the two species P. gracilis sp. nov. and P. compactus sp. nov. which already show all diagnostic features of members belonging to this family to date. Interestingly, Proalbiorix shows morphological features that align the fossils with present-day fauna from the Americas and Africa rather than Asia, which has biogeographical implications. Overall, the description provides another example of relative morphological stasis of pseudoscorpions compared to other arachnid lineages such as spiders, and that all major clades of pseudoscorpions were established long before the Cretaceous.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105030} (DOI). Geißler, C.; Kotthoff, U.; Hammel, J.; Harvey, M.; Harms, D.: The first fossil of the pseudoscorpion family Ideoroncidae (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones): A new taxon from the mid-Cretaceous of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research. 2022. vol. 130, 105030. DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105030}} @misc{liu_deformation_and_2022, author={Liu, X., Song, L., Stark, A., Lorenz, U., He, Z., Lin, J., Pyczak, F., Zhang, T.}, title={Deformation and phase transformation behaviors of a high Nb-containing TiAl alloy compressed at intermediate temperatures}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.041}, abstract = {In modern β-solidified TiAl alloys, the decomposition of α2 phase is frequently observed during heat treatment or high-temperature deformation of the alloys. In this study, high-temperature deformation and decomposition mechanisms of α2 phase in a Ti-45Al-8.5Nb-0.2B-0.2W-0.02Y alloy are investigated. In a sample deformed at 800 °C, the precipitation of βo(ωo) phase is observed within the equiaxed α2 phase. The nucleation of ωo particles within the βo matrix indicates the α2→βo→ωo transformation. In addition, numerous γ phase precipitates form within the βo(ω) areas. The α2 lamellae decompose into ultrafine (α2+γ) lamellae and coarsened γ lamellae via α2→α2+γ and α2→γ transformation, respectively. Moreover, the ωo phase nucleates within the ultrafine lamellae via α2→ωo transformation. However, in a sample deformed at 1000 °C, the nucleation of βo particles is sluggish, which is caused by the efficient release of the internal stress via dynamic recrystallization (DRX). These results indicate that complex phase transformations can be introduced by the decomposition of α2 phase in TiAl alloys with a high amount of β-stabilizing elements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.041} (DOI). Liu, X.; Song, L.; Stark, A.; Lorenz, U.; He, Z.; Lin, J.; Pyczak, F.; Zhang, T.: Deformation and phase transformation behaviors of a high Nb-containing TiAl alloy compressed at intermediate temperatures. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2022. vol. 102, 89-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.06.041}} @misc{wu_formation_of_2022, author={Wu, T., Blawert, C., Serdechnova, M., Karlova, P., Dovzhenko, G., Wieland, F., Stojadinovic, S., Vasilicd, R., Mojsilovic, K., Zheludkevich, M.}, title={Formation of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on pure niobium in different electrolytes}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151629}, abstract = {The development of PEO surface treatments for Nb (niobium) provides a possibility to produce functionalized coatings with a combination of new compositions and phases. In the frame of this work, PEO coatings on pure Nb are produced in three electrolytes containing aluminate, phosphate and silicate. Furthermore, the influence of the electrolyte composition on the PEO process and the microstructure, composition and properties of the coatings were studied. It was observed that most of the coating forming species did not participate in the plasma reactions directly, while the chemical-, electrochemical- and thermal stimulated reactions are dominating the coating formation. The results show that all the coatings are mainly composed of the Nb2O5 phase. An additional mixture of oxides (Al2O3 and AlNbO4) is found in the coating formed in aluminate-containing electrolyte, and the coating formed in phosphate-containing electrolyte contains a small amount of Nb2(PO4)3 and amorphous phosphate. No additional crystalline phase other than the amorphous silica phase is detected in the coating formed in silicate-containing electrolyte. Additionally, different morphology of the coatings is revealed and the most uniform coating is produced in silicate-containing electrolyte, which further improves its corrosion resistance. This coating also shows the highest photocatalytic activity due to the combination of Nb2O5 and silica. Since all PEO coatings on pure Nb show superior corrosion resistance and photocatalytic activity, they might be interesting for a wide range of applications ranging from transportation, biomedical implants to environmental protection.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151629} (DOI). Wu, T.; Blawert, C.; Serdechnova, M.; Karlova, P.; Dovzhenko, G.; Wieland, F.; Stojadinovic, S.; Vasilicd, R.; Mojsilovic, K.; Zheludkevich, M.: Formation of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on pure niobium in different electrolytes. Applied Surface Science. 2022. vol. 573, 151629. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151629}} @misc{szab_first_record_2022, author={Szabó, M., Hammel, J.U., Harms, D., Kotthoff, U., Bodor, E., Novák, J., Kovács, K., Ősi, A.}, title={First record of the spider family Hersiliidae (Araneae) from the Mesozoic of Europe (Bakony Mts, Hungary)}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105097}, abstract = {An adult male Hersiliidae spider is described from amber that originates from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian) Ajka Coal Formation (Ajka-Csingervölgy, Hungary), the so-called ajkaite. The spider has elongate posterior spinnerets and a short third pair of legs III, both characteristics of the family, but differs from all known Mesozoic (discovered in burmite) and fossil and Recent European representatives of Hersiliidae so that a new genus and species name is proposed for Hungarosilia verdesi gen. et sp. nov.. The new taxon is distinguishable by the following unique combination of characters: pro- and opisthosoma nearly circular in dorsal view; posterior spinnerets with a distal article more than three times longer than the basal article; pedipalpal tibia and patella short and stout but pedipalpal femur as long as the cymbium, cymbium egg-shaped and without cymbial apophysis; bulbus of circular shape in ventral view and slightly flattened is lateral view. The fossil represents the first record of Hersiliidae from the Mesozoic of Europe and establishes the second record of this family in the Mesozoic Era. The estimated paleoclimate and paleoflora of the Ajka coal sub-basin correspond well with habitat preferences of Recent relatives that are often arborical and found in association with tree bark. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of a neglected amber type, the ajkaite, for documenting and studying the European arthropod fauna during the Mesozoic.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105097} (DOI). Szabó, M.; Hammel, J.; Harms, D.; Kotthoff, U.; Bodor, E.; Novák, J.; Kovács, K.; Ősi, A.: First record of the spider family Hersiliidae (Araneae) from the Mesozoic of Europe (Bakony Mts, Hungary). Cretaceous Research. 2022. vol. 131, 105097. DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105097}} @misc{schwarze_the_first_2022, author={Schwarze, D., Harms, D., Hammel, J., Kotthoff, U.}, title={The first fossils of the most basal pseudoscorpion family (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudotyrannochthoniidae): evidence for major biogeographical shifts in the European paleofauna}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-021-00565-8}, abstract = {Pseudoscorpions belong to the oldest terrestrial lineages with origins in the Devonian (ca. 385 Ma) but their fossil record is extremely sparse and little is known about their diversification over time. Here, we describe the first fossil species of the pseudoscorpion family Pseudotyrannochthoniidae that resemble the Devonian fossils in major details, such as the chaetotaxy of the pedipalps. We describe two new species, Allochthonius balticus sp. nov. from Baltic amber and Centrochthonius bitterfeldicus sp. nov. from Bitterfeld amber in northern Europe. Both species can unequivocally be assigned to extant genera and provide further evidence for dramatic range shifts in European invertebrate biota since the Paleogene. Allochthonius Chamberlin, 1929 is a diverse genus in eastern Asia (China, Korea, and Japan) today but does not occur anywhere in central Asia, Europe or North America. Centrochthonius Beier, 1931 is a poorly known genus but seems to be restricted to high altitude habitats in central Asia (China, Kyrgyzstan, and Nepal). With range retractions to regions more than 4600 km away from the European amber deposits, the fossils highlight total lineage extinction in Europe and survival in refugia that are climatically and botanically most similar to the Baltic amber forest of the Eocene. Overall, our results support the concept of morphological but potentially also ecological stasis in major pseudoscorpion lineages over long periods of time and agree with previous studies that suggested a warm temperate rather than subtropical or tropical climate for the time of amber deposition.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-021-00565-8} (DOI). Schwarze, D.; Harms, D.; Hammel, J.; Kotthoff, U.: The first fossils of the most basal pseudoscorpion family (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudotyrannochthoniidae): evidence for major biogeographical shifts in the European paleofauna. Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 2022. vol. 96, no. 1, 11-27. DOI: 10.1007/s12542-021-00565-8}} @misc{flenner_machine_learning_2022, author={Flenner, S., Bruns, S., Longo, E., Parnell, A., Stockhausen, K., Müller, M., Greving, I.}, title={Machine learning denoising of high-resolution X-ray nano­tomography data}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577521011139}, abstract = {High-resolution X-ray nano­tomography is a quantitative tool for investigating specimens from a wide range of research areas. However, the quality of the reconstructed tomogram is often obscured by noise and therefore not suitable for automatic segmentation. Filtering methods are often required for a detailed quantitative analysis. However, most filters induce blurring in the reconstructed tomograms. Here, machine learning (ML) techniques offer a powerful alternative to conventional filtering methods. In this article, we verify that a self-supervised denoising ML technique can be used in a very efficient way for eliminating noise from nano­tomography data. The technique presented is applied to high-resolution nano­tomography data and compared to conventional filters, such as a median filter and a nonlocal means filter, optimized for tomographic data sets. The ML approach proves to be a very powerful tool that outperforms conventional filters by eliminating noise without blurring relevant structural features, thus enabling efficient quantitative analysis in different scientific fields.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577521011139} (DOI). Flenner, S.; Bruns, S.; Longo, E.; Parnell, A.; Stockhausen, K.; Müller, M.; Greving, I.: Machine learning denoising of high-resolution X-ray nano­tomography data. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2022. vol. 29, no. 1, 230-238. DOI: 10.1107/S1600577521011139}} @misc{kreuzpaintner_reflectometry_with_2022, author={Kreuzpaintner, W., Schmehl, A., Book, A., Mairoser, T., Ye, J., Wiedemann, B., Mayr, S., Moulin, J.-F., Stahn, J., Gilbert, D.A., Gabold, H., Inanloo-Maranloo, Z., Heigl, M., Masalovich, S., Georgii, R., Albrecht, M., Mannhart, J., Böni, P.}, title={Reflectometry with Polarized Neutrons on In Situ Grown Thin Films}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.202100153}, abstract = {Originating from the demand for obtaining depth-resolved magnetization profiles from thin films and heterostructures, polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) has developed into a unique research tool, which also finds application in the analysis of superconducting or soft matter thin films. While certain in situ sample environments such as gas-loading or humidity cells were quickly realized after PNR first emerged, preparing and growing thin magnetic films directly in the neutron beam could only be realized in recent years. Herein, a dedicated insight is given on the history and development of in situ thin film growth capabilities for PNR, from early pioneering experiments to the present day. The scientific and technological challenges as well as the advances of neutron sources, neutronics, and data treatment that have led to its realization are highlighted together with the unique research opportunities that it provides and recently obtained experimental results.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.202100153} (DOI). Kreuzpaintner, W.; Schmehl, A.; Book, A.; Mairoser, T.; Ye, J.; Wiedemann, B.; Mayr, S.; Moulin, J.; Stahn, J.; Gilbert, D.; Gabold, H.; Inanloo-Maranloo, Z.; Heigl, M.; Masalovich, S.; Georgii, R.; Albrecht, M.; Mannhart, J.; Böni, P.: Reflectometry with Polarized Neutrons on In Situ Grown Thin Films. Physica Status Solidi B. 2022. vol. 259, no. 5, 2100153. DOI: 10.1002/pssb.202100153}} @misc{callegari_new_aspects_2022, author={Callegari, B., Oliveira, J.P., Coelho, R.S., Brito, P.P., Schell, N., Soldera, F., Mücklich, F., Pinto, H.C.}, title={New aspects of globularization crystallography and dynamic phase evolution during thermomechanical processing of Ti–6Al–4V alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125388}, abstract = {Microstructural and crystallographic aspects arising from thermomechanical processing of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy in β and α+β phase fields were studied by electron backscatter diffraction and both conventional and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The impact of deformation in the single β field on the final microstructure has been acknowledged by an increase of the retained β phase content and decrease of martensitic c/a ratio with the reduction of strain rate, although no significant influence of strain rate on the well-defined fiber texture of α' has been observed. During deformation in the α+β field, texture weakening has been observed, and misorientation angle/axis distribution analysis has evidenced randomization and loss of the Burgers orientation relationship between α and β upon globularization. The behavior of deformed α lamellae in the α+β field was also evaluated in terms of internal misorientation spread and lattice rotation around the deformation axis, corroborating that globularization takes place through dynamic recrystallization, boundary splitting and shearing. Globularized grain size was shown to be exponentially proportional to strain rate decrease. Lower strain rates in the α+β field also increase the β phase fraction and decrease the c/a ratio of the α phase, leading to values closer to the ideal one for titanium. However, an excessive amount of β causes its instability during quenching, resulting in its decomposition into secondary α during cooling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125388} (DOI). Callegari, B.; Oliveira, J.; Coelho, R.; Brito, P.; Schell, N.; Soldera, F.; Mücklich, F.; Pinto, H.: New aspects of globularization crystallography and dynamic phase evolution during thermomechanical processing of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2022. vol. 276, 125388. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125388}} @misc{caselli_interaction_of_2022, author={Caselli, L., Ridolfi, A., Mangiapia, G., Maltoni, P., Moulin, J., Berti, D., Steinke, N., Gustafsson, E., Nylander, T., Montis, C.}, title={Interaction of nanoparticles with lipid films: the role of symmetry and shape anisotropy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cp03201a}, abstract = {The bioactivity, biological fate and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials when they come into contact with living organisms are determined by their interaction with biomacromolecules and biological barriers. In this context, the role of symmetry/shape anisotropy of both the nanomaterials and biological interfaces in their mutual interaction, is a relatively unaddressed issue. Here, we study the interaction of gold nanoparticles (NPs) of different shapes (nanospheres and nanorods) with biomimetic membranes of different morphology, i.e. flat membranes (2D symmetry, representative of the most common plasma membrane geometry), and cubic membranes (3D symmetry, representative of non-lamellar membranes, found in Nature under certain biological conditions). For this purpose we used an ensemble of complementary structural techniques, including Neutron Reflectometry, Grazing Incidence Small-Angle Neutron Scattering, on a nanometer lengthscale and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy on a micrometer length scale. We found that the structural stability of the membrane towards NPs is dependent on the topological characteristic of the lipid assembly and of the NPs, where a higher symmetry gave higher stability. In addition, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy analyses highlighted that NPs interact with cubic and lamellar phases according to two distinct mechanisms, related to the different structures of the lipid assemblies. This study for the first time systematically addresses the role of NPs shape in the interaction with lipid assemblies with different symmetry. The results will contribute to improve the fundamental knowledge on lipid interfaces and will provide new insights on the biological function of phase transitions as a response strategy to the exposure of NPs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cp03201a} (DOI). Caselli, L.; Ridolfi, A.; Mangiapia, G.; Maltoni, P.; Moulin, J.; Berti, D.; Steinke, N.; Gustafsson, E.; Nylander, T.; Montis, C.: Interaction of nanoparticles with lipid films: the role of symmetry and shape anisotropy. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2022. vol. 24, no. 5, 2762-2776. DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03201a}} @misc{schmeiser_in_situ_2022, author={Schmeiser, F., Krohmer, E., Wagner, C., Schell, N., Uhlmann, E., Reimers, W.}, title={In situ microstructure analysis of Inconel 625 during laser powder bed fusion}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06577-8}, abstract = {Laser powder bed fusion is an additive manufacturing process that employs highly focused laser radiation for selective melting of a metal powder bed. This process entails a complex heat flow and thermal management that results in characteristic, often highly textured microstructures, which lead to mechanical anisotropy. In this study, high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out to illuminate the formation and evolution of microstructural features during LPBF. The nickel-base alloy Inconel 625 was used for in situ experiments using a custom LPBF system designed for these investigations. The diffraction patterns yielded results regarding texture, lattice defects, recrystallization, and chemical segregation. A combination of high laser power and scanning speed results in a strong preferred crystallographic orientation, while low laser power and scanning speed showed no clear texture. The observation of a constant gauge volume revealed solid-state texture changes without remelting. They were related to in situ recrystallization processes caused by the repeated laser scanning. After recrystallization, the formation and growth of segregations were deduced from an increasing diffraction peak asymmetry and confirmed by ex situ scanning transmission electron microscopy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06577-8} (DOI). Schmeiser, F.; Krohmer, E.; Wagner, C.; Schell, N.; Uhlmann, E.; Reimers, W.: In situ microstructure analysis of Inconel 625 during laser powder bed fusion. Journal of Materials Science. 2022. vol. 57, no. 21, 9663-9677. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06577-8}} @misc{foster_formation_of_2022, author={Foster, D., Paladugu, M., Hughes, J., Kapousidou, M., Islam, U., Stark, A., Schell, N., Jimenez-Melero, E.}, title={Formation of lower bainite in a high carbon steel – an in-situ synchrotron XRD study}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.025}, abstract = {The microstructural evolution of and simultaneous dimensional changes in high-carbon SAE 52100 bearing steel were monitored continuously during austempering for 120 min at selected temperatures in the range of 210 °C-270 °C, and also during its subsequent tempering to 340 °C for an additional 120 min, via high-energy X-ray diffraction in real time and in-situ dilatometry. The austenite-to-bainitic ferrite transformation induces lattice defects and internal lattice stresses that increase with austempering time and at lower austempering temperatures. These changes are evidenced by the increase in the full-width half-maximum of the relevant reflections in X-ray diffraction. The lattice parameter of bainitic ferrite takes its highest value during the early stages of austempering, and then gradually decreases as the transformation progresses. This observation points to an initial state of carbon supersaturation in the ferritic lattice that is likely reducing due to carbon segregation close to dislocations, fine carbide precipitation within the bainitic ferrite, and carbon partitioning into the surrounding austenite. The carbon partitioning into austenite is evidenced in particular at the higher austempering temperatures of 240 °C and 270 °C, at which there is a noticeable increase in the lattice parameter of the remaining austenite at longer times. The dimensions of the bearing steel specimens are governed by the volume change due to the formation of bainitic ferrite during austempering and by the relaxation of its lattice distortion during tempering at 340 °C in the absence of further phase transformation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.025} (DOI). Foster, D.; Paladugu, M.; Hughes, J.; Kapousidou, M.; Islam, U.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Jimenez-Melero, E.: Formation of lower bainite in a high carbon steel – an in-situ synchrotron XRD study. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2022. vol. 18, 5380-5393. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.025}} @misc{rodrigues_steelcopper_functionally_2022, author={Rodrigues, T.A., Bairrão, N., Farias, F.W.C., Shamsolhodaei, A., Shen, J., Zhou, N., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Santos, T.G., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Steel-copper functionally graded material produced by twin-wire and arc additive manufacturing (T-WAAM)}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110270}, abstract = {In this work, a functionally graded material (FGM) part was fabricated by depositing a Cu-based alloy on top of a high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel by twin-wire and arc additive manufacturing (T-WAAM). Copper and steel parts are of interest in many industries since they can combine high thermal/electrical conductivity, wear resistance with excellent mechanical properties. However, mixing copper with steel is difficult due to mismatches in the coefficient of thermal expansion, in the melting temperature, and crystal structure. Moreover, the existence of a miscibility gap during solidification, when the melt is undercooled, causes serious phase separation and segregation during solidification which greatly affects the mechanical properties. Copper and steel control samples and the functionally graded material specimen were fabricated and investigated using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Retained δ-ferrite was found in a Cu matrix at the interface region due to regions with mixed composition. A smooth gradient of hardness and electric conductivity along the FGM sample height was obtained. An ultimate tensile strength of 690 MPa and an elongation at fracture of 16.6% were measured in the FGM part.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110270} (DOI). Rodrigues, T.; Bairrão, N.; Farias, F.; Shamsolhodaei, A.; Shen, J.; Zhou, N.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: Steel-copper functionally graded material produced by twin-wire and arc additive manufacturing (T-WAAM). Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 213, 110270. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110270}} @misc{you_effects_of_2022, author={You, S., Huang, Y., Dieringa, H., Maawad, E., Gan, W., Zhang, Y., Kainer, K., Willumeit-Römer, R., Hort, N.}, title={Effects of Y Additions on the Microstructures and Mechanical Behaviours of as Cast Mg–xY–0.5Zr Alloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101033}, abstract = {Previous investigations demonstrated that rare-earth elements (REs) could improve their creep properties effectively. Herein, the influence of Y content on the creep properties of magnesium is investigated systematically with different amount of Y additions. The mechanisms responsible for creep deformation are clarified by the analysis of stress exponent and microstructural characterizations. It is found that the addition of Y in Mg can improve both the ambient strength and high temperature strength owing to its effective solid solution strengthening. At room temperature, the yield strength of Mg–Y alloys has a linear relation with the content of Y. When tested at high temperatures, the yield strength reduces. Compared with pure magnesium, Mg–Y alloys exhibit a high thermal stability even above 200 °C. Small amount of Y addition can improve the creep resistance of Mg largely. With further increasing its content, its contribution to the improvement of creep resistance is weakened for Mg. Under the applied stresses 60–100 MPa and at temperatures of 200–250 °C, the responsible creep mechanism is dislocation controlled. During creep deformation, the Y segregation regions play an important role in hindering the movement of dislocations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202101033} (DOI). You, S.; Huang, Y.; Dieringa, H.; Maawad, E.; Gan, W.; Zhang, Y.; Kainer, K.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Hort, N.: Effects of Y Additions on the Microstructures and Mechanical Behaviours of as Cast Mg–xY–0.5Zr Alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2022. vol. 24, no. 4, 2101033. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202101033}} @misc{husshansen_local_structure_2022, author={Huss-Hansen, M., Hedlund, E., Davydok, A., Hansteen, M., Overdijk, J., de Cremer, G., Roeffaers, M., Knaapila, M., Balzano, L.}, title={Local structure mapping of gel-spun ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124420}, abstract = {We report on < 2 μm spatial resolution investigations of structural and morphological uniformity of aligned high-performance gel-spun ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers (thicknesses ranging from 60 μm to 300 μm) whose processing includes draw and quench. The degree of orientation of PE crystallites were found to increase near the surface of the fiber filaments (skin-core structure) in all samples when considering the orientation parameter calculated from wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The degree of orientation increases with drawn down ratio (keeping the quench temperature constant) and decreases with increasing quench temperature (keeping the draw down ratio constant). Orientation parameter values calculated from polarized Raman spectroscopy measurements of the symmetric C–C stretching (1130 cm−1) bond of PE showed clear skin-core structure in the samples with the highest overall orientation. We also employ small-angle X-ray scattering computed tomography (SAXS-CT) to show that the morphology (on the length scale of tens of nm) exhibit clear skin-core structure in two of the samples. The thickness of the skin region (~12-17 µm) was estimated from the real-space SAXS morphology and found to be similar in undrawn and drawn filaments.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124420} (DOI). Huss-Hansen, M.; Hedlund, E.; Davydok, A.; Hansteen, M.; Overdijk, J.; de Cremer, G.; Roeffaers, M.; Knaapila, M.; Balzano, L.: Local structure mapping of gel-spun ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers. Polymer. 2022. vol. 239, 124420. DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124420}} @misc{dutta_topological_analysis_2022, author={Dutta, R., Thoma, H., Chernyshov, D., Nafradi, B., Masuda, T., Kriele, A., Hutanu, V.}, title={Topological Analysis of the Experimental Electron Density in Multiferroic Antiferromagnet Ba2MnGe2O7}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2021.3082692}, abstract = {In the field of magnetoelectric coupling, especially via the spin dependent metal-ligand d-p hybridization mechanism found in multiferroic Ba2MGe2O7 (M = Mn, Co), a detailed knowledge of the microscopic structural parameters is essential, also for the theoretical modeling. In this article, we report a systematic structural study of Ba2MnGe2O7 single crystal under varying temperature between 110 to 673 K using non-destructive in-situ single crystal synchrotron radiation diffraction. The maximum entropy method was applied to the X-ray diffraction data for the determination of the deformation in the electron density and the orbital hybridization between the 3d of Mn and 2p of O in the Mn-O bond. Within this entire temperature range, the structure was described in a single crystallographic space group P421m and no structural phase transition has been detected. Interestingly, the forbidden reflections, which arise from multiple diffraction so called “Renninger effect”, were observed at all temperatures without any symmetry lowering. The changes in the structural parameters (bond-lengths, bond-angles, anisotropic displacement parameters and electron density distributions of the atoms) with temperature are revealed, helping to understand some aspects comprising orbital hybridization in multiferroic Ba2MnGe2O7.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2021.3082692} (DOI). Dutta, R.; Thoma, H.; Chernyshov, D.; Nafradi, B.; Masuda, T.; Kriele, A.; Hutanu, V.: Topological Analysis of the Experimental Electron Density in Multiferroic Antiferromagnet Ba2MnGe2O7. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2022. vol. 58, no. 2, 2500206. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2021.3082692}} @misc{graf_quench_rate_2022, author={Graf, G., Spoerk-Erdely, P., Staron, P., Stark, A., Mendez Martin, F., Clemens, H., Klein, T.}, title={Quench rate sensitivity of age-hardenable Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with respect to the Zn/Mg ratio: An in situ SAXS and HEXRD study}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117727}, abstract = {Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with a low Zn/Mg ratio have attracted considerable attention in recent years as a result of an attractive property portfolio based on their ability of age hardening via the precipitation of the T-Mg32(Al,Zn)49 phase and its precursors. In this study, the quench rate sensitivity of an Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy with low Zn/Mg ratio is investigated and compared to a commercial reference Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy (AA7075) showing a high Zn/Mg ratio. The impact of five different cooling rates in the range of 0.25–100 K/s on the precipitation of quench-induced particles was studied by means of in situ small-angle X-ray scattering and high-energy X-ray diffraction. Subsequent continuous annealing experiments showed the influence of the cooling rate on the precipitation of fine hardening phases. Selected heat treatment conditions were further studied via scanning electron microscopy and atom probe tomography in order to reveal the microstructure and the chemical composition of the T-Mg32(Al,Zn)49 precipitates. The results showed that the Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy with low Zn/Mg ratio exhibits a lower quench rate sensitivity than the commercial AA7075 alloy. The lowest cooling rates, at which no quench-induced precipitation occurs, are in the range of 1 K/s for the investigated Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy and 100 K/s for the AA7075 alloy. The robust precipitation behavior of the Al-Mg-Zn-Cu alloy with a low Zn/Mg ratio is expected to be beneficial for advanced manufacturing processes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117727} (DOI). Graf, G.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Staron, P.; Stark, A.; Mendez Martin, F.; Clemens, H.; Klein, T.: Quench rate sensitivity of age-hardenable Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with respect to the Zn/Mg ratio: An in situ SAXS and HEXRD study. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 227, 117727. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117727}} @misc{martin_the_velvet_2022, author={Martin, C., Jahn, H., Klein, M., Hammel, J., Stevenson, P., Homberg, U., Mayer, G.}, title={The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w}, abstract = {We imaged the velvet worm nervous system at an unprecedented level of detail and compiled a comprehensive glossary of known and previously uncharacterised neuroanatomical structures to provide an in-depth characterisation of the onychophoran brain architecture. We expect that our data will improve the reproducibility and comparability of future neuroanatomical studies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w} (DOI). Martin, C.; Jahn, H.; Klein, M.; Hammel, J.; Stevenson, P.; Homberg, U.; Mayer, G.: The velvet worm brain unveils homologies and evolutionary novelties across panarthropods. BMC Biology. 2022. vol. 20, no. 1, 26. DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01196-w}} @misc{moritz_a_previously_2022, author={Moritz, L., Borisova, E., Hammel, J., Blanke, A., Wesener, T.}, title={A previously unknown feeding mode in millipedes and the convergence of fluid feeding across arthropods}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm0577}, abstract = {We report fluid feeding with a sucking pump in the arthropod class Diplopoda, using a combination of synchrotron tomography, histology, electron microscopy, and three-dimensional reconstructions. Within the head of nine species of the enigmatic Colobognatha, we found a pumping chamber, which acts as positive displacement pump and is notably similar to that of insects, showing even fine structural convergences. The sucking pump of these millipedes works together with protractible mouthparts and externally secreted saliva for the acquisition of liquid food. Fluid feeding is one of the great evolutionary innovations of terrestrial arthropods, and our study suggests that it evolved with similar biomechanical solutions convergent across all major arthropod taxa. While fluid-feeding insects are megadiverse today, it remains unclear why other lineages, such as Colobognatha, are comparably species poor.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abm0577} (DOI). Moritz, L.; Borisova, E.; Hammel, J.; Blanke, A.; Wesener, T.: A previously unknown feeding mode in millipedes and the convergence of fluid feeding across arthropods. Science Advances. 2022. vol. 8, no. 7, eabm0577. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0577}} @misc{gizer_effect_of_2022, author={Gizer, G., Karimi, F., Pistidda, C., Cao, H., Puszkiel, J., Shang, Y., Gericke, E., Hoell, A., Pranzas, K., Klassen, T., Dornheim, M.}, title={Effect of the particle size evolution on the hydrogen storage performance of KH doped Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06985-4}, abstract = {In recent years, many solid-state hydride-based materials have been considered as hydrogen storage systems for mobile and stationary applications. Due to a gravimetric hydrogen capacity of 5.6 wt% and a dehydrogenation enthalpy of 38.9 kJ/mol H2, Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH is considered a potential hydrogen storage material for solid-state storage systems to be coupled with PEM fuel cell devices. One of the main challenges is the reduction of dehydrogenation temperature since this system requires high dehydrogenation temperatures (~ 200 °C). The addition of KH to this system significantly decreases the dehydrogenation onset temperature to 130 °C. On the one hand, the addition of KH stabilizes the hydrogen storage capacity. On the other hand, the capacity is reduced by 50% (from 4.1 to 2%) after the first 25 cycles. In this work, the particle sizes of the overall hydride matrix and the potassium-containing species are investigated during hydrogen cycling. Relation between particle size evolution of the additive and hydrogen storage kinetics is described by using an advanced synchrotron-based technique: Anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering, which was applied for the first time at the potassium K-edge for amide-hydride hydrogen storage systems. The outcomes from this investigation show that, the nanometric potassium-containing phases might be located at the reaction interfaces, limiting the particle coarsening. Average diameters of potassium-containing nanoparticles double after 25 cycles (from 10 to 20 nm). Therefore, reaction kinetics at subsequent cycles degrade. The deterioration of the reaction kinetics can be minimized by selecting lower absorption temperatures, which mitigates the particle size growth, resulting in two times faster reaction kinetics.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06985-4} (DOI). Gizer, G.; Karimi, F.; Pistidda, C.; Cao, H.; Puszkiel, J.; Shang, Y.; Gericke, E.; Hoell, A.; Pranzas, K.; Klassen, T.; Dornheim, M.: Effect of the particle size evolution on the hydrogen storage performance of KH doped Mg(NH2)2 + 2LiH. Journal of Materials Science. 2022. vol. 57, no. 22, 10028-10038. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-06985-4}} @misc{xiao_impact_of_2022, author={Xiao, B., Song, J., Zhao, H., Liu, Q., Gan, W., Guo, F., Jiang, B., Pan, F.}, title={Impact of asymmetry deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B alloy sheets deformed by on-line heating rolling}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.11.005}, abstract = {The effect of asymmetry deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 sheet was investigated in the present paper. Two AZ31 sheets were rolled together with an on-line heating rolling mill and separated from each other afterwards. For each sheet, the strain on both surface during rolling was asymmetry and this rolling method is called asymmetry rolling (AR) in present work. For comparison, symmetry rolling (SR) was also carried out on the same rolling mill that only one sheet was rolled in one pass. The sheets deformed by AR showed more homogeneous microstructure with higher recrystallization level and symmetry distributional basal texture. Moreover, SR sheets showed many narrow shear bands which distributed as “V” shape along rolling direction, while less shear bands with wider size are observed in AR sheet. The shear bands in AR sheet distributed as a line and across the entire thickness of the sheet, resulting in layered bimodal structure. Based on the unique microstructure and texture characteristics, AR sheet has lowest mechanical property anisotropy and a good balance of strength and elongation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.11.005} (DOI). Xiao, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, H.; Liu, Q.; Gan, W.; Guo, F.; Jiang, B.; Pan, F.: Impact of asymmetry deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B alloy sheets deformed by on-line heating rolling. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2022. vol. 32, no. 1, 96-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.11.005}} @misc{schaarschuch_low_temperature_2022, author={Schaarschuch, R., Oertel, C.-G., Pukenas, A., Zhou, S., Cao, G., Freudenberger, J., Gan, W., Maawad, E., Chulist, R., Skrotzki, W.}, title={Low temperature deformation mechanisms of polycrystalline CoZr and Co39Ni11Zr50 B2-type intermetallic compounds}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117489}, abstract = {The B2-type intermetallic compounds CoZr and Co39Ni11Zr50 were deformed in tension at low temperatures. While CoZr is ductile down to 4 K, Co39Ni11Zr50 becomes brittle below 125 K due to a martensitic phase transformation. Thermal activation analysis shows that CoZr follows the Cottrell-Stokes law indicating forest dislocation cutting as the dominant rate-controlling deformation mechanism, similar to face-centered cubic metals. The moderate ductility of both intermetallic compounds at low temperatures may qualitatively be related to a significant metallic character of bonding giving rise to a low Peierls stress estimated for primary {110}<100> slip and most likely also leads to an easier activation of secondary {110}<110> slip which was proven by transmission electron microscopy. Secondary slip is necessary for the fulfillment of the von Mises criterion for homogeneous plastic deformation of polycrystalline materials. The present results generalize the findings made on the ductile rare earth intermetallics YAg and YCu and, therefore, may help to search for other ductile systems in the broad class of intermetallic compounds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117489} (DOI). Schaarschuch, R.; Oertel, C.; Pukenas, A.; Zhou, S.; Cao, G.; Freudenberger, J.; Gan, W.; Maawad, E.; Chulist, R.; Skrotzki, W.: Low temperature deformation mechanisms of polycrystalline CoZr and Co39Ni11Zr50 B2-type intermetallic compounds. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 223, 117489. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117489}} @misc{davydok_in_situ_2022, author={Davydok, A., Luponosov, Y.N., Ponomarenko, S.A., Grigorian, S.}, title={In Situ Coupling Applied Voltage and Synchrotron Radiation: Operando Characterization of Transistors}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-022-03662-y}, abstract = {A compact voltage application setup has been developed for in situ electrical testing of organic field effect transistors in combination with X-ray scattering studies at a synchrotron beamlines. Challenges faced during real condition in-operando test of newly developed OFETs originated an idea of creation of a new setup which excludes number of factors that make experiments complicated. The application of the setup is demonstrated on a prototype of an organic transistors based on α,ω-dihexyl-α-quaterthiophene molecules. The new setup allows to monitor material structural changes by X-ray scattering under applied voltage conditions and their direct correlations. The versatile setup eliminates possible shadowing effects and short circuits due to misalignment of the contacts. The electrical stability of the prototypes was characterized by the application of different voltage values. Corresponding structural changes were monitored by grazing X-ray scattering technique before, during and after the voltage was applied. The selected oligothiophene material with proved transistor properties shows high stability and directional anisotropy under applied voltage conditions. Thanks to a compact and flexible design of the setup, different type of small dimension devices could be studied under external voltage conditions at various synchrotron beamlines.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-022-03662-y} (DOI). Davydok, A.; Luponosov, Y.; Ponomarenko, S.; Grigorian, S.: In Situ Coupling Applied Voltage and Synchrotron Radiation: Operando Characterization of Transistors. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2022. vol. 17, no. 1, 22. DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03662-y}} @misc{chaithanyakumar_transformation_textures_2022, author={Chaithanya Kumar, K.N., Pagare, A., Brokmeier, H.-G., Sankar, M., Schell, N., Suresh, K.S.}, title={Transformation textures in Ni rich NiTi shape memory alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142594}, abstract = {In-situ deformation of Ni rich NiTi shape memory alloy is characterized using synchrotron diffraction. The changes in the texture of austenite and martensite phases as a function of applied stress were systematically investigated. Development of large elastic stresses with a concomitant plastic deformation have been found to restrict the stress induced martensitic transformation. A strong lattice correspondence between the austenite and martensite phases along with a strong variant selection is reported. Further, based on the inclination of the austenite orientations to the applied loading axis, stress induced martensitic transformation or dislocation slip is activated at higher stress. This leads to the strengthening of texture components of the austenite phase and a strong variant selection in the martensite phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142594} (DOI). Chaithanya Kumar, K.; Pagare, A.; Brokmeier, H.; Sankar, M.; Schell, N.; Suresh, K.: Transformation textures in Ni rich NiTi shape memory alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 835, 142594. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.142594}} @misc{solrzanokraemer_stingless_bees_2022, author={Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M., Kunz, R., Hammel, J.U., Peñalver, E., Delclòs, X., Engel, M.S.}, title={Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Holocene copal and Defaunation resin from Eastern Africa indicate Recent biodiversity change}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074035}, abstract = {Although specimens in fossil to Recent resins are remarkable for their fidelity of preservation, amber is well known and studied, unlike the younger resins as Pleistocene copal (2.58–0.0117 Ma) and Holocene copal (0.0117 Ma–1760 AD), or Defaunation resin, which is resin produced after 1760 AD. However, the scientific relevance of these younger resins preserving arthropods that lived in pre-Anthropocene time is often underestimated. Here, we present specimens of workers of stingless bees included in copal and Defaunation resin, from the coastal vichaka forests in Tanzania, and from northwest Madagascar, ranging in age from almost 3000 BP years to only 80 ± 30 BP years and from 2015, respectively. Three known species Hypotrigona gribodoi, Liotrigona bouyssoui, and Liotrigona nilssoni and two new species Axestotrigona kitingae sp. nov. and Hypotrigona kleineri sp. nov. have been discovered from 36 studied specimens. We also noted that the holotype of Trigona richardsi is a junior subjective synonym of Axestotrigona ferruginea ferruginea. The coastal forests in the East Africa region and in East Madagascar are now highly fragmented so that we can expect that the new species are already extinct. Here we demonstrate that the study of inclusions in copal and Defaunation resin can document losses of local biodiversity resulting, for example, from deforestation and they also bring proof of this potential anthropic defaunation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221074035} (DOI). Solórzano-Kraemer, M.; Kunz, R.; Hammel, J.; Peñalver, E.; Delclòs, X.; Engel, M.: Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Holocene copal and Defaunation resin from Eastern Africa indicate Recent biodiversity change. The Holocene. 2022. vol. 32, no. 5, 414-432. DOI: 10.1177/09596836221074035}} @misc{baranov_the_first_2022, author={Baranov, V., Pérez-de la Fuente, R., Engel, M., Hammel, J., Kiesmüller, C., Hörnig, M., Pazinato, P., Stahlecker, C., Haug, C., Haug, J.}, title={The first adult mantis lacewing from Baltic amber, with an evaluation of the post-Cretaceous loss of morphological diversity of raptorial appendages in Mantispidae}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.80134}, abstract = {Mantis lacewings (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) are prominent and charismatic predatory representatives of Insecta. Nevertheless, representatives of the group are surprisingly scarce in Paleogene deposits after a relative abundance of specimens known from Cretaceous. Here we present Mantispa? damzenogedanica sp. nov., representing the first adult of Mantispidae described from Baltic amber and the only Eocene adult mantispid hitherto preserved in amber. The new fossil species is also among the earliest representatives of Mantispinae, certainly the oldest adult of this group described from amber. Additionally, we discuss the changes through time in the ecological morphospace within Mantispidae based on the morphological diversity (≈disparity) of the raptorial legs. Possible explanations for the post-Cretaceous decline in the morphological diversity of mantis lacewings are posited.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.80134} (DOI). Baranov, V.; Pérez-de la Fuente, R.; Engel, M.; Hammel, J.; Kiesmüller, C.; Hörnig, M.; Pazinato, P.; Stahlecker, C.; Haug, C.; Haug, J.: The first adult mantis lacewing from Baltic amber, with an evaluation of the post-Cretaceous loss of morphological diversity of raptorial appendages in Mantispidae. Fossil Record. 2022. vol. 25, no. 1, 11-24. DOI: 10.3897/fr.25.80134}} @misc{musi_phase_transformations_2022, author={Musi, M., Clemens, H., Stark, A., Staron, P., Spoerk-Erdely, P.}, title={Phase transformations and phase stability in the Ti–44 at.%Al–(0–7 at.%)Mo system}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2022.107484}, abstract = {Molybdenum is an excellent candidate to study the effect of β-stabilizing elements on the phase transitions in intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys. In the present work, two model alloys based on the Ti–44Al (at.%) system containing 1 at.% and 5 at.% Mo are investigated. Examinations of the microstructures after casting and subsequent heat treatments reveal significant differences in the morphology and amount of the phases present and, thus, highlight the effect of Mo on the different phase transformations near and far from thermodynamic equilibrium. In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to identify the occurring phases and determine the phase transition temperatures in the two model alloys. Especially, the β phase was found to be strongly impacted by the Mo content of the alloys. While the β phase is only present at high temperatures in the Ti–44Al–1Mo alloy, it is thermodynamically stable from the liquidus temperature downwards to room temperature in the Ti–44Al–5Mo alloy. Long-term heat treatments for 30 days at 1000 °C were conducted to determine the phase equilibria at intermediate temperatures. Ultimately, the findings of this work were combined with data from literature to reassess the quasi-binary Ti–44Al–(0–7)Mo (at.%) phase diagram.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2022.107484} (DOI). Musi, M.; Clemens, H.; Stark, A.; Staron, P.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.: Phase transformations and phase stability in the Ti–44 at.%Al–(0–7 at.%)Mo system. Intermetallics. 2022. vol. 143, 107484. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2022.107484}} @misc{longo_flexible_plenoptic_2022, author={Longo, E., Alj, D., Batenburg, J., de La Rochefoucauld, O., Herzog, C., Greving, I., Li, Y., Lyubomirskiy, M., Falch, K.V., Estrela, P., Flenner, S., Viganò, N., Fajardo, M., Zeitoun, P.}, title={Flexible Plenoptic X-ray Microscopy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020098}, abstract = {X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an invaluable technique for generating three-dimensional (3D) images of inert or living specimens. X-ray CT is used in many scientific, industrial, and societal fields. Compared to conventional 2D X-ray imaging, CT requires longer acquisition times because up to several thousand projections are required for reconstructing a single high-resolution 3D volume. Plenoptic imaging—an emerging technology in visible light field photography—highlights the potential of capturing quasi-3D information with a single exposure. Here, we show the first demonstration of a flexible plenoptic microscope operating with hard X-rays; it is used to computationally reconstruct images at different depths along the optical axis. The experimental results are consistent with the expected axial refocusing, precision, and spatial resolution. Thus, this proof-of-concept experiment opens the horizons to quasi-3D X-ray imaging, without sample rotation, with spatial resolution of a few hundred nanometres.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020098} (DOI). Longo, E.; Alj, D.; Batenburg, J.; de La Rochefoucauld, O.; Herzog, C.; Greving, I.; Li, Y.; Lyubomirskiy, M.; Falch, K.; Estrela, P.; Flenner, S.; Viganò, N.; Fajardo, M.; Zeitoun, P.: Flexible Plenoptic X-ray Microscopy. Photonics. 2022. vol. 9, no. 2, 98. DOI: 10.3390/photonics9020098}} @misc{wittwer_phase_retrieval_2022, author={Wittwer, F., Hagemann, J., Brückner, D., Flenner, S., Schroer, C.}, title={Phase retrieval framework for direct reconstruction of the projected refractive index applied to ptychography and holography}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.447021}, abstract = {The interaction of an object with a coherent probe often encodes its properties in a complex-valued function, which is then detected in an intensity-only measurement. Phase retrieval methods commonly infer this complex-valued function from the intensity. However, the decoding of the object from the complex-valued function often involves some ambiguity in the phase, e.g., when the phase shift in the object exceeds 2𝜋. Here, we present a phase retrieval framework to directly recover the amplitude and phase of the object. This refractive framework is straightforward to integrate into existing algorithms. As examples, we introduce refractive algorithms for ptychography and near-field holography and demonstrate this method using measured data.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.447021} (DOI). Wittwer, F.; Hagemann, J.; Brückner, D.; Flenner, S.; Schroer, C.: Phase retrieval framework for direct reconstruction of the projected refractive index applied to ptychography and holography. Optica. 2022. vol. 9, no. 3, 295-302. DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.447021}} @misc{wolf_singleexposure_xray_2022, author={Wolf, A., Akstaller, B., Cipiccia, S., Flenner, S., Hagemann, J., Ludwig, V., Meyer, P., Schropp, A., Schuster, M., Seifert, M., Weule, M., Michel, T., Anton, G., Funk, S.}, title={Single-exposure X-ray phase imaging microscopy with a grating interferometer}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057752200193X}, abstract = {The advent of hard X-ray free-electron lasers enables nanoscopic X-ray imaging with sub-picosecond temporal resolution. X-ray grating interferometry offers a phase-sensitive full-field imaging technique where the phase retrieval can be carried out from a single exposure alone. Thus, the method is attractive for imaging applications at X-ray free-electron lasers where intrinsic pulse-to-pulse fluctuations pose a major challenge. In this work, the single-exposure phase imaging capabilities of grating interferometry are characterized by an implementation at the I13-1 beamline of Diamond Light Source (Oxfordshire, UK). For comparison purposes, propagation-based phase contrast imaging was also performed at the same instrument. The characterization is carried out in terms of the quantitativeness and the contrast-to-noise ratio of the phase reconstructions as well as via the achievable spatial resolution. By using a statistical image reconstruction scheme, previous limitations of grating interferometry regarding the spatial resolution can be mitigated as well as the experimental applicability of the technique.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S160057752200193X} (DOI). Wolf, A.; Akstaller, B.; Cipiccia, S.; Flenner, S.; Hagemann, J.; Ludwig, V.; Meyer, P.; Schropp, A.; Schuster, M.; Seifert, M.; Weule, M.; Michel, T.; Anton, G.; Funk, S.: Single-exposure X-ray phase imaging microscopy with a grating interferometer. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2022. vol. 29, no. 3, 794-806. DOI: 10.1107/S160057752200193X}} @misc{song_characterization_of_2022, author={Song, L., Appel, F., Pyczak, F., He, Z., Lin, J., Zhang, T.}, title={Characterization of primary, secondary and tertiary {202¯1}<1¯014> successive internal twins in the D019 ordered hexagonal α2-Ti3Al phase}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117391}, abstract = {Due to the lack of independent slip systems and the difficulty in mechanical twinning, D019 ordered α2-Ti3Al phase is known to be of substantial mechanical anisotropy, which partly accounts for the low ductility of two-phase (α2+γ) TiAl alloys. However, recent studies have shown that in Al-rich α2 phase compression deformation twins can be activated, which could be beneficial for the ductility of the alloys. In the present study, for the first time, we have revealed a novel internal twinning mechanism of α2 phase in a TiAl alloy deformed at high temperature. Three twin generations of a common type {201}<014> were revealed: Secondary twins formed within the primary twin, and tertiary twins formed in the secondary twin. It is important to note that this internal twin structure can only be observed in the <26> direction but not the commonly used <110> direction. The shear plane P of all twin variants is of type {110}. Due to the variation of the twinning elements between the twin variants, the twinning shear is blunted. The interfaces between the twin variants are characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy. Special attention was paid to the structure of the coherent and incoherent twin boundaries. The effect of chemical ordering is discussed. Our results also shed light on the complex twinning mechanisms in hexagonal structures.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117391} (DOI). Song, L.; Appel, F.; Pyczak, F.; He, Z.; Lin, J.; Zhang, T.: Characterization of primary, secondary and tertiary {202¯1}<1¯014> successive internal twins in the D019 ordered hexagonal α2-Ti3Al phase. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 222, 117391. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117391}} @misc{power_synchrotron_radiationbased_2022, author={Power, R.C., Henry, A.G., Moosmann, J., Beckmann, F., Temming, H., Roberts, A., Le Cabec, A.}, title={Synchrotron radiation-based phase-contrast microtomography of human dental calculus allows nondestructive analysis of inclusions: implications for archeological samples}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.9.3.031505}, abstract = {Conclusions: PPC-SR-μCT is an effective technique to explore dental calculus structural organization, and is especially powerful for enabling the identification of inclusions. The non-destructive nature of synchrotron tomography helps protect samples for future research. However, the irregular layers and frequent voids reveal a high heterogeneity and variability within calculus, with implications for research focusing on inclusions}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.9.3.031505} (DOI). Power, R.; Henry, A.; Moosmann, J.; Beckmann, F.; Temming, H.; Roberts, A.; Le Cabec, A.: Synchrotron radiation-based phase-contrast microtomography of human dental calculus allows nondestructive analysis of inclusions: implications for archeological samples. Journal of Medical Imaging. 2022. vol. 9, no. 3, 031505. DOI: 10.1117/1.JMI.9.3.031505}} @misc{haumann_influence_of_2022, author={Haußmann, L., Neumeier, S., Bresler, J., Keim, S., Pyczak, F., Göken, M.}, title={Influence of Nb, Ta and Zr on the Interdiffusion Coefficients and Solid Solution Strengthening of γ-TiAl Single Phase Alloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050752}, abstract = {The alloying elements Nb, Ta and Zr improve the creep properties of fully lamellar γ/α2 titanium aluminides significantly. Since high temperature deformation mainly occurs in the γ-phase of γ/α2 titanium aluminides, the diffusivity and the solid solution hardening effect of these three elements in the γ-phase is studied by analyzing the concentration gradients of the alloying elements and the resulting hardness across the interdiffusion zone of diffusion couples by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation. The results reveal that Zr has the highest interdiffusion coefficient but also the largest solid solution hardening coefficient. The mechanical properties of single γ-phase Ti-54Al-5X alloys were investigated by strain rate jump tests. The addition of 5 at.% Nb or Ta lead to an increased strength compared to a binary γ-Ti-54Al alloy. The Zr-containing γ-TiAl alloy reveals the highest strength at 750 °C and 900 °C, which is discussed to be due to the strong solid solution hardening effect of Zr. However, in comparison to the other alloys, Ti-54Al-5Zr shows quite brittle behavior up to 900 °C. The lower diffusivity of Ta compared to Nb leads to a higher strength of the Ta-modified alloy at 900 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met12050752} (DOI). Haußmann, L.; Neumeier, S.; Bresler, J.; Keim, S.; Pyczak, F.; Göken, M.: Influence of Nb, Ta and Zr on the Interdiffusion Coefficients and Solid Solution Strengthening of γ-TiAl Single Phase Alloys. Metals. 2022. vol. 12, no. 5, 752. DOI: 10.3390/met12050752}} @misc{shen_microstructure_and_2022, author={Shen, J., Goncalves, R., Choi, Y.T., Lopes, J.G., Yang, J., Schell, N., Kim, H.S., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded CoCrFeMnNi joints using a 410 stainless steel filler metal}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144025}, abstract = {The use of filler materials during fusion-based welding processes is widely used to regulate and modify the composition of the welded joints aiming at producing a desired microstructure and/or achieving an improvement in its mechanical performance. Welding of high entropy alloys is still a new topic and the impact of different filler materials on the microstructure and mechanical properties is yet unknown. In this work, gas metal arc welding of the CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy using 410 stainless steel as a filler wire was performed. The microstructural evolution of the welded joints was evaluated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy aided by electron backscattered diffraction, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and thermodynamic calculations. Meanwhile, the mechanical behavior of the welded joint, as well as the local mechanical response were investigated with microhardness mapping measurements and with non-contact digital image correlation during tensile loading to failure. The weld thermal cycle promoted solid state reactions in the heat affected zone (recovery, recrystallization and grain growth), which impacted the microhardness across the joint. The role of the 410 stainless steel filler material in the solidification path experienced by the fusion zone was evaluated using Scheil-Gulliver calculations, and a good agreement with the experimentally observed phases was observed. Despite the addition of the 410 stainless steel filler was not conducive to an increase in the fusion zone hardness, the associated bead reinforcement promoted an improvement in both the yield and tensile strengths of the joint compared to a similar weld obtained without filler material (355 vs 284 MPa and 641 vs 519 MPa, respectively). This allows to infer that the addition of filler materials for welding high entropy alloys is a viable method for the widespread use of these novel materials. In this work, by coupling microstructure and mechanical property characterization, a correlation between the processing conditions, microstructure and mechanical properties was obtained providing a wider basis for promoting the application of gas metal arc welding of high entropy alloys for industrial applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144025} (DOI). Shen, J.; Goncalves, R.; Choi, Y.; Lopes, J.; Yang, J.; Schell, N.; Kim, H.; Oliveira, J.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc welded CoCrFeMnNi joints using a 410 stainless steel filler metal. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 857, 144025. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144025}} @misc{musi_the_effect_2022, author={Musi, M., Kardos, S., Hatzenbichler, L., Holec, D., Stark, A., Allen, M., Güther, V., Clemens, H., Spoerk-Erdely, P.}, title={The effect of zirconium on the Ti-(42-46 at.%)Al system}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118414}, abstract = {In recent years, Zr has emerged as a promising alloying element for intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys to improve their mechanical properties. The present work focuses on the influence of this element on the microstructure and the thermodynamic phase equilibria in the ternary Ti-(42-46)Al-(2-4)Zr (at.%) system. Alloying with Zr was found to increase the amount of the γ phase in the microstructure of cast material densified by hot-isostatic pressing. Simultaneously, the material's hardness increased due to solid solution strengthening as well as the refinement of lamellae in the α2/γ colonies. With respect to the phase transformation behaviour, a significant decrease of the solidus temperature was observed in the high Zr alloyed material variants. In combination with the stabilization of the γ phase, this essentially results in a narrowing of the single α phase field region in the Ti-Al-Zr phase diagram derived in this work. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction was performed on Ti-46Al-2Zr and Ti-46Al-4Zr (at.%) specimens to investigate the phase transitions above and below the solidus temperature by utilizing two different experimental setups. These experiments showed that upon heating, small amounts of β phase are formed in both alloys prior to the transition into the peritectic α+β+L phase field region. Furthermore, an additional heat treatment study was conducted to determine the influence of Zr and temperature on the resulting microstructure. The combination of X-ray diffraction techniques with ab-initio calculations revealed a significant asymmetric influence of Zr on the lattice parameter of the γ phase, resulting in a decreasing c/a ratio.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118414} (DOI). Musi, M.; Kardos, S.; Hatzenbichler, L.; Holec, D.; Stark, A.; Allen, M.; Güther, V.; Clemens, H.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.: The effect of zirconium on the Ti-(42-46 at.%)Al system. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 241, 118414. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118414}} @misc{magalhaes_revision_of_2022, author={Magalhaes, I.L.F., Pérez-González, A., Labarque, F.M., Carboni, M., Hammel, J.U., Kunz, R., Ramírez, M.J., Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M.}, title={Revision of recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae: Loxosceles) preserved in Dominican amber and a total-evidence phylogeny of Scytodoidea reveal the first fossil Drymusidae}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e86008}, abstract = {Recluse or violin spiders in the genus Loxosceles (Scytodoidea: Sicariidae) are a diverse group (~140 extant species) including medically important species and distributed mainly in the Americas, Africa, and the Mediterranean region. In addition, this genus includes three fossil species from Miocene Dominican amber. Here we revise the taxonomy of these fossil species by examining, imaging and re-describing their type specimens. We find that L. defecta Wunderlich, 1988 and L. deformis Wunderlich, 1988 are bona fide members of the genus and report additional characters overlooked in their original descriptions. We further study the holotype of L. aculicaput Wunderlich, 2004 using synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography to reveal previously unknown morphological details hidden by fissures in the amber. We found several characters inconsistent with Loxosceles but consistent with Drymusa (false violin spiders; Scytodoidea: Drymusidae), such as three claws, well-developed podotarsite, and a broad colulus. This suggests the species is misplaced in Loxosceles. To test this hypothesis, we estimated a total-evidence phylogeny of the superfamily Scytodoidea including extant and fossil taxa, morphological data, traditional molecular markers, and sequences of ultra-conserved elements. The results show unambiguously that L. aculicaput belongs to Drymusa and is a close relative of extant species of the genus inhabiting the Greater Antilles. Therefore, we here transfer this species to Drymusa, establishing a new combination and new family assignment. Drymusa aculicaput comb. nov. represents the first known fossil Drymusidae and shows that crown members of this genus already existed in the Miocene.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3897/asp.80.e86008} (DOI). Magalhaes, I.; Pérez-González, A.; Labarque, F.; Carboni, M.; Hammel, J.; Kunz, R.; Ramírez, M.; Solórzano-Kraemer, M.: Revision of recluse spiders (Araneae: Sicariidae: Loxosceles) preserved in Dominican amber and a total-evidence phylogeny of Scytodoidea reveal the first fossil Drymusidae. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny. 2022. vol. 80, 541-559. DOI: 10.3897/asp.80.e86008}} @misc{lukas_influence_of_2022, author={Lukas, M., Mayer, M., Stark, A., Friessnegger, B., Hönigmann, T., Galler, M., Ressel, G.}, title={Influence of Tempering on Macro- and Micro-Residual Stresses and Yield Stress of Ferritic-Pearlitic Drawn, Coiled, and Straightened Wires}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06803-1}, abstract = {Residual stresses caused by different deformation steps during the processing of wires significantly affect the mechanical properties of the final product. However, in the literature, there is a lack of detailed information about their correlation with mechanical properties. Therefore, the proposed work focuses on the influence of tempering on the macro- and micro-residual stresses, and related mechanical properties of a ferritic-pearlitic 27MnSiVS6 steel wire in the deformed state after hot rolling, drawing, coiling, and straightening. Characterization of the wire in the deformed state indicates macro-residual stresses that remain high after tempering at a temperature of 400 °C for 10 minutes and decrease significantly after tempering at 475 °C for 10 minutes. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements during heating of wires in the deformed state reveal that micro-residual stresses remain unchanged up to temperatures of 200 °C, while they decrease at 300 °C. Investigations of the mechanical properties show that a reduction of micro-residual stresses correlates with a reduction of the curvature of the stress–strain curve below the yield point, which increases the yield stress. Conversely, the reduction of macro-residual stresses begins in the temperature regime of recovery and relaxation, where a reduction of yield stress and tensile strength occurs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06803-1} (DOI). Lukas, M.; Mayer, M.; Stark, A.; Friessnegger, B.; Hönigmann, T.; Galler, M.; Ressel, G.: Influence of Tempering on Macro- and Micro-Residual Stresses and Yield Stress of Ferritic-Pearlitic Drawn, Coiled, and Straightened Wires. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2022. vol. 53, no. 11, 3977-3985. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06803-1}} @misc{meindlhumer_precipitationbased_grain_2022, author={Meindlhumer, M., Ziegelwanger, T., Zalesak, J., Hans, M., Löfler, L., Spor, S., Jäger, N., Stark, A., Hruby, H., Daniel, R., Holec, D., Schneider, J.M., Mitterer, C., Keckes, J.}, title={Precipitation-based grain boundary design alters Inter- to Trans-granular Fracture in AlCrN Thin Films}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118156}, abstract = {Despite their high hardness and indentation modulus, nanostructured crystalline ceramic thin films produced by physical vapour deposition usually lack sufficient fracture strength and toughness. This brittleness is often caused by underdense columnar grain boundaries of low cohesive energy, which serve as preferential paths for crack propagation. In this study, mechanical and structural properties of arc-evaporated Al0.9Cr0.1N thin films were analyzed using micromechanical tests, electron microscopy, atom probe tomography and in situ high-energy high-temperature grazing incidence transmission X-ray diffraction. Vacuum annealing at 1100°C resulted in the formation of regularly-distributed globular cubic Cr(Al)N and elongated cubic CrN precipitates at intracrystalline Cr-enriched sublayers and at columnar grain boundaries with sizes of ∼5 and ∼30 nm, respectively. Consequently, in situ micromechanical testing before and after the heat treatment revealed simultaneous enhancement of Young's modulus, fracture stress and fracture toughness by ∼35, 60 and 10%, respectively. The annealing-induced concomitant improvement of toughness and strength was inferred to precipitations observed within grains as well as at grain boundaries enhancing the cohesive energy of the grain boundaries and thereby altering the crack propagation pathway from inter- to transcrystalline. The here reported experimental data unveil the hitherto untapped potential of precipitation-based grain boundary design for the improvement of mechanical properties of transition metal nitride thin films.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118156} (DOI). Meindlhumer, M.; Ziegelwanger, T.; Zalesak, J.; Hans, M.; Löfler, L.; Spor, S.; Jäger, N.; Stark, A.; Hruby, H.; Daniel, R.; Holec, D.; Schneider, J.; Mitterer, C.; Keckes, J.: Precipitation-based grain boundary design alters Inter- to Trans-granular Fracture in AlCrN Thin Films. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 237, 118156. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118156}} @misc{chung_insitu_xray_2022, author={Chung, W.-S., Häusler, A., Hummel, M., Olowinsky, A., Gillner, A., Beckmann, F., Moosmann, J.}, title={In-situ x-ray phase contrast observation of the full penetration spot welding on limited aluminum material thickness}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000772}, abstract = {The laser-spot welding process of aluminum alloy 1050A with a limited thickness is observed with the x-ray phase contrast method to investigate the melt dynamic especially when the melt penetrates the material. The laser-spot welding is investigated with two different wavelengths of the laser beam source: 515 and 1030 nm to investigate the influence of the absorptivity. The melt progressively penetrates the material during the spot-welding process until reaching the bottom side of the material and when the melt penetrates the lower side of the material, the so-called “lens-like” melt appears at the lower side due to the surface tension. At a comparable beam intensity value, the oscillation of the “lens-like” melt at the lower side of the material is driven by the expansion of vapor capillary. This expansion occurs inside of the material and directly above the “lens-like” melt. The shape of the expanded vapor determines the volume as well as the geometry of the resulting melt volume. Furthermore, the transition from the heat conduction welding mode to the keyhole welding mode is investigated by defocusing the laser beam for the beam source with a 515 nm wavelength. At a given variation, a clear difference between either mode is observed with the x-ray phase contrast method.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.2351/7.0000772} (DOI). Chung, W.; Häusler, A.; Hummel, M.; Olowinsky, A.; Gillner, A.; Beckmann, F.; Moosmann, J.: In-situ x-ray phase contrast observation of the full penetration spot welding on limited aluminum material thickness. Journal of Laser Applications. 2022. vol. 34, no. 4, 042019. DOI: 10.2351/7.0000772}} @misc{liang_calphad_informed_2022, author={Liang, Z., Neumeier, S., Rao, Z., Göken, M., Pyczak, F.}, title={CALPHAD informed design of multicomponent CoNiCr-based superalloys exhibiting large lattice misfit and high yield stress}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143798}, abstract = {Usually, Co-based superalloys contain a high fraction of W and/or Mo. The refractory elements stabilize the precipitate phase, but cause a high density. In this work, new L12-phase hardened, low-density CoNiCr-based superalloys were developed with the assistance of CALPHAD calculations. Several alloys were studied experimentally and their microstructures, elemental distributions, lattice parameters and the lattice misfit between the γ and γ′ phases were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography and high energy X-ray diffraction. The alloys exhibit a very high misfit, good phase stability and excellent mechanical strength. It was found by hardness tests that a two-step heat treatment improves the strength of the new alloys even further. In comparison with conventional Co-based superalloys, Co–Al–W based superalloys and Co–Ti based superalloys, as well as Ni-based superalloys, i.e. Udimet 720Li, they have a low mass density and high yield stress. They also overcome the problem of a generally low lattice misfit of previous L12-phase hardened CoNiCr-based superalloys with high Ni and Cr contents. As a result, they show cuboidal-shaped precipitates similar to Co–Al–W and Co–Al–Mo based superalloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143798} (DOI). Liang, Z.; Neumeier, S.; Rao, Z.; Göken, M.; Pyczak, F.: CALPHAD informed design of multicomponent CoNiCr-based superalloys exhibiting large lattice misfit and high yield stress. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 854, 143798. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.143798}} @misc{spahr_a_chondrule_2022, author={Spahr, D., Koch, T.E., Merges, D., Bayarjargal, L., Genzel, P.T., Christ, O., Wilde, F., Brenker, F.E., Winkler, B.}, title={A chondrule formation experiment aboard the ISS: microtomography; scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy on Mg2SiO4 dust aggregates}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-022-01185-7}, abstract = {We performed an experiment under long-term microgravity conditions aboard the International Space Station (ISS) to obtain information on the energetics and experimental constraints required for the formation of chondrules in the solar nebula by ’nebular lightning’. As a simplified model system, we exposed porous forsterite (Mg2SiO4) dust particles to high-energetic arc discharges. The characterization of the samples after their return by synchrotron microtomography and scanning electron microscopy revealed that aggregates had formed, consisting of several fused Mg2SiO4 particles. The partial melting and fusing of Mg2SiO4 dust particles under microgravity conditions leads to a strong reduction of their porosity. The experimental outcomes vary strongly in their appearance from small spherical melt-droplets (∅≈ 90 µm) to bigger and irregularly shaped aggregates (∅≈ 350 µm). Our results provided new constraints with respect to energetic aspects of chondrule formation and a roadmap for future and more complex experiments on Earth and in microgravity conditions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-022-01185-7} (DOI). Spahr, D.; Koch, T.; Merges, D.; Bayarjargal, L.; Genzel, P.; Christ, O.; Wilde, F.; Brenker, F.; Winkler, B.: A chondrule formation experiment aboard the ISS: microtomography; scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy on Mg2SiO4 dust aggregates. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals. 2022. vol. 49, 10. DOI: 10.1007/s00269-022-01185-7}} @misc{sartoimonteys_a_new_2022, author={Sarto i Monteys, V., Hausmann, A., Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M., Hammel, J.U., Baixeras, J., Delclòs, X., Peñalver, E.}, title={A new fossil inchworm moth discovered in Miocene Dominican amber (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104055}, abstract = {We report a fossil geometrid moth, a male, virtually complete, preserved in a clear piece of Miocene Dominican amber dating from 19 to 16 Mya. Fore- and hindwings appear partially overlapped, and all body characters are visible externally in dorsal and ventral views, including the outer surface of the valvae of the genitalia. The scale pattern on the wing membrane is preserved, whereas the wing color pattern is not. It belongs to the genus Dolichoneura (Geometridae: Desmobathrinae) and is named Dolichoneura jorelisae Sarto i Monteys, Hausmann, Baixeras and Peñalver sp. n., based on wing features. Because of the poor fossil record of lepidopterans, both in amber and compression rocks, the description of the available well-preserved specimens is of considerable interest for phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, it could also serve for calibrating molecular clocks and for paleobiogeographic inferences.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104055} (DOI). Sarto i Monteys, V.; Hausmann, A.; Solórzano-Kraemer, M.; Hammel, J.; Baixeras, J.; Delclòs, X.; Peñalver, E.: A new fossil inchworm moth discovered in Miocene Dominican amber (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2022. vol. 120, 104055. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104055}} @misc{li_effects_of_2022, author={Li, L., Wang, L., Liang, Z., He, J., Qiu, J., Pyczak, F., Song, M.}, title={Effects of Ni and Cr on the high-temperature oxidation behavior and mechanisms of Co- and CoNi-base superalloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111291}, abstract = {The high-temperature oxidation behaviors of Co- and CoNi-base alloys with different Ni and Cr additions were investigated by isothermal oxidation in air at 900 and 1000 °C. The structure, composition, and element distribution in the three layers within the oxide scales in different alloys have been explored in detail by electron microscopy, especially with regard to the fine oxide particles in the intermediate layer. Based on the microstructure and phase constitution of the oxide scales, the synergetic effects of alloying elements on the oxidation mechanisms and resistance have been elucidated in detail with the aid of CALPHAD calculation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111291} (DOI). Li, L.; Wang, L.; Liang, Z.; He, J.; Qiu, J.; Pyczak, F.; Song, M.: Effects of Ni and Cr on the high-temperature oxidation behavior and mechanisms of Co- and CoNi-base superalloys. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 224, 111291. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111291}} @misc{ehrich_precipitation_evolution_2022, author={Ehrich, J., Staron, P., Karkar, A., Roos, A., Hanke, S.}, title={Precipitation Evolution in the Heat-Affected Zone and Coating Material of AA2024 Processed by Friction Surfacing}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201019}, abstract = {Herein, self-mating coating depositions are generated from Al–Cu–Mg alloy AA2024 by using the solid-state joining method, friction surfacing (FS). The precipitation evolution in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the substrate material and in the deposited coatings is analyzed using hardness mapping, temperature measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as synchrotron small-angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS) used for mapping mean particle radius and particle volume fraction over the whole sample. Quantitative measurements of the thermal cycle using thermocouples positioned inside the substrate sheets reveal a distinguishing temperature distribution and a maximum temperature up to 420 °C close to the center of the bonding zone (BZ). The hardness distribution is frequently encountered in solid-state joining processes. It can be understood taking into account the complex modifications of the precipitate size distribution, including small Guinier–Preston–Bagaryatsky GPB (Al2CuMg)/Guinier–Preston GP(I) (Al2Cu)-zones and larger S′ (Al2CuMg)/θ′ (Al2Cu)-phases. Uniform precipitation of small and larger particles leads to an increase in hardness. It has become apparent that the highest hardness values within the HAZ are obtained when the volume fractions of small and larger particles are increased and equally distributed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202201019} (DOI). Ehrich, J.; Staron, P.; Karkar, A.; Roos, A.; Hanke, S.: Precipitation Evolution in the Heat-Affected Zone and Coating Material of AA2024 Processed by Friction Surfacing. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2022. vol. 24, no. 11, 2201019. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202201019}} @misc{mance_in_situ_2022, author={Mance, S., Dieringa, H., Bohlen, J., Gavras, S., Stark, A., Schell, N., Pereira da Silva, J., Tolnai, D.}, title={In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Study of Compression of AZ91 Composites Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibres}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111502}, abstract = {Lightweight structural materials are increasingly sought after in the automotive and aerospace industries for their potential to improve fuel efficiency. Magnesium-based metal-matrix composites are potential candidates for these kinds of applications. The use of recycled carbon fibres offers further energy and cost savings. The recycled carbon fibre composites were manufactured by stir casting with high-dispersion shearing, then were extruded and subsequently heat treated. The compressive deformation mechanisms of the composites compared to AZ91 were investigated using in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. An increase in ultimate compressive strength was achieved in the composites compared to AZ91. The deformation mechanisms active in the composites were similar to those in AZ91. Magnesium alloys in compression typically show extensive twinning; this was observed in AZ91 and the AZ91 composites. The stress required for twinning onset was increased in the composites, and the twin volume fraction at failure was decreased compared to AZ91.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111502} (DOI). Mance, S.; Dieringa, H.; Bohlen, J.; Gavras, S.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Pereira da Silva, J.; Tolnai, D.: In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Study of Compression of AZ91 Composites Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibres. Crystals. 2022. vol. 12, no. 11, 1502. DOI: 10.3390/cryst12111502}} @misc{oliveira_dissimilar_laser_2022, author={Oliveira, J.P., Shen, J., Zeng, Z., Park, J.M., Choi, Y.T., Schell, N., Maawad, E., Zhou, N., Kim, H.S.}, title={Dissimilar laser welding of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114219}, abstract = {In this work, laser welding of a rolled CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel was performed. Defect-free joints were obtained. The microstructure evolution across the welded joints was assessed and rationalized by coupling electron microscopy, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, mechanical property evaluation, and thermodynamic calculations. The fusion zone microstructure was composed of a single FCC phase, and a hardness increase at this location was observed. Such results can be attributed to the formation of a new solid solution (arising from the mixing of the two base materials). Moreover, the incorporation of carbon in the fusion zone upon melting of the stainless steel also aids in the strengthening effect observed. The welded joints presented good mechanical properties, with fracture occurring at the fusion zone. This can be ascribed to the non-favourable, i.e., large grain size, microstructure that developed at this location.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114219} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Shen, J.; Zeng, Z.; Park, J.; Choi, Y.; Schell, N.; Maawad, E.; Zhou, N.; Kim, H.: Dissimilar laser welding of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy to 316 stainless steel. Scripta Materialia. 2022. vol. 206, 114219. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114219}} @misc{liang_surface_recrystallization_2022, author={Liang, Z., Lilleodden, E., Ovri, H., Pyczak, F.}, title={Surface Recrystallization in a Co-Based Superalloy During High Temperature Exposure}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06852-6}, abstract = {The effect of grinding on static recrystallization and oxidation of a novel Co-based superalloy has been studied. The evolution of surface recrystallization after heat treating at 850 °C in air was revealed by comparing ground specimens with electropolished ones. The loss of Al and Ti from the bulk material leads to the formation of a γ′-free region and further promotes recrystallization at the surface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06852-6} (DOI). Liang, Z.; Lilleodden, E.; Ovri, H.; Pyczak, F.: Surface Recrystallization in a Co-Based Superalloy During High Temperature Exposure. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2022. vol. 53, no. 12, 4156-4160. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06852-6}} @misc{shen_gas_tungsten_2022, author={Shen, J., Agrawal, P., Rodrigues, T.A., Lopes, J.G., Schell, N., Zeng, Z., Mishhra, R.S., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Gas tungsten arc welding of as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111176}, abstract = {The AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy is of great interest due to its unique mechanical properties combining both high strength and plasticity. Here, gas tungsten arc welding was performed for the first time on an as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 alloy. The microstructural evolution of the welded joints was assessed by combining electron microscopy with electron backscatter diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis and thermodynamic calculations. Microhardness mapping and tensile testing coupled with digital image correlation were used to investigate the strength distribution across the joint. The base material, heat affected zone and fusion zone are composed of an FCC + B2 BCC eutectic structure, although the relative volume fractions vary across the joint owing to the weld thermal cycle. The BCC nanoprecipitates that existed in the base material started to dissolve into the matrix in the heat affected zone and closer to the fusion zone boundary. Compared to the as-cast base material, the fusion zone evidenced grain refinement owing to the higher cooling rate experienced during solidification. This translates into an increased hardness in this region. The joints exhibit good strength/ductility balance with failure occurring in the base material. This work establishes the potential for using arc-based welding for joining eutectic high entropy alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111176} (DOI). Shen, J.; Agrawal, P.; Rodrigues, T.; Lopes, J.; Schell, N.; Zeng, Z.; Mishhra, R.; Oliveira, J.: Gas tungsten arc welding of as-cast AlCoCrFeNi2.1 eutectic high entropy alloy. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 223, 111176. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111176}} @misc{kalsar_insitu_study_2022, author={Kalsar, R., Sanamar, S., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.-G., Saha, R., Ghosh, P., Suwas, S.}, title={In-situ study of tensile deformation behaviour of medium Mn TWIP/TRIP steel using synchrotron radiation}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144013}, abstract = {This investigation proposes a pathway for generating optimum microstructure for a medium Mn containing twinning-induced plasticity/transformation-induced plasticity (TWIP/TRIP) steels. The steel contains a two-phase microstructure consisting of austenite and ferrite phase arranged in a lamellar fashion. The microstructure was developed following a specially designed thermo-mechanical processing schedule that involved quenching and partitioning. The feedback for the design of thermo-mechanical processing was obtained by carrying out in-situ deformation in high energy synchrotron radiation under tensile loading. Diffraction patterns were analysed for estimating the retained austenite phase fraction and other aspects of microstructural evolution. X-ray line profile analysis was performed to determine crystallite size, dislocation density, and twin density at individual stages of deformation. In the early stages, deformation occurs by dislocation slip in both phases, while in the later stages, deformation in the austenite phase occurs via twinning and martensitic transformation, and in the ferrite phase by dislocation slip. Strain hardening behaviour has been analysed and correlated with microstructural parameters.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144013} (DOI). Kalsar, R.; Sanamar, S.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Saha, R.; Ghosh, P.; Suwas, S.: In-situ study of tensile deformation behaviour of medium Mn TWIP/TRIP steel using synchrotron radiation. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 857, 144013. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144013}} @misc{platl_local_microstructural_2022, author={Platl, J., Bodner, S., Leitner, H., Turk, C., Nielsen, M.-A., Keckes, J., Schnitzer, R.}, title={Local microstructural evolution and the role of residual stresses in the phase stability of a laser powder bed fused cold-work tool steel}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112318}, abstract = {Economic benefits for the tooling industry can be realized through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) by the implementation of internal cooling channels or usage of near-net-shaping in additively manufactured tool steels. As the microstructural evolution of the latter has not been fully illuminated yet, this work intends to shed light on the influence of in-situ tempering processes on microstructure development and to clarify the influence of residual stresses on phase stability. Hence, a carbon-bearing cold-work tool steel was processed via LPBF without base plate preheating. Besides well-established techniques such as light optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction phase analysis showed significant differences depending on whether weld bead layers were in-situ tempered during LPBF or not. These tempered layers yielded higher austenite and lower carbide contents than the non-tempered top layers. To distinguish between different phases within the matrix, which is surrounded by a eutectic carbide network, correlative energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction analysis and atom probe tomography (APT) were carried out. Neither the atomic resolution in APT delivered conclusive differences in chemical composition between martensite and austenite. Therefore, another austenite stabilization mechanism has to prevail for the investigated alloy, i.e., stress-related stabilization. This phenomenon was addressed by the evaluation of strain profile measurements in dependence of the part height. These experiments were performed by cross-sectional synchrotron micro-diffraction. Results showed that sample preparation has a great influence on the determined austenite amounts. Material removing processes, such as cutting, grinding, polishing, focused ion beam milling or ion slicing were made responsible for attenuating respectively extinguishing austenite phase stability.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112318} (DOI). Platl, J.; Bodner, S.; Leitner, H.; Turk, C.; Nielsen, M.; Keckes, J.; Schnitzer, R.: Local microstructural evolution and the role of residual stresses in the phase stability of a laser powder bed fused cold-work tool steel. Materials Characterization. 2022. vol. 193, 112318. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112318}} @misc{vitzthum_insitu_analysis_2022, author={Vitzthum, S., Rebelo Kornmeier, J., Hofmann, M., Gruber, M., Norz, R., Maawad, E., Mendiguren, J., Volk, W.}, title={In-situ analysis of the elastic-plastic characteristics of high strength dual-phase steel}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144097}, abstract = {Modeling the elastic behavior of dual-phase steels is complex due to the strain dependency of Young's modulus and high elastic nonlinearity. Since it is assumed that reasons for this are to be found in microstructural behavior, microscopic in-situ analysis are necessary, but due to the overlap of the martensite and ferrite peaks, the evaluation of diffraction profiles is highly complex. Within this work, CR590Y980T (DP1000) is investigated in a continuous cyclic tensile and tension-compression test under synchrotron radiation at High Energy Material Science beamline P07 in Petra III, DESY. On basis of additional EBSD measurements, an evaluation approach is shown to analyze the dual-phase diffraction profiles in such a way that martensite and ferrite can be separated for three lattice planes. The origin of the specific elastic-plastic behavior of dual-phase steels in terms of onset of yielding, anelasticity or early re-yielding is analyzed on the basis of lattice strains and interphase stresses. For this, the time-synchronously measured micro data is correlated with the macro stress-strain relationship and thermoelastic effect. The results help to better understand strain-dependent elastic-plastic behavior of DP steels on a micro level and provide great potential to improve characterization and modeling in terms of springback prediction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144097} (DOI). Vitzthum, S.; Rebelo Kornmeier, J.; Hofmann, M.; Gruber, M.; Norz, R.; Maawad, E.; Mendiguren, J.; Volk, W.: In-situ analysis of the elastic-plastic characteristics of high strength dual-phase steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 857, 144097. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.144097}} @misc{shi_thincopperlayerinduced_early_2022, author={Shi, H., Wang, X., Li, X., Hu, X., Gan, W., Xu, C., Wang, G.}, title={Thin-Copper-Layer-Induced Early Fracture in Graphene-Nanosheets (GNSs)-Reinforced Copper-Matrix-Laminated Composites}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217677}, abstract = {The strength–ductility trade-off has been a long-standing challenge when designing and fabricating a novel metal matrix composite. In this study, graphene-nanosheets (GNSs)-reinforced copper (Cu)-matrix-laminated composites were fabricated through two methods, i.e., the alternating electrodeposition technique followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and direct electrodeposition followed by hot-press sintering. As a result, a Cu-GNS-Cu layered structure formed in the composites with various Cu layer thicknesses. Compared with the pure Cu, the yield strength of the GNS/Cu composites increased. However, the mechanical performance of the GNS/Cu composites was strongly Cu-layer-thickness-dependent, and the GNS/Cu composite possessed a brittle fracture mode when the Cu layer was thin (≤10 μm). The fracture mechanism of the GNS/Cu composites was thoroughly investigated and the results showed that the premature failure of the GNS/Cu composites with a thin Cu layer may be due to the lack of Cu matrix, which can relax the excessive stress intensity triggered by GNSs and delay the crack connection between neighboring GNS layers. This study highlights the soft Cu matrix in balancing the strength and ductility of the GNS/Cu-laminated composites and provides new technical and theoretical support for the preparation and optimization of other laminated metal matrix composites.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217677} (DOI). Shi, H.; Wang, X.; Li, X.; Hu, X.; Gan, W.; Xu, C.; Wang, G.: Thin-Copper-Layer-Induced Early Fracture in Graphene-Nanosheets (GNSs)-Reinforced Copper-Matrix-Laminated Composites. Materials. 2022. vol. 15, no. 21, 7677. DOI: 10.3390/ma15217677}} @misc{li_mapping_structure_2022, author={Li, N., Pratap, S., Körstgens, V., Vema, S., Song, L., Liang, S., Davydok, A., Krywka, C., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Mapping structure heterogeneities and visualizing moisture degradation of perovskite films with nano-focus WAXS}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34426-y}, abstract = {Extensive attention has focused on the structure optimization of perovskites, whereas rare research has mapped the structure heterogeneity within mixed hybrid perovskite films. Overlooked aspects include material and structure variations as a function of depth. These depth-dependent local structure heterogeneities dictate their long-term stabilities and efficiencies. Here, we use a nano-focused wide-angle X-ray scattering method for the mapping of film heterogeneities over several micrometers across lateral and vertical directions. The relative variations of characteristic perovskite peak positions show that the top film region bears the tensile strain. Through a texture orientation map of the perovskite (100) peak, we find that the perovskite grains deposited by sequential spray-coating grow along the vertical direction. Moreover, we investigate the moisture-induced degradation products in the perovskite film, and the underlying mechanism for its structure-dependent degradation. The moisture degradation along the lateral direction primarily initiates at the perovskite-air interface and grain boundaries. The tensile strain on the top surface has a profound influence on the moisture degradation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34426-y} (DOI). Li, N.; Pratap, S.; Körstgens, V.; Vema, S.; Song, L.; Liang, S.; Davydok, A.; Krywka, C.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Mapping structure heterogeneities and visualizing moisture degradation of perovskite films with nano-focus WAXS. Nature Communications. 2022. vol. 13, 6701. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34426-y}} @misc{neumann_3d_microstructure_2022, author={Neumann, M., Ademmer, M., Osenberg, M., Hilger, A., Wilde, F., Muench, S., Hager, M., Schubert, U.S., Manke, I., Schmidt, V.}, title={3D microstructure characterization of polymer battery electrodes by statistical image analysis based on synchrotron X-ray tomography}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231783}, abstract = {Polymer-based batteries represent a promising concept for next-generation energy storage due to their potentially higher power densities and smaller ecological footprint, compared to classical Li-ion batteries. Since the microstructure of electrodes is a key factor for the performance of battery cells, a detailed understanding of this microstructure is essential for the improvement of manufacturing processes. In the present contribution, the 3D microstructure of electrodes for polymer-based batteries is quantitatively characterized for the first time, where synchrotron X-ray tomography is combined with statistical image analysis. In particular, 3D imaging is performed for two porous electrodes, which both consist of the redox-active polymer PTMA as well as conductive additives, but differ regarding their binder materials. The focus is put on local heterogeneity of volume fractions of the constituents, surface area per unit volume of the polymer phase and the length of shortest transportation paths through both, polymer and binder-additive phase. It is shown that using different binder materials leads to significant differences regarding the 3D electrode microstructures. In this way, statistical analysis of image data helps to gain further insight into the influence of manufacturing processes on electrode microstructures and thus, on the performance of battery cells.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231783} (DOI). Neumann, M.; Ademmer, M.; Osenberg, M.; Hilger, A.; Wilde, F.; Muench, S.; Hager, M.; Schubert, U.; Manke, I.; Schmidt, V.: 3D microstructure characterization of polymer battery electrodes by statistical image analysis based on synchrotron X-ray tomography. Journal of Power Sources. 2022. vol. 542, 231783. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231783}} @misc{silveira_water_flow_2022, author={Silveira, A., Kardjilov, N., Markötter, H., Longo, E., Greving, I., Lasch, P., Shahar, R., Zaslansky, P.}, title={Water flow through bone: Neutron tomography reveals differences in water permeability between osteocytic and anosteocytic bone material}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111275}, abstract = {Vertebrate bones are made of a nanocomposite consisting of water, mineral and organics. Water helps bone material withstand mechanical stress and participates in sensation of external loads. Water diffusion across vertebrae of medaka (bone material lacking osteocytes) and zebrafish (bone material containing osteocytes) was compared using neutron tomography. Samples were measured both wet and following immersion in deuterated-water (D2O). By quantifying H+ exchange and mutual alignment with X-ray µCT scans, the amount of water expelled from complete vertebra was determined. The findings revealed that anosteocytic bone material is almost twice as amenable to D2O diffusion and H2O exchange, and that unexpectedly, far more water is retained in osteocytic zebrafish bone. Diffusion in osteocytic bones (only 33 % – 39 % water expelled) is therefore restricted as compared to anosteocytic bone (∼ 60 % of water expelled), presumably because water flow is confined to the lacunar-canalicular network (LCN) open-pore system. Histology and Raman spectroscopy showed that anosteocytic bone contains less proteoglycans than osteocytic bone. These findings identify a previously unknown functional difference between the two bone materials. Therefore, this study proposes that osteocytic bone retains water, aided by non-collagenous proteins, which contribute to its poroelastic mechano-transduction of water flow confined inside the LCN porosity.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111275} (DOI). Silveira, A.; Kardjilov, N.; Markötter, H.; Longo, E.; Greving, I.; Lasch, P.; Shahar, R.; Zaslansky, P.: Water flow through bone: Neutron tomography reveals differences in water permeability between osteocytic and anosteocytic bone material. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 224, 111275. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111275}} @misc{chulist_phase_transformation_2022, author={Chulist, R., Pukenas, A., Chekhonin, P., Hohenwarter, A., Pippan, R., Schell, N., Skrotzki, W.}, title={Phase transformation induced by high pressure torsion in the high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238407}, abstract = {The forward and reverse phase transformation from face-centered cubic (fcc) to hexagonal close-packed (hcp) in the equiatomic high-entropy alloy (HEA) CrMnFeCoNi has been investigated with diffraction of high-energy synchrotron radiation. The forward transformation has been induced by high pressure torsion at room and liquid nitrogen temperature by applying different hydrostatic pressures and large shear strains. The volume fraction of hcp phase has been determined by Rietveld analysis after pressure release and heating-up to room temperature as a function of hydrostatic pressure. It increases with pressure and decreasing temperature. Depending on temperature, a certain pressure is necessary to induce the phase transformation. In addition, the onset pressure depends on hydrostaticity; it is lowered by shear stresses. The reverse transformation evolves over a long period of time at ambient conditions due to the destabilization of the hcp phase. The effect of the phase transformation on the microstructure and texture development and corresponding microhardness of the HEA at room temperature is demonstrated. The phase transformation leads to an inhomogeneous microstructure, weakening of the shear texture, and a surprising hardness anomaly. Reasons for the hardness anomaly are discussed in detail.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238407} (DOI). Chulist, R.; Pukenas, A.; Chekhonin, P.; Hohenwarter, A.; Pippan, R.; Schell, N.; Skrotzki, W.: Phase transformation induced by high pressure torsion in the high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi. Materials. 2022. vol. 15, no. 23, 8407. DOI: 10.3390/ma15238407}} @misc{bodner_graded_inconelstainless_2022, author={Bodner, S.C., Hlushko, K., van de Vorst, L.T.G., Meindlhumer, M., Todt, J., Nielsen, M.A., Hooijmans, J.W., Saurwalt, J.J., Mirzaei, S., Keckes, J.}, title={Graded Inconel-Stainless Steel Multi-Material Structure by Inter- and Intralayer Variation of Metal Alloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.064}, abstract = {Additively manufactured multi-metal hybrid structures can be designed as functionally graded materials providing an optimized response at specific positions for particular applications. In this study, liquid dispersed metal powder bed fusion is used to synthesize a multi-metal structure based on Inconel 625 (IN625) and stainless steel 316L (S316L) stainless steel regions, built on a S316L base plate. Both alloys alternate several times along the build direction as well as within the individual sublayers. The multi-metal sample was investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness measurements, nanoindentation and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cross-sectional synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction 2D mapping was carried out at the high-energy material science beamline of the storage ring PETRAIII in Hamburg. Sharp morphological S316L-to-IN625 interfaces along the sample's build direction are observed on the micro- and nanoscale. A gradual phase transition encompassing about 1 mm is revealed in the transverse direction. Mechanical properties change gradually following abrupt or smooth phase transitions between the alloys where a higher strength is determined for the superalloy. The two-dimensional distribution of phases can be assessed indirectly as S316L and IN625 in this multi-metal sample possess a <110> and a <100> fiber crystallographic texture, respectively. Tensile residual stresses of ∼900 and ∼800 MPa in build direction and perpendicular to it, respectively, are evaluated from measured residual X-ray elastic strains. Generally, the study indicates possibilities and limitations of liquid dispersed metal powder bed fusion for additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials with unique synergetic properties and contributes to the understanding of optimization of structurally and functionally advanced composites.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.064} (DOI). Bodner, S.; Hlushko, K.; van de Vorst, L.; Meindlhumer, M.; Todt, J.; Nielsen, M.; Hooijmans, J.; Saurwalt, J.; Mirzaei, S.; Keckes, J.: Graded Inconel-Stainless Steel Multi-Material Structure by Inter- and Intralayer Variation of Metal Alloys. Journal of Materials Research and Technology : JMRT. 2022. vol. 21, 4846-4859. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.11.064}} @misc{rittinghaus_laser_fusion_2022, author={Rittinghaus, S.K., Throm, F., Wilms, M.B., Hama-Saleh, R., Rackel, M.W.}, title={Laser Fusion of Powder and Foil – a Multi Material Approach to Additive Manufacturing}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40516-022-00190-6}, abstract = {Multi material additive manufacturing (MM-AM) is an attractive approach to combine the geometric flexibility in particular of powder bed based AM processes with functional integration. A major limitation of multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF) approaches is the risk of powder contamination. In the present study, the implementation of a concept for manufacturing of multi material parts is demonstrated. A new type of device is contructed, and the new process is tested fundamentally and gradually by experimental means. Aspects investigated include machine and process feasibility, bonding issues, and dilution. Microstructural analysis reveals the successful build of multimaterial basic geometries out of steel powder (316L stainless steel) and both nickel-based alloy and copper foil. This provides a new process whose further research offers high potential for numerous multi-material applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s40516-022-00190-6} (DOI). Rittinghaus, S.; Throm, F.; Wilms, M.; Hama-Saleh, R.; Rackel, M.: Laser Fusion of Powder and Foil – a Multi Material Approach to Additive Manufacturing. Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing. 2022. vol. 9, 569-589. DOI: 10.1007/s40516-022-00190-6}} @misc{schwarzenberg_threedimensional_analyses_2022, author={Schwarzenberg, F.L., Schütz, P., Hammel, J.U., Riedel, M., Bartl, J., Bordbari, S., Frank, S.C., Walkenfort, B., Busse, M., Herzen, J., Lohr, C., Wülfing, C., Henne, S.}, title={Three-dimensional analyses of vascular network morphology in a murine lymph node by X-ray phase-contrast tomography with a 2D Talbot array}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.947961}, abstract = {With growing molecular evidence for correlations between spatial arrangement of blood vasculature and fundamental immunological functions, carried out in distinct compartments of the subdivided lymph node, there is an urgent need for three-dimensional models that can link these aspects. We reconstructed such models at a 1.84 µm resolution by the means of X-ray phase-contrast imaging with a 2D Talbot array in a short time without any staining. In addition reconstructions are verified in immunohistochemistry staining as well as in ultrastructural analyses. While conventional illustrations of mammalian lymph nodes depict the hilus as a definite point of blood and lymphatic vessel entry and exit, our method revealed that multiple branches enter and emerge from an area that extends up to one third of the organ’s surface. This could be a prerequisite for the drastic and location-dependent remodeling of vascularization, which is necessary for lymph node expansion during inflammation. Contrary to corrosion cast studies we identified B-cell follicles exhibiting a two times denser capillary network than the deep cortical units of the T-cell zone. In addition to our observation of high endothelial venules spatially surrounding the follicles, this suggests a direct connection between morphology and B-cell homing. Our findings will deepen the understanding of functional lymph node composition and lymphocyte migration on a fundamental basis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.947961} (DOI). Schwarzenberg, F.; Schütz, P.; Hammel, J.; Riedel, M.; Bartl, J.; Bordbari, S.; Frank, S.; Walkenfort, B.; Busse, M.; Herzen, J.; Lohr, C.; Wülfing, C.; Henne, S.: Three-dimensional analyses of vascular network morphology in a murine lymph node by X-ray phase-contrast tomography with a 2D Talbot array. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022. vol. 13, 947961. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947961}} @misc{kahrobaee_experimental_investigation_2022, author={Kahrobaee, Z., Rashkova, B., Hauschildt, K., Palm, M.}, title={Experimental Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the Ti—Al—Zr System at 1000–1300 °C}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091184}, abstract = {Four partial isothermal sections of the Ti—Al—Zr system up to 60 at. % Al and 30 at. % Zr were experimentally established between 1000–1300 °C. Six heat-treated alloys were analysed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, conventional and high-energy X-ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis. Phase equilibria were determined between B2-ordered (β0), βTi,Zr, αTi, Ti3Al, TiAl, and ZrAl2.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091184} (DOI). Kahrobaee, Z.; Rashkova, B.; Hauschildt, K.; Palm, M.: Experimental Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the Ti—Al—Zr System at 1000–1300 °C. Crystals. 2022. vol. 12, no. 9, 1184. DOI: 10.3390/cryst12091184}} @misc{chanfreau_phase_transformation_2022, author={Chanfreau, N., Poquillon, D., Stark, A., Maawad, E., Mareau, C., Dehmas, M.}, title={Phase transformation of the Ti-5553 titanium alloy subjected to rapid heating}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06959-6}, abstract = {The α → β phase transformation upon heating in the Ti-5553 alloy with lamellar-nodular bimodal microstructure was tracked in situ with high energy X-ray diffraction. Rapid heating at 10, 50 and 100 °C s−1 from room temperature to 1050 °C was tested. Phase transformation on heating was studied by a combined analysis of the microstructural features that provides estimates of mass fractions, mean lattice parameters and full width at half maximum for the two phases. In comparison with equilibrium conditions, the experimental mass fractions reveal a shift of the transformation domain toward high temperatures when the heating rate increases. Also, the dissolution of the α phase is largely impacted by its morphology, the transformation being faster for α lamellae. The combined analysis of mean lattice parameters and full width at half maximum suggests that the α → β phase transformation on heating is diffusion controlled. The β phase therefore inherits the solute content of the adjacent parent α phase, leading to chemical heterogeneities in the β phase regardless of the heating rate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-06959-6} (DOI). Chanfreau, N.; Poquillon, D.; Stark, A.; Maawad, E.; Mareau, C.; Dehmas, M.: Phase transformation of the Ti-5553 titanium alloy subjected to rapid heating. Journal of Materials Science. 2022. vol. 57, 5620-5633. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-06959-6}} @misc{distl_phase_equilibria_2022, author={Distl, B., Hauschildt, K., Rashkova, R., Pyczak, F., Stein, F.}, title={Phase Equilibria in the Ti-Rich Part of the Ti-Al-Nb System—Part I: Low-Temperature Phase Equilibria Between 700 and 900 °C}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-022-00963-8}, abstract = {Precise knowledge of the phase equilibria in the Ti-Al-Nb system between 700 and 900 °C is of crucial importance for the urgently needed improvement of TiAl-based turbine materials already in industrial use to achieve further energy savings. As a result of the occurrence of the two ternary intermetallic phases ωo (“Ti4NbAl3”) and O (“Ti2NbAl”), which form in the solid state just in the range of the application-relevant temperatures, the phase relations are very complex and not well studied. In the present investigation, isothermal sections of the Ti-rich part of the Ti-Al-Nb system at 700, 800, and 900 °C were determined by a systematic study of 15 ternary alloys, one solid-solid diffusion couple, and three liquid-solid diffusion couples. Using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-energy XRD (HEXRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations, type and composition of phases as well as phase transitions were determined. With these results, the phase equilibria were established. A focus of the investigations is on the homogeneity ranges of the two ternary phases ωo and O, which both are stable up to temperatures above 900 °C. Based on the compositions measured for the ωo phase and its crystal structure type, a new formula (Ti,Nb)2Al is suggested. The results also indicate that the phase field of the ωo phase is split into two parts at 900 °C because of the growing phase field of the ordered (βTi,Nb)o phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-022-00963-8} (DOI). Distl, B.; Hauschildt, K.; Rashkova, R.; Pyczak, F.; Stein, F.: Phase Equilibria in the Ti-Rich Part of the Ti-Al-Nb System—Part I: Low-Temperature Phase Equilibria Between 700 and 900 °C. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 2022. vol. 43, 355-381. DOI: 10.1007/s11669-022-00963-8}} @misc{boudinot_genomicphenomic_reciprocal_2022, author={Boudinot, B.E., Richter, A.K., Hammel, J.U., Szwedo, J., Bojarski, B., Perrichot, V.}, title={Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090796}, abstract = {Fossils are critical for understanding the evolutionary diversification, turnover, and morphological disparification of extant lineages. While fossils cannot be sequenced, phenome-scale data may be generated using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT), thus revealing hidden structures and internal anatomy, when preserved. Here, we adduce the male caste of a new fossil ant species from Miocene Ethiopian amber that resembles members of the Aneuretinae, matching the operational definition of the subfamily. Through the use of synchrotron radiation for µ-CT, we critically test the aneuretine-identity hypothesis. Our results indicate that the new fossils do not belong to the Aneuretinae, but rather the Ponerini (Ponerinae). Informed by recent phylogenomic studies, we were able to place the fossils close to the extant genus Cryptopone based on logical character analysis, with the two uniquely sharing absence of the subpetiolar process among all ponerine genera. Consequently, we: (1) revise the male-based key to the global ant subfamilies; (2) revise the definitions of Aneuretinae, Ponerinae, Platythyreini, and Ponerini; (3) discuss the evolution of ant mandibles; and (4) describe the fossils as †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov. Our study highlights the value of males for ant systematics and the tremendous potential of phenomic imaging technologies for the study of ant evolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13090796} (DOI). Boudinot, B.; Richter, A.; Hammel, J.; Szwedo, J.; Bojarski, B.; Perrichot, V.: Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insects. 2022. vol. 13, no. 9, 796. DOI: 10.3390/insects13090796}} @misc{shang_developing_sustainable_2022, author={Shang, Y., Liu, S., Liang, Z., Pyczak, F., Lei, Z., Heidenreich, T., Schökel, A., Kai, J.-J., Gizer, G., Dornheim, M., Klassen, T., Pistidda, C.}, title={Developing sustainable FeTi alloys for hydrogen storage by recycling}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-022-00324-5}, abstract = {Intermetallic alloys such as FeTi have attracted ever-growing attention as a safe and efficient hydrogen storage medium. However, the utilization of high-purity metals for the synthesis of such materials poses considerable concerns over the environmental sustainability of their large-scale production. Here, we report an approach for synthesizing FeTi from industrial scraps of iron (steels C45 and 316 L) and titanium (Ti alloy Grade 2) to reduce the carbon footprint associated with FeTi alloy synthesis, without compromising their hydrogen storage properties. At 50 °C and a pressure of 0 to 100 bar, the alloys obtained by using C45-Ti Grade 2 and 316L-Ti Grade 2 can absorb a maximum amount of hydrogen of 1.61 wt.% and 1.50 wt.%, respectively. Moreover, depending on the type of steel utilized, the thermodynamic properties can be modified. Our findings pave a pathway for developing high-performance, environmentally-sustainable FeTi alloys for hydrogen storage purposes using industrial metal wastes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-022-00324-5} (DOI). Shang, Y.; Liu, S.; Liang, Z.; Pyczak, F.; Lei, Z.; Heidenreich, T.; Schökel, A.; Kai, J.; Gizer, G.; Dornheim, M.; Klassen, T.; Pistidda, C.: Developing sustainable FeTi alloys for hydrogen storage by recycling. Communications Materials. 2022. vol. 3, no. 1, 101. DOI: 10.1038/s43246-022-00324-5}} @misc{shi_improving_the_2022, author={Shi, H., Xu, C., Hu, X., Gan, W., Wu, K., Wang, X.}, title={Improving the Young's modulus of Mg via alloying and compositing – A short review}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.07.011}, abstract = {Lightweight, high-modulus structural materials are highly desired in many applications like aerospace, automobile and biomedical instruments. As the lightest metallic structural material, magnesium (Mg) has great potential but is limited by its low intrinsic Young's modulus. This paper reviews the investigations on high-modulus Mg-based materials during the last decades. The nature of elastic modulus is introduced, and typical high-modulus Mg alloys and Mg matrix composites are reviewed. Specifically, Mg alloys enhance Young's modulus of pure Mg mainly by introducing suitable alloying elements to promote the precipitation of high-modulus second phases in the alloy system. Differently, Mg matrix composites improve Young's modulus by incorporating high-modulus particles, whiskers and fibers into the Mg matrix. The modulus strengthening effectiveness brought by the two approaches is compared, and Mg matrix composites stand out as a more promising solution. In addition, two well-accepted modulus prediction models (Halpin-Tsai and Rule of mixtures (ROM)) for different Mg matrix composites are reviewed. The effects of reinforcement type, size, volume fraction and interfacial bonding condition on the modulus of Mg matrix composites are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and development trends of high-modulus Mg-based materials are proposed and prospected.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.07.011} (DOI). Shi, H.; Xu, C.; Hu, X.; Gan, W.; Wu, K.; Wang, X.: Improving the Young's modulus of Mg via alloying and compositing – A short review. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2022. vol. 10, no. 8, 2009-2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2022.07.011}} @misc{sefa_assessing_the_2022, author={Sefa, S., Wieland, F., Helmholz, H., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Wennerberg, A., Moosmann, J., Willumeit-Römer, R., Galli, S.}, title={Assessing the long-term in vivo degradation behavior of magnesium alloys - a high resolution synchrotron radiation micro computed tomography study}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fbiom.2022.925471}, abstract = {Biodegradable magnesium (Mg) implants are emerging as a potential game changer in implant technology in situations where the implant temporarily supports the bone thereby avoiding secondary surgery for implant removal. However, the consequences of the alteration in the degradation rate to bone healing and the localization of degradation and alloying products in the long term remain unknown. In this study, we present the long-term osseointegration of three different biodegradable Mg alloys, Mg-10Gd, Mg-4Y-3RE and Mg-2Ag, which were implanted into rabbit femur for 6 and 9 months. In addition, we have investigated the effect of blood pre-incubation on the in vivo performance of the aforementioned alloys. Using high-resolution synchrotron radiation based micro computed tomography, the bone implant contact (BIC), bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and implant morphology were studied. The elemental traces have been characterized using micro X-ray fluorescence. Qualitative histological evaluation of the surrounding bone was also performed. Matured bone formed around all three implant types and Ca as well as P which represent parts of the degradation layer were in intimate contact with the bone. Blood pre-incubation prior to implantation significantly improved BIC in Mg-2Ag screws at 9 months. Despite different implant degradation morphologies pointing toward different degradation dynamics, Mg-10Gd, Mg-4Y-3RE and Mg-2Ag induced a similar long-term bone response based on our quantified parameters. Importantly, RE elements Gd and Y used in the alloys remained at the implantation site implying that they might be released later on or might persist in the implantation site forever. As the bone formation was not disturbed by their presence, it might be concluded that Gd and Y are non-deleterious. Consequently, we have shown that short and mid-term in vivo evaluations do not fully represent indicators for long-term osseointegration of Mg-based implants.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fbiom.2022.925471} (DOI). Sefa, S.; Wieland, F.; Helmholz, H.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Wennerberg, A.; Moosmann, J.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Galli, S.: Assessing the long-term in vivo degradation behavior of magnesium alloys - a high resolution synchrotron radiation micro computed tomography study. Frontiers in Biomaterials Science. 2022. vol. 1, 925471. DOI: 10.3389/fbiom.2022.925471}} @misc{metilli_application_of_2022, author={Metilli, L., Storm, M., Marathe, S., Lazidis, A., Marty-Terrade, S., Simone, E.}, title={Application of X-ray Microcomputed Tomography for the Static and Dynamic Characterization of the Microstructure of Oleofoams}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03318}, abstract = {Oleofoams are a novel, versatile, and biocompatible soft material that finds application in drug, cosmetic or nutraceuticals delivery. However, due to their temperature-sensitive and opaque nature, the characterization of oleofoams’ microstructure is challenging. Here, synchrotron X-ray microcomputed tomography and radiography are applied to study the microstructure of a triglyceride-based oleofoam. These techniques enable non-destructive, quantitative, 3D measurements of native samples to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of oleofoams at different stages of their life cycle. During processing, a constant bubble size distribution is reached after few minutes of shearing, while the number of bubbles incorporated keeps increasing until saturation of the continuous phase. Low amounts of solid triglycerides in oleofoams allow faster aeration and a more homogeneous microstructure but lower thermodynamic stability, with bubble disproportionation and shape relaxation over time. Radiography shows that heating causes Ostwald ripening and coalescence of bubbles, with an increase of their diameter and sphericity.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03318} (DOI). Metilli, L.; Storm, M.; Marathe, S.; Lazidis, A.; Marty-Terrade, S.; Simone, E.: Application of X-ray Microcomputed Tomography for the Static and Dynamic Characterization of the Microstructure of Oleofoams. Langmuir. 2022. vol. 38, no. 4, 1638-1650. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03318}} @misc{shehryarkhan_the_influence_2022, author={Shehryar Khan, M., Enrique, P., Ghatei-Kalashami, A., Lopes, J.G., Schell, N., Oliveira, J.P., Biro, E., Norman Zhou, Y.}, title={The influence of in-situ alloying of electro-spark deposited coatings on the multiscale morphological and mechanical properties of laser welded Al–Si coated 22MnB5}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142830}, abstract = {During laser welding of Al–Si coated 22MnB5 steel, the melted Al–Si coating alloys with the molten weld pool promoting α-ferrite phase formation during the heat-treatment stage of hot-stamping, which results in a fusion-zone (FZ) microstructure consisting of α-ferrite islands disbursed through a martensitic matrix. The presence of the softer ferrite phase is the main cause for premature failure of laser-welded 22MnB5 joints in the hot-stamped condition. This work showed that surface modification of the Al–Si coating using an additive manufacturing technique called electro-spark deposition (ESD) prior to laser welding prevented α-ferrite formation in the FZ post-welding and hot-stamping. This was achieved by the in-situ alloying of ferrite-suppressing carbides and austenite-stabilizing elements. These alloying agents were added to the FZ by applying different ESD-modified coatings to the material surface, which melted into the molten weld pool during laser welding, leading to the simultaneous dispersion and solid-solution strengthening of the FZ after hot-stamping, respectively. The modification of the Al–Si coating prior to welding using tungsten-carbide (WC) and Inconel 625 (In625) resulted in drastically improved mechanical properties of the welded joint in the hot-stamped condition. In fact, this study showed that by carefully modifying the as-received Al–Si coating using ESD prior to laser welding could be used as an effective method to shift failure from the FZ, where it normally occurs, to the base material (BM). This work is highly relevant to the on-going discussion in the advanced manufacturing and materials science communities regarding the production of functionally-graded components as it proposes the implementation of an advanced processing technique to achieve the production of novel materials with highly optimized properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.142830} (DOI). Shehryar Khan, M.; Enrique, P.; Ghatei-Kalashami, A.; Lopes, J.; Schell, N.; Oliveira, J.; Biro, E.; Norman Zhou, Y.: The influence of in-situ alloying of electro-spark deposited coatings on the multiscale morphological and mechanical properties of laser welded Al–Si coated 22MnB5. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 839, 142830. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.142830}} @misc{cichocki_effect_of_2022, author={Cichocki, K., Bała, P., Kozieł, T., Cios, G., Schell, N., Muszka, K.}, title={Effect of Mo on Phase Stability and Properties in FeMnNiCo High-Entropy Alloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06629-x}, abstract = {The goal of this research was to propose a combined modeling approach to design a stable alloy based on the FeMnNiCoMo system. First, phase stability calculations were made using valence electron calculations (VEC) and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The effect of Mo alloying in the FeMnNiCo system was investigated by calculating characteristics of solid solution combined with the different methods. The DFT method was used to obtain formation enthalpy in the (FeMnNiCo)100–xMox system for stable face-centered-cubic (fcc) and body-centered-cubic (bcc) structures. The calculations were made for Mo contents from 0 to 20 at. pct. Classic thermodynamic calculations, such as mixing enthalpy, configurational entropy, or valence electron concentration (VEC), were used. Based on these calculations, the proposed alloy should be characterized by fcc structure in the entire considered Mo content, without occurrence of any intermetallic phases. Subsequently, three alloys with 0, 5, and 10 at. pct Mo were produced using arc melting and were further investigated. Alloys were homogenized and then hot rolled into flat bars. Microstructural analysis was performed using as-cast, after-homogenization, and hot-rolled specimens. The microstructures were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. Mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile and compression tests. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were also conducted. The results from EDS and XRD showed the occurrence of intermetallic phases in investigated alloys, as phase with Fm3-m space group and in µ phase in (FeMnNiCo)90Mo10 alloy. Based on the comparison of the experimental and calculated results, conclusions regarding the structural changes with Mo content were drawn and the validity of the proposed modeling approach was tested and discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06629-x} (DOI). Cichocki, K.; Bała, P.; Kozieł, T.; Cios, G.; Schell, N.; Muszka, K.: Effect of Mo on Phase Stability and Properties in FeMnNiCo High-Entropy Alloys. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2022. vol. 53, no. 5, 1749-1760. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-022-06629-x}} @misc{wang_atomic_site_2022, author={Wang, L., Kong, Y., Oehring, M., Song, M., Pyczak, F.}, title={Atomic site occupancy of alloying elements and Laves phase stability in γ-γ′ Co-base superalloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164261}, abstract = {The atomic site occupancy of alloying elements in the ZrCo2 and HfCo2 based Laves phases formed in the Co-9Al-9W-2Zr and Co-9Al-9W-2Hf alloys was experimentally determined by the combined techniques of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping with atomic resolution and the atom location by channeling enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI) method. The results show that both Al and W occupy the Zr site in the C15 and the Hf site in the C36 crystal structure. The atomic locations of Al and W were further confirmed by comparing calculated inelastic cross-sections with experimental ALCHEMI results. Using the determined atomic site occupancies of alloying elements, special quasirandom structure solid solution models with 192 atoms were constructed and employed in first-principles calculations. It is found theoretically that the energy of formation of the C15 structure is always lower than that of the C36 structure at 0 K in both ZrCo2 and HfCo2 phases, no matter whether Al and W are incorporated or not. However, further ab initio molecular dynamics simulations suggest that lattice vibration at finite temperature contributes significantly to the phase stability, stabilizing the C36 structure compared to the C15 type for the (Hf, Al, W)Co2 phase at finite temperature, which fits well with the experimental findings.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164261} (DOI). Wang, L.; Kong, Y.; Oehring, M.; Song, M.; Pyczak, F.: Atomic site occupancy of alloying elements and Laves phase stability in γ-γ′ Co-base superalloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022. vol. 906, 164261. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164261}} @misc{sonkusare_texture_evolution_2022, author={Sonkusare, R., Biswas, K., Gan, W., Brokmeier, H., Gurao, N.}, title={Texture Evolution During Hot Compression of CoCuFeMnNi Complex Concentrated Alloy Using Neutron Diffraction and Crystal Plasticity Simulations}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02689-0}, abstract = {CoCuFeMnNi complex concentrated alloy was subjected to hot compression at different temperatures and strain rates. Texture evolution for four representative samples was studied using electron backscatter diffraction, neutron diffraction and viscoplastic self-consistent simulations. EBSD revealed highest low angle grain boundaries and high angle grain boundaries for sample C (1273 K, 1 s−1) indicating deformation and recrystallization, respectively, and highest very low angle grain boundaries for sample D (1273 K, 0.001 s−1) indicating recovery. The bulk texture shows < 110 > compression texture, with dominance of partial slip over octahedral slip. Zener–Hollomon parameter was found to increase in the order D < B < C < A, with sample A (1073 K, 1 s−1) exhibiting lowest crystallite size and sample D (1273 K, 0.001 s−1) with highest crystallite size, consistent with the microstructural data. The texture analysis shows a partial slip-dominated dynamically recovered microstructure for sample A (1073 K, 1 s−1) and discontinuous dynamically recrystallized microstructure for sample D (1273 K, 0.001 s−1).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-022-02689-0} (DOI). Sonkusare, R.; Biswas, K.; Gan, W.; Brokmeier, H.; Gurao, N.: Texture Evolution During Hot Compression of CoCuFeMnNi Complex Concentrated Alloy Using Neutron Diffraction and Crystal Plasticity Simulations. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals. 2022. vol. 75, no. 12, 3061-3066. DOI: 10.1007/s12666-022-02689-0}} @misc{kainz_thermal_stability_2022, author={Kainz, C., Tkadletz, M., Stark, A., Schell, N., Czettl, C., Pohler, M., Schalk, N.}, title={Thermal stability of a cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.74Ta0.26N coating}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101434}, abstract = {CrTaN coatings have recently received increasing industrial interest due to their combination of high hardness, promising fracture toughness and excellent oxidation resistance. However, up to now no thorough investigation on the thermal stability of this coating system is available. Thus, within this work, the evolution of the microstructure and phase composition of an arc evaporated CrTaN coating were illuminated in inert atmosphere up to 1400°C. The coating crystallizes in an fcc-Cr0.74Ta0.26N solid solution with a preferred <311> orientation. Alternating Cr-enriched and Ta-enriched layers are identified in the cross-section of the as-deposited coating, which arise from the three-fold rotation during deposition. In-situ high energy X-ray diffraction showed that powdered CrTaN is stable in inert atmosphere up to ∼1250°C, where fcc-CrxTa1-xN starts to transform into t-Cr1.2Ta0.8N. Upon further increasing the temperature to values exceeding 1300°C, h-Cr2N and h-Ta5N4 start to form. Vacuum annealing of a CrTaN coating on a sapphire substrate at 1000°C results in the homogenization of the synthesis-related compositional fluctuations. While still maintaining the fcc-CrxTa1-xN solid solution, a texture change to a preferred <100> orientation is observed after annealing at 1270°C. An annealing treatment at 1300°C results in the formation of t-Cr1.2Ta0.8N in addition to the fcc-Cr1-xTaxN.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101434} (DOI). Kainz, C.; Tkadletz, M.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Czettl, C.; Pohler, M.; Schalk, N.: Thermal stability of a cathodic arc evaporated Cr0.74Ta0.26N coating. Materialia. 2022. vol. 22, 101434. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101434}} @misc{escobar_heterogenous_activation_2022, author={Escobar, J., Gwalni, B., Olszta, M., Silverstein, J., Ajantiwalay, T., Overman, N., Fu, W., Li, Y., Bergmann, L., Maawad, E., Klusemann, B., dos Santos, J., Devaraj, A.}, title={Heterogenous activation of dynamic recrystallization and twinning during friction stir processing of a Cu-4Nb alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167007}, abstract = {An interplay between high degree of shear deformation and deformation-induced heating occurs during friction stir processing (FSP) of metals. In medium-to-low stacking fault energy Cu alloys, this can lead to a complex spatially heterogenous activation of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and twinning mechanisms. Within the Cu-Nb system, the presence of Nb is further expected to influence the DRX mechanism of the Cu matrix. However, the microstructural changes induced by the co-deformation of Nb during FSP are still not well understood. Therefore, this study uses a combination of multimodal microstructural characterization, solution thermodynamics-based predictions, and computational crystal plasticity simulation to reveal the various microstructural evolution mechanisms that can occur during FSP of a Cu-4at%Nb binary model alloy. The formation of softer DRX zones, and harder shear localization regions are revealed using electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atom probe tomography, and crystal plasticity modeling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167007} (DOI). Escobar, J.; Gwalni, B.; Olszta, M.; Silverstein, J.; Ajantiwalay, T.; Overman, N.; Fu, W.; Li, Y.; Bergmann, L.; Maawad, E.; Klusemann, B.; dos Santos, J.; Devaraj, A.: Heterogenous activation of dynamic recrystallization and twinning during friction stir processing of a Cu-4Nb alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2022. vol. 928, 167007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.167007}} @misc{hollatz_pore_formation_2022, author={Hollatz, S., Hummel, M., Olowinsky, A., Gillner, A., Beckmann, F., Moosmann, J.}, title={Pore formation and melt pool analysis of laser welded Al-Cu joints using synchrotron radiation}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117738}, abstract = {Known as challenging material combination, the welding of aluminium and copper, both with strongly different thermophysical properties, causes joining failures such as pores, cracks or intermetallic phases in the solidified welding area. To investigate the mixing of the materials and the occurrence of pores, the laser welding process is observed with synchrotron radiation which visualizes the phase boundaries between solid, liquid and gaseous material phases. This allows the visualization of pore formation and density differences of the materials inside the melt pool. In this investigation, pore formation in front and bottom of the keyhole is observed. The movement of the bubbles in the melt pool can be tracked until solidification at the material transition. Regarding the intermixing of the materials, the high-speed images show a fluctuating copper flow towards the keyhole and a material mixing over the entire aluminium melt pool depth. By understanding the mechanisms, compensatory measures for an improved process can be developed to enable the usability of aluminium and copper connections, for example in electromobility applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117738} (DOI). Hollatz, S.; Hummel, M.; Olowinsky, A.; Gillner, A.; Beckmann, F.; Moosmann, J.: Pore formation and melt pool analysis of laser welded Al-Cu joints using synchrotron radiation. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2022. vol. 309, 117738. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117738}} @misc{zauner_assessing_the_2022, author={Zauner, L., Hahn, R., Aschauer, E., Wojcik, T., Davydok, A., Hunold, O., Polcik, P., Riedl, H.}, title={Assessing the fracture and fatigue resistance of nanostructured thin films}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118260}, abstract = {Fatigue failure through sustained loading of ductile materials manifests in irreversible motion of dislocations, followed by crack initiation and growth. This contrasts with the mechanisms associated with brittle ceramics, such as nanostructured physical vapor deposited thin films, where inhibited dislocation mobility typically leads to interface-controlled damage. Hence, understanding the fatigue response of thin films from a fundamental viewpoint – including altered atomic bonds, crystal structures, and deformation mechanisms – holds the key to improved durability of coated engineering components. Here, a novel method utilizing quasi-static and cyclic-bending of pre-notched, unstrained microcantilever beams coupled with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction is presented to study the fracture toughness and fatigue properties of thin films under various loading conditions. Investigating a model system of sputter-deposited Cr and Cr-based ceramic compounds (CrN, CrB2, and Cr2O3) demonstrates that the fatigue resistance of such thin films is limited by the inherent fracture toughness. In fact, cantilever cycling close to the critical stress intensity is sustained up to 107 load cycles on all materials, without inducing noticeable material damage, structural or stress-state changes. The observed variation in fracture toughness is put into context with linear-elastic fracture theory and complementary micro-pillar compression, thereby elucidating the wide range of values from as low as 1.6±0.2 MPa√m for Cr1.79O3 up to 4.3±0.3 MPa√m for Cr1.03B2, respectively. Moreover, possible mechanisms governing the elastic-plastic deformation response of all coatings, both in quasi-static and cyclic-loading conditions, are discussed. Our findings contribute key-insights into the underlying mechanisms dictating the damage tolerance of PVD coated components by relating fatigue strength limits to fundamental material properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118260} (DOI). Zauner, L.; Hahn, R.; Aschauer, E.; Wojcik, T.; Davydok, A.; Hunold, O.; Polcik, P.; Riedl, H.: Assessing the fracture and fatigue resistance of nanostructured thin films. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 239, 118260. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118260}} @misc{lemos_creep_resistance_2022, author={Lemos, G., Fredel, M.C., Pyczak, F., Tetzlaff, U.}, title={Creep resistance improvement of a polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy via TiC particles reinforcement}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143821}, abstract = {In order to develop highly efficient aircraft engines, the use of alloys for turbine blades that combine high creep resistance and lower density brings substantial benefits. That may be achieved by the introduction of a reinforcing phase, such as a discontinuous reinforcement. So far, most researched particle-reinforced Ni-based superalloys made use of sub-micrometer particles, such as oxides and borides, often produced by in-situ reactions. These are proposed solely as dislocation immobilizers, in a role comparable to that carried out by γ’ precipitates, while metal matrix composites (MMCs) containing micro-scale particles offer a load-transfer potential. To combine both approaches, a recently designed polycrystalline Ni-based γ’-strengthened superalloy reinforced with TiC particles was produced by low energy mixing of powders, followed by pressure sintering. The composite, along with a non-reinforced reference, was submitted to compression creep tests at 973 K (700 °C), with stresses varying from 280 to 500 MPa. Selected specimens had their microstructure evaluated with techniques such as EBSD and XRD. When simulating a working turbine, the material density influences directly the centripetal forces acting on a section of a turbine blade, and consequently the creep rates. In the proposed composite, not only an increase in the threshold stress by a load-transfer component was obtained, but also the density reduction affected remarkably the creep rates. Moreover, the presented MMC not only presented a superior creep resistance in relation to the non-reinforced alloy, but also exhibited higher stability of primary and secondary γ’ volumes after 500 h in creep tests.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143821} (DOI). Lemos, G.; Fredel, M.; Pyczak, F.; Tetzlaff, U.: Creep resistance improvement of a polycrystalline Ni-based superalloy via TiC particles reinforcement. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 854, 143821. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.143821}} @misc{zippel_the_first_2022, author={Zippel, A., Baranov, V.A., Hammel, J.U., Hörnig, M.K., Haug, C., Haug, J.T.}, title={The first fossil immature of Elmidae: an unusual riffle beetle larva preserved in Baltic amber}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13025}, abstract = {Elmidae, riffle beetles, have both adult and immature stages that show specializations for water environments. Fossils of adults of Elmidae are already known from amber, however a record of immatures was so far lacking. We report here the first fossil larva of Elmidae, preserved in Baltic amber. To be able to access details of the body hidden by inclusions and “Verlumung” we conducted, in addition to optical documentation methods, micro-CT and synchrotron documentation methods. The larva is characterised by prominent dorso-lateral and lateral processes and a plate-like ventral operculum at the end of the abdomen. The new fossil has similarities in the general body shape and the prominent characters with some modern larvae of Elmidae. The posterior protrusions on the trunk end possibly represent gills, which would imply that fossil larvae of Elmidae also led a water-related life style similar to modern representatives.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13025} (DOI). Zippel, A.; Baranov, V.; Hammel, J.; Hörnig, M.; Haug, C.; Haug, J.: The first fossil immature of Elmidae: an unusual riffle beetle larva preserved in Baltic amber. PeerJ. 2022. vol. 10, e13025. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13025}} @misc{nielsen_automatic_melt_2022, author={Nielsen, M., Gloy, J., Lott, D., Sun, T., Müller, M., Staron, P.}, title={Automatic melt pool recognition in X-ray radiography images from laser-molten Al alloy}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.121}, abstract = {Size and shape of the melt pool play an important role in the microstructure formation in materials additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) techniques. It is an enormous challenge to determine them automatically in radiography image series taken during LPBF when the melt pool has a very low contrast to the surrounding base material. In this work, an approach solving this problem for Al alloys is presented. The melt pool is detected by a combination of different image processing methods and boundary conditions. The method developed in this work is demonstrated on high-speed radiography images taken at a synchrotron beamline during an in-situ LPBF experiment using an Al-Si alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.121} (DOI). Nielsen, M.; Gloy, J.; Lott, D.; Sun, T.; Müller, M.; Staron, P.: Automatic melt pool recognition in X-ray radiography images from laser-molten Al alloy. Journal of Materials Research and Technology : JMRT. 2022. vol. 21, 3502-3513. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.10.121}} @misc{yalcinkaya_polymeric_nanocapsules_2022, author={Yalcinkaya, H., Mangiapia, G., Appavou, M.-S., Hoffmann, I., Gradzielski, M.}, title={Polymeric Nanocapsules from Well-Defined Zwitanionic Vesicles as a Template}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01023}, abstract = {Polymeric nanocapsules have application in versatile fields, thus they have drawn much attention in the past decade. Preparing a homogeneous, uniform, small nanocapsule system is challenging and requires further improvement. A powerful way for realizing controlled synthesis of these submicron structures is by initiating them from a vesicular basis. Herein, we report the formation of highly monodisperse and rather small polymeric nanocapsules originating from a well-defined self-assembled surfactant-based system. In our approach, a monomer is initially dissolved in surfactant micelles, which are transformed spontaneously into well-defined vesicles upon mixing with a second surfactant solution. Subsequently, the monomer-loaded vesicles become polymerized via UV-initiated polymerization, where different amounts of monomers and cross-linkers are employed. The whole process is characterized in detail by light scattering and small-angle neutron scattering (SLS, DLS, and SANS) analyses. The final product of small, unilamellar, highly monodisperse polymeric nanocapsules has potential for applications with entrapping the cargo either in the aqueous core or in the hydrophobic membrane.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01023} (DOI). Yalcinkaya, H.; Mangiapia, G.; Appavou, M.; Hoffmann, I.; Gradzielski, M.: Polymeric Nanocapsules from Well-Defined Zwitanionic Vesicles as a Template. Macromolecules. 2022. vol. 55, no. 17, 7869-7878. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01023}} @misc{liu_investigations_of_2022, author={Liu, Y., Deng, K.-K., Zhang, X.-C., Wang, C.-J., Nie, K.-B., Gan, W.-M., Shi, Q.-X.}, title={Investigations of PMMCs laminates with regulatable thickness ratio: Microstructure, mechanical behavior and fractural mechanism}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143997}, abstract = {Laminates composed of varied thickness of Mg–Zn–Y alloy (ZW31) layers and (10 μm 15 vol %) SiCp/AZ91 composite (PMMCs) layers were fabricated by hot extrusion and rolling in the present work. Then, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the laminates were investigated by adjusting the thickness ratio between the ZW31 layer and the PMMCs layer. The results show that compared with the monolithic PMMCs, the PMMCs laminate has good rolling formability. Increasing the thickness ratio not only significantly improves the tensile elastic modulus of the laminate, but also enhances the bending strength and tensile strength under the same strain at the expense of ductility. During the rolling process, the ZW31 layer has a significant effect on alleviating the stress concentration and coordinating the deformation of the PMMCs layer. With the increasing thickness ratio, the thickness of the ZW31 layer decreases while that of the PMMCs layer increases, which accelerates the stress concentration at the layered interface. Grain refinement happens at the interface layers between alloy and composite. The fracture behavior of the laminate depends on the thickness ratio and layered structures containing different grain sizes, which directly affects the stress distribution and the initiation and propagation of cracks in the laminate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143997} (DOI). Liu, Y.; Deng, K.; Zhang, X.; Wang, C.; Nie, K.; Gan, W.; Shi, Q.: Investigations of PMMCs laminates with regulatable thickness ratio: Microstructure, mechanical behavior and fractural mechanism. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2022. vol. 856, 143997. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.143997}} @misc{kallungal_crack_propagation_2022, author={Kallungal, J., Chazeau, L., Chenal, J.-M., Adrien, J., Maire, E., Barrès, C., Cantaloube, B., Heuillet, P., Wilde, F., Moosmann, J., Weitkamp, T.}, title={Crack propagation in filled elastomers: 3D study of mechanisms involving the filler agglomerates}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108771}, abstract = {This paper presents the impact of Carbon Blacks agglomerates, at different concentrations, on crack propagation mechanisms in a Carbon black (CB) filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) elastomer. As shown by Transmission electron microscopy, these CB agglomerates (CBaggl) consist of aggregates clusters with interpenetrating elastomer, and for this reason, are soft and deformable. Crack tip observation using X-ray tomography demonstrates that these CBaggl can either undergo fracture or arrest/ deviate a crack during its propagation. This causes higher energy dissipation at the crack tip, which contributes to the dissipative component of the strain energy release rate G. For this reason, it is found that among the two materials tested with a significant amount of CBaggl (more than 3%), the material with the highest concentration has a slower crack propagation speed at high G.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108771} (DOI). Kallungal, J.; Chazeau, L.; Chenal, J.; Adrien, J.; Maire, E.; Barrès, C.; Cantaloube, B.; Heuillet, P.; Wilde, F.; Moosmann, J.; Weitkamp, T.: Crack propagation in filled elastomers: 3D study of mechanisms involving the filler agglomerates. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2022. vol. 274, 108771. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108771}} @misc{ioannidou_insitu_synchrotron_2022, author={Ioannidou, C., König, H.-H., Semjatov, N., Ackelid, U., Staron, P., Körner, C., Hedström, P., Lindwall, G.}, title={In-situ synchrotron X-ray analysis of metal Additive Manufacturing: Current state, opportunities and challenges}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110790}, abstract = {Additive Manufacturing (AM) is becoming an important technology for manufacturing of metallic materials. Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), Electron beam-Powder Bed Fusion (E-PBF) and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) have attracted significant interest from both the scientific community and the industry since these technologies offer great manufacturing opportunities for niche applications and complex geometries. Understanding the physics behind the complex and dynamic phenomena occurring during these processes is essential for overcoming the barriers that constrain the metal AM development. In-situ synchrotron X-ray characterization is suitable for investigating the microstructure evolution during processing and provides new profound insights. Here, we provide an overview of the research on metal PBF and DED using in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging, diffraction and small-angle scattering, highlighting the state of the art, the instrumentation, the challenges and the gaps in knowledge that need to be filled. We aim at presenting a scientific roadmap for in-situ synchrotron analysis of metal PBF and DED where future challenges in instrumentation such as the development of experimental stations, sample environments and detectors as well as the need for further application oriented research are included.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110790} (DOI). Ioannidou, C.; König, H.; Semjatov, N.; Ackelid, U.; Staron, P.; Körner, C.; Hedström, P.; Lindwall, G.: In-situ synchrotron X-ray analysis of metal Additive Manufacturing: Current state, opportunities and challenges. Materials & Design. 2022. vol. 219, 110790. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110790}} @misc{rodrigues_wire_and_2022, author={Rodrigues, T., Farias, F., Zhang, K., Shamsolhodaei, A., Shen, J., Zhou, N., Schell, N., Capek, J., Polatidis, E., Santos, T., Oliveira, J.}, title={Wire and arc additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 functionally graded material: development and characterization}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.169}, abstract = {In this work, a 316L stainless steel to Inconel 625 functionally graded material (FGM) was built using different deposition strategies (named as direct and smooth-type interfaces) by Twin-Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (T-WAAM). This combination of materials is of interest in chemical plants, oil & gas, and nuclear applications, where high corrosion and wear resistance are essential requirements. Although these properties are superior in Inconel 625, replacing Inconel with stainless steel in strategic regions of structural components can reduce the overall costs and parts’ weight. Both direct and smooth transition interfaces were tested and characterized. Microscopic analysis revealed that each interface and the as-built samples had an austenitic matrix, and every sample was well bonded and free of defects. Different types of microstructures evolved at the interfaces due to distinct gradients in composition. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the smooth-gradient produced secondary phases, such as δ-phase (Ni3Nb) and carbides, that were not present with the direct interface strategy. Overall, the properties were superior in the FGM with a direct interface, which experienced higher strengths and elongations upon failure. Moreover, neutron diffraction measurements revealed that lower residual stresses developed in the direct interface FGM than in the smooth gradient FGM.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.169} (DOI). Rodrigues, T.; Farias, F.; Zhang, K.; Shamsolhodaei, A.; Shen, J.; Zhou, N.; Schell, N.; Capek, J.; Polatidis, E.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: Wire and arc additive manufacturing of 316L stainless steel/Inconel 625 functionally graded material: development and characterization. Journal of Materials Research and Technology : JMRT. 2022. vol. 21, 237-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.169}} @misc{medina_study_of_2022, author={Medina, J., Pérez, P., Vega, M.F., Garces, G., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Study of solid state transformations and their effect on mechanical response in the stoichiometric Ni2Cr using in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112279}, abstract = {A complete microstructural characterization of the stoichiometric Ni2Cr alloy after different ageing times in which different degrees of order are attained has been carried out. The study of order-disorder transformation has been done using synchrotron radiation diffraction monitoring eventual changes in high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) patterns every six seconds in the course of differential scanning calorimetry DSC experiments. According to acquired data, the onset of the order-disorder transformation occurs at 630 °C, temperature higher than that reported in previous works. In addition, the appearance of fine carbide precipitation has also been found inside the grains and at grain boundaries. Both ordering of the stoichiometric Ni2Cr and carbide precipitation seems to be responsible for the strengthening of the alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112279} (DOI). Medina, J.; Pérez, P.; Vega, M.; Garces, G.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Study of solid state transformations and their effect on mechanical response in the stoichiometric Ni2Cr using in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments. Materials Characterization. 2022. vol. 193, 112279. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112279}} @misc{distl_phase_equilibria_2022, author={Distl, B., Hauschildt, K., Pyczak, F., Stein, F.}, title={Phase Equilibria in the Ti-Rich Part of the Ti-Al-Nb System—Part II: High-Temperature Phase Equilibria Between 1000 and 1300 °C}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-022-00999-w}, abstract = {The knowledge of phase equilibria in the Ti-Al-Nb system above 1000 °C is of importance for the manufacturing of TiAl-based parts for high-temperature structural applications. Especially the extended homogeneity range of the cubic (βTi,Nb) phase, which is determined by its Al solubility, and the position and extension of the high-temperature (αTi) phase is of crucial importance for the hot-workability and microstructure control of these alloys. However, the phase diagrams reported in the literature are very contradicting especially regarding these aspects. For this reason, a systematic reinvestigation of the phase equilibria in this part of the system was carried out. A total of 17 ternary alloys were synthesized, heat-treated at 1000-1300 °C, and analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), high-energy XRD (HEXRD), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) to determine composition and type of equilibrium phases as well as transition temperatures. With this information, isothermal sections of the Ti-rich part of the Ti-Al-Nb system at 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 °C were established. An isolated (βTi,Nb)o phase field is found to be stable at 1000 and 1100 °C. Furthermore, the formation and homogeneity range of (αTi) at high temperatures as well as the presence of Ti3Al at 1200 °C is experimentally investigated and discussed. Based on the observed phase equilibria and transition temperatures, an improved reaction scheme for the entire Ti-Al-Nb system is proposed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11669-022-00999-w} (DOI). Distl, B.; Hauschildt, K.; Pyczak, F.; Stein, F.: Phase Equilibria in the Ti-Rich Part of the Ti-Al-Nb System—Part II: High-Temperature Phase Equilibria Between 1000 and 1300 °C. Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 2022. vol. 43, 554-575. DOI: 10.1007/s11669-022-00999-w}} @misc{musi_how_si_2022, author={Musi, M., Galy, B., Stark, A., Schell, N., Hantcherli, M., Monchoux, J.-P., Couret, A., Clemens, H., Spoerk-Erdely, P.}, title={How Si affects the microstructural evolution and phase transformations of intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101475}, abstract = {Small additions of Si and C have been proven to efficiently improve the creep properties of intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys. In order to exploit the full potential of these alloying elements, detailed studies of their influence on the phase transformations and the resulting microstructural evolution during processing and heat treatments are a necessity. This work presents a fundamental investigation of the alloying effect of Si in the composition range up to 0.65 at.% on a β-solidifying TiAl alloy with the nominal composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at.%). After casting and a subsequent heat treatment at 1200 °C, Si increases the amount of γ phase at the expense of the α2-Ti3Al phase. Due to solid solution strengthening and the precipitation of ζ-Ti5Si3 silicides in the highly Si-alloyed materials, an increase in hardness is observed. As the silicides act as effective obstacles for grain boundaries, these precipitates also control the grain growth kinetics of the α phase and are able to maintain a fine-grained microstructure at 1300°C for holding times up to 20 h. By utilizing in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments and differential scanning calorimetry, Si is found to exhibit similar effects as Al on the alloying system, effectively increasing solid-solid phase transition temperatures, while simultaneously decreasing the solidus temperature of the materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101475} (DOI). Musi, M.; Galy, B.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Hantcherli, M.; Monchoux, J.; Couret, A.; Clemens, H.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.: How Si affects the microstructural evolution and phase transformations of intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys. Materialia. 2022. vol. 24, 101475. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2022.101475}} @misc{reul_on_the_2022, author={Reul, A., Lauhoff, C., Krooß, P., Somsen, C., Langenkämper, D., Gutmann, M.J., Pedersen, B., Hofmann, M., Gan, W.M., Kireeva, I., Chumlyakov, Y.I., Eggeler, G., Niendorf, T., Schmahl, W.W.}, title={On the impact of nanometric γ’ precipitates on the tensile deformation of superelastic Co49Ni21Ga30}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117835}, abstract = {Results are presented reporting on the martensite domain variant selection and stress-induced martensite morphology in [001]-oriented superelastic Co49Ni21Ga30 shape memory alloy (SMA) single crystals under tensile load. In situ neutron diffraction, as well as in situ optical- and confocal laser scanning microscopy were conducted focusing on three differently treated samples, i.e. in the as-grown, solution-annealed and aged condition. An aging treatment performed at 350 °C promotes the precipitation of nanoprecipitates. These second phase precipitates contribute to an increase of the number of habit plane interfaces, while reducing lamellar martensite plate thickness compared to the as-grown and solution-annealed (precipitate free) samples. During tensile loading, all samples show a stress-induced formation of martensite, characterized by one single domain variant (“detwinned”) and one set of parallel habit planes in a shear band. The results clearly show that γ’ nanoprecipitates do not necessarily promote multi-variant interaction during tensile loading. Thus, reduced recoverability in Co-Ni-Ga SMAs upon aging cannot be solely attributed to this kind of interaction as has been proposed in literature so far.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117835} (DOI). Reul, A.; Lauhoff, C.; Krooß, P.; Somsen, C.; Langenkämper, D.; Gutmann, M.; Pedersen, B.; Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Kireeva, I.; Chumlyakov, Y.; Eggeler, G.; Niendorf, T.; Schmahl, W.: On the impact of nanometric γ’ precipitates on the tensile deformation of superelastic Co49Ni21Ga30. Acta Materialia. 2022. vol. 230, 117835. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117835}} @misc{mevec_combining_hardness_2022, author={Mevec, D.G., Jászfi, V., Prevedel, P., Todt, J., Maawad, E., Keckes, J., Raninger, P.}, title={Combining hardness measurements of a heat-treated crankshaft bearing with cross-sectional residual stress and retained austenite distributions measured by HEXRD}, year={2022}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104267}, abstract = {Surface hardening is commonly used to modify mechanical properties of crankshaft bearings. In this work, residual stress and hardness distributions across the crankshaft bearings cross-sections are evaluated using synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction and hardness testing. It is shown that the measured hardening depth correlates with a point of sudden sharp reversal of the stress gradient from compressive to tensile. This point is linked to the microstructure and does not shift with subsequent tempering or trimming of the sample. The superimposed data is used to interpret the evolution of stresses during the quenching and tempering cycle and gain understanding of the hardening process for such complex geometries. Within the hardened zone retained austenite is found to increase with depth to over 15 %, which is attributed to reduced quenching effects as the material is further away from the surface. All measured properties agree in the determined hardening depth of 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm, which in turn fits well with optical evaluation of metallographic microsections.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104267} (DOI). Mevec, D.; Jászfi, V.; Prevedel, P.; Todt, J.; Maawad, E.; Keckes, J.; Raninger, P.: Combining hardness measurements of a heat-treated crankshaft bearing with cross-sectional residual stress and retained austenite distributions measured by HEXRD. Materials Today Communications. 2022. vol. 33, 104267. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104267}} @misc{sun_microstructure_and_2021, author={Sun, Z., Hu, X., Wang, X., Wu, K., Gan, W.}, title={Microstructure and mechanical properties of M40/AZ91 composites fabricated by pressure infiltration method}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100640}, abstract = {The M40 carbon fibers reinforced magnesium matrix composites were fabricated by pressure infiltration method. The interfacial reactions and mechanical properties of the composites were optimized by adjusting the preheating temperatures of the preform (PRT) and the casting temperatures of the melting (CAT). The lower preheating temperatures of preform resulted in casting defects at the interface between carbon fibers and magnesium matrix and making composites rapidly to be failed in a brittle fracture mode. In addition, the higher casting temperatures of melting would result in excessive interfacial reactions at the interface, which would weaken the reinforcement effect of the carbon fibers. When the preheating temperature of the preform was 550 °C and the casting temperature of melting was 760 °C, the moderate interfacial reactions occurred at the interface and the bending strength of the composites reached its maximum value of 1793 MPa.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2021.100640} (DOI). Sun, Z.; Hu, X.; Wang, X.; Wu, K.; Gan, W.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of M40/AZ91 composites fabricated by pressure infiltration method. Composites Communications. 2021. vol. 24, 100640. DOI: 10.1016/j.coco.2021.100640}} @misc{maawad_in_situ_2021, author={Maawad, E., Stark, A.}, title={In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of continuous cooling transformations of TIMETAL 54M}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160602}, abstract = {TIMETAL® 54M (Ti-54M) with a nominal chemical composition of Ti–5Al–4V–0.6Mo–0.5Fe is a relatively new (α + β) Ti alloy. This alloy has been developed to offer better machinability and forgeability in comparison to the well-known Ti-6Al-4V. However, the knowledge about phase transformation behaviour of Ti-54M during continuous heating and cooling is still insufficient. Hence, the present study is focused on this topic. In order to accomplish this purpose, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HE-XRD) together with a dilatometer setup was used for in situ measurements to trace the phase evolution with a reasonable time resolution. The phase transformation behaviour is discussed based on the change in the HE-XRD diffraction patterns, resulting in a continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagram, as well as by means of microstructure and microhardness results. In addition, the results are compared with the published Ti-6Al-4V data. It was found that the temperature range of the β→α phase transformation of Ti-54M during cooling at higher rates is larger than that of Ti-6Al-4V, which results in different CCT diagrams.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160602} (DOI). Maawad, E.; Stark, A.: In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of continuous cooling transformations of TIMETAL 54M. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. vol. 881, 160602. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160602}} @misc{escobar_multimodal_analysis_2021, author={Escobar, J., Gwalani, B., Olszta, M., Silverstein, J., Overman, N., Bergmann, L., dos Santos, J.F., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Klusemann, B., Mathaudhu, S., Devaraj, A.}, title={Multimodal analysis of spatially heterogeneous microstructural refinement and softening mechanisms in three-pass friction stir processed Al-4Si alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161351}, abstract = {Solid phase processing methods such as friction stir processing (FSP) offer pathways to refine the microstructure of metallic alloys through the combined action of deformation and deformation-induced heating. However, this thermomechanical coupling during FSP also leads to the occurrence of multiple competing microstructural evolution mechanisms which in turn can lead to locally varying mechanical properties, often distributed heterogeneously in the microstructure. This inherent microstructural and mechanical property heterogeneity in alloys subjected to FSP makes it rather challenging to reveal the microstructure-mechanical property relationships systematically. Therefore in this work, we systematically analyze the relationship between microstructural evolution and local microhardness in a model binary Al-4 at.% Si alloy subjected to three-pass friction stir processing. Spatially resolved high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, electron backscattered diffraction, and scanning transmission electron microscopy were used to understand the heterogeneous microstructural evolution due to the FSP. Our results provide insight into how particle-stimulated grain nucleation, recovery, and recrystallization occur heterogeneously in the Al-Si alloy as a function of the distance from the stir zone, directly influencing the degree of softening. The systematic understanding developed by this work can guide future studies on the influence of FSP process parameters on the microstructural evolution mechanisms and its influence on local mechanical properties}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161351} (DOI). Escobar, J.; Gwalani, B.; Olszta, M.; Silverstein, J.; Overman, N.; Bergmann, L.; dos Santos, J.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Klusemann, B.; Mathaudhu, S.; Devaraj, A.: Multimodal analysis of spatially heterogeneous microstructural refinement and softening mechanisms in three-pass friction stir processed Al-4Si alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. vol. 887, 161351. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.161351}} @misc{ullrich_competition_of_2021, author={Ullrich, C., Martin, S., Schimpf, C., Brokmeier, H., Schell, N., Stark, A., Rafaja, D.}, title={Competition of mechanisms contributing to the texture formation in metastable austenitic steel under compressive load}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111132}, abstract = {The interplay of microstructural mechanisms controlling the deformation-induced martensitic phase transformations and the texture formation in all phases of a metastable austenitic Cr-Mn-Ni steel was investigated using in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction under uniaxial compression and ex situ electron backscatter diffraction. With increasing deformation, the originally fully austenitic steel transformed to a mixture of γ-austenite, ε-martensite and α´-martensite. The face centred cubic γ-austenite formed a fibre texture {110} with respect to the deformation direction. The texture degree increased progressively with increasing deformation. The hexagonal close packed ε-martensite was preferentially oriented with the reciprocal direction {101¯3} along the load axis. The texture degree was nearly independent of the deformation extent. The body centred α´-martensite formed a mixed texture {100} & {111} along the deformation direction. The texture component {100} was very strong in the early stages of the α´-martensite formation, but it deteriorated with increasing deformation. The texture evolution is explained by the competition between the transformation texture, several deformation-induced mechanisms, which are highly sensitive to the local orientation of the grains with respect to the acting force, like the stacking fault formation and martensitic transformation in austenite, and the variant selection in both martensites and the twinning of α´-martensite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111132} (DOI). Ullrich, C.; Martin, S.; Schimpf, C.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; Rafaja, D.: Competition of mechanisms contributing to the texture formation in metastable austenitic steel under compressive load. Materials Characterization. 2021. vol. 176, 111132. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111132}} @misc{garces_load_partitioning_2021, author={Garces, G., Medina, J., Chavez, B., Perez, P., Barea, R., Schell, N., Stark, A., Adeva, P.}, title={Load Partitioning Between Mg17Al12 Precipitates and Mg Phase in the AZ91 Alloy Using In-Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Experiments}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06258-w}, abstract = {Load partitioning between Mg17Al12 precipitates and the magnesium matrix was examined from room temperature to 200 °C using in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction during uniaxial compressive tests of AZ91 alloy. Precipitation of the Mg17Al12 phase during aging increases the yield stress of the alloy compared to the solutionized state. In addition to the increase in critical resolved shear stress for the activation of the deformation system, the magnesium matrix transfers some of its internal load to the harder Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase. Load transfer is carried out by the accumulation of dislocations at the Mg-Mg17Al12 interface. The increase in the local stress induces a widening of diffraction peaks of the Mg17Al12 phase. At 200 °C, dislocations can easily shear through or climb around Mg17Al12 precipitates reducing dramatically their reinforcing capacity and, therefore, the magnesium matrix must bear a higher fraction of the applied load.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06258-w} (DOI). Garces, G.; Medina, J.; Chavez, B.; Perez, P.; Barea, R.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; Adeva, P.: Load Partitioning Between Mg17Al12 Precipitates and Mg Phase in the AZ91 Alloy Using In-Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Experiments. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021. vol. 52, no. 7, 2732-2745. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06258-w}} @misc{riaz_tunable_pseudopiezoelectric_2021, author={Riaz, A., Witte, K., Bodnar, W., Seitz, H., Schell, N., Springer, A., Burkel, E.}, title={Tunable Pseudo-Piezoelectric Effect in Doped Calcium Titanate for Bone Tissue Engineering}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061495}, abstract = {CaTiO3 is a promising candidate as a pseudo-piezoelectric scaffold material for bone implantation. In this study, pure and magnesium/iron doped CaTiO3 are synthesized by sol-gel method and spark plasma sintering. Energy dispersive X-ray mapping confirm the homogenous distribution of doping elements in sintered samples. High-energy X-ray diffraction investigations reveal that doping of nanostructured CaTiO3 increased the strain and defects in the structure of CaTiO3 compared to the pure one. This led to a stronger pseudo-piezoelectric effect in the doped samples. The charge produced in magnesium doped CaTiO3 due to the direct piezoelectric effect is (2.9 ± 0.1) pC which was larger than the one produced in pure CaTiO3 (2.1 ± 0.3) pC, whereas the maximum charge was generated by iron doped CaTiO3 with (3.6 ± 0.2) pC. Therefore, the pseudo-piezoelectric behavior can be tuned by doping. This tuning of pseudo-piezoelectric response provides the possibility to systematically study the bone response using different piezoelectric strengths and possibly adjust for bone tissue engineering.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061495} (DOI). Riaz, A.; Witte, K.; Bodnar, W.; Seitz, H.; Schell, N.; Springer, A.; Burkel, E.: Tunable Pseudo-Piezoelectric Effect in Doped Calcium Titanate for Bone Tissue Engineering. Materials. 2021. vol. 14, no. 6, 1495. DOI: 10.3390/ma14061495}} @misc{herrnring_modeling_precipitation_2021, author={Herrnring, J., Sundman, B., Staron, P., Klusemann, B.}, title={Modeling precipitation kinetics for multi-phase and multi-component systems using particle size distributions via a moving grid technique}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117053}, abstract = {The collection and coupling of thermodynamic data following the Calphad framework is important for the computational alloy and process design. The microstructure and the precipitation kinetics have a significant influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of multi-component alloys in solid state; therefore, it is essential to account for solid state phase transformations via thermo-chemical process simulations. In this work an efficient numerical scheme for a Kampmann-Wagner numerical (KWN) model, which takes into account multi-component nucleation and growth theories via the coupling to the open thermodynamic software-package OpenCalphad, is developed and implemented. By the usage of the Calphad approach, it becomes feasible to describe complex multi-component alloy systems. The developed KWN model can take into account effects resulting from the generation or annihilation of vacancies by an off-equilibrium diffusion constant. For the solution of the particle size distribution an efficient and flexible moving grid algorithm is elaborated, which provides a robust and adaptive solution scheme for the simulation of nucleation, growth, coarsening and reversion. The model is applied to simulate the precipitation kinetics of recently published in-situ anomalous small angle X-ray scattering experiments studying reversion of an AA7xxx alloy and the identified model can reproduce the essential characteristics of these reversion experiments over a wide temperature range.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117053} (DOI). Herrnring, J.; Sundman, B.; Staron, P.; Klusemann, B.: Modeling precipitation kinetics for multi-phase and multi-component systems using particle size distributions via a moving grid technique. Acta Materialia. 2021. vol. 215, 117053. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117053}} @misc{karge_tac_precipitation_2021, author={Karge, L., Gilles, R., Hofmann, M., Mukherji, D., Rösler, J., Honecker, D., Beran, P., Strunz, P., Schell, N., Busch, S.}, title={TaC Precipitation Kinetics During Cooling of Co−Re-Based Alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100129}, abstract = {Cobalt−rhenium (Co−Re) alloys are developed for high-temperature applications at ≈1200 °C and are strengthened by dispersion of nanosized tantalum carbide (TaC) precipitates. Herein, the precipitation behavior during cooling from supersolution depending on the cooling rate and the addition of chromium is presented. The phase composition (matrix phases and TaC) is analyzed from the wide-angle neutron diffraction patterns measured in situ during temperature cycling. The precipitation of nanosized TaC particles is measured by in situ and ex situ neutron and X-ray small-angle scattering. The in situ measurements are used to extract the temperature-dependent volume fraction of the precipitates; the final size distribution after cooling is extracted from the ex situ measurements. A Kampmann−Wagner's numerical (KWN) model is adapted to isochronal cooling processes. The in situ measurements give the unique possibility to calibrate the model parameters, whereas the ex situ measurements are used to assess the model predictions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100129} (DOI). Karge, L.; Gilles, R.; Hofmann, M.; Mukherji, D.; Rösler, J.; Honecker, D.; Beran, P.; Strunz, P.; Schell, N.; Busch, S.: TaC Precipitation Kinetics During Cooling of Co−Re-Based Alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100129. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100129}} @misc{fu_revealing_joining_2021, author={Fu, B., Shen, J., Suhuddin, U., Pereira, A., Maawad, E., dos Santos, J., Klusemann, B., Rethmeier, M.}, title={Revealing joining mechanism in refill friction stir spot welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy to galvanized DP600 steel}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109997}, abstract = {The application of magnesium (Mg) inevitably involves dissimilar welding with steel. A novel solid state spot welding method, refill friction stir spot welding (refill FSSW), was utilized to weld AZ31 Mg alloy to galvanized DP600 steel. Although Mg/Fe is an immiscible alloy system, defect-free welds with high strength were successfully obtained in a wide parameter window. The results of microstructure, interfacial reactions, and mechanical properties are reported to reveal the underlying joining mechanism. Due to the melting of Zn coating and subsequent Mg-Zn reactions, Mg-Zn eutectic and intermetallic compounds were detected within welds. Heterogeneous interfacial reactions occur along Mg/steel interface, and the relationship between interfacial structure and fracture behavior was investigated. The joining mechanism is associated with Zn coating and Fe-Al layer: 1) the presence of Zn coating is beneficial for achieving high-quality welding between Mg and steel, it protects the interface from oxidation and contributes to brazing of the weld; 2) the Al present in Mg alloy reacts with Fe, resulting in the growth of Fe-Al layer, which contributes to the diffusion bonding in the interface. The overall results clearly show that refill FSSW is a competitive welding method for joining Mg and galvanized steel.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109997} (DOI). Fu, B.; Shen, J.; Suhuddin, U.; Pereira, A.; Maawad, E.; dos Santos, J.; Klusemann, B.; Rethmeier, M.: Revealing joining mechanism in refill friction stir spot welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy to galvanized DP600 steel. Materials & Design. 2021. vol. 209, 109997. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109997}} @misc{frydrych_texturebased_optimization_2021, author={Frydrych, K., Jarzebska, A., Virupakshi, S., Kowalczyk-Gajewska, K., Bieda, M., Chulist, R., Pachla, W., Schell, N., Sztwiertnia, K.}, title={Texture-Based Optimization of Crystal Plasticity Parameters: Application to Zinc and Its Alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06285-7}, abstract = {Evolutionary algorithms have become an extensively used tool for identification of crystal plasticity parameters of hexagonal close packed metals and alloys. However, the fitness functions were usually built using the experimentally measured stress–strain curves. Here, the fitness function is built by means of numerical comparison of the simulated and experimental textures. Namely, the normalized texture difference index is minimized. The evolutionary algorithm with the newly developed fitness function is tested by performing crystal plasticity parameter optimization for both pure zinc and zinc-magnesium alloy. These materials are promising candidates for bioabsorbable implants due to good biocompatibility and optimal corrosion rate. Although their mechanical properties in the as-cast state do not fulfill the requirements, they can be increased by means of hydrostatic extrusion. The developed modeling approach enabled acquisition of the crystal plasticity parameters and analysis of the active deformation mechanisms in zinc and zinc-magnesium alloy subjected to hydrostatic extrusion. It was shown that although slip systems are the main deformation carrier, compressive twinning plays an important role in texture evolution. However, the texture is also partially affected by dynamic recrystallization which is not considered within the developed framework.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06285-7} (DOI). Frydrych, K.; Jarzebska, A.; Virupakshi, S.; Kowalczyk-Gajewska, K.; Bieda, M.; Chulist, R.; Pachla, W.; Schell, N.; Sztwiertnia, K.: Texture-Based Optimization of Crystal Plasticity Parameters: Application to Zinc and Its Alloy. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021. vol. 52, no. 8, 3257-3273. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06285-7}} @misc{koddenberg_threedimensional_imaging_2021, author={Koddenberg, T., Greving, I., Hagemann, J., Flenner, S., Krause, A., Laipple, D., Klein, K.C., Schmitt, U., Schuster, M., Wolf, A., Seifert, M., Ludwig, V., Funk, S., Militz, H., Nopens, M.}, title={Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8}, abstract = {Detailed imaging of the three-dimensionally complex architecture of xylary plants is important for studying biological and mechanical functions of woody plants. Apart from common two-dimensional microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography has been established as a three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for studying the hydraulic function of wooden plants. However, this X-ray imaging method can barely reach the resolution needed to see the minute structures (e.g. pit membrane). To complement the xylem structure with 3D views at the nanoscale level, X-ray near-field nano-holotomography (NFH) was applied to analyze the wood species Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica. The demanded small specimens required focused ion beam (FIB) application. The FIB milling, however, influenced the image quality through gallium implantation on the cell-wall surfaces. The measurements indicated that NFH is appropriate for imaging wood at nanometric resolution. With a 26 nm voxel pitch, the structure of the cell-wall surface in Pinus sylvestris could be visualized in genuine detail. In wood of Fagus sylvatica, the structure of a pit pair, including the pit membrane, between two neighboring fibrous cells could be traced tomographically.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8} (DOI). Koddenberg, T.; Greving, I.; Hagemann, J.; Flenner, S.; Krause, A.; Laipple, D.; Klein, K.; Schmitt, U.; Schuster, M.; Wolf, A.; Seifert, M.; Ludwig, V.; Funk, S.; Militz, H.; Nopens, M.: Three-dimensional imaging of xylem at cell wall level through near field nano holotomography. Scientific Reports. 2021. vol. 11, no. 1, 4574. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83885-8}} @misc{wipfler_evolutionary_morphology_2021, author={Wipfler, B., Bradler, S., Büsse, S., Hammel, J., Müller, B., Pass, G.}, title={Evolutionary morphology of the antennal heart in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) and webspinners (Embioptera) (Insecta: Eukinolabia)}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-021-00526-4}, abstract = {The morphology of the antennal hearts in the head of Phasmatodea and Embioptera was investigated with particular reference to phylogenetically relevant key taxa. The antennal circulatory organs of all examined species have the same basic construction: they consist of antennal vessels that are connected to ampullae located in the head near the antenna base. The ampullae are pulsatile due to associated muscles, but the points of attachment differ between the species studied. All examined Phasmatodea species have a Musculus (M.) interampullaris which extends between the two ampullae plus a M. ampulloaorticus that runs from the ampullae to the anterior end of the aorta; upon contraction, all these muscles dilate the lumina of both ampullae at the same time. In Embioptera, only the australembiid Metoligotoma has an M. interampullaris. All other studied webspinners instead have a M. ampullofrontalis which extends between the ampullae and the frontal region of the head capsule; these species do not have M. ampulloaorticus. Outgroup comparison indicates that an antennal heart with a M. interampullaris is the plesiomorphic character state among Embioptera and the likely ground pattern of the taxon Eukinolabia. Antennal hearts with a M. ampullofrontalis represent a derived condition that occurs among insects only in some embiopterans. These findings help to further clarify the controversially discussed internal phylogeny of webspinners by supporting the view that Australembiidae are the sister group of the remaining Embioptera.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-021-00526-4} (DOI). Wipfler, B.; Bradler, S.; Büsse, S.; Hammel, J.; Müller, B.; Pass, G.: Evolutionary morphology of the antennal heart in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) and webspinners (Embioptera) (Insecta: Eukinolabia). Zoomorphology. 2021. vol. 140, no. 3, 331-340. DOI: 10.1007/s00435-021-00526-4}} @misc{jordt_local_strain_2021, author={Jordt, P., Hrkac, S., Gröttrup, J., Davydok, A., Krywka, C., Wolff, N., Kienle, L., Adelung, R., Magnussen, O., Murphy, B.}, title={Local Strain Distribution in ZnO Microstructures Visualized with Scanning Nano X-Ray Diffraction and Impact on Electrical Properties}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100201}, abstract = {The fast and contact-free detection of biomagnetic vital signs can benefit clinical diagnostics in medical care, emergency services, and scientific studies, hugely. A highly sensitive magnetoelectric sensor for the detection of biomagnetic signals combined with the piezotronic effect is a promising path to increase the signal detection limit. Herein, the results of three ZnO microrods examined by nano X-ray diffraction and current–voltage curves to investigate the crystalline structure influence on the Schottky contact properties are presented. The measurements reveal different strain distributions for the three rods and that these are linked with the electrical properties, showing that the crystalline quality has a direct influence on the Schottky contact properties. An analytical model is created to determine the influence of the stress. Although rotation of the strain orientation changes the strain appearance in the measurement, it does not affect the Schottky contact properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100201} (DOI). Jordt, P.; Hrkac, S.; Gröttrup, J.; Davydok, A.; Krywka, C.; Wolff, N.; Kienle, L.; Adelung, R.; Magnussen, O.; Murphy, B.: Local Strain Distribution in ZnO Microstructures Visualized with Scanning Nano X-Ray Diffraction and Impact on Electrical Properties. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100201. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100201}} @misc{longo_3d_spatial_2021, author={Longo, E., Sancey L., Cedola, A., Barbier, E., Bravin, A., Brun, F., Bukreeva, I., Fratini, M., Massimi, L., Greving, I., Le Duc, G., Tillement, O., De La Rochefoucauld, O., Zeitoun P.}, title={3D Spatial Distribution of Nanoparticles in Mice Brain Metastases by X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.554668}, abstract = {Characterizing nanoparticles (NPs) distribution in multiple and complex metastases is of fundamental relevance for the development of radiological protocols based on NPs administration. In the literature, there have been advances in monitoring NPs in tissues. However, the lack of 3D information is still an issue. X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) is a 3D label-free, non-invasive and multi-scale approach allowing imaging anatomical details with high spatial and contrast resolutions. Here an XPCT qualitative study on NPs distribution in a mouse brain model of melanoma metastases injected with gadolinium-based NPs for theranostics is presented. For the first time, XPCT images show the NPs uptake at micrometer resolution over the full brain. Our results revealed a heterogeneous distribution of the NPs inside the melanoma metastases, bridging the gap in spatial resolution between magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Our findings demonstrated that XPCT is a reliable technique for NPs detection and can be considered as an emerging method for the study of NPs distribution in organs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.554668} (DOI). Longo, E.; Sancey L.; Cedola, A.; Barbier, E.; Bravin, A.; Brun, F.; Bukreeva, I.; Fratini, M.; Massimi, L.; Greving, I.; Le Duc, G.; Tillement, O.; De La Rochefoucauld, O.; Zeitoun P.: 3D Spatial Distribution of Nanoparticles in Mice Brain Metastases by X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021. vol. 11, 554668. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.554668}} @misc{karimi_a_comprehensive_2021, author={Karimi, F., Pranzas, K., Puszkiel, J., Castro Riglos, V., Milanese, C., Vainio, U., Pistidda, C., Gizer, G., Klassen, T., Schreyer, A., Dornheim, M.}, title={A comprehensive study on lithium-based reactive hydride composite (Li-RHC) as a reversible solid-state hydrogen storage system toward potential mobile applications}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA03246A}, abstract = {Reversible solid-state hydrogen storage is one of the key technologies toward pollutant-free and sustainable energy conversion. The composite system LiBH4–MgH2 can reversibly store hydrogen with a gravimetric capacity of 13 wt%. However, its dehydrogenation/hydrogenation kinetics is extremely sluggish (∼40 h) which hinders its usage for commercial applications. In this work, the kinetics of this composite system is significantly enhanced (∼96%) by adding a small amount of NbF5. The catalytic effect of NbF5 on the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation process of LiBH4–MgH2 is systematically investigated using a broad range of experimental techniques such as in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction (in situ SR-XPD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), anomalous small angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS), and ultra/small-angle neutron scattering (USANS/SANS). The obtained results are utilized to develop a model that explains the catalytic function of NbF5 in hydrogen release and uptake in the LiBH4–MgH2 composite system.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA03246A} (DOI). Karimi, F.; Pranzas, K.; Puszkiel, J.; Castro Riglos, V.; Milanese, C.; Vainio, U.; Pistidda, C.; Gizer, G.; Klassen, T.; Schreyer, A.; Dornheim, M.: A comprehensive study on lithium-based reactive hydride composite (Li-RHC) as a reversible solid-state hydrogen storage system toward potential mobile applications. RSC Advances. 2021. vol. 11, no. 37, 23122-23135. DOI: 10.1039/D1RA03246A}} @misc{kashaev_on_the_2021, author={Kashaev, N., Keller, S., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Huber, N.}, title={On the prediction of fatigue crack growth based on weight functions in residual stress fields induced by laser shock peening and laser heating}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13579}, abstract = {This study deals with fatigue crack growth prediction for thin sheet AA2024 specimens with residual stresses introduced through laser shock peening and laser heating treatments. Different weight functions are used to calculate the stress intensity factor due to the presence of residual stresses. A superposition principle is used by calculating the total stress intensity factor considering the applied loads and residual stresses. The fatigue crack growth is predicted using the Paris' law based on the effective stress intensity factor range, in that the effect of residual stresses is considered by changing the total stress intensity factor ratio. It is concluded, that weight functions are a powerful tool to predict fatigue crack growth in AA2024 containing residual stress fields, as long as the gradient in the loading direction, as induced by laser shock peening and laser heating, is moderate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13579} (DOI). Kashaev, N.; Keller, S.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Huber, N.: On the prediction of fatigue crack growth based on weight functions in residual stress fields induced by laser shock peening and laser heating. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. 2021. vol. 44, no. 12, 3463-3481. DOI: 10.1111/ffe.13579}} @misc{xu_superior_fatigue_2021, author={Xu, P., Pyczak, F., Limberg, W., Willumeit-Römer, R., Ebel, T.}, title={Superior fatigue endurance exempt from high processing cleanliness of Metal-Injection-Molded β Ti-Nb-Zr for bio-tolerant applications}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110141}, abstract = {Technically optimizing the processing cleanliness of Metal-Injection-Molded titanium alloys (Ti-MIM) is not economically feasible. This problem is common in the materials processing field. In the search for an alternative approach, the work tries to achieve superior high-cycle fatigue (HCF) performance while tolerating very high impurity levels. The concept arose from the large tolerance of β-class Ti-alloys for oxygen-solutes and the feasibility to mitigate detrimental effects of carbide-inclusions, under monotonous loading. In this paper, MIM β Ti-Nb-Zr biomaterials for fatigue-critical applications were deliberately produced with very high O-level and normal/very high C-levels. The impurity-resistant Ti-biomaterials exhibit superior HCF endurance limits beyond 600 MPa irrespective of processing cleanliness, being significantly higher than those of the α-β Ti-reference alloys produced with tight restrictions on impurity levels. This superior fatigue performance while tolerating amounts of impurities stems from the “weak”-microstructural features insensitive to impurities and increased resistance of the Ti-matrix against fatigue small-cracks. Furthermore, a conditional fatigue duality triggered by two competing mechanisms of crack initiation in certain cases, initiating at microscale pore α-platelets and at large pore TiC-inclusions can occur. The success of the present alloy-process development might greatly relax the processing demands for active metals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110141} (DOI). Xu, P.; Pyczak, F.; Limberg, W.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Ebel, T.: Superior fatigue endurance exempt from high processing cleanliness of Metal-Injection-Molded β Ti-Nb-Zr for bio-tolerant applications. Materials & Design. 2021. vol. 211, 110141. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110141}} @misc{hindenlang_evaporation_kinetics_2021, author={Hindenlang, B., Gapeeva, A., Baum, M., Kaps, S., Saure, L., Rasch, F., Hammel, J., Moosmann, J., Storm, M., Adelung, R., Schütt, F., Zeller-Plumhoff, B.}, title={Evaporation kinetics in highly porous tetrapodal zinc oxide networks studied using in situ SRµCT}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99624-y}, abstract = {Tetrapodal zinc oxide (t-ZnO) is used to fabricate polymer composites for many different applications ranging from biomedicine to electronics. In recent times, macroscopic framework structures from t-ZnO have been used as a versatile sacrificial template for the synthesis of multi-scaled foam structures from different nanomaterials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride or gallium nitride. Many of these fabrication methods rely on wet-chemical coating processes using nanomaterial dispersions, leading to a strong interest in the actual coating mechanism and factors influencing it. Depending on the type of medium (e.g. solvent) used, different results regarding the homogeneity of the nanomaterial coating can be achieved. In order to understand how a medium influences the coating behavior, the evaporation process of water and ethanol is investigated in this work using in situ synchrotron radiation-based micro computed tomography (SRµCT). By employing propagation-based phase contrast imaging, both the t-ZnO network and the medium can be visualized. Thus, the evaporation process can be monitored non-destructively in three dimensions. This investigation showed that using a polar medium such as water leads to uniform evaporation and, by that, a homogeneous coating of the entire network.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99624-y} (DOI). Hindenlang, B.; Gapeeva, A.; Baum, M.; Kaps, S.; Saure, L.; Rasch, F.; Hammel, J.; Moosmann, J.; Storm, M.; Adelung, R.; Schütt, F.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.: Evaporation kinetics in highly porous tetrapodal zinc oxide networks studied using in situ SRµCT. Scientific Reports. 2021. vol. 11, no. 1, 20272. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99624-y}} @misc{zellerplumhoff_utilizing_synchrotron_2021, author={Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Tolnai, D., Wolff, M., Greving, I., Hort, N., Willumeit-Römer, R.}, title={Utilizing Synchrotron Radiation for the Characterization of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys—From Alloy Development to the Application as Implant Material}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100197}, abstract = {Magnesium alloys are highly attractive for their application as structural materials as well as medical implants. A range of alloying systems exists which are investigated e.g. in terms of alloy microstructure changes, in particular during different processing steps or mechanical testing, and in terms of the associated corrosion performance of the material. Synchrotron radiation and in particular synchrotron radiation micro computed tomography and nanotomography yield a unique opportunity to investigate such changes and processes in 3D at high resolution and in situ, thus significantly broadening our knowledge base. In this review we demonstrate the benefits of using synchrotron radiation for the investigation of magnesium alloys with particular respect to its application as a biodegradable implant. We review advances in experimental environments for in situ testing, and cover all stages of materials testing in which synchrotron radiation has been used, i.e. from developing and processing of the material, to corrosion testing and assessing implant integration and stability ex vivo. This review incorporates advances both in micro- and nanotomographic imaging regimes and further includes complementary techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray fluorescence and diffraction tomography. Finally, we provide an outlook into future developments.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100197} (DOI). Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Tolnai, D.; Wolff, M.; Greving, I.; Hort, N.; Willumeit-Römer, R.: Utilizing Synchrotron Radiation for the Characterization of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys—From Alloy Development to the Application as Implant Material. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100197. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100197}} @misc{kiefer_realtime_stress_2021, author={Kiefer, D., Simon, N., Beckmann, F., Wilde, F., Gibmeier, J.}, title={Real-time stress evolution during laser surface line hardening at varying maximum surface temperatures using synchrotron X-ray diffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.106964}, abstract = {Multiple laser surface line hardening experiments on flat samples, made of tempering steel SAE 4140, were carried out under variation of the maximum control temperature in the range of 850 °C to 1150 °C at the sample surface. For each temperature, time resolved X-ray diffraction measurements using synchrotron radiation were performed at beamline P05@PETRA III at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron) in Hamburg, Germany. The samples were line hardened using a 4 kW High Power Diode Laser unit at a constant laser feed of 800 mm/min with a specific laser optics under pyrometer control of the maximum surface temperature. A special designed process chamber with 4 symmetrically attached fast silicon micro strip line detectors allows for stress analysis during the process according to the sin2ψ method in single exposure mode with a measurement frequency of 50 Hz. As a result of the time resolved analyses the elastic strains were separated from thermal ones and near surface local stress evolutions, longitudinal and transverse to the laser track direction in the center of the processed zone, were determined. The in situ experiments were complemented by high spatially resolved post-process residual stress analyses using conventionally generated X-rays and by metallographic investigations. The results are carefully discussed regarding mechanisms of local stress formation during the laser hardening process and their dependence on the maximum control temperature. The temporal stress course during laser surface line hardening is presented for the first time in both surface parallel directions, where temperature differences in the process zone lead to significant differences in the resulting residual stress profiles. In addition to the common validation of process simulations by comparison with experimentally determined data from the final state after processing, e.g. the resulting local residual stresses, the current work provides real-time data from in situ experiments during laser surface hardening for the validation of temporal stress courses of numerical process simulations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.106964} (DOI). Kiefer, D.; Simon, N.; Beckmann, F.; Wilde, F.; Gibmeier, J.: Real-time stress evolution during laser surface line hardening at varying maximum surface temperatures using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Optics and Laser Technology. 2021. vol. 140, 106964. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.106964}} @misc{wahlmann_in_situ_2021, author={Wahlmann, B., Krohmer, E., Breuning, C., Schell, N., Staron, P., Uhlmann, E., Körner, C.}, title={In Situ Observation of γ′ Phase Transformation Dynamics During Selective Laser Melting of CMSX-4}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100112}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing (AM) of superalloys has been attracting increasing interest. While most studies focus on the processability and mechanical properties of the finished product, it is also necessary to understand the phase transformations during the consecutive melting processes. Herein, the precipitation and dissolution of the γ′ phase in the Ni-base superalloy CMSX-4 in a selective laser melting process is reported. These phase transformations are studied in situ by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) during AM. Concurrent wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) provides information on the evolution of lattice parameters and temperature during the process. Additional thermal and thermodynamic simulations are carried out to support the experiments. The investigations are focused on the influence of different beam scanning strategies as well as the effect of laser power and scanning speed on the phase transformation dynamics. Due to the high cooling and heating rates inherent to AM, phase transformations occur far off equilibrium. Both precipitation and dissolution of γ′ phase are observed. The scan strategies are shown to have a considerable effect on the phase transformation dynamics, which exceed the impact of the beam parameters. The capability of combined SAXS and WAXS for the in situ study of phase transformations in AM processes is demonstrated.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100112} (DOI). Wahlmann, B.; Krohmer, E.; Breuning, C.; Schell, N.; Staron, P.; Uhlmann, E.; Körner, C.: In Situ Observation of γ′ Phase Transformation Dynamics During Selective Laser Melting of CMSX-4. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100112. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100112}} @misc{vallejos_in_situ_2021, author={Vallejos, J., Barriobero-Vila, P., Gussone, J., Haubrich, J., Kelm, K., Stark, A., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={In Situ High-Energy Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Reveals the Role of Texture on the Activation of Slip and Twinning during Deformation of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Ti–6Al–4V}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001556}, abstract = {The deformation behavior of Ti–6Al–4V processed by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) during uniaxial compression. The initial microstructure of the alloy consists of a fine lamellar α + β microstructure where α lamellae are separated by thin continuous β layers within prior β grains. The anisotropy of the alloy is studied in the deformation direction using samples that are built at the angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° with respect to the LPBF base plate. The sample oriented at 0° presents higher strength–ductility trade-off compared with the conditions oriented at 45° and 90°. The in situ HEXRD experiments continuously reveal the microstructure response during deformation and that the textures for each orientation are associated with a different activation sequence of deformation mechanisms.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001556} (DOI). Vallejos, J.; Barriobero-Vila, P.; Gussone, J.; Haubrich, J.; Kelm, K.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: In Situ High-Energy Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Reveals the Role of Texture on the Activation of Slip and Twinning during Deformation of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Ti–6Al–4V. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2001556. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001556}} @misc{poliserpi_tem_and_2021, author={Poliserpi, M., Barriobero-Vila, P., Requena, G., García, L.N., Tolley, A., Poletti, C., Vojtek, T., Weiser, A., Schell, N., Stark, A., Boeri, R., Sommadossi, S.}, title={TEM and Synchrotron X-ray Study of the Evolution of Phases Formed During Bonding of IN718/Al/IN718 Couples by TLPB}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06159-y}, abstract = {This study investigates the microstructure across the interconnection zone of IN718/Al/IN718 couples obtained by the Transient Liquid Phase Bonding (TLPB) process at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1000 °C. The crystal structure and the chemical composition of the phases formed, including the AlNi intermetallic, were evaluated using TEM-EDS. The evolution of the AlNi layer as a function of bonding time was studied by in situ high energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The AlNi lattice parameter increases up to 2.9401 Å and subsequently decreases with the annealing time due to changes in the chemical composition of AlNi. This behavior is related to the formation of two distinct layers of AlNi: Al-rich AlNi and Ni-rich AlNi. The split of the AlNi phase indicates that a chemical partition takes place when Ni and Al atomic concentrations are approximately equal. The growth kinetics of both layers are controlled by diffusion with different growth rate constants. These results contribute to the understanding of the solid-state transformations occurring in a multicomponent and multilayered TLP bond under isothermal conditions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06159-y} (DOI). Poliserpi, M.; Barriobero-Vila, P.; Requena, G.; García, L.; Tolley, A.; Poletti, C.; Vojtek, T.; Weiser, A.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; Boeri, R.; Sommadossi, S.: TEM and Synchrotron X-ray Study of the Evolution of Phases Formed During Bonding of IN718/Al/IN718 Couples by TLPB. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021. vol. 52, no. 4, 1382-1394. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06159-y}} @misc{aslan_high_hydrogen_2021, author={Aslan, N., Gizer, G., Pistidda, C., Dornheim, M., Müller, M., Busch, S., Lohstroh, W.}, title={High Hydrogen Mobility in an Amide–Borohydride Compound Studied by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100620}, abstract = {The hydrogen storage performance of reactive hydride composite Mg(NH2)2+2LiH can be significantly improved by the addition of LiBH4 and the subsequent formation of an amide–borohydride compound Li4(BH4)(NH2)3 during hydrogen release. Herein, an investigation into the structure and anion motions of Li4(BH4)(NH2)3 using synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD; 295–573 K) and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS; 297–514 K) is described. The highest temperature studied with QENS (514 K) is above the melting point of Li4(BH4)(NH2)3. The neutron measurements confirm a long-range diffusive motion of hydrogen-containing species with the diffusion coefficient 𝐷≈10−6 cm2 s−1. Interestingly, this value is comparable to that of Li+ diffusion inferred from conductivity measurements. SR-PXD confirms the recrystallization of Li4(BH4)(NH2)3 from the melt into the α-phase upon cooling. At temperatures below 514 K, localized rotational motions are observed that are attributed to (BH4)− tetrahedra units mainly undergoing rotations around the 𝐶3 axes. The activation energy for this thermally activated process is found to be 𝐸a=15.5±0.9 and 17.4±0.9 kJ mol−1 respectively for the two instrumental resolutions utilized in the QENS measurements, corresponding to observation times of 55 and 14 ps.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100620} (DOI). Aslan, N.; Gizer, G.; Pistidda, C.; Dornheim, M.; Müller, M.; Busch, S.; Lohstroh, W.: High Hydrogen Mobility in an Amide–Borohydride Compound Studied by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100620. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100620}} @misc{tolnai_in_situ_2021, author={Tolnai, D., Gavras, S., Wilde, F., Hammel, J., Bruns, S.}, title={In Situ Synchrotron Tomography of the Solidification of an Elektron 21 Mg Alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100383}, abstract = {The directional solidification of an Elektron 21 magnesium alloy is investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation tomography. To visualize the solidification process, samples of Elektron 21 are first heated to 800 °C, and the melt is held at this temperature for 5 min, to ensure temperature homogeneity. Subsequently, the samples are cooled with a cooling rate of 10 K min−1, while for every 35 s, one full tomogram is acquired. The evolution of the microstructure can be followed in 3D on the reconstructed tomograms. The contrast between rare-earth metals and Mg enables to quantitatively analyze the changes in the morphology of the dendritic structure during solidification. At the onset of the detection, the growth of secondary dendrite arms occurs, which ends at the dendritic coherency point. From this temperature on, only the coarsening and coalescence of existing dendrite arms occurs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100383} (DOI). Tolnai, D.; Gavras, S.; Wilde, F.; Hammel, J.; Bruns, S.: In Situ Synchrotron Tomography of the Solidification of an Elektron 21 Mg Alloy. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100383. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100383}} @misc{zec_mutually_beneficial_2021, author={Zec, N., Mangiapia, G., Hendry, A.C., Barker, R., Koutsioubas, A., Frielinghaus, H., Campana, M., Ortega-Roldan, J.L., Busch, S., Moulin, J.}, title={Mutually Beneficial Combination of Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations and Scattering Experiments}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070507}, abstract = {We showcase the combination of experimental neutron scattering data and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for exemplary phospholipid membrane systems. Neutron and X-ray reflectometry and small-angle scattering measurements are determined by the scattering length density profile in real space, but it is not usually possible to retrieve this profile unambiguously from the data alone. MD simulations predict these density profiles, but they require experimental control. Both issues can be addressed simultaneously by cross-validating scattering data and MD results. The strengths and weaknesses of each technique are discussed in detail with the aim of optimizing the opportunities provided by this combination.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070507} (DOI). Zec, N.; Mangiapia, G.; Hendry, A.; Barker, R.; Koutsioubas, A.; Frielinghaus, H.; Campana, M.; Ortega-Roldan, J.; Busch, S.; Moulin, J.: Mutually Beneficial Combination of Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations and Scattering Experiments. Membranes. 2021. vol. 11, no. 7, 507. DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070507}} @misc{sartori_gaining_insight_2021, author={Sartori, J., Köhring, S., Bruns, S., Moosmann, J., Hammel, J.}, title={Gaining Insight into the Deformation of Achilles Tendon Entheses in Mice}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100085}, abstract = {Understanding the biomechanics of tendon entheses is fundamental for surgical repair and tissue engineering but also relevant in biomimetics and paleontology. Examinations into the 3D tissue deformation under load are an important element in this process. However, entheses are difficult objects for micro-computed tomography due to extreme differences in X–ray attenuation. In this article, the ex vivo examination of Achilles tendon entheses from mice using a combination of tensile tests and synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography is reported. Strains and volume changes are compared between the more proximal free tendon and the distal tendon that wraps around the Tuber calcanei. Tomographic data sets of relaxed and deformed entheses are recorded with propagation-based phase contrast. The tissue structure is rendered in sufficient detail to enable manual tracking of patterns along the tendon, as well as digital volume correlation in a suitable pair of tomographic data sets. The strains are higher in the distal than in the proximal tendon. These results support the existence of a compliant zone near the insertion. Necessary steps to extend the automatic tracking of tissue displacements to all stages of the deformation experiment are discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100085} (DOI). Sartori, J.; Köhring, S.; Bruns, S.; Moosmann, J.; Hammel, J.: Gaining Insight into the Deformation of Achilles Tendon Entheses in Mice. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100085. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100085}} @misc{zander_the_effect_2021, author={Zander, D., Zaslansky, P., Zumdick, N., Feldten, M., Schnatterer, C., Chaineux, V., Hammel, J., Storm, M., Wilde, F., Fleck, C.}, title={The Effect of Chemistry and 3D Microstructural Architecture on Corrosion of Biodegradable Mg–Ca–Zn Alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100157}, abstract = {The development of biodegradable Mg–Ca–Zn alloys strongly relies on the understanding of the varying 3D microstructural architectures by means of high-density-resolution imaging, such as synchrotron radiation–based X-ray microtomography (SR-μCT). The development of useful strategies to control the degradation process, including the design of appropriate 3D microstructures, focusing on the type, fraction, morphology, distribution, connectivity, and interfaces of different phases, depends on a comprehensive understanding of the underlying corrosion processes. SR-μCT enables the nondestructive analysis of the same microstructure within a volume exposed to different immersion times in artificial physiological solutions, e.g., Hanks’ balanced salt solution without glucose (HBSS). In this work, quantitative 3D imaging via SR-μCT demonstrates the formation of a continuous 3D network of secondary phases for low-alloyed Mg–Ca–Zn. Furthermore, a change in the corrosion mechanism from very localized to uniform heterogeneous corrosion processes is observed. This mechanistic change is associated not exclusively with the electrochemical activity of the primary α-MgSS and the secondary (Mg,Zn)2Ca and Mg–Ca–Zn phases, but also with their volume fraction, distribution, 3D morphology, connectivity, and the formation of corrosion product layers.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100157} (DOI). Zander, D.; Zaslansky, P.; Zumdick, N.; Feldten, M.; Schnatterer, C.; Chaineux, V.; Hammel, J.; Storm, M.; Wilde, F.; Fleck, C.: The Effect of Chemistry and 3D Microstructural Architecture on Corrosion of Biodegradable Mg–Ca–Zn Alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100157. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100157}} @misc{rhr_juvenile_ecology_2021, author={Rühr, P., van de Kamp, T., Farago, T., Hammel, J., Wilde, F., Borisova, E., Edel, C., Frenzel, M., Baumbach, T., Blanke, A.}, title={Juvenile ecology drives adult morphology in two insect orders}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0616}, abstract = {Most animals undergo ecological niche shifts between distinct life phases, but such shifts can result in adaptive conflicts of phenotypic traits. Metamorphosis can reduce these conflicts by breaking up trait correlations, allowing each life phase to independently adapt to its ecological niche. This process is called adaptive decoupling. It is, however, yet unknown to what extent adaptive decoupling is realized on a macroevolutionary scale in hemimetabolous insects and if the degree of adaptive decoupling is correlated with the strength of ontogenetic niche shifts. It is also unclear whether the degree of adaptive decoupling is correlated with phenotypic disparity. Here, we quantify nymphal and adult trait correlations in 219 species across the whole phylogeny of earwigs and stoneflies to test whether juvenile and adult traits are decoupled from each other. We demonstrate that adult head morphology is largely driven by nymphal ecology, and that adult head shape disparity has increased with stronger ontogenetic niche shifts in some stonefly lineages. Our findings implicate that the hemimetabolan metamorphosis in earwigs and stoneflies does not allow for high degrees of adaptive decoupling, and that high phenotypic disparity can even be realized when the evolution of distinct life phases is coupled.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0616} (DOI). Rühr, P.; van de Kamp, T.; Farago, T.; Hammel, J.; Wilde, F.; Borisova, E.; Edel, C.; Frenzel, M.; Baumbach, T.; Blanke, A.: Juvenile ecology drives adult morphology in two insect orders. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2021. vol. 288, no. 1953, 20210616. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0616}} @misc{franke_coming_together_2021, author={Franke, M., Geier, B., Hammel, J., Dubilier, N., Leisch, N.}, title={Coming together – symbiont acquisition and early development in deep-sea bathymodioline mussels}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1044}, abstract = {How and when symbionts are acquired by their animal hosts has a profound impact on the ecology and evolution of the symbiosis. Understanding symbiont acquisition is particularly challenging in deep-sea organisms because early life stages are so rarely found. Here, we collected early developmental stages of three deep-sea bathymodioline species from different habitats to identify when these acquire their symbionts and how their body plan adapts to a symbiotic lifestyle. These mussels gain their nutrition from chemosynthetic bacteria, allowing them to thrive at deep-sea vents and seeps worldwide. Correlative imaging analyses using synchrotron-radiation based microtomography together with light, fluorescence and electron microscopy revealed that the pediveliger larvae were aposymbiotic. Symbiont colonization began during metamorphosis from a planktonic to a benthic lifestyle, with the symbionts rapidly colonizing first the gills, the symbiotic organ of adults, followed by all other epithelia of their hosts. Once symbiont densities in plantigrades reached those of adults, the host's intestine changed from the looped anatomy typical for bivalves to a straightened form. Within the Mytilidae, this morphological change appears to be specific to Bathymodiolus and Gigantidas, and is probably linked to the decrease in the importance of filter feeding when these mussels switch to gaining their nutrition largely from their symbionts.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1044} (DOI). Franke, M.; Geier, B.; Hammel, J.; Dubilier, N.; Leisch, N.: Coming together – symbiont acquisition and early development in deep-sea bathymodioline mussels. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2021. vol. 288, no. 1957, 20211044. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1044}} @misc{renk_synthesis_of_2021, author={Renk, O., Tkadletz, M., Kostoglou, N., Gunduz, I., Fezzaa, K., Sun, T., Stark, A., Doumanidis, C., Eckert, J., Pippan, R., Mitterer, C., Rebholz, C.}, title={Synthesis of bulk reactive Ni–Al composites using high pressure torsion}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157503}, abstract = {Self-propagating exothermic reactions, for instance in the nickel-aluminum (Ni–Al) system, have been widely studied to create high performance intermetallic compounds or for in-situ welding. Their easy ignition once the phase spacing is reduced below the micron scale, makes top-down methods like high-energy ball milling, ideal to fabricate such reactive nanostructures. A major drawback of ball milling is the need of a sintering step to form bulk pieces of the reactive material. However, this is not possible, as the targeted reactions would already proceed. Therefore, we investigate the ability of high pressure torsion as an alternative process, capable to produce bulk nanocomposites from powder mixtures. Severe straining of powder mixtures with a composition of 50 wt% Ni and 50 wt% Al enables fabrication of self-reactive bulk samples with microstructures similar to those obtained from ball milling or magnetron sputtering. Samples deformed at ambient temperature are highly reactive and can be ignited significantly below the Al melting point, finally predominantly consisting of Al3Ni2 and Al3Ni, independent of the applied strain. Although the reaction proceeds first at the edge of the disk, the strain gradient present in the disks does not prevent reaction of the whole sample.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157503} (DOI). Renk, O.; Tkadletz, M.; Kostoglou, N.; Gunduz, I.; Fezzaa, K.; Sun, T.; Stark, A.; Doumanidis, C.; Eckert, J.; Pippan, R.; Mitterer, C.; Rebholz, C.: Synthesis of bulk reactive Ni–Al composites using high pressure torsion. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. vol. 857, 157503. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157503}} @misc{schmelzle_using_insitu_2021, author={Schmelzle, S., Bruns, S., Beckmann, F., Moosmann, J., Lautner, S.}, title={Using In Situ Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Microtomography to Investigate 3D Structure-Dependent Material Properties of Tension Wood}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100235}, abstract = {Synchrotron-radiation-based microtomography enables the three-dimensional analysis of biological samples in situ beyond simple visualization, providing accurate measurements and recording of temporal data. The microtomography end station at P05 (PETRA III, Hamburg, Germany), operated by the Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, can accommodate complex sample environments such as a load frame for mechanical testing. Here, we present the strain analysis of a volumetric time series dataset of small hardwood samples. For this in situ mechanical testing, the load frame was operated in tensile mode, and the biogenic material samples were subdivided into those specialized for tensile forces and those of regular anatomical structure. Digital volume correlation analysis allowed for the prediction of strain development at any position in the sample. The tissue specialized for tensile strength can align dislocations formed under tension such that the deformation is stronger and more ordered. Our results showed how high-resolution imaging of sequential loading and the subsequent localization of strain can reveal functional morphological relationships. These methods can be extended to other biological materials and may prove to be extremely relevant for the analyses of fibrous and/or layered composite materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100235} (DOI). Schmelzle, S.; Bruns, S.; Beckmann, F.; Moosmann, J.; Lautner, S.: Using In Situ Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Microtomography to Investigate 3D Structure-Dependent Material Properties of Tension Wood. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100235. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100235}} @misc{chulist_new_insights_2021, author={Chulist, R., Pagounis, E., Czaja, P., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.}, title={New Insights into the Intermartensitic Transformation and Over 11% Magnetic Field-Induced Strain in 14 m Ni−Mn−Ga Martensite}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100131}, abstract = {Stress-induced intermartensitic phase transformation from 10 m to 14 m modulated martensite structure is characterized in Ni50.5−Mn28.9−Ga20.6 at% single crystals, with particular focus on periodic atomic shuffling by in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. Under compression, along the [001] direction, at 6 MPa, the self-accommodated 10 m single crystal is found to transform to a nearly single-variant state. Further stress increase up to 20 MPa triggers intermartensitic transformation to an intermediate, mixed martensite state. Intermartensitic transformation is hereby invoked at a considerably lower stress than previously reported for Ni−Mn−Ga alloys. However, the stress level applied along the [001] direction does not promote the complete 10 m→14 m martensite transformation. The 14 m structure is then fully achievable, when a consecutive compression along the [100] direction is applied. Such mechanically promoted 14 m single crystals are stable at room temperature and yield about 11.4% magnetic-field induced strain—being the highest noted up to date for the Ni−Mn−Ga system.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100131} (DOI). Chulist, R.; Pagounis, E.; Czaja, P.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.: New Insights into the Intermartensitic Transformation and Over 11% Magnetic Field-Induced Strain in 14 m Ni−Mn−Ga Martensite. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100131. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100131}} @misc{karimi_characterization_of_2021, author={Karimi, F., Börris, S., Pranzas, P., Metz, O., Hoell, A., Gizer, G., Puszkiel, J., Riglos, M., Pistidda, C., Dornheim, M., Klassen, T., Schreyer, A.}, title={Characterization of LiBH4–MgH2 Reactive Hydride Composite System with Scattering and Imaging Methods Using Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100294}, abstract = {Reversible solid-state hydrogen storage in metal hydrides is a key technology for pollution-free energy conversion systems. Herein, the LiBH2–MgH2 composite system with and without ScCl3 additive is investigated using synchrotron- and neutron-radiation-based probing methods that can be applied to characterize such lightweight metal–hydrogen systems from nanoscopic levels up to macroscopic scale. Combining the results of neutron- and photon-based methods allows a complementary insight into reaction paths and mechanisms, complex interactions between the hydride matrix and additive, hydrogen distribution, material transport, structural changes, and phase separation in the hydride matrix. The gained knowledge is of great importance for development and optimization of such novel metal-hydride-based hydrogen storage systems with respect to future applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100294} (DOI). Karimi, F.; Börris, S.; Pranzas, P.; Metz, O.; Hoell, A.; Gizer, G.; Puszkiel, J.; Riglos, M.; Pistidda, C.; Dornheim, M.; Klassen, T.; Schreyer, A.: Characterization of LiBH4–MgH2 Reactive Hydride Composite System with Scattering and Imaging Methods Using Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100294. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100294}} @misc{thoemmes_microstructure_and_2021, author={Thoemmes, A., Bataev, I.A., Lazurenko, D.V., Ruktuev, A.A., Ivanov, I.V., Afonso, C.R.M., Stark, A., Jorge, A.M., Jr.}, title={Microstructure and lattice parameters of suction-cast Ti–Nb alloys in a wide range of Nb concentrations}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141378}, abstract = {Metastable alloys based on the Ti–Nb system are considered promising candidates to replace the biomaterials currently used in medicine. Several very promising alloys like TNTM, TNZT, etc., were recently developed by adding Zr, Ta, Mo, Fe, or other elements to the Ti–Nb system. However, only a few fundamental studies were devoted to the structural characterisation of Ti–Nb alloys in the as-cast state. In this study, we analyze the microstructure, the phase transformations, the lattice parameters, the interaction of different phases, and Young's modulus of a wide range of Ti–Nb alloys produced by suction casting. The structure of experimental samples was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis. The samples with a Nb content of less than 17.5 wt % consisted of phase. The pure α’’ phase was observed only in the alloy with 17.5 wt % Nb. The alloys with an intermediate content of Nb (20–30 wt %) contained a mixture of α’’, β and ω phases. The samples with 30–35 wt % Nb consisted of a mix of β and ω phases. The samples with 37.5 and 45 wt % Nb included two types of β phase. In addition to the regular β phase, a little detectable amount of bcc phase was observed with a larger lattice parameter named . The mechanical properties strongly depended on the phase composition. We found that for α’’-dominated alloys, there is a correlation between Young's modulus and orthorhombicity and c/a ratio of α’’ phase. The lowest Young's modulus (47 GPa) was observed in the alloy with 17.5 wt % Nb, which has orthorhombicity close to unity and c/a ratio close to 1.58.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141378} (DOI). Thoemmes, A.; Bataev, I.; Lazurenko, D.; Ruktuev, A.; Ivanov, I.; Afonso, C.; Stark, A.; Jorge, A.; Jr.: Microstructure and lattice parameters of suction-cast Ti–Nb alloys in a wide range of Nb concentrations. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2021. vol. 818, 141378. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2021.141378}} @misc{liu_creepinduced_o_2021, author={Liu, X., Song, L., Stark, A., Lazurenko, D., Pyczak, F., Zhang, T.}, title={Creep-induced ωo phase precipitation and cavity formation in a cast 45.5Ti-45Al-9Nb-0.5B alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160106}, abstract = {The precipitation behavior of ωo phase and creep properties of a Ti-45Al-9Nb-0.5B alloy at intermediate temperatures are investigated in this study. The prior βo phase located at lamellar colony boundaries in the as-cast microstructure is entirely replaced by the ωo phase after creep tests. The imposed stress evidently contributes to the nucleation and growth of the ωo phase. The precipitation of ωo phase inside α2 lamellae can be initiated in front of deformation twins located in adjacent γ lamellae, which are impeded at the lamellar interface. Higher applied stress is expected to further enhance the α2→γ phase transformation and to generate more deformation twins in the γ lamellae. A stress exponent of n = 4.2 is determined for the present creep tests. The microstructural degradation is predominantly induced by dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The decomposition of α2 lamellae via α2→ωo and α2→γ transformation reduces the creep resistance. The distribution and size of ωo precipitates have a pronounced impact on the cavity evolution at the tertiary creep stage. The ωo phase formation under the synergistic effects of the thermal exposure and applied stress accelerates creep failure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160106} (DOI). Liu, X.; Song, L.; Stark, A.; Lazurenko, D.; Pyczak, F.; Zhang, T.: Creep-induced ωo phase precipitation and cavity formation in a cast 45.5Ti-45Al-9Nb-0.5B alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. vol. 875, 160106. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160106}} @misc{lazurenko_in_situ_2021, author={Lazurenko, D.V., Lozanov, V.V., Stark, A., Pyczak, F., Ruktuev, A.A., Emurlaev, K.I., Song, L., Bataev, I.A., Ivanov, I.V., Ogneva, T.S., Bataev, A.A.}, title={In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of reaction routes in Ti-Al3Ti-based composites: The effect of transition metals on L12 structure stabilization}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160004}, abstract = {In the last few decades, Ti-Al3Ti composites have attracted great attention due to their outstanding mechanical characteristics, such as low density, high specific strength and stiffness, and ballistic properties. However, their application is still limited due to the low ductility and fracture toughness of the Al3Ti phase. A promising way to improve the composite’s properties is to transform the Al3Ti crystal structure from the tetragonal D022 type to the cubic L12 type. In this study, the stabilization of the L12 structure of titanium trialuminide during the fabrication of the Ti-Al3Ti composite is discussed. For this reason, the method of in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis was used to observe the reactions in the ternary Ti-Al-M systems (where M is Zn, Au, Ag, Ni, Pd, Pt, Mn, Fe, Co or Cr) during heating from room temperature to 830 °С. Zn and Ag were found to be the most efficient stabilizers of the L12 structure. In composites alloyed with Fe, Co, and Cr, the L12 structure of Al3Ti was not stabilized. Formation of L12-structured titanium trialuminide in the remaining systems was accompanied by the formation of a large number of co-products. To select the elements stabilizing L12 structure in the composite with an excess amount of Ti, the following principle was formulated: the preferable stabilizers are the elements with FCC and HCP structures and a melting temperature below 1100 °С, and which do not form refractory Al-rich binary compounds with a melting point above 1000 °С.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160004} (DOI). Lazurenko, D.; Lozanov, V.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; Ruktuev, A.; Emurlaev, K.; Song, L.; Bataev, I.; Ivanov, I.; Ogneva, T.; Bataev, A.: In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of reaction routes in Ti-Al3Ti-based composites: The effect of transition metals on L12 structure stabilization. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. vol. 875, 160004. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160004}} @misc{elder_grain_boundary_2021, author={Elder, K.L.M., Beck Andrews, W., Ziehmer, M., Mameka, N., Kirchlechner, C., Davydok, A., Micha, J.-S., Chadwick, A.F., Lilleodden, E.T., Thornton, K., Voorhees, P.W.}, title={Grain Boundary Formation Through Particle Detachment During Coarsening of Nanoporous Metals}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104132118}, abstract = {Grain boundary formation during coarsening of nanoporous gold (NPG) is investigated wherein a nanocrystalline structure can form by particles detaching and reattaching to the structure. MicroLaue and electron backscatter diffraction measurements demonstrate that an in-grain orientation spread develops as NPG is coarsened. The volume fraction of the NPG sample is near the limit of bicontinuity, at which simulations predict that a bicontinuous structure begins to fragment into independent particles during coarsening. Phase-field simulations of coarsening using a computationally generated structure with a volume fraction near the limit of bicontinuity are used to model particle detachment rates. This model is tested by using the measured NPG structure as an initial condition in the phase-field simulations. We predict that up to ∼5% of the NPG structure detaches as a dealloyed Ag75Au25 sample is annealed at 300 °C for 420 min. The quantity of volume detached is found to be highly dependent on the volume fraction and volume fraction homogeneity of the nanostructure. As the void phase in the experiments cannot support independent particles, they must fall and reattach to the structure, a process that results in the formation of new grain boundaries. This particle reattachment process, along with other classic processes, leads to the formation of grain boundaries during coarsening in nanoporous metals. The formation of grain boundaries can impact a variety of applications, including mechanical strengthening; thus, the consideration and understanding of particle detachment phenomena are essential when studying nanoporous metals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104132118} (DOI). Elder, K.; Beck Andrews, W.; Ziehmer, M.; Mameka, N.; Kirchlechner, C.; Davydok, A.; Micha, J.; Chadwick, A.; Lilleodden, E.; Thornton, K.; Voorhees, P.: Grain Boundary Formation Through Particle Detachment During Coarsening of Nanoporous Metals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: PNAS. 2021. vol. 118, no. 30, e2104132118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104132118}} @misc{alhamdany_tube_drawing_2021, author={Al-Hamdany, N., Salih, M., Palkowski, H., Carradò, A., Gan, W., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.}, title={Tube Drawing with Tilted Die: Texture, Dislocation Density and Mechanical Properties}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040638}, abstract = {Anisotropic behavior is a key characteristic for understanding eccentricity in tubes. In this paper, the effect of using a tilted die during tube drawing on eccentricity, texture, dislocation density, and mechanical properties is shown. Copper tubes were drawn with a ±5° tilted die for two passes. The increase or decrease in eccentricity can be controlled by controlling the angle of the tilted die. Two types of textures have been developed during tube drawing, namely plane strain and uniaxial types. Plain strain type texture is mainly characterized by the β fiber with a dominant copper component {112}<111>. The uniaxial deformation type is dominated by the <111> fiber, as commonly found by wire drawing. Texture sharpness increases with increasing drawing strain, and the texture varies significantly between the maximum and minimum wall thickness. This texture variation between maximum and minimum wall thickness has no significant influence on mechanical properties, which are more or less similar, but the increase in strength after each drawing pass is apparent. The dislocation density is low for the as-received tubes due to recovery and recrystallization. This is consistent with the as-received texture dominated by the cube component {001}<100>. During tube drawing, dislocation density increases as a function of the deformation strain. The variation of dislocation density between the maximum and minimum wall thickness in the tube deformed with −5° tilted die is higher than the variation in the tube deformed with +5° tilted die.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040638} (DOI). Al-Hamdany, N.; Salih, M.; Palkowski, H.; Carradò, A.; Gan, W.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.: Tube Drawing with Tilted Die: Texture, Dislocation Density and Mechanical Properties. Metals. 2021. vol. 11, no. 4, 638. DOI: 10.3390/met11040638}} @misc{muoz_comparison_of_2021, author={Muñoz, J.A., Avalos, M., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.G., Bolmaro, R.E.}, title={Comparison of a low carbon steel processed by Cold Rolling (CR) and Asymmetrical Rolling (ASR): Heterogeneity in strain path, texture, microstructure and mechanical properties}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.02.017}, abstract = {A low carbon steel was processed by Cold Rolling (CR) and Asymmetrical Rolling (ASR) at room temperature until 200 μm thickness reduction using multiple rolling passes of 25 μm. ASR process induced a soft curvature with a 45.7 mm length and 128.8 mm radius, while the CR process did not show any curvature. Materials showed differences in the strain path as well as in the texture and microstructure evolution, not only concerning the mode of deformation but also across the sheet thickness. The hardness and tensile tests indicated a higher strength after processing by ASR than CR for the same thickness reduction. Changes in dislocation densities and grain size were more pronounced in the surface neighborhoods of the material processed by ASR than the as-received (AR) and CR conditions, while the grain size and the dislocation densities of the CR material were more homogeneous across the sheet thickness. Synchrotron measurements allowed to build dislocations and crystal size distribution functions. These functions demonstrated that for the surface zones for ASR condition, high dislocation densities correspond to the grains developing rolling texture components. In contrast, the highest dislocations densities for the center zone formed inside the smallest crystals with shear texture orientations. By ASR, a heterogeneous material with hard surfaces was generated using multiple small thickness reductions in a narrow and thick sheet. In contrast, with CR, a homogeneous hardness increase was obtained throughout the sheet's thickness, avoiding curvature in the material. It was found that high and heterogeneous distributions of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) across the sheet thickness were responsible for the ASR material additional hardening.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.02.017} (DOI). Muñoz, J.; Avalos, M.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Bolmaro, R.: Comparison of a low carbon steel processed by Cold Rolling (CR) and Asymmetrical Rolling (ASR): Heterogeneity in strain path, texture, microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2021. vol. 64, 557-575. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2021.02.017}} @misc{antunes_deformationinduced_martensitic_2021, author={Antunes, L.H.M., Hoyos, J.J., Andrade, T.C., Sarvezuk, P.W.C., Wu, L., Ávila, J.A., Oliveira, J.P., Schell, N., Jardini, A.L., Žilková, J., da Silva Farina, P.F., Abreu, H.F.G., Béreš, M.}, title={Deformation-induced martensitic transformation in Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion: Comparison surface vs. bulk}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102100}, abstract = {The wear resistance of the biomedical low-carbon Co-28Cr-6Mo (wt.-%) alloy is primarily determined by the onset and magnitude of the face-centered cubic to hexagonal close-packed deformation-induced martensitic phase transformation. In metal-on-metal joint bearings, local plastic deformation occurs on the surface and in the subsurface regions. This can cause deformation-assisted structural changes in the material, such as mechanical twinning and/or martensitic transformation. In the present work, we report the structural transition on the surface and bulk of a laser powder bed fusion additively manufactured Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy in response to an externally imposed load. This study was possible using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction at two different energy levels. Our results revealed that from tensile deformation to fracture, the phase transformation kinetics and magnitude were marginally higher on the surface. During transformation, {200}FCC peak broadening was observed in the bulk and this was attributed to stacking fault accumulation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102100} (DOI). Antunes, L.; Hoyos, J.; Andrade, T.; Sarvezuk, P.; Wu, L.; Ávila, J.; Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Jardini, A.; Žilková, J.; da Silva Farina, P.; Abreu, H.; Béreš, M.: Deformation-induced martensitic transformation in Co-28Cr-6Mo alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion: Comparison surface vs. bulk. Additive Manufacturing. 2021. vol. 46, 102100. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102100}} @misc{rackel_screening_for_2021, author={Rackel, M., Stark, A., Gabrisch, H., Pyczak, F.}, title={Screening for O phase in advanced γ–TiAl alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107086}, abstract = {This is a screening study using high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements to determine whether an orthorhombic phase forms in γ-based TiAl alloys of different compositions. The 13 alloy compositions investigated were chosen to be either close to commercial alloys or to identify the effects of different single alloying elements on the formation of orthorhombic phase. The orthorhombic O phase with Cmcm structure was found in several of those γ-TiAl alloys after an aging heat treatment at 550 °C for 20 h. The presence of different β-stabilising elements such as niobium, tantalum, molybdenum or vanadium did promote the formation of orthorhombic phase, while micro alloying elements such as carbon or boron were neutral in this respect. Furthermore, a limit for aluminium was also found, below which the orthorhombic O phase is formed in the alloys investigated. This limit lies between 46 at.% and 47 at.%.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107086} (DOI). Rackel, M.; Stark, A.; Gabrisch, H.; Pyczak, F.: Screening for O phase in advanced γ–TiAl alloys. Intermetallics. 2021. vol. 131, 107086. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107086}} @misc{musser_profiling_cellular_2021, author={Musser, J.M., Schippers, K.J., Nickel, M., Mizzon, G., Kohn, A.B., Pape, C., Ronchi, P., Papadopoulos, N., Tarashansky, A.J., Hammel, J.U., Wolf, F., Liang, C., Hernández-Plaza, A., Cantalapiedra, C.P., Achim, K., Schieber, N.L., Pan, L., Ruperti, F., Francis, W.R., Vargas, S., Kling, S., Renkert, M., Polikarpov, M., Bourenkov, G., Feuda, R., Gaspar, I., Burkhardt, P., Wang, B., Bork, P., Beck, M., Schneider, T.R., Kreshuk, A., Wörheide, G., Huerta-Cepas, J., Schwab, Y., Moroz, L.L., Arendt, D.}, title={Profiling cellular diversity in sponges informs animal cell type and nervous system evolution}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2949}, abstract = {The evolutionary origin of metazoan cell types such as neurons and muscles is not known. Using whole-body single-cell RNA sequencing in a sponge, an animal without nervous system and musculature, we identified 18 distinct cell types. These include nitric oxide–sensitive contractile pinacocytes, amoeboid phagocytes, and secretory neuroid cells that reside in close contact with digestive choanocytes that express scaffolding and receptor proteins. Visualizing neuroid cells by correlative x-ray and electron microscopy revealed secretory vesicles and cellular projections enwrapping choanocyte microvilli and cilia. Our data show a communication system that is organized around sponge digestive chambers, using conserved modules that became incorporated into the pre- and postsynapse in the nervous systems of other animals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj2949} (DOI). Musser, J.; Schippers, K.; Nickel, M.; Mizzon, G.; Kohn, A.; Pape, C.; Ronchi, P.; Papadopoulos, N.; Tarashansky, A.; Hammel, J.; Wolf, F.; Liang, C.; Hernández-Plaza, A.; Cantalapiedra, C.; Achim, K.; Schieber, N.; Pan, L.; Ruperti, F.; Francis, W.; Vargas, S.; Kling, S.; Renkert, M.; Polikarpov, M.; Bourenkov, G.; Feuda, R.; Gaspar, I.; Burkhardt, P.; Wang, B.; Bork, P.; Beck, M.; Schneider, T.; Kreshuk, A.; Wörheide, G.; Huerta-Cepas, J.; Schwab, Y.; Moroz, L.; Arendt, D.: Profiling cellular diversity in sponges informs animal cell type and nervous system evolution. Science. 2021. vol. 374, no. 6568, 717-723. DOI: 10.1126/science.abj2949}} @misc{wriedt_the_second_2021, author={Wriedt, A., Harvey, M., Hammel, J., Kotthof, U., Harms, D.}, title={The second chthonioid pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: a new genus with unique morphological features and potential Gondwanan affinities}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-017}, abstract = {Pseudoscorpions are amongst the oldest terrestrial lineages but there is a major gap in the fossil record between the oldest fossils from the Devonian (ca. 385 million years ago) and rich fossil communities in amber that mostly originate from the Eocene of Europe. Burmese/Myanmar amber (or Burmite) from the middle Cretaceous preserves a diverse community of pseudoscorpions but these remain poorly documented, despite their exceptional preservation and potential to offer unique insights into evolutionary history. Here we describe a new genus and species of pseudoscorpion with a unique morphology of the chelicerae, Prionochthonius burmiticus gen. et sp. nov., from Burmese amber. Although some key characters remain obscure, the fossil can be confidently attributed to the basal pseudoscorpion family Chthoniidae, but it cannot be assigned to any extant or other fossil genus. Based on trichobothria patterns, it is most similar to extant genera that are found only in the Southern Hemisphere; findings that are in line with previous studies suggesting Gondwanan origins for at least some of the Burmese amber invertebrates. The fossil provides further evidence for a diverse community of litter- and soil-dwelling pseudoscorpions in the Late Cretaceous that comprises many extinct genera but represents many of the modern families. It also suggests that the diversification of chthoniid pseudoscorpions occurred well before the middle Cretaceous, and that the principle gestalt of its members has changed relatively little over time.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1636/JoA-S-20-017} (DOI). Wriedt, A.; Harvey, M.; Hammel, J.; Kotthof, U.; Harms, D.: The second chthonioid pseudoscorpion (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber: a new genus with unique morphological features and potential Gondwanan affinities. The Journal of Arachnology. 2021. vol. 48, no. 3, 311-321. DOI: 10.1636/JoA-S-20-017}} @misc{zhang_evolution_of_2021, author={Zhang, X., Lutz, A., Andrä, H., Lahres, M., Gan, W., Maawad, E., Emmelmann, C.}, title={Evolution of microscopic strains, stresses, and dislocation density during in-situ tensile loading of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.102946}, abstract = {The AlSi10Mg alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) possesses a novel microstructure and higher mechanical properties compared with its casting counterpart. So far, the crystallographic orientation-dependent lattice strains, average phase stresses, and dislocation density during the tensile loading of the LPBF AlSi10Mg are not well understood. This fact is impeding further optimization of microstructure and mechanical properties. High energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction providing deep penetration capability and phase-specific measurements of various bulk properties of crystal materials is applied to investigate the LPBF AlSi10Mg under loading. The crystallographic orientation-dependent lattice strains and elastoplastic properties of the Al matrix are assessed. The average phase stresses are calculated to quantify load partitioning between the Al and Si phases. The nano-sized Si particles that bear high-stress are efficient strengthening particles. The maximum value of the average phase stress of Si reaches up to ~2 GPa. Based on the modified Williamson-Hall and the modified Warren-Averbach methods, the dislocation density and its evolution during the plastic deformation are determined. A multistage strain hardening behavior is detected in the Al matrix, which is associated with the interactions between the dislocations and the cell boundary network.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.102946} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Lutz, A.; Andrä, H.; Lahres, M.; Gan, W.; Maawad, E.; Emmelmann, C.: Evolution of microscopic strains, stresses, and dislocation density during in-situ tensile loading of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy. International Journal of Plasticity. 2021. vol. 139, 102946. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.102946}} @misc{chaar_microstructural_influence_2021, author={Chaar, A., Rogström, L., Johansson-Jöesaar, M., Barrirero, J., Aboulfadl, H., Schell, N., Ostach, D., Mücklich, F., Oden, M.}, title={Microstructural influence of the thermal behavior of arc deposited TiAlN coatings with high aluminum content}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157205}, abstract = {The influence of the microstructure on the thermal behavior of cathodic arc deposited TiAlN coatings was studied as a function of isothermal annealing. Two compositionally similar but structurally different coatings were compared, a Ti0·34Al0·66N0.96 coating with a fine-grain structure consisting of a mixture of cubic (c) and hexagonal (h) phases, and a Ti0·40Al0·60N0.94 coating with a coarse-grain structure of cubic phase. By in situ wide-angle synchrotron x-ray scattering, spinodal decomposition was confirmed in both coatings. The increased amount of internal interfaces lowered the decomposition temperature by 50 °C for the dual-phase coating. During the subsequent isothermal anneal at 1000 °C, a transformation from c-AlN to h-AlN took place in both coatings. After 50 min of isothermal annealing, atom probe tomography detected small amounts of Al (∼2 at.%) in the c-TiN rich domains and small amounts of Ti (∼1 at.%) in the h-AlN rich domains of the coarse-grained single-phase Ti0·40Al0·60N0.94 coating. Similarly, at the same conditions, the fine-grained dual-phase Ti0·34Al0·66N0.96 coating exhibits a higher Al content (∼5 at.%) in the c-TiN rich domains and higher Ti content (∼15 at.%) in the h-AlN rich domains. The study shows that the thermal stability of TiAlN is affected by the microstructure and that it can be used to tune the reaction pathway of decomposition favorably.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157205} (DOI). Chaar, A.; Rogström, L.; Johansson-Jöesaar, M.; Barrirero, J.; Aboulfadl, H.; Schell, N.; Ostach, D.; Mücklich, F.; Oden, M.: Microstructural influence of the thermal behavior of arc deposited TiAlN coatings with high aluminum content. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2021. vol. 854, 157205. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.157205}} @misc{riaz_structural_changes_2021, author={Riaz, A., Witte, K., Bodnar, W., Hantusch, M., Schell, N., Springer, A., Burkel, E.}, title={Structural changes and pseudo-piezoelectric behaviour of field assisted sintered calcium titanate}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.100998}, abstract = {The polycrystalline perovskite calcium titanate has an orthorhombic crystal structure at room temperature, which belongs to a centro-symmetric point group. Due to this fact, it does not show piezoelectric behaviour. However, such behaviour is observed in nanostructured calcium titanate prepared by sol-gel synthesis and field assisted sintering. Whereas, the conventionally sintered sample does not show this behaviour. Presumably, the instability of regular TiO6 octahedra results in the off-centering of titanium positions of the field assisted sintered calcium titanate. This phenomenon leads to the generation of electric dipoles due to the lattice distortions produced by the formation of highly localized defects, i.e. oxygen vacancies, during densification by the field assisted sintering. As a result, pseudo-piezoelectric behaviour is observed, which confirms that the field assisted sintering triggers the piezoelectric effect but not the conventional sintering. The charge (Q) produced in the field assisted sintered sample and the piezoelectric constant (d33*) values have been determined to be Q = (2.1 ± 0.3) pC and d33+* ~ (7.13 ± 0.4) pm/V or d33-* ~ (-5.95 ± 0.3) pm/V, respectively. This particular response of nanostructured calcium titanate is of great interest in biomedicine because it can improve the osseointegration of an implant.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.100998} (DOI). Riaz, A.; Witte, K.; Bodnar, W.; Hantusch, M.; Schell, N.; Springer, A.; Burkel, E.: Structural changes and pseudo-piezoelectric behaviour of field assisted sintered calcium titanate. Materialia. 2021. vol. 15, 100998. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.100998}} @misc{naumann_parallel_evolution_2021, author={Naumann, B., Schweiger, S., Hammel, J., Müller, H.}, title={Parallel evolution of direct development in frogs ‐ Skin and thyroid gland development in African Squeaker Frogs (Anura: Arthroleptidae: Arthroleptis)}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.275}, abstract = {This suggests that the development of many adult features is still dependent on, and possibly constrained by, the ancestral dependency on thyroid hormone signaling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.275} (DOI). Naumann, B.; Schweiger, S.; Hammel, J.; Müller, H.: Parallel evolution of direct development in frogs ‐ Skin and thyroid gland development in African Squeaker Frogs (Anura: Arthroleptidae: Arthroleptis). Developmental Dynamics. 2021. vol. 250, no. 4, 584-600. DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.275}} @misc{hlushko_ion_irradiationinduced_2021, author={Hlushko, K., Mackova, A., Zalesak, J., Burghammer, M., Davydok, A., Krywka, C., Daniel, R., Keckes, J., Todt, J.}, title={Ion irradiation-induced localized stress relaxation in W thin film revealed by cross-sectional X-ray nanodiffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138571}, abstract = {The influence of ion irradiation on residual stress and microstructure of thin films is not fully understood. Here, 5 MeV Si2+ ions were used to irradiate a 7 µm thick tungsten film prepared by magnetron sputtering. Cross-sectional X-ray nanodiffraction and electron microscopy analyses revealed a depth-localized relaxation of in-plane compressive residual stresses from to GPa after the irradiation, which is correlated with the calculated displacements per atom within a ~2 µm thick film region. The relaxation can be explained by the irradiation-induced removal of point defects from the crystal lattice, resulting in a reduction of strains of the 3rd order, manifested by a decrease of X-ray diffraction peak broadening, an increase of peak intensities and a decrease of lattice parameter. The results indicate that ion irradiation enables control over the residual stress state at distinct depths in the material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138571} (DOI). Hlushko, K.; Mackova, A.; Zalesak, J.; Burghammer, M.; Davydok, A.; Krywka, C.; Daniel, R.; Keckes, J.; Todt, J.: Ion irradiation-induced localized stress relaxation in W thin film revealed by cross-sectional X-ray nanodiffraction. Thin Solid Films. 2021. vol. 722, 138571. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138571}} @misc{walker_estimation_of_2021, author={Walker, M., Hammel, J., Wilde, F., Hoehfurtner, T., Humphries, S., Schuech, R.}, title={Estimation of sinking velocity using free-falling dynamically scaled models: Foraminifera as a test case}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.230961}, abstract = {The velocity of settling particles is an important determinant of distribution in extinct and extant species with passive dispersal mechanisms, such as plants, corals and phytoplankton. Here, we adapted dynamic scaling, borrowed from engineering, to determine settling velocity. Dynamic scaling leverages physical models with relevant dimensionless numbers matched to achieve similar dynamics to the original object. Previous studies have used flumes, wind tunnels or towed models to examine fluid flow around objects with known velocities. Our novel application uses free-falling models to determine the unknown sinking velocity of planktonic Foraminifera – organisms important to our understanding of the Earth's current and historic climate. Using enlarged 3D printed models of microscopic Foraminifera tests, sunk in viscous mineral oil to match their Reynolds numbers and drag coefficients, we predicted sinking velocity of real tests in seawater. This method can be applied to study other settling particles such as plankton, spores or seeds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.230961} (DOI). Walker, M.; Hammel, J.; Wilde, F.; Hoehfurtner, T.; Humphries, S.; Schuech, R.: Estimation of sinking velocity using free-falling dynamically scaled models: Foraminifera as a test case. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2021. vol. 224, jeb230961. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230961}} @misc{moritz_first_steps_2021, author={Moritz, L., Blanke, A., Hammel, J., Wesener, T.}, title={First steps toward suctorial feeding in millipedes: Comparative morphology of the head of the Platydesmida (Diplopoda: Colobognatha)}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12312}, abstract = {Although most millipedes (Diplopoda) show a biting–chewing feeding mode, representatives of the so‐called Colobognatha (Platydesmida, Polyzoniida, Siphonocryptida, Siphonophorida), with their more or less reduced mouthparts, are assumed to have evolved a suctorial feeding mode, which enables them to exploit food sources like algal film and fungi hyphae. The Platydesmida are viewed as the key taxon for the understanding of mouthpart adaptations in Colobognatha, as their mouthpart elements still closely resemble those of biting–chewing millipedes. Studies of the skeletomuscular system of the Platydesmida are rare, impeding further understanding of the mouthpart evolution in millipedes. To overcome this impediment in the understanding of millipede evolution, we study the internal morphology of the head in specimens from four genera of Platydesmida: Brachycybe lecontii, Dolistenus spp., Gosodesmus claremontus, and Pseudodesmus spp. Although all Platydesmida show similarly structured skeletal elements and accompanying musculature, they are distinct from all other Diplopoda. Their head lacks eyes and organs of Tömösváry, and is pyriform and posteriorly bulging, overlapping the collum. The narrow mandibles are hidden underneath the broad genae. A previously described gnathochilarial postmentum is absent. Muscle attachment sites, such as the transverse mandibular tendon and the median septum, are reduced. The strong modifications of the head capsule, mandibles, and musculature limit the movability of the mandible for biting–chewing motions based on simulations of possible gape angles. Platydesmida likely show a scraping and slurping feeding mode, which is facilitated by the comparably well‐developed pharyngeal dilator muscles. We suggest that the Platydesmida show an intermediate state between the biting–chewing millipedes and the other suctorially feeding Colobognatha.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12312} (DOI). Moritz, L.; Blanke, A.; Hammel, J.; Wesener, T.: First steps toward suctorial feeding in millipedes: Comparative morphology of the head of the Platydesmida (Diplopoda: Colobognatha). Invertebrate Biology. 2021. vol. 140, no. 2, e12312. DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12312}} @misc{baranov_synchrotronradiation_computed_2021, author={Baranov, V., Engel, M., Hammel, J., Hörnig, M., van de Kamp, T., Zuber, M., Haug, J.}, title={Synchrotron-radiation computed tomography uncovers ecosystem functions of fly larvae in an Eocene forest}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.26879/1129}, abstract = {We report a hitherto unprecedented diversity of fly larvae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber and the use of these to address palaeo-ecosystem functions and processes in the surrounding forests. Fly larvae have been considered exceptionally rare by the research community and have, like most insect larvae, been deemed of limited utility owing to challenges in identification. Herein, however, using synchrotron-x-ray radiation CT (SR-µCT) allowed us to detect and identify dozens of fly larvae from Baltic amber, and to infer their ecological interactions. One particular piece of amber contains 56 fly larvae and apparent mammalian feces. This fossil is of great interest for our understanding of carbon cycling in the Eocene forest. The occurrence of such a large number of fly larvae on the fecal remains indicates an important role of flies in recycling organic matter in the Eocene forest, much as some larvae do today. Analysis of the fly palaeo-communities also allowed us to hypothesize a mechanism by which massive, geologically relevant deposits of amber were formed in the Baltic region. Scanning allowed us to identify seven larvae closely related to the extant Syrphidae, whose larvae inhabit nests of eusocial Hymenoptera, or, sometimes, flows of sap dripping from trees damaged by other burrowing insect larvae.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.26879/1129} (DOI). Baranov, V.; Engel, M.; Hammel, J.; Hörnig, M.; van de Kamp, T.; Zuber, M.; Haug, J.: Synchrotron-radiation computed tomography uncovers ecosystem functions of fly larvae in an Eocene forest. Palaeontologia Electronica. 2021. vol. 24, no. 1, a07. DOI: 10.26879/1129}} @misc{ignjatovic_the_influence_2021, author={Ignjatovic, S., Blawert, C., Serdechnova, M., Karpushenkov, S., Damjanovic, M., Karlova, P., Dovzhenko, G., Wieland, F., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Starykevich, M., Stojanovic, S., Damjanovic-Vasilic, L., Zheludkevich, M.}, title={The Influence of In Situ Anatase Particle Addition on the Formation and Properties of Multifunctional Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on AA2024 Aluminum Alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001527}, abstract = {Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) with in‐situ anatase particle addition was applied to functionalize the surface of AA2024 alloy. A base potassium titanium‐oxide oxalate dihydrate aqueous electrolyte was used with up to 30 g/L anatase particle addition. The coatings’ morphology and phase composition as a function of the anatase concentration in the electrolyte were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Photocatalytic activity, stability in chloride solution and tribological properties were also determined. The main coating forming phases are anatase and rutile on top of a mixed interface region consisting of TiAl2O5 as reaction product between the TiO2 and an Al2O3 barrier layer on top of the Al substrate. The mixed layer is extending with increasing amount of particles added, due to intensified discharges. In addition, anatase to rutile phase ratio increases due to the additional anatase particles in the electrolyte. Thus, the photocatalytic activity is improving with the particle addition. The coatings’ mechanical resistance is dropping first before increasing again with more particles added. Chemical and restored mechanical stability seems to be related to the extended mixed interface formation, which strengthen the bond to the substrate when more particles are added.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001527} (DOI). Ignjatovic, S.; Blawert, C.; Serdechnova, M.; Karpushenkov, S.; Damjanovic, M.; Karlova, P.; Dovzhenko, G.; Wieland, F.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Starykevich, M.; Stojanovic, S.; Damjanovic-Vasilic, L.; Zheludkevich, M.: The Influence of In Situ Anatase Particle Addition on the Formation and Properties of Multifunctional Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on AA2024 Aluminum Alloy. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 6, 2001527. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001527}} @misc{shi_microstructure_and_2021, author={Shi, Q., Wang, C., Deng, K., Nie, K., Wu, Y., Gan, W., Liang, W.}, title={Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Mg-5Zn matrix influenced by particle deformation zone}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.053}, abstract = {The effect of particle deformation zone (PDZ) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites was studied. Meanwhile, the work hardening and softening behavior of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites influenced by PDZ size were analyzed and discussed using neutron diffraction under in-situ tensile deformation. The evolution of FWHM (full width at half maximum) extracted from the diffraction pattern of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites was used to interpret the modification of dislocation density during in-situ tension, which discovered the effect of dislocation on the work hardening behavior of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites. In addition, the tensile stress reduction (ΔPi) values during in-situ tension test were calculated to analyze the effect of PDZ size on the softening behavior of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites. The results show that the work hardening rate of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites increased with the enlargement of PDZ size, which was attributed to the grain size of SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites increased with the enlargement of PDZ size. Moreover, the stress reduction (ΔPi) values increased continuously during in-situ tensile for SiCp/Mg-5Zn composites due to the increased stored energy produced during plastic deformation, which provided a driving force for the softening effect. However, the effect of grain size on the softening behavior is greater than that of the stored energy, which led to the tensile stress reduction (ΔPi) values of P30 (dPDZ = 30 μm) -SiCp/Mg-5Zn composite were higher than that of P60 (dPDZ = 60 μm) -SiCp/Mg-5Zn composite when the εri were 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1, respectively.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.053} (DOI). Shi, Q.; Wang, C.; Deng, K.; Nie, K.; Wu, Y.; Gan, W.; Liang, W.: Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Mg-5Zn matrix influenced by particle deformation zone. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2021. vol. 60, 8-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.053}} @misc{li_a_unique_2021, author={Li, X., Hofmann, M., Landesberger, M., Reiberg, M., Zhang, X., Huang, Y., Wang, L., Werner, E., Gan, W.}, title={A Unique Quenching and Deformation Dilatometer for Combined In Situ Neutron Diffraction Analysis of Engineering Materials}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100163}, abstract = {A modified quenching and deformation dilatometer (TA instruments DIL 805A/D/T) is now in operation at the Heinz Maier‐Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ, Germany) neutron center. It is customized for running neutron scattering measurements during the temperature/deformation treatment of the sample, in particular neutron diffraction (phase, texture, lattice strain) and neutron small angle scattering. The bulk length change of dilatometer specimens is successfully combined with in‐situ neutron diffraction patterns for analyzing dynamic processes in metallic materials. A detailed introduction to the unique dilatometer is given and examples of recent experiments highlight the use of the added insight provided by combining diffraction and dilatometry.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100163} (DOI). Li, X.; Hofmann, M.; Landesberger, M.; Reiberg, M.; Zhang, X.; Huang, Y.; Wang, L.; Werner, E.; Gan, W.: A Unique Quenching and Deformation Dilatometer for Combined In Situ Neutron Diffraction Analysis of Engineering Materials. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100163. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100163}} @misc{haas_anomalies_in_2021, author={Haas, A., Schwippert, S., Büsse, S., Kleinteich, T., Beerlink, A., Hammel, J., Gorb, S., Engelkes, K.}, title={Anomalies in the vertebral column and ilio-sacral articulation of some anuran amphibians}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {We present accounts of vertebral anomalies in 17 individuals representing 13 species of anuran amphibians. These cases were detected while perusing a larger survey on the skeleton of frogs, for which μCT scans of a broad range of species were collected and evaluated. Our data and reports from the literature suggest that malformations, asymmetries, and irregularities, if present, appear to be particularly prevalent in the posterior region of the axial skeleton in frogs. Anomalies at the trunk-tail boundary, i.e., at the sacrum and neighbouring segments, were relatively common. Malformations at the trunk-tail boundary often include sacralization of pre- and postsacral elements with asymmetrically or symmetrically developed diapophyses, fusion with the posteriormost presacral vertebra, occurrence of postsacral vertebrae, unusual transverse processes at the proximal end of the urostyle, formation of additional zygapophyses, or fusion of elements that normally articulate. Vertebral fusion in the anterior vertebral column (Presacral Vertebrae I+II) has been reported both in evolutionary context and in cases of individual developmental anomalies. Malformations in the middle section of the vertebral column, such as the case of Epidalea calamita reported herein, are rare.}, note = {Haas, A.; Schwippert, S.; Büsse, S.; Kleinteich, T.; Beerlink, A.; Hammel, J.; Gorb, S.; Engelkes, K.: Anomalies in the vertebral column and ilio-sacral articulation of some anuran amphibians. Salamandra. 2021. vol. 57, no. 1, 53-64.}} @misc{czerny_effect_of_2021, author={Czerny, M., Cios, G., Maziarz, W., Chumlyakov, Y., Schell, N., Chulist, R.}, title={Effect of B addition on the superelasticity in FeNiCoAlTa single crystals}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109225}, abstract = {The study focuses on the superelastic effect in single-crystalline boron-doped Fe-based shape memory alloys. The homogenized and quenched single crystals were subjected to a heat treatment at 973 K for variable aging times. As a result, small and coherent nanometer-sized γ′ (Ni3Al-type) precipitates were formed. It was established that Fe-28Ni-17Co-11.5Al-2.5Ta-0.05B single crystals oriented along [001] direction exhibit the fully reversible superelastic behavior up to 14.3% compression strain at 77 K reaching the maximum theoretical value. The boron addition suppressed completely the formation of the brittle β phase and reduced the average precipitate size of the γ′ precipitates. Using high-energy synchrotron radiation and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis the volume fraction and precipitate size of γ′ were determined indicating that both factors are critical in obtaining the largest superelastic reversibility. Boron addition counters the initial effect of mechanical stabilization which was detected in single crystals without boron. Unlike the thermally induced martensitic transformation, applied stresses produce a different austenite/martensite interface composed of interchanging austenite and martensite variants. It is also demonstrated that upon loading/unloading cycles the moving transformation front divides the material into three district regions i.e. single variant of austenite, austenite intermixed with martensite and single variant of martensite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109225} (DOI). Czerny, M.; Cios, G.; Maziarz, W.; Chumlyakov, Y.; Schell, N.; Chulist, R.: Effect of B addition on the superelasticity in FeNiCoAlTa single crystals. Materials & Design. 2021. vol. 197, 109225. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109225}} @misc{hilken_the_tracheal_2021, author={Hilken, G., Rosenberg, J., Edgecombe, G., Blüml, V., Hammel, J., Hasenberg, A., Sombke, A.}, title={The tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes and the evolution of respiratory systems of myriapods}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2020.101006}, abstract = {The tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes (Chilopoda) is special, as it consists of dorsally arranged unpaired spiracles. In this study, we investigate the tracheal systems of five different scutigeromorph species. They are strikingly similar to each other but depict unique characters compared to the tracheal systems of pleurostigmophoran centipedes, which has engendered an ongoing debate over a single versus independent origin of tracheal systems in Chilopoda. Up to now, only the respiratory system of Scutigera coleoptrata was investigated intensively using LM-, TEM-, and SEM-techniques. We supplement this with data for species from all three families of Scutigeromorpha. These reveal interspecific differences in atrial width and the shape and branching pattern of the tracheal tubules. Further, we investigated the tracheal system of Scutigera coleoptrata with three additional techniques: light sheet microscopy, microCT and synchrotron radiation based microCT analysis. This set of techniques allows a comparison between fresh versus fixed and dried material. The question of a unique vs. multiple origin of tracheal systems in centipedes and in Myriapoda as a whole is discussed with regard to their structural similarities and differences and the presence of hemocyanin as an oxygen carrier. We used morphological and molecular data and the fossil record to evaluate the alternative hypotheses.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2020.101006} (DOI). Hilken, G.; Rosenberg, J.; Edgecombe, G.; Blüml, V.; Hammel, J.; Hasenberg, A.; Sombke, A.: The tracheal system of scutigeromorph centipedes and the evolution of respiratory systems of myriapods. Arthropod Structure & Development. 2021. vol. 60, 101006. DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101006}} @misc{zhang_influence_of_2021, author={Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Feyerabend, F., Blawert, C., Gan, W., Maawad, E., You, S., Gavras, S., Scharnagl, N., Bode, J., Vogt, C., Zander, D., Willumeit-Römer, R., Kainer, K., Hort, N.}, title={Influence of the amount of intermetallics on the degradation of Mg-Nd alloys under physiological conditions}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.050}, abstract = {The influence of amount of intermetallics on the degradation of as-extruded Mg-Nd alloys with different contents of Nd was investigated via immersion testing in DMEM+10% FBS under cell culture conditions and subsequent microstructural characterizations. It is found that the presence of intermetallic particles Mg41Nd5 affects the corrosion of Mg-Nd alloys in two conflicting ways. One is their negative role that their existence enhances the micro-galvanic corrosion. Another is their positive role. Their existence favours the formation of a continuous and compact corrosion layer. At the early stage of immersion, their negative role predominated. The degradation rate of Mg-Nd alloys monotonously increases with increasing the amount of intermetallics. Mg-5Nd alloy with maximum amount of intermetallics suffered from the most severe corrosion. With the immersion proceeding (≥7 days), then the positive role of these intermetallic particles Mg41Nd5 could not be neglected. Owing to the interaction between their positive and negative roles, at the later stage of immersion the corrosion rate of Mg-Nd alloys first increases with increasing the content of Nd, then reaches to the maximum at 2 wt. % Nd. With a further increase of Nd content, a decrease in corrosion rate occurs. The main corrosion products on the surfaces of Mg-Nd alloys include carbonates, calcium-phosphate, neodymium oxide and/or neodymium hydroxide. They are amorphous at the early stage of immersion. With the immersion proceeding, they are transformed to crystalline. The existence of undegradable Mg41Nd5 particles in the corrosion layer can enhance the crystallization of such amorphous corrosion products.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.050} (DOI). Zhang, Y.; Huang, Y.; Feyerabend, F.; Blawert, C.; Gan, W.; Maawad, E.; You, S.; Gavras, S.; Scharnagl, N.; Bode, J.; Vogt, C.; Zander, D.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: Influence of the amount of intermetallics on the degradation of Mg-Nd alloys under physiological conditions. Acta Biomaterialia. 2021. vol. 121, 695-712. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.050}} @misc{li_multiscale_phase_2021, author={Li, X., Soria, S., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Schulz, M., Hoelzel, M., Brokmeier, H.-G., Petry, W.}, title={Multi-scale phase analyses of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron (ADI) using neutron diffraction and transmission techniques}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05619-x}, abstract = {The content of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron has been quantitatively determined using three different kinds of neutron methods: (1) high-resolution powder diffraction with subsequent standard Rietveld refinement, (2) phase quantification using pole figure measurements and (3) Bragg edge neutron transmission. The accuracy and scope of applications of these neutron diffraction and imaging techniques for phase quantification have been compared and discussed in detail. Combination of these methods has been confirmed as effective for dealing with problems like peak overlap in multi-phase materials and texture formation after plastic deformation. Further, the results highlight the potential of using single peak pole figure data for quantitative phase analysis with high accuracy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05619-x} (DOI). Li, X.; Soria, S.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Schulz, M.; Hoelzel, M.; Brokmeier, H.; Petry, W.: Multi-scale phase analyses of strain-induced martensite in austempered ductile iron (ADI) using neutron diffraction and transmission techniques. Journal of Materials Science. 2021. vol. 56, 5296-5306. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-020-05619-x}} @misc{ludescher_adsorptioninduced_deformation_2021, author={Ludescher, L., Morak, R., Braxmeier, S., Balzer, C., Putz, F., Busch, S., Hüsing, N., Reichenauer, G., Gor, G., Paris, O.}, title={Adsorption-induced deformation of hierarchical organised carbon materials with ordered; non-convex mesoporosity}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2021.1894362}, abstract = {Adsorption-induced deformation of monolithic, hierarchically organised porous carbon materials exhibiting non-convex mesoporosity between hexagonally arranged carbon nanorods was investigated with adsorption dilatometry and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). n-pentane with zeroscattering length density was used as an adsorbate for SANS. To assess the influence of micropores on deformation, three samples with different degrees of CO2 activation were investigated. The measured strain isotherms show distinct differences as compared to strain isotherms from systems with convex cylindrical mesopores. Strain isotherms deduced from SANS exhibit three different regimes, which are ascribed to a film phase at low-, a bridged phase at intermediate-, and a filled phase at high relative pressures. Evaluating the pore load moduli from SANS and dilatometry, we find an apparent stiffening of the samples on the mesoscale upon activation. We assume that the stiffness of the linkers between the nanorods increases with activation, whereas the elastic modulus of the carbon nanorods is reduced. The results demonstrate that adsorption-induced deformation in these materials with non-convex, interconnected mesopore space strongly depends on structural disorder within and in between the carbon nanorods, and emphasise the importance of strain isotherms as a source of complementary information to classical adsorption analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2021.1894362} (DOI). Ludescher, L.; Morak, R.; Braxmeier, S.; Balzer, C.; Putz, F.; Busch, S.; Hüsing, N.; Reichenauer, G.; Gor, G.; Paris, O.: Adsorption-induced deformation of hierarchical organised carbon materials with ordered; non-convex mesoporosity. Molecular Physics. 2021. vol. 119, no. 15-16, e1894362. DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1894362}} @misc{bemmann_movement_analysis_2021, author={Bemmann, M., Schulz-Kornas, E., Hammel, J., Hipp, A., Moosmann, J., Herrel, A., Rack, A., Radespiel, U., Zimmermann, E., Kaiser, T., Kupczik, K.}, title={Movement analysis of primate molar teeth under load using synchrotron X-ray microtomography}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107658}, abstract = {Mammalian teeth have to sustain repetitive and high chewing loads without failure. Key to this capability is the periodontal ligament (PDL), a connective tissue containing a collagenous fibre network which connects the tooth roots to the alveolar bone socket and which allows the teeth to move when loaded. It has been suggested that rodent molars under load experience a screw-like downward motion but it remains unclear whether this movement also occurs in primates. Here we use synchroton micro-computed tomography paired with an axial loading setup to investigate the form-function relationship between tooth movement and the morphology of the PDL space in a non-human primate, the mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). The loading behavior of both mandibular and maxillary molars showed a three-dimensional movement with translational and rotational components, which pushes the tooth into the alveolar socket. Moreover, we found a non-uniform PDL thickness distribution and a gradual increase in volumetric proportion of the periodontal vasculature from cervical to apical. Our results suggest that the PDL morphology may optimize the three-dimensional tooth movement to avoid high stresses under loading.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107658} (DOI). Bemmann, M.; Schulz-Kornas, E.; Hammel, J.; Hipp, A.; Moosmann, J.; Herrel, A.; Rack, A.; Radespiel, U.; Zimmermann, E.; Kaiser, T.; Kupczik, K.: Movement analysis of primate molar teeth under load using synchrotron X-ray microtomography. Journal of Structural Biology. 2021. vol. 213, no. 1, 107658. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107658}} @misc{kashaev_effect_of_2021, author={Kashaev, N., Groth, A., Ventzke, V., Horstmann, M., Riekehr, S., Staron, P., Huber, N.}, title={Effect of laser heating on mechanical properties, residual stresses and retardation of fatigue crack growth in AA2024}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13400}, abstract = {Local laser heating treatment using a defocussed laser beam was applied to the surface of 2‐mm‐thick AA2024‐T3 sheets. Two different treatment designs—namely, lines and circles—as well as the positioning and number of treatments were investigated regarding their potential to retard the propagation of through‐thickness fatigue cracks. The highest fatigue crack growth life extension of 285% was achieved by the application of four laser heating lines or two circles on each specimen side. The induced compressive residual stress field through the LH process is primarily responsible for an improvement in fatigue crack growth life. An emphasis was placed on investigating the effect of the treatment on the possible reduction of tensile and fatigue strength (S‐N life). If only one line was applied transverse to the loading direction or only one circle was used, the reduction of fatigue strength was comparable to the reduction of fatigue strength resulting from the stress concentration introduced due to the presence of a rivet hole.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13400} (DOI). Kashaev, N.; Groth, A.; Ventzke, V.; Horstmann, M.; Riekehr, S.; Staron, P.; Huber, N.: Effect of laser heating on mechanical properties, residual stresses and retardation of fatigue crack growth in AA2024. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures. 2021. vol. 44, no. 4, 887-900. DOI: 10.1111/ffe.13400}} @misc{kochetov_powder_diffraction_2021, author={Kochetov, V., Mühlbauer, M., Schökel, A., Fischer, T., Müller, T., Hofmann, M., Staron, P., Lienert, U., Petry, W., Senyshyn, A.}, title={Powder diffraction computed tomography: a combined synchrotron and neutron study}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abcdb0}, abstract = {Diffraction and imaging using x-rays and neutrons are widely utilized in different fields of engineering, biology, chemistry and/or materials science. The additional information gained from the diffraction signal by x-ray diffraction and computed tomography (XRD-CT) can give this method a distinct advantage in materials science applications compared to classical tomography. Its active development over the last decade revealed structural details in a non-destructive way with unprecedented sensitivity. In the current contribution an attempt to adopt the well-established XRD-CT technique for neutron diffraction computed tomography (ND-CT) is reported. A specially designed 'phantom', an object displaying adaptable contrast sufficient for both XRD-CT and ND-CT, was used for method validation. The feasibility of ND-CT is demonstrated, and it is also shown that the ND-CT technique is capable to provide a non-destructive view into the interior of the 'phantom' delivering structural information consistent with a reference XRD-CT experiment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abcdb0} (DOI). Kochetov, V.; Mühlbauer, M.; Schökel, A.; Fischer, T.; Müller, T.; Hofmann, M.; Staron, P.; Lienert, U.; Petry, W.; Senyshyn, A.: Powder diffraction computed tomography: a combined synchrotron and neutron study. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2021. vol. 33, no. 10, 105901. DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/abcdb0}} @misc{spoerkerdely_exploring_structural_2021, author={Spoerk-Erdely, P., Staron, P., Liu, J., Kashaev, N., Stark, A., Hauschildt, K., Maawad, E., Mayer, S., Clemens, H.}, title={Exploring Structural Changes, Manufacturing, Joining, and Repair of Intermetallic γ-TiAl-Based Alloys: Recent Progress Enabled by In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000947}, abstract = {Intermetallic γ‐TiAl‐based alloys are a promising class of materials for lightweight high‐temperature applications. Following intensive research and development activities, they have recently entered service in the automotive and aircraft engine industries. In the course of the past decades, the development of these complex multiphase alloys has benefited considerably from the application of (in situ) X‐ray scattering and diffraction techniques. Herein, a practical introduction and overview of recent progress in this field of research are provided. In particular, four case studies taken from various stages in the alloy development (i.e., fundamental research—manufacturing, joining, and repair—and application) illustrate current prospects at modern synchrotron radiation sources, including detailed information on available setups for in situ high‐energy X‐ray diffraction and small‐angle X‐ray scattering experiments and a discussion of potential limitations in the use of these techniques.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202000947} (DOI). Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Staron, P.; Liu, J.; Kashaev, N.; Stark, A.; Hauschildt, K.; Maawad, E.; Mayer, S.; Clemens, H.: Exploring Structural Changes, Manufacturing, Joining, and Repair of Intermetallic γ-TiAl-Based Alloys: Recent Progress Enabled by In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2000947. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202000947}} @misc{nagel_capillarity_and_2021, author={Nagel, M., Barua, D., Damm, E., Kashef, J., Hofmann, R., Ershov, A., Cecilia, A., Moosmann, J., Baumbach, T., Winklbauer, R.}, title={Capillarity and active cell movement at mesendoderm translocation in the Xenopus gastrula}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.198960}, abstract = {During Xenopus gastrulation, leading edge mesendoderm (LEM) advances animally as a wedge-shaped cell mass over the vegetally moving blastocoel roof (BCR). We show that close contact across the BCR-LEM interface correlates with attenuated net advance of the LEM, which is pulled forward by tip cells while the remaining LEM frequently separates from the BCR. Nevertheless, lamellipodia persist on the detached LEM surface. They attach to adjacent LEM cells and depend on PDGF-A, cell-surface fibronectin and cadherin. We argue that active cell motility on the LEM surface prevents adverse capillary effects in the liquid LEM tissue as it moves by being pulled. It counters tissue surface-tension effects with oriented cell movement and bulges the LEM surface out to keep it close to the curved BCR without attaching to it. Proximity to the BCR is necessary, in turn, for the maintenance and orientation of lamellipodia that permit mass cell movement with minimal substratum contact. Together with a similar process in epithelial invagination, vertical telescoping, the cell movement at the LEM surface defines a novel type of cell rearrangement: vertical shearing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.198960} (DOI). Nagel, M.; Barua, D.; Damm, E.; Kashef, J.; Hofmann, R.; Ershov, A.; Cecilia, A.; Moosmann, J.; Baumbach, T.; Winklbauer, R.: Capillarity and active cell movement at mesendoderm translocation in the Xenopus gastrula. Development. 2021. vol. 148, no. 18, dev198960. DOI: 10.1242/dev.198960}} @misc{bouali_mechanism_of_2021, author={Bouali, A., Iuzviuk, M., Serdechnova, M., Yasakau, K., Drozdenko, D., Lutz, A., Fekete, K., Dovzhenko, G., Wieland, F., Terryn, H., Ferreira, M., Zobkalo, I., Zheludkevich, M.}, title={Mechanism of LDH Direct Growth on Aluminum Alloy Surface: A Kinetic and Morphological Approach}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02281}, abstract = {The growth of ZnAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) on the AA2024 surface was monitored using synchrotron high-resolution X-ray diffraction. Data were analyzed using the Avrami–Erofe’ev kinetic model. Accordingly, the LDH film growth is governed by a two-dimensional (2D) diffusion-controlled reaction with a zero nucleation rate. Additional methods, including ex situ atomic force microscopy/scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (AFM/SKPFM) supported by in situ open-circuit potential (OCP) measurements together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM/EDX) analysis, provided further insight into the different stages of the mechanism of LDH growth. Prior to the conversion coating formation, an intermediate layer is formed as a basis for the establishment of the LDH flakes. Moreover, a Cu-rich layer was revealed, which could contribute to the acceleration of LDH growth. The formed LDH layer does not show any cracks at the interface but presents minor irregularities in the structure, which could favor adhesion to subsequent organic coatings. The findings presented in this work provide an important insight to the corrosion performance of the LDH conversion coatings and the pathway to adopt for further optimization.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02281} (DOI). Bouali, A.; Iuzviuk, M.; Serdechnova, M.; Yasakau, K.; Drozdenko, D.; Lutz, A.; Fekete, K.; Dovzhenko, G.; Wieland, F.; Terryn, H.; Ferreira, M.; Zobkalo, I.; Zheludkevich, M.: Mechanism of LDH Direct Growth on Aluminum Alloy Surface: A Kinetic and Morphological Approach. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2021. vol. 125, no. 21, 11687-11701. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02281}} @misc{hasemann_in_situ_2021, author={Hasemann, G., Zhu, L., Hauschildt, K., Blankenburg, M., Ida, S., Pyczak, F., Yoshimi, K., Krüger, M.}, title={In situ Observation of Ternary Eutectic Growth in a Directionally Solidified Mo–Si–B Alloy Using High-Energy Synchrotron X-Rays}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100111}, abstract = {The results provide strong evidences for a coupled ternary eutectic growth of the phases MoSS, Mo3Si and Mo5SiB2, which could be directly observed during in situ experiments for the first time.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100111} (DOI). Hasemann, G.; Zhu, L.; Hauschildt, K.; Blankenburg, M.; Ida, S.; Pyczak, F.; Yoshimi, K.; Krüger, M.: In situ Observation of Ternary Eutectic Growth in a Directionally Solidified Mo–Si–B Alloy Using High-Energy Synchrotron X-Rays. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100111. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100111}} @misc{czaja_suppression_and_2021, author={Czaja, P., Chulist, R., Wojcik, A., Kowalczyk, M., Zackiewicz, P., Szewczyk, A., Schell, N., Maziarz, W.}, title={Suppression and Recovery of Martensitic Transformation and Magnetism in Mechanically and Thermally Treated Magnetic Shape-Memory Ni−Mn−Ga Melt-Spun Ribbons}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100075}, abstract = {As-melt-spun Ni50.2Mn28.3Ga21.5 ribbons are subjected to milling and subsequent annealing for various times. With progressing milling time, the martensitic transformation is gradually suppressed, magnetic moment deteriorates, whereas the crystal structure undergoes a body centered tetragonal (bct) into face centered cubic (fcc) change. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrates a twin-deformed zone in fcc powder particles, which works to improve circularity of as-produced powders. Subsequent annealing of as-milled powders restores martensitic transformation and magnetism, as well as it reverts the fcc into the original 5M structure. It is hence showcased that due to an allotropic transformation, brittle Heusler alloys are mechanically optimized for 3D printing without loss of their functional properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100075} (DOI). Czaja, P.; Chulist, R.; Wojcik, A.; Kowalczyk, M.; Zackiewicz, P.; Szewczyk, A.; Schell, N.; Maziarz, W.: Suppression and Recovery of Martensitic Transformation and Magnetism in Mechanically and Thermally Treated Magnetic Shape-Memory Ni−Mn−Ga Melt-Spun Ribbons. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100075. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100075}} @misc{paul_interfacial_reactions_2021, author={Paul, H., Chulist, R., Mania, I., Schell, N., Lityńska-Dobrzyńska, L.}, title={Interfacial Reactions in the Bonding Zones of Explosively Welded Tantalum to Stainless Steel Sheets}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001521}, abstract = {The microstructure of the interfacial layers of explosively welded Ta/stainless steel (SS) and Ta/Cu/SS composites is investigated by X-ray synchrotron radiation, scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies. SEM analyses show that all interfaces between joined sheets undergo wave-shaped deformation with the solidified melt regions situated preferentially in the wave vortexes and at the wave crests. These reaction regions show a nonuniform distribution of phases in terms of chemical composition with elements belonging to both neighboring sheets. According to TEM analyses and synchrotron X-ray measurements, the solidified melt regions between Ta and SS predominantly consist of brittle, amorphous, or nanocrystalline phases that are not observed in equilibrium phase diagrams. The microstructure of the solidified melt near the Ta/Cu interface is dominated by Cu and Ta nanoparticles and small dendrites, typically less than 100 nm in diameter, whereas nanosized crystalline phases with complex chemical compositions are identified near the Cu/SS interface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001521} (DOI). Paul, H.; Chulist, R.; Mania, I.; Schell, N.; Lityńska-Dobrzyńska, L.: Interfacial Reactions in the Bonding Zones of Explosively Welded Tantalum to Stainless Steel Sheets. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2001521. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001521}} @misc{wallmeier_phenomenological_analysis_2021, author={Wallmeier, M., Barbier, C., Beckmann, F., Brandberg, A., Holmqvist, C., Kulachenko, A., Moosmann, J., Östlund, S., Pettersson, T.}, title={Phenomenological analysis of constrained in-plane compression of paperboard using micro-computed tomography Imaging}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0092}, abstract = {Large deformations under in-plane compression of paperboard appear in forming processes like hydroforming, pressforming and deep drawing, but the mechanisms of deformation have not been studied on a micromechanical level. A constrained in-plane compression test is presented. This test allows for in-plane compression, buckling, wrinkling and compaction. The constrained compression test is realized using a DEBEN CT-500 in-situ tester for laboratory microtomography and synchrotron microtomography. Experiments with five different materials spanning from laboratory handsheets to commercially available multi-layered paperboards are performed. Image processing is used to observe the local out-of-plane fiber orientation and compaction. A phenomenological investigation of the deformation behavior of these materials is presented. Delamination is found to be the primary mechanisms of failure in the multi-layered boards. Furthermore, a porous network structure, created by using long and minimally refined softwood fibers, is found to facilitate the formation of uniform wrinkles and compaction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0092} (DOI). Wallmeier, M.; Barbier, C.; Beckmann, F.; Brandberg, A.; Holmqvist, C.; Kulachenko, A.; Moosmann, J.; Östlund, S.; Pettersson, T.: Phenomenological analysis of constrained in-plane compression of paperboard using micro-computed tomography Imaging. Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. 2021. vol. 36, no. 3, 491-502. DOI: 10.1515/npprj-2020-0092}} @misc{frank_insitu_investigation_2021, author={Frank, F., Tkadletz, M., Saringer, C., Stark, A., Schell, N., Deluca, M., Czettl, C., Schalk, N.}, title={In-Situ Investigation of the Oxidation Behaviour of Chemical Vapour Deposited Zr(C,N) Hard Coatings Using Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030264}, abstract = {The oxidation behaviour of chemical vapour deposited ZrN, ZrC and ZrCN coatings was investigated using in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). To obtain a precise analysis of the temperature–dependent phase evolution during oxidation, coating powders were annealed in air between 100 °C and 1000 °C. Simultaneously, 2D XRD patterns were recorded in ~2 °C increments, which were subsequently evaluated using parametric Rietveld refinement. The results were correlated with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements, to further illuminate the oxidation mechanism of each coating system. ZrCN exhibited the highest oxidation onset temperature, followed by ZrC and ZrN. Furthermore, ZrCN was completely oxidised at a temperature of ~720 °C, which was ~50–70 °C higher than for ZrN and ZrC. The in-situ experiments revealed a similar oxidation sequence for all three samples: first, tetragonal and/or cubic (c/t)–ZrO2 is formed, which subsequently transforms into the more stable monoclinic (m)–ZrO2 phase. ZrCN and ZrC showed a higher c/t–ZrO2 fraction than the ZrN sample at 1000 °C. Furthermore, ex-situ Raman and XRD investigations of the oxidised samples revealed the ongoing c/t–ZrO2 → m–ZrO2 phase transformation during cooling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030264} (DOI). Frank, F.; Tkadletz, M.; Saringer, C.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Deluca, M.; Czettl, C.; Schalk, N.: In-Situ Investigation of the Oxidation Behaviour of Chemical Vapour Deposited Zr(C,N) Hard Coatings Using Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction. Coatings. 2021. vol. 11, no. 3, 264. DOI: 10.3390/coatings11030264}} @misc{oliveira_laser_welding_2021, author={Oliveira, J., Shen, J., Escobar, J., Salvador, C., Schell, N., Zhou, N., Benafan, O.}, title={Laser welding of H-phase strengthened Ni-rich NiTi-20Zr high temperature shape memory alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109533}, abstract = {Laser welding of a Ni-rich NiTi-20Zr (at.%) high temperature shape memory alloy was performed. The starting base material was aged for 3 h at 550 °C followed by air cooling prior to welding to induce H-phase precipitation. Advanced microstructure characterization encompassing scanning and transmission electron microscopy, coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction, were used. Defect-free welds were obtained with a conduction welding mode. The weld thermal cycle altered the microstructure across the heat affected and fusion zones of the joints. The heat affected zone exhibited partial H-phase dissolution, causing a decrease in hardness. In the fusion zone, the H-phase fully dissolved, and the non-equilibrium rapid solidification conditions prevented the H-phase from re-precipitating during cooling, leading to a microstructure resembling that of an as-cast alloy with the same material composition. Mechanical testing revealed that the laser welded samples sustained stresses in the order of 500 MPa and exhibited stress-strain responses comparable to those of the unwelded base material. Thus, this initial study shows new possibilities for using advanced laser joining methods in these alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109533} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Shen, J.; Escobar, J.; Salvador, C.; Schell, N.; Zhou, N.; Benafan, O.: Laser welding of H-phase strengthened Ni-rich NiTi-20Zr high temperature shape memory alloy. Materials & Design. 2021. vol. 202, 109533. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109533}} @misc{wang_insight_into_2021, author={Wang, L., Snihirova, D., Deng, M., Wang, C., Vaghefinazari, B., Wiese, G., Langridge, M., Höche, D., Lamaka, S., Zheludkevich, M.}, title={Insight into physical interpretation of high frequency time constant in electrochemical impedance spectra of Mg}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109501}, abstract = {Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed to study the evolution of surface condition, which related to the high frequency time constant of Mg, in 0.05 M NaCl solution at three different pH. Based on the assumption that the high frequency time constant originates solely from the surface film, the thickness of MgO film was calculated via fitting EIS results. The deduced results were compared with the actual surface condition, characterized by transmission electron microscopy and local measurements. The results verified that the time constant at the high frequency range originates from the barrier properties of the surface film.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109501} (DOI). Wang, L.; Snihirova, D.; Deng, M.; Wang, C.; Vaghefinazari, B.; Wiese, G.; Langridge, M.; Höche, D.; Lamaka, S.; Zheludkevich, M.: Insight into physical interpretation of high frequency time constant in electrochemical impedance spectra of Mg. Corrosion Science. 2021. vol. 187, 109501. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109501}} @misc{shamsolhodaei_superelasticity_preservation_2021, author={Shamsolhodaei, A., Oliveira, J., Panton, B., Ballesteros, B., Schell, N., Zhou, Y.}, title={Superelasticity preservation in dissimilar joint of NiTi shape memory alloy to biomedical PtIr}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101090}, abstract = {Laser microwelding was used to join, for the first time, superelastic NiTi to biomedical PtIr which can be used in multicomponent biomedical devices. By process optimization, it was possible to control the formation of the B2 NiTiPt phase, with no intermetallic compounds being formed. The NiTiPt phase inside the fusion zone had a strong metallurgical bonding with the NiTi base material due to the smooth transition of its grain orientation towards 〈111〉 B2 NiTi. The major finding of the present work is the preservation of the NiTi superelastic response in the welded joint as evidenced by the load/unloading cycling up to 6% strain, significantly higher than typically required for biomedical applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101090} (DOI). Shamsolhodaei, A.; Oliveira, J.; Panton, B.; Ballesteros, B.; Schell, N.; Zhou, Y.: Superelasticity preservation in dissimilar joint of NiTi shape memory alloy to biomedical PtIr. Materialia. 2021. vol. 16, 101090. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101090}} @misc{gapeeva_electrochemical_surface_2021, author={Gapeeva, A., Vogtmann, J., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Beckmann, F., Gurka, M., Carstensen, J., Adelung, R.}, title={Electrochemical Surface Structuring for Strong SMA Wire–Polymer Interface Adhesion}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c00807}, abstract = {Active hybrid composites represent a novel class of smart materials used to design morphing surfaces, opening up new applications in the aircraft and automotive industries. The bending of the active hybrid composite is induced by the contraction of electrically activated shape memory alloy (SMA) wires, which are placed with an offset to the neutral axis of the composite. Therefore, the adhesion strength between the SMA wire and the surrounding polymer matrix is crucial to the load transfer and the functionality of the composite. Thus, the interface adhesion strength is of great importance for the performance and the actuation potential of active hybrid composites. In this work, the surface of a commercially available one-way effect NiTi SMA wire with a diameter of 1 mm was structured by selective electrochemical etching that preferably starts at defect sites, leaving the most thermodynamically stable surfaces of the wire intact. The created etch pits lead to an increase in the surface area of the wire and a mechanical interlocking with the polymer, resulting in a combination of adhesive and cohesive failure modes after a pull-out test. Consequently, the force of the first failure determined by an optical stress measurement was increased by more than 3 times when compared to the as-delivered SMA wire. The actuation characterization test showed that approximately the same work capacity could be retrieved from structured SMA wires. Moreover, structured SMA wires exhibited the same shape of the stress–strain curve as the as-delivered SMA wire, and the mechanical performance was not influenced by the structuring process. The austenite start As and austenite finish Af transformation temperatures were also not found to be affected by the structuring process. The formation of etching pits with different geometries and densities was discussed with regard to the kinetics of oxide formation and dissolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c00807} (DOI). Gapeeva, A.; Vogtmann, J.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Beckmann, F.; Gurka, M.; Carstensen, J.; Adelung, R.: Electrochemical Surface Structuring for Strong SMA Wire–Polymer Interface Adhesion. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2021. vol. 13, no. 18, 21924-21935. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00807}} @misc{zellerplumhoff_evaluating_the_2021, author={Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Laipple, D., Slominska, H., Iskhakova, K., Longo, E., Hermann, A., Flenner, S., Greving, I., Storm, M., Willumeit-Römer, R.}, title={Evaluating the morphology of the degradation layer of pure magnesium via 3D imaging at resolutions below 40 nm}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.009}, abstract = {Magnesium is attractive for the application as a temporary bone implant due to its inherent biodegradability, non-toxicity and suitable mechanical properties. The degradation process of magnesium in physiological environments is complex and is thought to be a diffusion-limited transport problem. We use a multi-scale imaging approach using micro computed tomography and transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) at resolutions below 40 nm. Thus, we are able to evaluate the nanoporosity of the degradation layer and infer its impact on the degradation process of pure magnesium in two physiological solutions. Magnesium samples were degraded in simulated body fluid (SBF) or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for one to four weeks. TXM reveals the three-dimensional interconnected pore network within the degradation layer for both solutions. The pore network morphology and degradation layer composition are similar for all samples. By contrast, the degradation layer thickness in samples degraded in SBF was significantly higher and more inhomogeneous than in DMEM+10%FBS. Distinct features could be observed within the degradation layer of samples degraded in SBF, suggesting the formation of microgalvanic cells, which are not present in samples degraded in DMEM+10%FBS. The results suggest that the nanoporosity of the degradation layer and the resulting ion diffusion processes therein have a limited influence on the overall degradation process. This indicates that the influence of organic components on the dampening of the degradation rate by the suppression of microgalvanic degradation is much greater in the present study.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.009} (DOI). Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Laipple, D.; Slominska, H.; Iskhakova, K.; Longo, E.; Hermann, A.; Flenner, S.; Greving, I.; Storm, M.; Willumeit-Römer, R.: Evaluating the morphology of the degradation layer of pure magnesium via 3D imaging at resolutions below 40 nm. Bioactive Materials. 2021. vol. 6, no. 12, 4368-4376. DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.009}} @misc{neumeier_partitioning_behavior_2021, author={Neumeier, S., Bresler, J., Zenk, C., Haussmann, L., Stark, A., Pyczak, F., Göken, M.}, title={Partitioning Behavior of Nb, Ta, and Zr in Fully Lamellar γ/α2 Titanium Aluminides and Its Effect on the Lattice Misfit and Creep Behavior}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100156}, abstract = {Previous investigations revealed that Nb, Ta and Zr improve the creep properties of fully lamellar titanium aluminides significantly. The enhanced creep properties can originate from different potential effects of the alloying elements. In this paper, the elements’ partitioning between α2–Ti3Al and γ–TiAl and their influence on the lattice parameters of ternary Ti–44Al–5X (X = Nb, Ta, Zr) alloys were investigated in comparison to a binary Ti‐44Al alloy by atom probe tomography and high energy X‐ray diffraction. Ta partitions nearly equally between α2 and γ, Nb accumulates slightly in γ and Zr enriches strongly in γ. Since all alloying elements have a larger radius than Ti, a stronger partitioning to γ decreases the lattice misfit more. The synchrotron measurements show a clear influence of the alloying elements on the lattice parameters and resulting lattice misfits in γ‐110]– and γ‐101]–direction as well as the c/a–ratio. In accordance with theoretical calculations based on the partitioning behaviour, the lattice misfit decreases from Ti–44Al–5Ta over Ti–44Al–5Nb to Ti–44Al–5Zr. The c/a–ratio decreases from Ti–44Al–5Nb over Ti–44Al–5Ta to Ti–44Al–5Zr. A correlation between the measured lattice misfits of the ternary Ti‐44Al‐5X with their primary creep strains was found, as the primary creep strain decreases with decreasing lattice misfit.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100156} (DOI). Neumeier, S.; Bresler, J.; Zenk, C.; Haussmann, L.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; Göken, M.: Partitioning Behavior of Nb, Ta, and Zr in Fully Lamellar γ/α2 Titanium Aluminides and Its Effect on the Lattice Misfit and Creep Behavior. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100156. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100156}} @misc{ponzsegrelles_integrative_anatomical_2021, author={Ponz-Segrelles, G., Glasby, C., Helm, C., Beckers, P., Hammel, J., Ribeiro, R., Aguado, M.}, title={Integrative anatomical study of the branched annelid Ramisyllis multicaudata (Annelida, Syllidae)}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21356}, abstract = {The sponge‐dwelling Syllidae Ramisyllis multicaudata and Syllis ramosa are the only annelid species for which a branched body with one head and multiple posterior ends is known. In these species, the head is located deep within the sponge, and the branches extend through the canal system of their host. The morphology of these creatures has captivated annelid biologists since they were first discovered in the late XIXth century, and their external characteristics have been well documented. However, how their branched bodies fit within their symbiotic host sponges and how branches translate into internal anatomy has not been documented before. These features are crucially relevant for understanding the body of these animals and, therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate these aspects. In order to assess these questions, live observation, as wells as histology, immunohistochemistry, micro‐computed tomography, and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used on specimens of R. multicaudata. By using these techniques, we show that the complex body of R. multicaudata specimens extends greatly through the canal system of their host sponges. We demonstrate that iterative external bifurcation of the body is accompanied by the bifurcation of the longitudinal organ systems that are characteristic of annelids. Additionally, we also highlight that the bifurcation process leaves an unmistakable fingerprint in the form of newly‐described “muscles bridges”. These structures theoretically allow one to distinguish original and derived branches at each bifurcation. Last, we characterize some of the internal anatomical features of the stolons (reproductive units) of R. multicaudata, particularly their nervous system. Here, we provide the first study of the internal anatomy of a branched annelid. This information is not only crucial to deepen our understanding of these animals and their biology, but it will also be key to inform future studies that try to explain how this morphology evolved.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21356} (DOI). Ponz-Segrelles, G.; Glasby, C.; Helm, C.; Beckers, P.; Hammel, J.; Ribeiro, R.; Aguado, M.: Integrative anatomical study of the branched annelid Ramisyllis multicaudata (Annelida, Syllidae). Journal of Morphology. 2021. vol. 282, no. 6, 900-916. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21356}} @misc{ebner_influence_of_2021, author={Ebner, S., Schnitzer, R., Maawad, E., Suppan, C., Hofer, C.}, title={Influence of partitioning parameters on the mechanical stability of austenite in a Q&P steel: A comparative in-situ study}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101033}, abstract = {The transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-effect is an efficient way to increase the formability in high performance steels. Hence, an optimal stability of the retained austenite is crucial to benefit the most from this effect. In the present work, in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction was used to study the austenite to martensite transformation upon uniaxial tensile loading of a TRIP-assisted steel produced by the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process. A detailed analysis of the diffraction patterns recorded during deformation allowed to study the austenite stability with respect to the applied partitioning conditions. The austenite stability was found to strongly depend on the applied heat treatment, and could be mainly attributed to the carbon content and to the tempering degree of the surrounding martensitic matrix. Partitioning at 260 °C resulted in a poor austenite stability, while the austenite was almost too stable after partitioning at 360 °C. The optimal combination of strength and ductility was found for partitioning at 400 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101033} (DOI). Ebner, S.; Schnitzer, R.; Maawad, E.; Suppan, C.; Hofer, C.: Influence of partitioning parameters on the mechanical stability of austenite in a Q&P steel: A comparative in-situ study. Materialia. 2021. vol. 15, 101033. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101033}} @misc{reiberg_lattice_strain_2021, author={Reiberg, M., Li, X., Maawad, E., Werner, E.}, title={Lattice strain during compressive loading of AlCrFeNiTi multi-principal element alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-021-00990-9}, abstract = {In this work, multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs) with the five base elements Al, Cr, Fe, Ni and Ti plus elements in minor amounts were produced by powder metallurgy and their microstructure and elastic behavior were analyzed via light and scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The two studied compositions are an MPEA with Al, Cr, Fe, Ni and Ti in equimolar ratio as well as a similar composition with a concentration of Ti reduced to 10 mol%. The goal is to analyze the microstructural behavior of these compositions during macroscopic loading in dependence of chemical composition and phases present. Analysis via synchrotron X-ray diffraction predicts the presence of body-centered cubic phases, Full Heusler-phases and C14_Laves-phases in both compositions, MPEA5 and MPEA_Ti10. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction offers the possibility to monitor the deformation of these phases during macroscopic loading of specimens. Thermodynamic calculations of stable phases predicted a microstructure of MPEA5 consisting of body-centered cubic and Full Heusler-phases at room temperature. Further calculation and X-ray diffraction experiments showed the stabilization of minor amounts of C14_Laves-phase (Fe2Ti}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-021-00990-9} (DOI). Reiberg, M.; Li, X.; Maawad, E.; Werner, E.: Lattice strain during compressive loading of AlCrFeNiTi multi-principal element alloys. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics. 2021. vol. 33, no. 4, 1541-1554. DOI: 10.1007/s00161-021-00990-9}} @misc{giuntini_deformation_behavior_2021, author={Giuntini, D., Davydok, A., Blankenburg, M., Domènech, B., Bor, B., Li, M., Scheider, I., Krywka, C., Müller, M., Schneider, G.}, title={Deformation Behavior of Cross-Linked Supercrystalline Nanocomposites: An in Situ SAXS/WAXS Study during Uniaxial Compression}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05041}, abstract = {With the ever-expanding functional applications of supercrystalline nanocomposites (a relatively new category of materials consisting of organically functionalized nanoparticles arranged into periodic structures), it becomes necessary to ensure their structural stability and understand their deformation and failure mechanisms. Inducing the cross-linking of the functionalizing organic ligands, for instance, leads to a remarkable enhancement of the nanocomposites’ mechanical properties. It is however still unknown how the cross-linked organic phase redistributes applied loads, how the supercrystalline lattice accommodates the imposed deformations, and thus in general what phenomena govern the overall material’s mechanical response. This work elucidates these aspects for cross-linked supercrystalline nanocomposites through an in situ small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering study combined with uniaxial pressing. Because of this loading condition, it emerges that the cross-linked ligands effectively carry and distribute loads homogeneously throughout the nanocomposites, while the superlattice deforms via rotation, slip, and local defects generation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05041} (DOI). Giuntini, D.; Davydok, A.; Blankenburg, M.; Domènech, B.; Bor, B.; Li, M.; Scheider, I.; Krywka, C.; Müller, M.; Schneider, G.: Deformation Behavior of Cross-Linked Supercrystalline Nanocomposites: An in Situ SAXS/WAXS Study during Uniaxial Compression. Nano Letters. 2021. vol. 21, no. 7, 2891-2897. DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05041}} @misc{badano_discovery_of_2021, author={Badano, D., Zhang, Q., Fratini, M., Maugeri, L., Bukreeva, I., Longo, E., Wilde, F., Yeates, D., Cerretti, P.}, title={Discovery of Lebambromyia in Myanmar Cretaceous Amber: Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Implications (Insecta, Diptera, Phoroidea)}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040354}, abstract = {Lebambromyia sacculifera sp. nov. is described from Late Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, integrating traditional observation techniques and X-ray phase contrast microtomography. Lebambromyia sacculifera is the second species of Lebambromyia after L. acrai Grimaldi and Cumming, described from Lebanese amber (Early Cretaceous), and the first record of this taxon from Myanmar amber, considerably extending the temporal and geographic range of this genus. The new specimen bears a previously undetected set of phylogenetically relevant characters such as a postpedicel sacculus and a prominent clypeus, which are shared with Ironomyiidae and Eumuscomorpha. Our cladistic analyses confirmed that Lebambromyia represented a distinct monophyletic lineage related to Platypezidae and Ironomyiidae, though its affinities are strongly influenced by the interpretation and coding of the enigmatic set of features characterizing these fossil flies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040354} (DOI). Badano, D.; Zhang, Q.; Fratini, M.; Maugeri, L.; Bukreeva, I.; Longo, E.; Wilde, F.; Yeates, D.; Cerretti, P.: Discovery of Lebambromyia in Myanmar Cretaceous Amber: Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Implications (Insecta, Diptera, Phoroidea). Insects. 2021. vol. 12, no. 4, 354. DOI: 10.3390/insects12040354}} @misc{wieland_propagationbased_phase_2021, author={Wieland, D., Krueger, S., Moosmann, J., Distler, T., Weizel, A., Boccaccini, A., Seitz, H., Jonitz-Heincke, A., Bader, R.}, title={Propagation-Based Phase Contrast Computed Tomography as a Suitable Tool for the Characterization of Spatial 3D Cell Distribution in Biomaterials}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001188}, abstract = {The 3D structural investigation of soft tissue samples under near physiological conditions is challenging as most established techniques require embedding, staining, or cutting samples. Such manipulations can induce artifacts or result in a tremendous workload by, e.g., the preparation of multiple 2D images to retrieve the volume information. A non‐invasive technique allowing to image the soft tissue in a 3D fashion is propagation‐based phase contrast computed tomography. We explore the methods' unique properties to assess the 3D distribution and size of human chondrocytes within collagen scaffolds in a liquid environment without embedding. To seek if the identification of differences in cell distribution is possible, we have seeded cartilage cells on collagen scaffolds that were unstimulated or stimulated by alternating electric fields for 7 days. Analysis of the 3D cell distributions reveals that the migration depth of the chondrocytes into the scaffold is nearly doubled along with the total number of cells due to the applied electric field. Further analysis shows no specific size distribution of the chondrogenic cells. Our results indicate that propagation‐based phase contrast computed tomography is a suitable tool to determine the 3D distribution of cells within a biomaterial investigated under aqueous conditions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001188} (DOI). Wieland, D.; Krueger, S.; Moosmann, J.; Distler, T.; Weizel, A.; Boccaccini, A.; Seitz, H.; Jonitz-Heincke, A.; Bader, R.: Propagation-Based Phase Contrast Computed Tomography as a Suitable Tool for the Characterization of Spatial 3D Cell Distribution in Biomaterials. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2001188. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001188}} @misc{stockhausen_collagen_fiber_2021, author={Stockhausen, K., Qwamizadeh, M., Wölfel, E., Hemmatian, H., Fiedler, I., Flenner, S., Longo, E., Amling, M., Greving, I., Ritchie, R., Schmidt, F., Busse, B.}, title={Collagen Fiber Orientation Is Coupled with Specific Nano-Compositional Patterns in Dark and Bright Osteons Modulating Their Biomechanical Properties}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04786}, abstract = {Bone continuously adapts to its mechanical environment by structural reorganization to maintain mechanical strength. As the adaptive capabilities of bone are portrayed in its nano- and microstructure, the existence of dark and bright osteons with contrasting preferential collagen fiber orientation (longitudinal and oblique-angled, respectively) points at a required tissue heterogeneity that contributes to the excellent fracture resistance mechanisms in bone. Dark and bright osteons provide an exceptional opportunity to deepen our understanding of how nanoscale tissue properties influence and guide fracture mechanisms at larger length scales. To this end, a comprehensive structural, compositional, and mechanical assessment is performed using circularly polarized light microscopy, synchrotron nanocomputed tomography, focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nanoindentation testing. To predict how the mechanical behavior of osteons is affected by shifts in collagen fiber orientation, finite element models are generated. Fundamental disparities between both osteon types are observed: dark osteons are characterized by a higher degree of mineralization along with a higher ratio of inorganic to organic matrix components that lead to higher stiffness and the ability to resist plastic deformation under compression. On the contrary, bright osteons contain a higher fraction of collagen and provide enhanced ductility and energy dissipation due to lower stiffness and hardness.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c04786} (DOI). Stockhausen, K.; Qwamizadeh, M.; Wölfel, E.; Hemmatian, H.; Fiedler, I.; Flenner, S.; Longo, E.; Amling, M.; Greving, I.; Ritchie, R.; Schmidt, F.; Busse, B.: Collagen Fiber Orientation Is Coupled with Specific Nano-Compositional Patterns in Dark and Bright Osteons Modulating Their Biomechanical Properties. ACS Nano. 2021. vol. 15, no. 1, 455-467. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04786}} @misc{oehring_an_in_2021, author={Oehring, M., Matthiessen, D., Blankenburg, M., Schell, N., Pyczak, F.}, title={An In Situ High-Energy Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Study of Directional Solidification in Binary TiAl Alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100151}, abstract = {Phase formation and microstructure selection during solidification in γ‐TiAl alloys are highly relevant, both with respect to the microstructure and texture of cast alloys and to directional solidification, which allows to obtain a unique combination of properties. However, during cooling to room temperature the solidifying phases transform to low temperature phases which mask the prior situation during solidification. A new inductive crucible‐free zone melting furnace has been used in this work which has been specially designed for in situ investigations of solidification using synchrotron radiation. In this work, alloys with 45 and 48 at.% Al have been studied and it could be shown, that with varying withdrawal rate a change from α solidification to synchronous β + α solidification occurred in Ti‐48Al as it has been predicted in literature. Further, it was observed that by increasing the withdrawal rate a preferred <001> growth of the β phase occurred in alloys with 45 at.% Al, which is interpreted as a transition to dendritic solidification. The observations are compared with a microstructure selection map calculated according to the nucleation and constitutional undercooling (NCU) model proposed in literature.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100151} (DOI). Oehring, M.; Matthiessen, D.; Blankenburg, M.; Schell, N.; Pyczak, F.: An In Situ High-Energy Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Study of Directional Solidification in Binary TiAl Alloys. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100151. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100151}} @misc{walker_estimation_of_2021, author={Walker, M., Hammel, J., Wilde, F., Hoehfurtner, T., Humphries, S., Schuech, R.}, title={Estimation of sinking velocity using free-falling dynamically scaled models: Foraminifera as a test case}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.230961}, abstract = {The velocity of settling particles is an important determinant of distribution in extinct and extant species with passive dispersal mechanisms, such as plants, corals and phytoplankton. Here, we adapted dynamic scaling, borrowed from engineering, to determine settling velocity. Dynamic scaling leverages physical models with relevant dimensionless numbers matched to achieve similar dynamics to the original object. Previous studies have used flumes, wind tunnels or towed models to examine fluid flow around objects with known velocities. Our novel application uses free-falling models to determine the unknown sinking velocity of planktonic Foraminifera – organisms important to our understanding of the Earth's current and historic climate. Using enlarged 3D printed models of microscopic Foraminifera tests, sunk in viscous mineral oil to match their Reynolds numbers and drag coefficients, we predicted sinking velocity of real tests in seawater. This method can be applied to study other settling particles such as plankton, spores or seeds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.230961} (DOI). Walker, M.; Hammel, J.; Wilde, F.; Hoehfurtner, T.; Humphries, S.; Schuech, R.: Estimation of sinking velocity using free-falling dynamically scaled models: Foraminifera as a test case. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2021. vol. 224, no. 2, jeb230961. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230961}} @misc{duarte_wire_and_2021, author={Duarte, V., Rodrigues, T., Schell, N., Oliveira, J., Miranda, R.}, title={Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001036}, abstract = {Wire and arc additive manufacturing of high‐strength low‐alloy steel is performed. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the samples are investigated and correlated with the process heat input. Continuous and pulsed wave welding modes are studied and added material efficiencies are determined. The microstructural characterization and microhardness test reveal that the heat input effect is more impactful when parts are produced with pulsed wave mode. Microstrain evolution and phase fraction are evaluated via synchrotron X‐ray diffraction. A higher percentage of austenite in the samples built with higher heat input is determined. Uniaxial tensile testing results show that it is possible to improve ductility and mechanical strength by varying the process parameters.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001036} (DOI). Duarte, V.; Rodrigues, T.; Schell, N.; Oliveira, J.; Miranda, R.: Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 20010036. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001036}} @misc{bodner_correlative_crosssectional_2021, author={Bodner, S., Meindlhumer, M., Ziegelwanger, T., Winklmayr, H., Hatzenbichler, T., Schindelbacher, C., Sartory, B., Krobath, M., Ecker, W., Schell, N., Keckes, J.}, title={Correlative cross-sectional characterization of nitrided, carburized and shot-peened steels: synchrotron micro-X-ray diffraction analysis of stress, microstructure and phase gradients}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.099}, abstract = {Mechanical properties of case modified steels depend decisively on the near-surface gradients of residual stresses, microstructures, phases and chemical composition, which are generated by the empirically well-established case-hardening techniques. Currently, however, to obtain the correlation between near-surface structure–property gradients, applied hardening process parameters and steels’ overall performance is a very challenging task. In this work, high-energy synchrotron cross-sectional X-ray diffraction (CSmicroXRD) using a pencil beam cross-section of 20 × 500 μm2 and complementary analytical techniques are used to characterize the surface-to-bulk gradient of (i) a plasma nitrided steel W300, (ii) a carburized case hardening steel (grade 18CrNiMo7-6) and (iii) a shot-peened high strength steel, type 300M. CSmicroXRD analysis reveals complex gradients of martensite and austenite phases, residual stresses in both phases, crystallographic texture and the evolution of diffraction peak broadening with a spatial resolution of ~20 μm. These parameters are correlated with the gradients of hardness, morphology-microstructure and with the changes in N and C concentrations and/or retained austenite formation/depletion in all three model samples. Finally, the correlative micro-analytics approach indicates the complexity of near surface structure-property relationships as well as the importance of innovative cross-sectional characterization, which allows for assessing gradual near-surface physical and/or chemical changes accompanying thermo-chemical and mechanical surface treatments.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.099} (DOI). Bodner, S.; Meindlhumer, M.; Ziegelwanger, T.; Winklmayr, H.; Hatzenbichler, T.; Schindelbacher, C.; Sartory, B.; Krobath, M.; Ecker, W.; Schell, N.; Keckes, J.: Correlative cross-sectional characterization of nitrided, carburized and shot-peened steels: synchrotron micro-X-ray diffraction analysis of stress, microstructure and phase gradients. Journal of Materials Research and Technology : JMRT. 2021. vol. 11, 1396-1410. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.01.099}} @misc{meyer_degradation_analysis_2021, author={Meyer, S., Wolf, A., Sanders, D., Iskhakova, K., Ćwieka, H., Bruns, S., Flenner, S., Greving, I., Hagemann, J., Willumeit-Römer, R., Wiese, B., Zeller-Plumhoff, B.}, title={Degradation Analysis of Thin Mg-xAg Wires Using X-ray Near-Field Holotomography}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091422}, abstract = {Magnesium–silver alloys are of high interest for the use as temporary bone implants due to their antibacterial properties in addition to biocompatibility and biodegradability. Thin wires in particular can be used for scaffolding, but the determination of their degradation rate and homogeneity using traditional methods is difficult. Therefore, we have employed 3D imaging using X-ray near-field holotomography with sub-micrometer resolution to study the degradation of thin (250 μm diameter) Mg-2Ag and Mg-6Ag wires. The wires were studied in two states, recrystallized and solution annealed to assess the influence of Ag content and precipitates on the degradation. Imaging was employed after degradation in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and 10% fetal bovine serum after 1 to 7 days. At 3 days of immersion the degradation rates of both alloys in both states were similar, but at 7 days higher silver content and solution annealing lead to decreased degradation rates. The opposite was observed for the pitting factor. Overall, the standard deviation of the determined parameters was high, owing to the relatively small field of view during imaging and high degradation inhomogeneity of the samples. Nevertheless, Mg-6Ag in the solution annealed state emerges as a potential material for thin wire manufacturing for implants.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091422} (DOI). Meyer, S.; Wolf, A.; Sanders, D.; Iskhakova, K.; Ćwieka, H.; Bruns, S.; Flenner, S.; Greving, I.; Hagemann, J.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Wiese, B.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.: Degradation Analysis of Thin Mg-xAg Wires Using X-ray Near-Field Holotomography. Metals. 2021. vol. 11, no. 9, 1422. DOI: 10.3390/met11091422}} @misc{staron_thermal_expansion_2021, author={Staron, P., Stark, A., Schell, N., Spoerk-Erdely, P., Clemens, H.}, title={Thermal expansion of a multiphase intermetallic Ti-Al-Nb-Mo alloy studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040727}, abstract = {Intermetallic γ-TiAl-based alloys are lightweight materials for high-temperature applications, e.g., in the aerospace and automotive industries. They can replace much heavier Ni-based alloys at operating temperatures up to 750 °C. Advanced variants of this alloy class enable processing routes that include hot forming. These alloys consist of three relevant crystallographic phases (γ-TiAl, α2-Ti3Al, βo-TiAl) that transform into each other at different temperatures. For thermo-mechanical treatments as well as for adjusting alloy properties required under service conditions, the knowledge of the thermal expansion behavior of these phases is important. Therefore, thermal expansion coefficients were determined for the relevant phases in a Ti-Al-Nb-Mo alloy for temperatures up to 1100 °C using high-energy X-ray diffraction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040727} (DOI). Staron, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Clemens, H.: Thermal expansion of a multiphase intermetallic Ti-Al-Nb-Mo alloy studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction. Materials. 2021. vol. 14, no. 4, 727. DOI: 10.3390/ma14040727}} @misc{kreuzer_saltdependent_phase_2021, author={Kreuzer, L.P., Widmann, T., Geiger, C., Wang, P., Vagias, A., Heger, J.E., Haese, M., Hildebrand, V., Laschewsky, A., Papadakis, C.M., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Salt-Dependent Phase Transition Behavior of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01342}, abstract = {The water vapor-induced swelling, as well as subsequent phase-transition kinetics, of thin films of a diblock copolymer (DBC) loaded with different amounts of the salt NaBr, is investigated in situ. In dilute aqueous solution, the DBC features an orthogonally thermoresponsive behavior. It consists of a zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine) block, namely, poly(4-(N-(3′-methacrylamidopropyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio) butane-1-sulfonate) (PSBP), showing an upper critical solution temperature, and a nonionic block, namely, poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM), exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature. The swelling kinetics in D2O vapor at 15 °C and the phase transition kinetics upon heating the swollen film to 60 °C and cooling back to 15 °C are followed with simultaneous time-of-flight neutron reflectometry and spectral reflectance measurements. These are complemented by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The collapse temperature of PNIPMAM and the swelling temperature of PSBP are found at lower temperatures than in aqueous solution, which is attributed to the high polymer concentration in the thin-film geometry. Upon inclusion of sub-stoichiometric amounts (relative to the monomer units) of NaBr in the films, the water incorporation is significantly increased. This increase is mainly attributed to a salting-in effect on the zwitterionic PSBP block. Whereas the addition of NaBr notably shifts the swelling temperature of PSBP to lower temperatures, the collapse temperature of PNIPMAM remains unaffected by the presence of salt in the films.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01342} (DOI). Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Geiger, C.; Wang, P.; Vagias, A.; Heger, J.; Haese, M.; Hildebrand, V.; Laschewsky, A.; Papadakis, C.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Salt-Dependent Phase Transition Behavior of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Langmuir. 2021. vol. 37, no. 30, 9179-9191. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01342}} @misc{shen_insitu_synchrotron_2021, author={Shen, J., Zeng, Z., Nematollahi, M., Schell, N., Maawad, E., Vasin, R., Safaei, K., Poorganji, B., Elahinia, M., Oliveira, J.}, title={In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of the elastic behaviour of martensite and H-phase in a NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addlet.2021.100003}, abstract = {High temperature shape memory alloys of the Ni-Ti-Hf system are potential candidates for aerospace applications where powder bed additive manufacturing technologies are being increasingly used. In this work, a Ti-rich NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy powder was processed by laser powder bed fusion. The standard heat treatment of 550 ⁰C for 3 hours was imposed to promote H-phase precipitation. At room temperature, the material has a dual-phase microstructure composed of martensite, the matrix, and H-phase, as a strengthening precipitate. High energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction is used to evaluate, in-situ, the elastic behaviour of the fabricated part. The deformation anisotropy of several (h k l) families of planes of both phases is evidenced. No major texture changes were observed upon macroscopic elastic loading. We illustrate the potential of using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction for detailed analyses of minority phases in additively manufactured components.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addlet.2021.100003} (DOI). Shen, J.; Zeng, Z.; Nematollahi, M.; Schell, N.; Maawad, E.; Vasin, R.; Safaei, K.; Poorganji, B.; Elahinia, M.; Oliveira, J.: In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of the elastic behaviour of martensite and H-phase in a NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing Letters. 2021. vol. 1, 100003. DOI: 10.1016/j.addlet.2021.100003}} @misc{frck_in_situ_2021, author={Fröck, H., Rowolt, C., Milkereit, B., Reich, M., Kowalski, W., Stark, A., Kessler, O.}, title={In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction of precipitation and dissolution reactions during heating of Al alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06548-z}, abstract = {During heating of Al alloys, typically a sequence of precipitation and dissolution reactions occurs and the single (partly opposing) reactions superimpose. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is one common technique to analyse the kinetic development of precipitation and dissolution in Al alloys, but the superposition of the exothermic precipitation and endothermic dissolution reactions complicates the DSC signal interpretation, as DSC measures the sum of any heat effect. Synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) allows the kinetic development of phase transformations to be obtained and can support the separation of superimposed DSC signals. HEXRD results from this work offer a new approach to separate part of the superimposed reactions and their kinetic development for the equilibrium phases β-Mg2Si in EN AW-6082 and η-Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)2 in EN AW-7150. Comparing DSC and HEXRD results confirms serious overlap issues. Common DSC evaluation methods alone, using zero crossing between endothermic and exothermic heat flow or peak positions can be misleading regarding individual reaction start and finish temperatures as well as regarding reaction intensities, which can be unambiguously determined by in situ HEXRD.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06548-z} (DOI). Fröck, H.; Rowolt, C.; Milkereit, B.; Reich, M.; Kowalski, W.; Stark, A.; Kessler, O.: In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction of precipitation and dissolution reactions during heating of Al alloys. Journal of Materials Science. 2021. vol. 56, no. 35, 19697-19708. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06548-z}} @misc{zhang_an_additively_2021, author={Zhang, X.X., Lutz, A., Andrä, H., Lahres, M., Sittig, D., Maawad, E., Gan, W.M., Knoop, D.}, title={An additively manufactured and direct-aged AlSi3.5Mg2.5 alloy with superior strength and ductility: micromechanical mechanisms}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103083}, abstract = {An AlSi3.5Mg2.5 (wt%) alloy with excellent mechanical properties was produced via laser powder bed fusion in this study. The yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation of this as-built AlSi3.5Mg2.5 alloy reach about 406 MPa, 501 MPa, and 8.6%, respectively. These properties are dramatically superior to the current additively manufactured Al-Si-Mg alloys. A direct-aging treatment at 170°C for one hour increases the yield strength and ductility further to about 417 MPa and 11.0%, respectively, with the tensile strength remaining the same level. The microstructures and strengthening mechanisms of the as-built and direct-aged samples were investigated systematically. The underlying micromechanical mechanisms of the as-built and direct-aged samples were examined based on a combination of in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and three-dimensional crystal plasticity modeling. The as-built AlSi3.5Mg2.5 alloy possesses a fine microstructure, including fine grains and nano-sized Mg2Si and Si precipitates. After direct-aging treatment, additional Mg2Si and Si precipitate out. Besides, element diffusion upon aging treatment causes migration of cell boundaries and relaxation of residual stress. The direct-aging treatment leads to an increased Orowan strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and load-bearing strengthening effects. Moreover, the variations of microstructure and residual stress after the aging treatment change the dislocation behavior and increase the dislocation storage capacity, causing an increased ductility. Nevertheless, the aging treatment does not alert the type of damage and fracture. This study provides valuable insights to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured Al-Si-Mg alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103083} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Lutz, A.; Andrä, H.; Lahres, M.; Sittig, D.; Maawad, E.; Gan, W.; Knoop, D.: An additively manufactured and direct-aged AlSi3.5Mg2.5 alloy with superior strength and ductility: micromechanical mechanisms. International Journal of Plasticity. 2021. vol. 146, 103083. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103083}} @misc{wu_role_of_2021, author={Wu, T., Blawert, C., Serdechnova, M., Karlova, P., Dovzhenko, G., Wieland, F., Zheludkevich, M.}, title={Role of polymorph microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy on PEO coating formation in phosphate electrolyte}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127890}, abstract = {In this work, the formation behavior of PEO coatings on polymorph Ti6Al4V alloy with two different lattice structures (hexagonal close packed α-Ti and cubic body centered β-Ti phases) was studied, using two galvanostatically controlled processes. The phase formation as a function of treatment time was studied ex-situ locally on the two Ti phases by interrupting the treatment after certain time intervals and in-situ continuously in an integral manner by recording diffraction patterns from the changing surface during the PEO process. The initial discharges were preferred to start on β-Ti phases localized at the grain boundaries and then extends to the surrounding α-Ti grains. The presence of α- and β-Ti phases was also responsible for the different local coating surface morphology. A highly sintered morphology and larger-sized micro-pores developed firstly on the layer on β-Ti phases, with higher concentration of vanadium. These findings highlight the importance of microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy on the formation of PEO coatings. Under the selected conditions of PEO processing, the higher current density promotes the growing of the coating and reduces the surface roughness of the resultant coating. The ex-situ characterization of the coatings after certain periods shows that the final coatings mainly consist of anatase, rutile and an amorphous phase containing phosphorous. The formation of rutile, transformed from anatase, is influenced by the effective temperature of the discharges, thus the ratio of anatase to rutile is decreasing with treatment time. The in-situ characterization of phase evolution showed the formation of an amorphous phase in parallel with an expanded α-Ti phase, which is a result of oxygen incorporation into solid solution into the titanium lattice. Interestingly, the main formation of crystalline phases occur only when the HV is turned off and the coating obviously cools down.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127890} (DOI). Wu, T.; Blawert, C.; Serdechnova, M.; Karlova, P.; Dovzhenko, G.; Wieland, F.; Zheludkevich, M.: Role of polymorph microstructure of Ti6Al4V alloy on PEO coating formation in phosphate electrolyte. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2021. vol. 428, 127890. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127890}} @misc{lazurenko_structure_and_2021, author={Lazurenko, D.V., Golkovsky, M.G., Stark, A., Pyczak, F., Bataev, I.A., Ruktuev, A.A., Petrov, I.Yu., Laptev, I.S.}, title={Structure and Properties of Ti-Al-Ta and Ti-Al-Cr Cladding Layers Fabricated on Titanium}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071139}, abstract = {Being one of the most high-demand structural materials, titanium has several disadvantages, including low resistance to high-temperature oxidation and wear. The properties of titanium and its alloys can be improved by applying protective intermetallic coatings. In this study, 2 mm thick Ti-Al-Ta and Ti-Al-Cr layers were obtained on titanium workpieces by a non-vacuum electron-beam cladding. The microstructure and phase compositions of the samples were different for various alloying elements. The Cr-containing layer consisted of α2, γ, and B2 phases, while the Ta-containing layer additionally consisted of ω′ phase (P3¯m1). At the same atomic concentrations of aluminum and an alloying element in both layers, the volume fraction of the B2/ω phase in the Ti-41Al-7Ta alloy was significantly lower than in the Ti-41Al-7Cr alloy, and the amount of γ phase was higher. The Ti-41Al-7Cr layer had the highest wear resistance (2.1 times higher than that of titanium). The maximum oxidation resistance (8 times higher compared to titanium) was observed for the Ti-41Al-7Ta layer.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071139} (DOI). Lazurenko, D.; Golkovsky, M.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; Bataev, I.; Ruktuev, A.; Petrov, I.; Laptev, I.: Structure and Properties of Ti-Al-Ta and Ti-Al-Cr Cladding Layers Fabricated on Titanium. Metals. 2021. vol. 11, no. 7, 1139. DOI: 10.3390/met11071139}} @misc{liu_in_situ_2021, author={Liu, J., Wu, T., Wang, M., Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Wang, K., Staron, P., Schell, N., Huber, N., Kashaev, N.}, title={In situ observation of competitive growth of α grains during β → α transformation in laser beam manufactured TiAl alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111371}, abstract = {Low ductility has long been the bottleneck for high temperature application of TiAl alloys. It is reported that grain refinement through boride could improve its mechanical property. However, this refinement is suppressed at high cooling rate. This article delineates for the first time an in situ observation by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. It illustrates the mechanism of competitive nucleation and grain growth of Burgers and non-Burgers α grains during β → α transformation in a Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2C–0.2B alloy (TNB-V5). Comparing with those in base material, the volume fraction and size of borides are significantly reduced in the welding zone. The non-Burgers α grains nucleate earlier than Burgers α. However, Burgers α grains grow much faster than non-Burgers α during β → α transformation in the welding zone, due to a high thermodynamic driving force of Burgers α grains. No orientation relationships between α and borides or between β and borides are observed in the fast cooling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111371} (DOI). Liu, J.; Wu, T.; Wang, M.; Wang, L.; Zhou, Q.; Wang, K.; Staron, P.; Schell, N.; Huber, N.; Kashaev, N.: In situ observation of competitive growth of α grains during β → α transformation in laser beam manufactured TiAl alloys. Materials Characterization. 2021. vol. 179, 111371. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111371}} @misc{hua_new_insight_2021, author={Hua, K., Zhang, F., Kou, H., Wan, Q., Zhang, Y., Gan, W., Li, J.}, title={New insight into deformation induced α variant selection in a metastable β titanium alloy during isothermal compression at 600 ​°C}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.04.005}, abstract = {Variant selection during phase transformation creates a specific transformation texture and finally affects the mechanical properties of the alloys. The transformation lattice deformation associated selection mechanism has not been well addressed. In the present work, the α variant selection in a Ti–7Mo–3Nb–3Cr–3Al alloy under isothermal compression at low temperature was investigated. The results show that the selection of the α variants is strongly affected by the imposed strain and the load with the dependence on the effective strain distribution induced by macroscopic shape deformation. In the center region of the compressed sample, 4 Burgers orientation relationship (BOR) variants orienting in four different directions and forming two sets of ‘cross-shaped’ clusters were selected. Such variants consumed the maximum strain contribution to the macroscopic compression. In the edge region of the compressed sample, only 2 BOR variants with 90°/<1 1.38 0> or 10°/<0001> disorientation relationship were selected. The selection criterion was still obeyed by the variants but with restriction from the local effective strain distribution induced by macroscopic shape deformation. The present work provides the clear information on the interweaving of the imposed compression with the internal lattice deformation and its impact on the β to α transformation variant selection.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.04.005} (DOI). Hua, K.; Zhang, F.; Kou, H.; Wan, Q.; Zhang, Y.; Gan, W.; Li, J.: New insight into deformation induced α variant selection in a metastable β titanium alloy during isothermal compression at 600 ​°C. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 2021. vol. 31, no. 3, 471-476. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2021.04.005}} @misc{kerber_in_situ_2021, author={Kerber, M., Spieckermann, F., Schuster, R., von Baeckmann, C., Fischer, T., Schell, N., Waitz, T., Schafler, E.}, title={In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction during High-Pressure Torsion Deformation of Ni and NiTi}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100159}, abstract = {A down-sized high-pressure torsion device is developed to be used in an INSTRON deformation machine available at the High Energy Materials Science beamline at PETRA III. This setup allows to obtain synchrotron diffraction patterns in situ during severe plastic straining. Two different materials are studied: in pure Ni, the dislocation density and coherently scattering domain size are analyzed; in NiTi shape memory alloy, amorphization and a reverse martensitic phase transformation are investigated. The in situ experiments facilitate the characterization of the microstructural evolution of these materials depending on uniaxial loading, hydrostatic pressure, and torsional strain.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100159} (DOI). Kerber, M.; Spieckermann, F.; Schuster, R.; von Baeckmann, C.; Fischer, T.; Schell, N.; Waitz, T.; Schafler, E.: In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction during High-Pressure Torsion Deformation of Ni and NiTi. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100159. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100159}} @misc{renk_stainless_steel_2021, author={Renk, O., Enzinger, R., Gammer, C., Scheiber, D., Oberdorfer, B., Tkadletz, M., Stark, A., Sprengel, W., Pippan, R., Eckert, J., Romaner, L., Ruban, A.}, title={Stainless steel reveals an anomaly in thermal expansion behavior of severely deformed materials}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.113609}, abstract = {Thermal expansion of materials is of fundamental practical relevance and arises from an interplay of several material properties. For nanocrystalline materials, accurate measurements of thermal expansion based on high-precision reference dilatometry allow inferring phenomena taking place at internal interfaces such as vacancy annihilation at grain boundaries. Here we report on measurements obtained for a severely deformed 316L austenitic steel, showing an anomaly in difference dilatometry curves which we attribute to the exceptionally high density of stacking faults. On the basis of ab intio simulations we report evidence that the peculiar magnetic state of the 316L austenitic steel causes stacking faults to expand more than the matrix. So far, the effect has only been observed for this particular austenitic steel but we expect that other magnetic materials could exhibit an even more pronounced anomaly.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.113609} (DOI). Renk, O.; Enzinger, R.; Gammer, C.; Scheiber, D.; Oberdorfer, B.; Tkadletz, M.; Stark, A.; Sprengel, W.; Pippan, R.; Eckert, J.; Romaner, L.; Ruban, A.: Stainless steel reveals an anomaly in thermal expansion behavior of severely deformed materials. Physical Review Materials. 2021. vol. 5, no. 11, 113609. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.113609}} @misc{haug_texas_beetle_2021, author={Haug, J., Zippel, A., Haug, G., Hoffeins, C., Hoffeins, H., Hammel, J., Baranov, V., Haug, C.}, title={Texas beetle larvae (Brachypsectridae) – the last 100 million years reviewed}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.v14.a8}, abstract = {Larvae of Brachypsectridae (Texas beetles) have often been considered rare. However, they are known from North America, Asia and Australia in the extant fauna, and from Miocene, Eocene and Cretaceous ambers. We review the overall record of extant and fossil larvae of Brachypsectridae represented in the literature. Furthermore, we present three new specimens, which were all documented via light microscopy. Two of the specimens are from Baltic amber, and the third one is from the Cretaceous amber of Myanmar; the latter was additionally documented via synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography. The number of known extant specimens, more than 20, is unusually high compared to other small groups of beetles and with respect to the low number of eight formally described species. The number of fossil specimens from the Miocene, Eocene and Cretaceous is low, two to three specimens per time slice. This makes a comparison of morphological diversity difficult. Still such an analysis of overall body shape as well as of the anterior body region revealed no significant quantitatively recognisable changes over time. However, some qualitative changes in the morphology of the antenna and lateral processes from the Cretaceous to younger faunas could be identified.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.18476/pale.v14.a8} (DOI). Haug, J.; Zippel, A.; Haug, G.; Hoffeins, C.; Hoffeins, H.; Hammel, J.; Baranov, V.; Haug, C.: Texas beetle larvae (Brachypsectridae) – the last 100 million years reviewed. Palaeodiversity. 2021. vol. 14, no. 1, 161-183. DOI: 10.18476/pale.v14.a8}} @misc{tapar_in_situ_2021, author={Tapar, O., Steinbacher, M., Gibmeier, J., Schell, N., Epp, J.}, title={In situ Investigation during Low Pressure Carburizing by Means of Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction : In-situ-Untersuchung während der Niederdruckaufkohlung mittels Synchrotron-Röntgenbeugung}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0018}, abstract = {In situ X-ray diffraction investigations during low pressure carburizing (LPC) processes were performed with a specially developed process chamber at the German Electron Synchrotron Facility (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany. Carbon saturation in austenite was reached in less than 20 seconds for all processes with different parameters and carbides formed at the surface. Therefore, the direct contribution of carbon donor gas to the carbon profile after 20 seconds was reduced to very low levels. After that point, further supply of carbon donor gas increased the amount of carbides formed at the surface, which will contribute to the carbon profile indirectly by dissolution in the following diffusion steps. During quenching, martensite at higher temperatures had a lower c/a ratio than later formed ones. This difference is credited to self-tempering effects and reordering of carbon atoms within the martensite lattice.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2021-0018} (DOI). Tapar, O.; Steinbacher, M.; Gibmeier, J.; Schell, N.; Epp, J.: In situ Investigation during Low Pressure Carburizing by Means of Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction : In-situ-Untersuchung während der Niederdruckaufkohlung mittels Synchrotron-Röntgenbeugung. HTM - Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials. 2021. vol. 76, no. 6, 417-431. DOI: 10.1515/htm-2021-0018}} @misc{wjcik_evolution_of_2021, author={Wójcik, A., Chulist, R., Czaja, P., Kowalczyk, M., Zackiewicz, P., Schell, N., Maziarz, W.}, title={Evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture of Ni-Mn-Ga melt-spun ribbons exhibiting 1.15% magnetic field-induced strain}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117237}, abstract = {The microstructure and texture evolution of 10M Ni-Mn-Ga melt-spun ribbons were thoroughly evaluated by high-energy synchrotron radiation and electron backscatter diffraction. The as-spun ribbons were subjected to annealing treatment in order to tailor microstructure, atomic order degree, and crystallographic texture. The optimum annealing treatment at 1173 K for 72 h produced a homogenous <100> fiber texture and induced grain growth to the size that spans the entire ribbon thickness. This in turn reduced microstructural constraints for twin variant reorientation in the direction perpendicular to the ribbon surface. On the other hand, a homogenous radial microstructure ensured in-plane stress/strain compatibility giving rise to strain accommodation during variant reorientation. Particular attention was also given to the evaluation of atomic order, which to the largest extent controls the characteristic transformation temperatures. It also lowered the twinning stress to a level sufficiently low for martensitic variant reorientation under magnetic field. As a result, 1.15% magnetic field-induced strain without the aid of mechanical training in the self-accommodated state was achieved.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117237} (DOI). Wójcik, A.; Chulist, R.; Czaja, P.; Kowalczyk, M.; Zackiewicz, P.; Schell, N.; Maziarz, W.: Evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture of Ni-Mn-Ga melt-spun ribbons exhibiting 1.15% magnetic field-induced strain. Acta Materialia. 2021. vol. 219, 117237. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117237}} @misc{gancarz_characterization_of_2021, author={Gancarz, T., Dobosz, A., Bogno, A., Cempura, G., Schell, N., Chulist, R., Henein, H.}, title={Characterization of rapidly solidified Al-Mg-Sc alloys with Li addition}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111290}, abstract = {This paper investigate the thermophysical properties of the liquid as well as the rapid solidification of Al5.0Mg0.2Sc alloys with 3.0 and 6.0 Li wt% by the discharge crucible, and Impulse Atomization techniques respectively. The discharge crucible method, allowed a simultaneous determination of density, surface tension and viscosity as a function of the temperature. While the density and surface tension are found to decrease with Li content, the viscosity increases due to short-range ordering occurring in intermetallic phases. In order to determine their characteristic temperatures, the alloys powder generated by Impulse Atomization were investigated using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter, while microstructural observations and chemical analyses were conducted using scanning and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. To study the influence of Li on the microstructural phase formation in these alloys, diffraction patterns analyses in transmission electron microscopy, as well X-ray diffraction using synchrotron measurements were carried out. The conducted measurements and microstructure observations revealed the precipitations of Al3Sc and Al2MgLi phases in both alloy compositions. In addition, AlLi precipitates were observed in Al5.0Mg0.2Sc6.0Li alloy, which is in agreement with the phase diagram.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111290} (DOI). Gancarz, T.; Dobosz, A.; Bogno, A.; Cempura, G.; Schell, N.; Chulist, R.; Henein, H.: Characterization of rapidly solidified Al-Mg-Sc alloys with Li addition. Materials Characterization. 2021. vol. 178, 111290. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111290}} @misc{lin_insitu_highenergy_2021, author={Lin, S., Borggren, U., Stark, A., Borgenstam, A., Mu, W., Hedström, P.}, title={In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study of austenite decomposition during rapid cooling and isothermal holding in two HSLA steels}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06192-x}, abstract = {In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments with high temporal resolution during rapid cooling (280 °C s−1) and isothermal heat treatments (at 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C for 30 minutes) were performed to study austenite decomposition in two commercial high-strength low-alloy steels. The rapid phase transformations occurring in these types of steels are investigated for the first time in-situ, aiding a detailed analysis of the austenite decomposition kinetics. For the low hardenability steel with main composition Fe-0.08C-1.7Mn-0.403Si-0.303Cr in weight percent, austenite decomposition to polygonal ferrite and bainite occurs already during the initial cooling. However, for the high hardenability steel with main composition Fe-0.08C-1.79Mn-0.182Si-0.757Cr-0.094Mo in weight percent, the austenite decomposition kinetics is retarded, chiefly by the Mo addition, and therefore mainly bainitic transformation occurs during isothermal holding; the bainitic transformation rate at the isothermal holding is clearly enhanced by lowered temperature from 550 °C to 500 °C and 450 °C. During prolonged isothermal holding, carbide formation leads to decreased austenite carbon content and promotes continued bainitic ferrite formation. Moreover, at prolonged isothermal holding at higher temperatures some degenerate pearlite form.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06192-x} (DOI). Lin, S.; Borggren, U.; Stark, A.; Borgenstam, A.; Mu, W.; Hedström, P.: In-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study of austenite decomposition during rapid cooling and isothermal holding in two HSLA steels. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2021. vol. 52, no. 5, 1812-1825. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06192-x}} @misc{li_microstructure_analysis_2021, author={Li, Y., Wang, T., Liu, Y., Chen, D., Sun, K., Li, M., Gan, W., Zha, M., Wang, S., Hofmann, M., Liu, X., Bai, R., Hou, Y., Gao, J., Li, X., Yu, Z., Tian, G.}, title={Microstructure Analysis and Bulk Texture Study in Wide Magnesium Alloy Sheets Processed by Twin-Roll Casting}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4068}, abstract = {The wide magnesium (Mg) alloy sheets produced by twin-roll casting (TRC) are prone to have an inhomogeneous microstructure and basal texture. Texture has a significant effect on the properties of Mg alloy sheets for the processes after TRC, which can be greatly modified by alloy composition. However, systematic studies on the bulk texture of TRCed Mg alloy sheets using neutron diffraction are lacking. In this study, neutron diffraction was used to explore the bulk textures in different positions of the Mg, Mg–Al–Zn, and Mg–Al–Sn–Zn alloy sheets produced by TRC, besides microstructure and micro-texture analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy and electron backscattering diffraction. The influence of alloy composition on the microstructure and texture evolution of TRCed Mg alloy sheets is explored and discussed. The TRCed pure Mg sheet possesses a relatively strong basal texture, and the texture distribution is inhomogeneous; while TRCed Mg–Al–Sn–Zn alloy sheets feature much weaker textures and a relatively homogenous distribution in different positions. The present study provides guidance for the control of texture via tailoring alloy compositions, which provides candidate Mg alloys suitable for the TRC process.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4068} (DOI). Li, Y.; Wang, T.; Liu, Y.; Chen, D.; Sun, K.; Li, M.; Gan, W.; Zha, M.; Wang, S.; Hofmann, M.; Liu, X.; Bai, R.; Hou, Y.; Gao, J.; Li, X.; Yu, Z.; Tian, G.: Microstructure Analysis and Bulk Texture Study in Wide Magnesium Alloy Sheets Processed by Twin-Roll Casting. Science of Advanced Materials. 2021. vol. 13, no. 9, 1771-1780. DOI: 10.1166/sam.2021.4068}} @misc{escobar_response_of_2021, author={Escobar, J.D., Delfino, P.M., Ariza-Echeverri, E.A., Carvalho, F.M., Schell, N., Stark, A., Rodrigues, T.A., Oliveira, J.P., Avila, J.A., Goldenstein, H., Tschiptschin, A.P.}, title={Response of ferrite, bainite, martensite, and retained austenite to a fire cycle in a fire-resistant steel}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111567}, abstract = {Understanding the kinetics of microstructural degradation during the event of a fire is of major relevance to future optimization of fire-resistant steels (FRS). In this work, we use in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction to assess the rapid thermally-assisted degradation of different starting microstructures, such as (i) ferrite + pearlite; (ii) bainite + retained austenite, and (iii) martensite + retained austenite, during the simulation of a fire cycle in a Fe-0.13C-0.11Cr-0.38Mo-0.04V FRS. Our results show that retained austenite is the most unstable phase, especially when generated by faster cooling rates, decomposing at temperatures as low as 180 °C during fire simulations. Bainite and martensite are both unstable and undergo recovery and carbon desaturation via secondary precipitation of cementite. However, bainite is comparatively more stable than martensite since its decomposition starts at 400 °C, while for martensite it occurs at 320 °C. We also present a methodology to deconvolute the effect of temperature on the increased background and signal intensities of the X-ray spectra, allowing the direct observation of the kinetics of secondary cementite precipitation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111567} (DOI). Escobar, J.; Delfino, P.; Ariza-Echeverri, E.; Carvalho, F.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; Rodrigues, T.; Oliveira, J.; Avila, J.; Goldenstein, H.; Tschiptschin, A.: Response of ferrite, bainite, martensite, and retained austenite to a fire cycle in a fire-resistant steel. Materials Characterization. 2021. vol. 182, 111567. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111567}} @misc{peruzzi_multimodal_ex_2021, author={Peruzzi, N., Galli, S., Helmholz, H., Kardjilov, N., Krüger, D., Markötter, H., Moosmann, J., Orlov, D., Prgomet, Z., Willumeit-Römer, R., Wennerberg, A., Bech, M.}, title={Multimodal ex vivo methods reveal that Gd-rich corrosion byproducts remain at the implant site of biodegradable Mg-Gd screws}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.047}, abstract = {Gadolinium is among the most promising alloying elements for property control in biodegradable magnesium alloy implants, but its toxicity is controversial and its behavior during corrosion needs to be investigated. We combine 2D energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and 3D neutron and x-ray tomography to image the degradation of magnesium-gadolinium implants after 12 weeks of healing time. We find that, at the time in exam, the corrosion has involved only the magnesium component, while the gadolinium remains localized at the implant site. X-ray fluorescence analysis of the main excretory organs also does not reveal any measurable accumulation of Gd, further reinforcing the conclusion that very limited or no removal at all of Gd-alloy has happened during degradation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.047} (DOI). Peruzzi, N.; Galli, S.; Helmholz, H.; Kardjilov, N.; Krüger, D.; Markötter, H.; Moosmann, J.; Orlov, D.; Prgomet, Z.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Wennerberg, A.; Bech, M.: Multimodal ex vivo methods reveal that Gd-rich corrosion byproducts remain at the implant site of biodegradable Mg-Gd screws. Acta Biomaterialia. 2021. vol. 136, 582-591. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.047}} @misc{couret_chemical_heterogeneities_2021, author={Couret, A., Allen, M., Rackel, M.W., Galy, B., Monchoux, J.-P., Güther, V., Pyczak, F., Sallot, P., Thomas, M.}, title={Chemical heterogeneities in tungsten containing TiAl alloys processed by powder metallurgy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101147}, abstract = {During the last decade, it has been shown that the W-containing IRIS-TiAl alloy displays promising properties for structural applications at high temperatures. The manufacturing process of this alloy is divided into three successive steps: electrode production, powder atomisation and spark plasma sintering (SPS) densification. However, an IRIS alloy densified by using pre-alloyed powders atomized by EIGA process (Electrode Induction melting Gas Atomisation) has recently been found to exhibit chemical heterogeneities. The aim of the present work is to look for the origin of such heterogeneities all along this manufacturing process. The microstructures and the chemical compositions of the material obtained after these different steps are thus investigated at intermediate and local scales by using various experimental tools. A particular attention is paid to the distribution of tungsten atoms in correlation to the constituent phases. Effects of these heterogeneities on mechanical properties are measured by performing tensile tests at room and high temperatures. It will be demonstrated that these heterogeneities are issued from tungsten segregation occurring during the first stage of the initial solidification of the electrode, thus prior to atomisation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101147} (DOI). Couret, A.; Allen, M.; Rackel, M.; Galy, B.; Monchoux, J.; Güther, V.; Pyczak, F.; Sallot, P.; Thomas, M.: Chemical heterogeneities in tungsten containing TiAl alloys processed by powder metallurgy. Materialia. 2021. vol. 18, 101147. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101147}} @misc{fekete_the_temperature_2021, author={Fekete, K., Farkas, G., Drozdenko, D., Tolnai, D., Stark, A., Dobroň, P., Garcés, G., Máthis, K.}, title={The temperature effect on the plastic deformation of the Mg88Zn7Y5 alloy with LPSO phase studied by in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107321}, abstract = {The temperature dependence of the compressive deformation behavior of the Mg88Zn7Y5 alloy with a high volume fraction (~85%) of the long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) phase was studied by in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. The as-extruded microstructure exhibits a fully recrystallized α-Mg phase with a nearly random texture. The LPSO phase, identified as the 18R polytype, is represented by wavy lamellae elongated along the extrusion direction and has an intensive basal texture. The alloy compressed along the extrusion direction at room temperature shows a superior yield strength of 480 MPa. With increasing deformation temperature, the yield strength is reduced by 15% at 200 °C and by 46% at 300 °C, respectively. At all tested temperatures, the basal slip is activated in the α-Mg matrix far below the yield strength. The macroscopic yielding of the alloy is controlled by the activation of deformation kinking in the LPSO phase. The synchrotron radiation diffraction data indicate the stress localization at kinks with respect to the grains having the same orientation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107321} (DOI). Fekete, K.; Farkas, G.; Drozdenko, D.; Tolnai, D.; Stark, A.; Dobroň, P.; Garcés, G.; Máthis, K.: The temperature effect on the plastic deformation of the Mg88Zn7Y5 alloy with LPSO phase studied by in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. Intermetallics. 2021. vol. 138, 107321. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107321}} @misc{giuntini_defects_and_2021, author={Giuntini, D., Zhao, S., Krekeler, T., Li, M., Blankenburg, M., Bor, B., Schaan, G., Domènech, B., Müller, M., Scheider, I., Ritter, M., Schneider, G.A.}, title={Defects and plasticity in ultrastrong supercrystalline nanocomposites}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6063}, abstract = {Supercrystalline nanocomposites are nanoarchitected materials with a growing range of applications but unexplored in their structural behavior. They typically consist of organically functionalized inorganic nanoparticles arranged into periodic structures analogous to crystalline lattices, including superlattice imperfections induced by processing or mechanical loading. Although featuring a variety of promising functional properties, their lack of mechanical robustness and unknown deformation mechanisms hamper their implementation into devices. We show that supercrystalline materials react to indentation with the same deformation patterns encountered in single crystals. Supercrystals accommodate plastic deformation in the form of pile-ups, dislocations, and slip bands. These phenomena occur, at least partially, also after cross-linking of the organic ligands, which leads to a multifold strengthening of the nanocomposites. The classic shear theories of crystalline materials are found to describe well the behavior of supercrystalline nanocomposites, which result to feature an elastoplastic behavior, accompanied by compaction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6063} (DOI). Giuntini, D.; Zhao, S.; Krekeler, T.; Li, M.; Blankenburg, M.; Bor, B.; Schaan, G.; Domènech, B.; Müller, M.; Scheider, I.; Ritter, M.; Schneider, G.: Defects and plasticity in ultrastrong supercrystalline nanocomposites. Science Advances. 2021. vol. 7, no. 2, eabb6063. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6063}} @misc{liang_influence_of_2021, author={Liang, Z., Göken, M., Lorenz, U., Neumeier, S., Oehring, M., Pyczak, F., Stark, A., Wang, L.}, title={Influence of small amounts of Si and Cr on the high temperature oxidation behavior of novel cobalt base superalloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109388}, abstract = {The effect of small amounts of Si and Cr on the high temperature oxidation of alloys based on Co-9Al-9W was investigated at 900 °C. The results show that the effect of Si additions on oxidation resistance was more pronounced than for Cr additions. An addition of 4 at.% Cr was insufficient to produce a protective layer, while 2 at.% Si led to the formation of a dense, continuous Al2O3 scale. The thermodynamics and kinetics for Al2O3 layer formation were analyzed by combining CALPHAD and Wagnerʼs theory.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109388} (DOI). Liang, Z.; Göken, M.; Lorenz, U.; Neumeier, S.; Oehring, M.; Pyczak, F.; Stark, A.; Wang, L.: Influence of small amounts of Si and Cr on the high temperature oxidation behavior of novel cobalt base superalloys. Corrosion Science. 2021. vol. 184, 109388. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109388}} @misc{rodrigues_effect_of_2021, author={Rodrigues, T.A., Escobar, J.D., Shen, J., Duarte, V.R., Ribamar, G.G., Avila, J.A., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Santos, T.G., Oliveira, J.P.}, title={Effect of heat treatments on 316 stainless steel parts fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing : Microstructure and synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102428}, abstract = {Different geometrical features and intricate parts can now be fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Even though a broad range of applications rises with this technology, the processed metallic materials still follow metallurgy rules. Therefore, undesired phases may appear during the multiple thermal cycles affecting the fabricated part. One of the most used stainless steel in the industry is the 316 L, which provides a combination of high corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. In this study, 316 L stainless steel walls were fabricated by WAAM and submitted to several heat treatments to understand the precipitation kinetics of secondary phases and observe the δ-ferrite dissolution with synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. The as-built samples presented δ-ferrite dendrites in an austenite (γ) matrix. In-situ observations showed σ precipitation during the first minutes of isothermal holding at 950 °C, from direct precipitation on the δ-ferrite islands. Solubilization heat treatments at 1050 and 1200 °C resulted in an undissolved amount of ferrite of approximately 6.5% and 0.4%, respectively. The amount of δ-ferrite showed a direct relationship with the hardness values. This work combined advanced materials characterization and thermodynamic calculations to rationalize the microstructure evolution upon the use of heat treatments in WAAM-fabricated 316 L stainless steel parts.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102428} (DOI). Rodrigues, T.; Escobar, J.; Shen, J.; Duarte, V.; Ribamar, G.; Avila, J.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: Effect of heat treatments on 316 stainless steel parts fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing : Microstructure and synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. Additive Manufacturing. 2021. vol. 48, no. Part B, 102428. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102428}} @misc{barrioberovila_deformation_kinetics_2021, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Jerez-Mesa, R., Guitar, A., Gavalda-Diaz, O., Travieso-Rodríguez, J.A., Stark, A., Schell, N., Llumà, J., Fargas, G., Mateo, A., Roa, J.J.}, title={Deformation kinetics of a TRIP steel determined by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101251}, abstract = {The microstructure design and the development of predictive approaches exploiting the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect require a keen understanding of the kinetics governing the strain-induced martensitic transformation. In this work, in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction is applied to track the deformation kinetics of a commercial AISI 301LN metastable austenitic stainless steel in real-time. The kinetics obtained, providing the behaviour of the bulk material during room temperature tension up to a true strain of 0.3, unambiguously reveals the transformation sequence of ε and α′ martensite which is discussed with respect to the evolution of texture and slip. These results are enhanced with microstructure analysis including electron backscattered diffraction and transmission Kikuchi diffraction. The insights provided shed light on the role of ε during α′ transformation in metastable austenitic stainless steels and show that the latter is triggered by the general activation of slip.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101251} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Jerez-Mesa, R.; Guitar, A.; Gavalda-Diaz, O.; Travieso-Rodríguez, J.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Llumà, J.; Fargas, G.; Mateo, A.; Roa, J.: Deformation kinetics of a TRIP steel determined by in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Materialia. 2021. vol. 20, 101251. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101251}} @misc{klein_microstructure_evolution_2021, author={Klein, T., Graf, G., Staron, P., Stark, A., Clemens, H., Spoerk-Erdely, P.}, title={Microstructure evolution induced by the intrinsic heat treatment occurring during wire-arc additive manufacturing of an Al-Mg-Zn-Cu crossover alloy}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130500}, abstract = {The implementation of wire-arc additive manufacturing for fabricating complex structures requires detailed knowledge of process-structure-property relationships. Results of scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and microhardness measurements are presented to identify the mechanisms that govern the microstructure formation of an Al-Mg-Zn-Cu crossover alloy during wire-arc additive manufacturing. These analyses provide evidence on the formation of Mg-, Zn- and Cu-rich phases on different length scales spanning from ~10 µm (microsegregations), down to a few nm (bulk) following the intrinsic heat treatment. Future alloy concepts should build on the presented findings.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130500} (DOI). Klein, T.; Graf, G.; Staron, P.; Stark, A.; Clemens, H.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.: Microstructure evolution induced by the intrinsic heat treatment occurring during wire-arc additive manufacturing of an Al-Mg-Zn-Cu crossover alloy. Materials Letters. 2021. vol. 303, 130500. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2021.130500}} @misc{petz_lithium_distribution_2021, author={Petz, D., Mühlbauer, M.J., Baran, V., Schökel, A., Kochetov, V., Hofmann, M., Dyadkin, V., Staron, P., Vaughan, G., Lienert, U., Müller-Buschbaum, P., Senyshyn, A.}, title={Lithium distribution and transfer in high-power 18650-type Li-ion cells at multiple length scales}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.028}, abstract = {The distribution of lithium inside electrodes of a commercial Li-ion battery of 18650-type with LiFePO4 cathode and graphite anode is investigated on different length scales using neutron diffraction, X-ray (synchrotron-based) diffraction and X-ray computed tomography. Evolution of 2D (in-plane) lithium distribution in lithiated graphite is monitored during charge/discharge using millimeter-sized spatial resolution. Micrometer-sized details of cell organization and lithiation of both the positive and negative electrodes are obtained from diffraction-based tomography applying synchrotron radiation. In-situ lithiation of the cathode over its thickness and development of the lithium concentration front during cell charge/discharge is traced by diffraction-based profiling with a micrometer-sized synchrotron beam in a single-layer electrochemical cell.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.028} (DOI). Petz, D.; Mühlbauer, M.; Baran, V.; Schökel, A.; Kochetov, V.; Hofmann, M.; Dyadkin, V.; Staron, P.; Vaughan, G.; Lienert, U.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Senyshyn, A.: Lithium distribution and transfer in high-power 18650-type Li-ion cells at multiple length scales. Energy Storage Materials. 2021. vol. 41, 546-553. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.028}} @misc{plesiutschnig_an_in_2021, author={Plesiutschnig, E., Albu, M., Canelo-Yubero, D., Razumovskiy, V.I., Stark, A., Schell, N., Kothleitner, G., Beal, C., Sommitsch, C., Hofer, F.}, title={An In Situ Synchrotron Dilatometry and Atomistic Study of Martensite and Carbide Formation during Partitioning and Tempering}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143849}, abstract = {Precipitation hardened and tempered martensitic-ferritic steels (TMFSs) are used in many areas of our daily lives as tools, components in power generation industries, or in the oil and gas (O&G) industry for creep and corrosion resistance. In addition to the metallurgical and forging processes, the unique properties of the materials in service are determined by the quality heat treatment (HT). By performing a quenching and partitioning HT during an in situ high energy synchrotron radiation experiment in a dilatometer, the evolution of retained austenite, martensite laths, dislocations, and carbides was characterized in detail. Atomic-scale studies on a specimen with the same HT subjected to a laser scanning confocal microscope show how dislocations facilitate cloud formation around carbides. These clouds have a discrete build-up, and thermodynamic calculations and density functional theory explain their stability.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143849} (DOI). Plesiutschnig, E.; Albu, M.; Canelo-Yubero, D.; Razumovskiy, V.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Kothleitner, G.; Beal, C.; Sommitsch, C.; Hofer, F.: An In Situ Synchrotron Dilatometry and Atomistic Study of Martensite and Carbide Formation during Partitioning and Tempering. Materials. 2021. vol. 14, no. 14, 3849. DOI: 10.3390/ma14143849}} @misc{barrioberovila_interfacemediated_twinninginduced_2021, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Vallejos, J., Gussone, J., Haubrich, J., Kelm, K., Stark, A., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={Interface-Mediated Twinning-Induced Plasticity in a Fine Hexagonal Microstructure Generated by Additive Manufacturing}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105096}, abstract = {The grain size is a determinant microstructural feature to enable the activation of deformation twinning in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) metals. Although deformation twinning is one of the most effective mechanisms for improving the strength–ductility trade-off of structural alloys, its activation is reduced with decreasing grain size. This work reports the discovery of the activation of deformation twinning in a fine-grained hcp microstructure by introducing ductile body-centered cubic (bcc) nano-layer interfaces. The fast solidification and cooling conditions of laser-based additive manufacturing are exploited to obtain a fine microstructure that, coupled with an intensified intrinsic heat treatment, permits to generate the bcc nano-layers. In situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction allows tracking the activation and evolution of mechanical twinning in real-time. The findings obtained show the potential of ductile nano-layering for the novel design of hcp damage tolerant materials with improved life spans.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202105096} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Vallejos, J.; Gussone, J.; Haubrich, J.; Kelm, K.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: Interface-Mediated Twinning-Induced Plasticity in a Fine Hexagonal Microstructure Generated by Additive Manufacturing. Advanced Materials. 2021. vol. 33, no. 52, 2105096. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105096}} @misc{geiger_ternary_nanoswitches_2021, author={Geiger, C., Reitenbach, J., Henschel, C., Kreuzer, L.P., Widmann, T., Wang, P., Mangiapia, G., Moulin, J.-F., Papadakis, C.M., Laschewsky, A., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Ternary Nanoswitches Realized with Multiresponsive PMMA-b-PNIPMAM Films in Mixed Water/Acetone Vapor Atmospheres}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100191}, abstract = {To systematically add functionality to nanoscale polymer switches, an understanding of their responsive behavior is crucial. Herein, solvent vapor stimuli are applied to thin films of a diblock copolymer consisting of a short poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) block and a long poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) block for realizing ternary nanoswitches. Three significantly distinct film states are successfully implemented by the combination of amphiphilicity and co-nonsolvency effect. The exposure of the thin films to nitrogen, pure water vapor, and mixed water/acetone (90 vol%/10 vol%) vapor switches the films from a dried to a hydrated (solvated and swollen) and a water/acetone-exchanged (solvated and contracted) equilibrium state. These three states have distinctly different film thicknesses and solvent contents, which act as switch positions “off,” “on,” and “standby.” For understanding the switching process, time-of-flight neutron reflectometry (ToF-NR) and spectral reflectance (SR) studies of the swelling and dehydration process are complemented by information on the local solvation of functional groups probed with Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. An accelerated responsive behavior beyond a minimum hydration/solvation level is attributed to the fast build-up and depletion of the hydration shell of PNIPMAM, caused by its hydrophobic moieties promoting a cooperative hydration character.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100191} (DOI). Geiger, C.; Reitenbach, J.; Henschel, C.; Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Wang, P.; Mangiapia, G.; Moulin, J.; Papadakis, C.; Laschewsky, A.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Ternary Nanoswitches Realized with Multiresponsive PMMA-b-PNIPMAM Films in Mixed Water/Acetone Vapor Atmospheres. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100191. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100191}} @misc{foster_insitu_synchrotron_2021, author={Foster, D., Paladugu, M., Hughes, J., Kapousidou, M., Islam, U., Stark, A., Schell, N., Jimenez-Melero, E.}, title={In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during quenching and tempering of SAE 52100 steel}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102930}, abstract = {The quenching and tempering process of SAE 52100 bearing steel was continuously monitored via in-situ dilatometry and high-energy X-ray diffraction, mapping the evolution of the constituent phases and lattice distortions and their direct correlation with observed dimensional changes of the material. During quenching from an austenitisation temperature of 860–50 °C, there was a continuous increase in lattice distortion in the parent austenite. Below the martensite start temperature of MS = 209 ± 15.0 °C, the c - lattice parameter and lattice distortion of the formed martensite initially decreased, then subsequently presented an increasing trend. An increase in sample length was detected only at martensite fractions ≥ 18 vol%, and occurred simultaneously with an increase in the cα’/aα’ tetragonality ratio. An increase in sample length was detected during isothermal holding at 50 °C with a reduction in the martensite cα’ parameter, potentially due to the expulsion of carbon. Tempering promoted the loss of martensite tetragonality at 283 ± 7.80 °C. At a tempering temperature of 340 °C, the austenite retained after quenching transformed completely within 1.5 min. The following reduction in sample length and expulsion of carbon from martensite is correlated to the relaxation of lattice distortion in the martensite-bainitic ferrite matrix.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102930} (DOI). Foster, D.; Paladugu, M.; Hughes, J.; Kapousidou, M.; Islam, U.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Jimenez-Melero, E.: In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during quenching and tempering of SAE 52100 steel. Materials Today : Communications. 2021. vol. 29, 102930. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102930}} @misc{maheswari_temperature_dependent_2021, author={Maheswari, N., Amirthalingam, M., Schwedt, A., Brokmeier, H.G., Schell, N., Mayer, J., Kumar, K.C.H., Sankaran, S.}, title={Temperature dependent partitioning mechanisms and its associated microstructural evolution in a CMnSiAl quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102918}, abstract = {The effect of temperature (350 °C ¡ M ¡ 450 °C) on the partitioning mechanisms and the final microstructure evolution in a CMnSiAl quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel was investigated. The microstructure of both the Q&P specimens, comprised of distorted BCC or pseudo tetragonal martensite structure with two different characteristics namely (i) tempered or carbon depleted martensite that formed during initial quenching (M ¡ 240 °C ¡ M) and partitioning step and (ii) carbon enriched fresh martensite that formed after partitioning step and final quenching (RT) together with blocky and inter-lath films of retained austenite. In addition, packets of M/A constituents were observed in Q&P-350-1min specimen and some traces of carbide and plate martensite were observed in Q&P-450-1min specimen. The increase in partitioning temperature led to nearly 2% increase in the amount of retained austenite (both blocky and inter-lath) with increased carbon content of 0.27 wt.%. Along with carbon partitioning, slight interface mobility/isothermal martensite formation was also observed in the case of specimen partitioned at 350 °C, whereas tempering effect was predominantly seen in the case of specimen partitioned at 450 °C. Irrespective of the partitioning temperature, the amount of carbon required to stabilize the retained austenite at RT was found to be about 1.15 wt.% and was confirmed through APT analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102918} (DOI). Maheswari, N.; Amirthalingam, M.; Schwedt, A.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.; Mayer, J.; Kumar, K.; Sankaran, S.: Temperature dependent partitioning mechanisms and its associated microstructural evolution in a CMnSiAl quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel. Materials Today : Communications. 2021. vol. 29, 102918. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102918}} @misc{krger_assessing_the_2021, author={Krüger, D., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Wiese, B., Yi, S., Zuber, M., Wieland, F., Moosmann, J., Willumeit-Römer, R.}, title={Assessing the microstructure and in vitro degradation behavior of Mg-xGd screw implants using µCT}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.07.029}, abstract = {Although differences were observed in the degree of screw's near surface microstructure being influenced from machining, the degradation rates of both materials appeared to be suitable for application in orthopedic implants. From the degradation homogeneity point of view no obvious contrast was detected between both alloys. However, the higher degradation depth ratios between the crests and roots of Mg-5Gd ratios may indicated a less homogeneous degradation of the screws of these alloys on contract to the ones made of Mg-10Gd alloys. Due to its lower degradation rates, its more homogeneous microstructure, its weaker texture and better degradation performance extruded Mg-10Gd emerged more suitable as implant material than Mg-5Gd.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.07.029} (DOI). Krüger, D.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Wiese, B.; Yi, S.; Zuber, M.; Wieland, F.; Moosmann, J.; Willumeit-Römer, R.: Assessing the microstructure and in vitro degradation behavior of Mg-xGd screw implants using µCT. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2021. vol. 9, no. 6, 2207-2222. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2021.07.029}} @misc{baltruschat_scaling_the_2021, author={Baltruschat, I.M., Ćwieka, H., Krüger, D., Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Schlünzen, F., Willumeit-Römer, R., Moosmann, J., Heuser, P.}, title={Scaling the U-net: segmentation of biodegradable bone implants in high-resolution synchrotron radiation microtomograms}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03542-y}, abstract = {Highly accurate segmentation of large 3D volumes is a demanding task. Challenging applications like the segmentation of synchrotron radiation microtomograms (SRμCT) at high-resolution, which suffer from low contrast, high spatial variability and measurement artifacts, readily exceed the capacities of conventional segmentation methods, including the manual segmentation by human experts. The quantitative characterization of the osseointegration and spatio-temporal biodegradation process of bone implants requires reliable, and very precise segmentation. We investigated the scaling of 2D U-net for high resolution grayscale volumes by three crucial model hyper-parameters (i.e., the model width, depth, and input size). To leverage the 3D information of high-resolution SRμCT, common three axes prediction fusing is extended, investigating the effect of adding more than three axes prediction. In a systematic evaluation we compare the performance of scaling the U-net by intersection over union (IoU) and quantitative measurements of osseointegration and degradation parameters. Overall, we observe that a compound scaling of the U-net and multi-axes prediction fusing with soft voting yields the highest IoU for the class “degradation layer”. Finally, the quantitative analysis showed that the parameters calculated with model segmentation deviated less from the high quality results than those obtained by a semi-automatic segmentation method.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03542-y} (DOI). Baltruschat, I.; Ćwieka, H.; Krüger, D.; Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Schlünzen, F.; Willumeit-Römer, R.; Moosmann, J.; Heuser, P.: Scaling the U-net: segmentation of biodegradable bone implants in high-resolution synchrotron radiation microtomograms. Scientific Reports. 2021. vol. 11, no. 1, 24237. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03542-y}} @misc{graf_in_situ_2021, author={Graf, G., Rosigkeit, J., Krohmer, E., Staron, P., Krenn, R., Clemens, H., Spoerk-Erdely, P.}, title={In Situ Investigation of the Rapid Solidification Behavior of Intermetallic γ-TiAl-Based Alloys Using High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100557}, abstract = {Representing an attractive new processing method, additive manufacturing can be used to manufacture parts made of γ-TiAl-based alloys for high-temperature applications. However, in terms of nucleation during rapid solidification and subsequent solid-state phase transformations, the process is not yet fully understood, and research is still going on. This article focuses on a setup to study solidification processes during laser melting via in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction at a synchrotron radiation source. To create conditions similar to those encountered in powder bed-based additive manufacturing processes, such as electron beam melting or selective laser melting, a thin platelet is laser-melted on its upper edge. Phase transitions are measured simultaneously via high-energy X-ray diffraction in transmission geometry. The use of a thin platelet instead of the usual powder bed precludes the unfavorable contribution of solid phases from surrounding powder particles to the diffraction signal. First results of the in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiment on a Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr (in at%) alloy prove the applicability of the used setup for an accurate tracing of phase transformations upon rapid solidification.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100557} (DOI). Graf, G.; Rosigkeit, J.; Krohmer, E.; Staron, P.; Krenn, R.; Clemens, H.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.: In Situ Investigation of the Rapid Solidification Behavior of Intermetallic γ-TiAl-Based Alloys Using High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2100557. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202100557}} @misc{song_on_the_2021, author={Song, L., Appel, F., Stark, A., Lorenz, U., He, J., He, Z., Lin, J., Zhang, T., Pyczak, F.}, title={On the reversibility of the α2/ωo phase transformation in a high Nb containing TiAl alloy during high temperature deformation}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.058}, abstract = {The transformations between the phases α2 (Ti3Al) and ωo were investigated in a lamellar multiphase titanium aluminide alloy based on γ (TiAl). The paper complements an earlier investigation performed on the same material in which the importance of deformation-induced twin structures for the α2→ωo transformation was demonstrated. The present study shows that the reverse transformation ωo→α2 can also occur during high-temperature deformation. The transformation is probably triggered by constraint stresses, which exist between the different constituents due to the crystalline mismatch. The combined operation of mechanical twinning of the α2 phase and the reversible transformation fully converts the α2 lamellae into a mixture of α2 and ωo. This conversion greatly reduces the mechanical anisotropy existing in former α2 lamellae. Regarding the technical use of the alloy, the stability of the converted structure with respect to further annealing was also examined. The reported processes occur at the nano-meter and sub nano-meter scale, thus, advanced characterization techniques were applied, such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and atom probe tomography (APT).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.058} (DOI). Song, L.; Appel, F.; Stark, A.; Lorenz, U.; He, J.; He, Z.; Lin, J.; Zhang, T.; Pyczak, F.: On the reversibility of the α2/ωo phase transformation in a high Nb containing TiAl alloy during high temperature deformation. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2021. vol. 93, 96-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2021.02.058}} @misc{schaper_morphologyionic_conductivity_2021, author={Schaper, S., Metwalli, E., Kaeppel, M., Kriele, A., Gilles, R., Raftopoulos, K., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Morphology–Ionic Conductivity Relationship in Polymer–Titania Hybrid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c03393}, abstract = {The morphology and ionic conductivity of a high-molecular-weight polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) diblock copolymer (DBC) solid-state hybrid electrolyte, prepared entirely from solution, containing the lithium salt LiTFSI ([Li]/[EO] = 0.1) and titania (TiO2) nanoparticles (NP) were investigated at different temperatures. Structure investigation using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicates a rupture of the DBC morphology upon increasing TiO2–NP content, without a significant decrease in the ionic conductivity at high TiO2–NP contents. A high number of unbound charge carriers in the hybrid DBC electrolyte, achieved by careful tuning of the materials’ ratios, is the most important contribution to a high ionic conductivity.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.1c03393} (DOI). Schaper, S.; Metwalli, E.; Kaeppel, M.; Kriele, A.; Gilles, R.; Raftopoulos, K.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Morphology–Ionic Conductivity Relationship in Polymer–Titania Hybrid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2021. vol. 4, no. 12, 13438-13443. DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03393}} @misc{skoulas_tunable_hydrogels_2021, author={Skoulas, D., Mangiapia, G., Parisi, D., Kasimatis, M., Glynos, E., Stratikos, E., Vlassopoulos, D., Frielinghaus, H., Iatrou, H.}, title={Tunable Hydrogels with Improved Viscoelastic Properties from Hybrid Polypeptides}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01596}, abstract = {Hydrogels that can respond to a number of external stimuli and at the same time show impressive rheological properties are promising materials for a wide range of bioapplications. Here, we present a series of well-defined linear amphiphilic pentablock hybrid polypeptides of the ABCBA type, where A is poly(l-lysine), B is poly(l-histidine)-co-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate), and C is poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The polymers were synthesized by the sequential primary amine ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxy anhydrides using bis amine poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) as a bifunctional macroinitiator, and the length of all of the blocks was varied. The resulting materials formed novel extrudable in situ forming quickly self-healing hydrogels, responsive to the alteration of pH and increase of temperature. The connection between the alteration of the secondary structure of the polypeptides with the viscoelastic behavior was revealed by means of rheology and circular dichroism. Small-angle neutron scattering and scanning electron microscopy were employed to shed light on the structure of the polymers and how it affects their rheological properties. The obtained polymers were subjected to enzymatic degradation tests with trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase. The results suggest that these biomaterials have the potential to be used in a number of bioapplications like drug delivery, 3D printing, and tissue engineering.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01596} (DOI). Skoulas, D.; Mangiapia, G.; Parisi, D.; Kasimatis, M.; Glynos, E.; Stratikos, E.; Vlassopoulos, D.; Frielinghaus, H.; Iatrou, H.: Tunable Hydrogels with Improved Viscoelastic Properties from Hybrid Polypeptides. Macromolecules. 2021. vol. 54, no. 23, 10786-10800. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01596}} @misc{gustschin_highresolution_and_2021, author={Gustschin, A., Riedel, M., Taphorn, K., Petrich, C., Gottwald, W., Noichl, W., Busse, M., Francis, S., Beckmann, F., Hammel, J., Moosmann, J., Thibault, P., Herzen, J.}, title={High-resolution and sensitivity bi-directional x-ray phase contrast imaging using 2D Talbot array illuminators}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.441004}, abstract = {Two-dimensional (2D) Talbot array illuminators (TAIs) were designed, fabricated, and evaluated for high-resolution high-contrast x-ray phase imaging of soft tissue at 10–20 keV. The TAIs create intensity modulations with a high compression ratio on the micrometer scale at short propagation distances. Their performance was compared with various other wavefront markers in terms of period, visibility, flux efficiency, and flexibility to be adapted for limited beam coherence and detector resolution. Differential x-ray phase contrast and dark-field imaging were demonstrated with a one-dimensional, linear phase stepping approach yielding 2D phase sensitivity using unified modulated pattern analysis (UMPA) for phase retrieval. The method was employed for x-ray phase computed tomography reaching a resolution of 3 µm on an unstained murine artery. It opens new possibilities for three-dimensional, non-destructive, and quantitative imaging of soft matter such as virtual histology. The phase modulators can also be used for various other x-ray applications such as dynamic phase imaging, super-resolution structured illumination microscopy, or wavefront sensing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/optica.441004} (DOI). Gustschin, A.; Riedel, M.; Taphorn, K.; Petrich, C.; Gottwald, W.; Noichl, W.; Busse, M.; Francis, S.; Beckmann, F.; Hammel, J.; Moosmann, J.; Thibault, P.; Herzen, J.: High-resolution and sensitivity bi-directional x-ray phase contrast imaging using 2D Talbot array illuminators. Optica. 2021. vol. 8, no. 12, 1588-1595. DOI: 10.1364/optica.441004}} @misc{pyczak_stability_of_2021, author={Pyczak, F., Kononikhina, V., Stark, A.}, title={Stability of Ordered B2-βO and Disordered BCC-β Phases in Tial - A First Principles Study}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1016.1159}, abstract = {Either at higher temperatures or when a certain alloying element content is exceeded, γ-TiAl alloys contain the β phase (bcc) or its ordered derivate βo (B2). The relatively soft β phase can facilitate hot deformation, but βo is detrimental for creep strength and ductility. Thus, knowledge about βo→β phase transformation is desirable. Surprisingly, even for the binary Ti-Al system it is under discussion whether the ordered βo phase exists. Also, the effect of alloying elements on the β phase ordering is still unclear. In the present work the ordering of the β phase in binary Ti-(39,42,45)Al and ternary Ti-42Al-2X alloys (X=Fe, Cr, Nb, Ta, Mo) which was experimentally investigated by neutron and high energy X-ray diffraction is compared with the results of first principles calculations using density functional theory. Except for Cr the experimentally determined and the predicted behavior correspond.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1016.1159} (DOI). Pyczak, F.; Kononikhina, V.; Stark, A.: Stability of Ordered B2-βO and Disordered BCC-β Phases in Tial - A First Principles Study. Materials Science Forum. 2021. vol. 1016, no. 5, 1159-1165. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1016.1159}} @misc{defrancisco_3d_characterisation_2021, author={De Francisco, U., Beckmann, F., Moosmann, J., Larrosa, N., Peel, M.}, title={3D characterisation of hydrogen environmentally assisted cracking during static loading of AA7449-T7651}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-021-00595-y}, abstract = {In this investigation, synchrotron X-ray microtomography was used to perform 3D in situ observations of crack initiation and growth during hydrogen environmentally assisted cracking (HEAC) in tensile samples of AA7449-T7651. Two smooth tensile samples with a 1 mm diameter gauge section were held at a fixed displacement (≈30% of yield stress) in warm, moist air (≈76∘C, 73% relative humidity). The samples were then imaged repeatedly using X-ray tomography until they fractured completely. The tomograms showing the nucleation and evolution of intergranular cracks were correlated with electron microscopy fractographs. This enabled the identification of crack initiation sites and the characterisation of the crack growth behaviour relative to the microstructure. The samples were found to fracture within an environmental exposure time of 240 min. Some cracks in both samples nucleated within an exposure time of 80 min (33–40% of the total lifetime). Many cracks were found to nucleate both internally and at the sample surface. However, only superficial cracks contributed to the final fracture surface as they grew faster owing to the direct environmental exposure and the larger crack opening. HEAC occurred prominently via brittle intergranular cracking, and cracks were found to slow down when approaching grain boundary triple junctions. Additionally, crack shielding from nearby cracks and the presence of coarse Al–Cu–Fe particles at the grain boundaries were also found to temporarily reduce the crack growth rates. After prolonged crack growth, the HEAC cracks displayed ductile striations and transgranular fracture, revealing a change in the crack growth mechanism at higher stress intensity factors.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-021-00595-y} (DOI). De Francisco, U.; Beckmann, F.; Moosmann, J.; Larrosa, N.; Peel, M.: 3D characterisation of hydrogen environmentally assisted cracking during static loading of AA7449-T7651. International Journal of Fracture. 2021. vol. 232, no. 1, 93-116. DOI: 10.1007/s10704-021-00595-y}} @misc{schmeiser_internal_stress_2021, author={Schmeiser, F., Krohmer, E., Schell, N., Uhlmann, E., Reimers, W.}, title={Internal Stress Evolution and Subsurface Phase Transformation in Titanium Parts Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion - An In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001502}, abstract = {Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a metal additive manufacturing technology, which enables the manufacturing of complex geometries for various metals and alloys. Herein, parts made from commercially pure titanium are studied using in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments. Both the phase transformation and the internal stress buildup are evaluated depending on the processing parameters. For this purpose, evaluation approaches for both temperature and internal stresses from in situ diffraction patterns are presented. Four different parameter sets with varying energy inputs and laser scanning strategies are investigated. A combination of a low laser power and scanning speed leads to a more homogeneous stress distribution in the observed gauge volumes. The results show that the phase transformation is triggered during the primary melting and solidification of the powder and subsurface layers. Furthermore, the stress buildup as a function of the part height during the manufacturing process is clarified. A stress maximum is formed below the part surface, extending into deeper layers with increasing laser power. A temperature evaluation approach for absolute internal stresses shows that directional stresses decrease sharply during laser impact and reach their previous magnitude again during cooling.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202001502} (DOI). Schmeiser, F.; Krohmer, E.; Schell, N.; Uhlmann, E.; Reimers, W.: Internal Stress Evolution and Subsurface Phase Transformation in Titanium Parts Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion - An In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Study. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2021. vol. 23, no. 11, 2001502. DOI: 10.1002/adem.202001502}} @misc{conde_effect_of_2021, author={Conde, F., Avila, J., Oliveira, J., Schell, N., Oliveira, M., Oscobar, J.}, title={Effect of the as-built microstructure on the martensite to austenite transformation in a 18Ni maraging steel after laser-based powder bed fusion}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102122}, abstract = {During laser-based powder bed fusion, the non-equilibrium solidification conditions promote local elemental segregation, leading to a characteristic microstructure composed of cellular walls. These walls can display either low carbon BCC martensite or FCC retained austenite crystal structures, thus affecting the subsequent isochronal or isothermal martensite to austenite phase transformation mechanisms. In the present study, the effect of the non-homogeneous as-built microstructure on the martensite-to-austenite reversion phenomena was studied for a 18Ni maraging steel fabricated by laser-based powder bed fusion. In-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to retrieve the austenite volume fraction and lattice parameter evolution during the physical simulation of continuous heating cycles to the austenitic field; and during isothermal tempering cycles throughout the inter-critical tempered martensite + austenite (α’ + γ) field. The as-built microstructure resulted in the expansion of the inter-critical α’ + γ field during very slow heating rates. This was associated to the synergic effects of compositional segregations (anticipating reversion) and pre-existing retained austenite (delaying solubilization). During conventional inter-critical tempering, the as-built microstructure did not fundamentally alter the austenite reversion kinetics, resulting in similar high temperature microstructures at the end of the isothermal stage relative to the solution treated state.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102122} (DOI). Conde, F.; Avila, J.; Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Oliveira, M.; Oscobar, J.: Effect of the as-built microstructure on the martensite to austenite transformation in a 18Ni maraging steel after laser-based powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing. 2021. vol. 46, 102122. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102122}} @misc{distl_solidsolid_phase_2021, author={Distl, B., Hauschildt, K., Pyczak, F., Stein, F.}, title={Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Their Kinetics in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121991}, abstract = {The application of light-weight intermetallic materials to address the growing interest and necessity for reduction of CO2 emissions and environmental concerns has led to intensive research into TiAl-based alloy systems. However, the knowledge about phase relations and transformations is still very incomplete. Therefore, the results presented here from systematic thermal analyses of phase transformations in 12 ternary Ti-Al-Nb alloys and one binary Ti-Al measured with 4–5 different heating rates (0.8 to 10 °C/min) give insights in the kinetics of the second-order type reaction of ordered (βTi)o to disordered (βTi) as well as the three first-order type transformations from Ti3Al to (αTi), ωo (Ti4NbAl3) to (βTi)o, and O (Ti2NbAl) to (βTi)o. The sometimes-strong heating rate dependence of the transformation temperatures is found to vary systematically in dependence on the complexity of the transformations. The dependence on heating rate is nonlinear in all cases and can be well described by a model for solid-solid phase transformations reported in the literature, which allows the determination of the equilibrium transformation temperatures.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121991} (DOI). Distl, B.; Hauschildt, K.; Pyczak, F.; Stein, F.: Solid-Solid Phase Transformations and Their Kinetics in Ti-Al-Nb Alloys. Metals. 2021. vol. 11, no. 12, 1991. DOI: 10.3390/met11121991}} @misc{liang_breaking_the_2021, author={Liang, Z., Pyczak, F., Stark, A., Rao, Z., Neumeier, S., Göken, M.}, title={Breaking the continuity of the Al2O3 oxide scale by additions of Cr in Co-Al-W-based superalloys}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109594}, abstract = {The paper presents the effect of small amounts of Cr alloying on the oxidation behavior of a Co-9Al-9W-2Si alloy. A small amount of Cr alloying inhibits the formation of a continuous Al2O3 scale in the oxide layers. The exact mechanism is explained by studying the transient oxidation stages. Cr addition can increase the diffusion rate of oxygen in the oxidation scale. Al is consumed very fast by forming Co(Al,Cr)2O4. This impedes the formation of Al2O3. As a result, the few formed Al2O3 particles do not merge to a continuous scale in the oxide layer.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109594} (DOI). Liang, Z.; Pyczak, F.; Stark, A.; Rao, Z.; Neumeier, S.; Göken, M.: Breaking the continuity of the Al2O3 oxide scale by additions of Cr in Co-Al-W-based superalloys. Corrosion Science. 2021. vol. 189, 109594. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109594}} @misc{ding_development_and_2021, author={Ding, C., Hu, X., Shi, H., Gan, W., Wu, K., Wang, X.}, title={Development and strengthening mechanisms of a hybrid CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn composite fabricated by a novel method}, year={2021}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.05.012}, abstract = {The hybrid addition of CNTs was used to improve both the strengths and ductility of SiCp reinforced Mg matrix composites. A novel method was developed to simultaneously disperse SiCp and CNTs in Mg melt. Firstly, new CNTs@SiCp hybrid reinforcements were synthesized by CVD. Thus, CNTs were well pre-dispersed on the SiCp surfaces before they were added to Mg melt. Therefore, the following semisolid stirring and ultrasonic vibration dispersed the new hybrid reinforcements well in Mg-6Zn melt. The hybrid composite exhibits some unique features in microstructures. Although the distribution of SiCp was very uniform in the Mg-6Zn matrix, most CNTs distributed along the strips in the state of micro-clusters, in which CNTs were bonded very well with Mg matrix. Most of the CNTs kept their structure integrity during fabrication process. All these factors ensure that the hybrid composite have much higher strength and elongation than the mono SiC/Mg-6Zn composites. The dominant strengthening mechanism is the load transfer effect of CNTs. Apart from grain refinement, the CNTs toughen the composites by impeding the microcrack propagation inside the material. Thus, the hybrid CNTs@SiCp successfully realizes the reinforcing advantage of “1 + 1> 2”.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.05.012} (DOI). Ding, C.; Hu, X.; Shi, H.; Gan, W.; Wu, K.; Wang, X.: Development and strengthening mechanisms of a hybrid CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn composite fabricated by a novel method. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2021. vol. 9, no. 4, 1363-1372. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2020.05.012}} @misc{flenner_hard_xray_2020, author={Flenner, S., Kubec, A., David, C., Storm, M., Schaber, C., Vollrath, F., Müller, M., Greving, I., Hagemann, J.}, title={Hard X-ray nano-holotomography with a Fresnel zone plate}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.406074}, abstract = {X-ray phase contrast nanotomography enables imaging of a wide range of samples with high spatial resolution in 3D. Near-field holography, as one of the major phase contrast techniques, is often implemented using X-ray optics such as Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors, waveguides and compound refractive lenses. However, these optics are often tailor-made for a specific beamline and challenging to implement and align. Here, we present a near-field holography setup based on Fresnel zone plates which is fast and easy to align and provides a smooth illumination and flat field. The imaging quality of different types of Fresnel zone plates is compared in terms of the flat-field quality, the achievable resolution and exposure efficiency i.e. the photons arriving at the detector. Overall, this setup is capable of imaging different types of samples at high spatial resolution of below 100 nm in 3D with access to the quantitative phase information.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.406074} (DOI). Flenner, S.; Kubec, A.; David, C.; Storm, M.; Schaber, C.; Vollrath, F.; Müller, M.; Greving, I.; Hagemann, J.: Hard X-ray nano-holotomography with a Fresnel zone plate. Optics Express. 2020. vol. 28, no. 25, 37514-37525. DOI: 10.1364/OE.406074}} @misc{tober_observation_of_2020, author={Tober, S., Creutzburg, M., Arndt, B., Krausert, K., Mattauch, S., Koutsioubas, A., Pütter, S., Mohd, A., Volgger, L., Hutter, H., Noei, H., Vonk, V., Lott, D., Stierle, A.}, title={Observation of iron diffusion in the near-surface region of magnetite at 470 K}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023406}, abstract = {Experiments are reported, which allow us to quantify the near-surface cation diffusion in (001) oriented Fe3O4 single crystals at temperatures between 470 and 770 K. Thin homoepitaxial films of magnetite, grown using isotopically labeled 57Fe, were investigated by neutron reflectivity and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. By heating the thin films in high vacuum to different temperatures for a well-defined time and determining the 57Fe distribution along the surface normal, the diffusion lengths are obtained. For the investigated temperature range, diffusion constants of the order of 10−20 m2/s are deduced. These results are important in view of near-surface mass transport induced by oxygen chemical potential differences occurring when magnetite is exposed to different gas atmospheres or by adsorbates.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023406} (DOI). Tober, S.; Creutzburg, M.; Arndt, B.; Krausert, K.; Mattauch, S.; Koutsioubas, A.; Pütter, S.; Mohd, A.; Volgger, L.; Hutter, H.; Noei, H.; Vonk, V.; Lott, D.; Stierle, A.: Observation of iron diffusion in the near-surface region of magnetite at 470 K. Physical Review Research. 2020. vol. 2, 023406. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023406}} @misc{ebner_characterization_of_2020, author={Ebner, S., Schnitzer, R., Suppan, C., Stark, A., Liu, H., Hofer, C.}, title={Characterization of carbides in Q&P steels using a combination of high-resolution methods}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110242}, abstract = {It was found that this carbide precipitation resulted mainly from martensite tempering and partially also from a decomposition of the austenite. The detection of minor diffraction peaks that appeared during the partitioning step was assigned to θ- and χ-carbide formation, which was supported by correlative atom probe tomography (APT) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, NbC was detected by APT, but the amount was obviously too low to be detected by HEXRD. The applied methods are finally compared with regard to their applicability for carbide identification in Q&P steels.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110242} (DOI). Ebner, S.; Schnitzer, R.; Suppan, C.; Stark, A.; Liu, H.; Hofer, C.: Characterization of carbides in Q&P steels using a combination of high-resolution methods. Materials Characterization. 2020. vol. 163, 110242. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110242}} @misc{ghica_hrtem_analysis_2020, author={Ghica, C., Solís, C., Munke, J., Stark, A., Gehrmann, B., Bergner, M., Rösler, J., Gilles, R.}, title={HRTEM analysis of the high-temperature phases of the newly developed high-temperature Ni-base superalloy VDM 780 Premium}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152157}, abstract = {VDM 780 Premium is a recently developed Ni-based superalloy designed for working at high service temperatures (above 650 °C) while keeping the good workability of alloy 718. VDM 780 Premium is based on the austenitic matrix (γ phase) strengthened by intermetallic Ni3Al-like precipitates (γ’ phase, fcc L12 structure). Other co-precipitates may be formed in function of the applied heat treatment, such as Ni3Nb-based (δ phase, orthorhombic DOa structure) or Ni3Ti-based (η phase, hexagonal DO24 structure) precipitates. The amount as well as the size and morphology of the different precipitates depend on the heat treatments performed on the alloy, playing an important role in improving the creep properties or the behavior during forging and recrystallization. This work contains a complex study using various techniques of analytical electron microscopy and synchrotron diffraction intended to clarify the structure of the high-temperature phase formed in the newly developed VDM 780 Premium alloy. The atomic structure of the high-temperature plate-like precipitates formed in VDM 780 Premium after two different thermal treatments has been investigated in relation with the surrounding matrix lattice, proving the stacked δ/η structure of the precipitates.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152157} (DOI). Ghica, C.; Solís, C.; Munke, J.; Stark, A.; Gehrmann, B.; Bergner, M.; Rösler, J.; Gilles, R.: HRTEM analysis of the high-temperature phases of the newly developed high-temperature Ni-base superalloy VDM 780 Premium. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020. vol. 814, 152157. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152157}} @misc{callegari_insitu_synchrotron_2020, author={Callegari, B., Oliveira, J., Aristizabal, K., Coelho, R., Brito, P., Wu, L., Schell, N., Soldera, F., Mücklich, F., Pinto, H.}, title={In-situ synchrotron radiation study of the aging response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with different starting microstructures}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110400}, abstract = {The aging behavior of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy with different starting microstructures was evaluated by means of synchrotron X-ray diffraction, scanning-transmission electron microscopy and micro-hardness measurements. Initial microstructures were produced by thermal and thermomechanical treatments and comprised different morphologies of α phase (martensitic, lamellar, bimodal and globular), as well as the presence or absence of the β phase. Results show that one or more of the following phenomena can take place during aging and contribute to the hardening of the alloy: β decomposition into fine secondary α laths; transformation of the metastable martensitic α′ into the equilibrium α phase; and precipitation of the intermetallic Ti3Al. The composition and distribution of the β phase was shown to affect the precipitation of secondary α during aging, while the composition of the α phase plays a key role on the formation of Ti3Al. In situ X-ray diffraction studies of the early stages of aging show the kinetics of the α′ → α conversion by the reduction in FWHM of XRD reflections, indicate the contribution to hardening by the increase of the c/a ratio and the consequent limitation of active slip systems and depict the chemical homogenization and decomposition of the β phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110400} (DOI). Callegari, B.; Oliveira, J.; Aristizabal, K.; Coelho, R.; Brito, P.; Wu, L.; Schell, N.; Soldera, F.; Mücklich, F.; Pinto, H.: In-situ synchrotron radiation study of the aging response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with different starting microstructures. Materials Characterization. 2020. vol. 165, 110400. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110400}} @misc{shi_elastic_strain_2020, author={Shi, H., Gan, W., Esling, C., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Maawad, E., Stark, A., Li, X., Wang, L.}, title={Elastic strain induced abnormal grain growth in graphene nanosheets (GNSs) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix composites}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.09.017}, abstract = {Orientation related grain growth stimuli during primary and secondary recrystallization of the metal matrix in laminated metal/non-metal composites demonstrate unique effect on orientation evolution but has rarely been investigated. In this work, the recrystallization and grain growth of Cu in a graphene nanosheets (GNSs) reinforced laminated Cu matrix composite during sintering was thoroughly investigated. The microstructure, texture and lattice strain evolution of the Cu/GNS composite was examined referenced to the Cu stack without GNSs by ex-situ and in-situ orientation characterization techniques (SEM-EBSD, neutron diffraction and synchrotron radiation) from mesoscale to macroscopic scale. The results evidenced that a strong Cube orientation was produced in the Cu/GNS composite instead of the individual non-Cube orientations in the pure Cu stack without GNSs. Detailed strain-state analysis of the Cu foils in the Cu/GNS composite revealed that the anisotropic expansion behavior of the GNS that is incompatible with that of the Cu foils imposed multiple elastic constraints to the foils during the sintering process, resulting in a biaxial isostrain state in the surface layers and a uniaxial compressive strain state in the central layer of each Cu foil. The elastic anisotropy of Cu favors the growth of the Cube oriented grains to minimize the total strain energy. This work clarified the thermal strain induced abnormal grain growth of selected orientations. The mechanism revealed can be useful for analysing abnormal grain growth in elastically strained materials and can also be applied to fabrication process for texturization or even monocrystallization.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.09.017} (DOI). Shi, H.; Gan, W.; Esling, C.; Wang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Maawad, E.; Stark, A.; Li, X.; Wang, L.: Elastic strain induced abnormal grain growth in graphene nanosheets (GNSs) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix composites. Acta Materialia. 2020. vol. 200, 338-350. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.09.017}} @misc{oliveira_gas_tungsten_2020, author={Oliveira, J., Curado, T., Zeng, Z., Lopes, J., Rossinyol, E., Park, J., Schell, N., Braz Fernandes, J., Kim, H.}, title={Gas tungsten arc welding of as-rolled CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108505}, abstract = {High entropy alloys have emerged as novel engineering alloys with remarkable mechanical properties in a wide range of temperatures. Among the several high entropy alloys that were already described, the equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi alloy is the most studied one. In this work, gas tungsten arc welding of as-rolled CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy sheets was performed. The microstructural characterization encompassed the use of electron microscopy, including electron backscattered diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness testing and mechanical evaluation. A comprehensive description of the microstructural evolution, including texture and microstrain determination, of the joint is presented and discussed. Upon mechanical testing, the joints systematically failed in the fusion zone due. The large grain size and low hardness of this region justifies the failure location. The joints' mechanical behaviour is correlated with the material microstructure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108505} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Curado, T.; Zeng, Z.; Lopes, J.; Rossinyol, E.; Park, J.; Schell, N.; Braz Fernandes, J.; Kim, H.: Gas tungsten arc welding of as-rolled CrMnFeCoNi high entropy alloy. Materials and Design. 2020. vol. 189, 108505. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108505}} @misc{viell_in_operando_2020, author={Viell, J., Szekely, N., Mangiapia, G., Hövelmann, C., Marks, C., Frielinghaus, H.}, title={In operando monitoring of wood transformation during pretreatment with ionic liquids}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03119-4}, abstract = {The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass or wood into chemicals still poses a challenge due to the recalcitrance of this composite-like material consisting of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. A very high accessibility of cellulose is reported by a pretreatment with ionic liquids that enables high conversion rates by enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been monitored in operando nor are they fully understood. We monitored the transformation of wood in ionic liquids using small-angle neutron scattering to observe changes in the material in operando and to elucidate the intrinsic effects. The data analysis shows three different stages that is (1) impregnation, (2) the formation of voids and (3) increasing structure size within cellulose fibrils. This consecutive mechanism coincides with macroscopic disintegration of the tissue. The analysis further reveals that the reduction of order in longitudinal direction along the fiber axis is a prerequisite for disintegration of cells along the radial direction. This understanding supports further research and development of pretreatment processes starting from lignocellulosic raw material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03119-4} (DOI). Viell, J.; Szekely, N.; Mangiapia, G.; Hövelmann, C.; Marks, C.; Frielinghaus, H.: In operando monitoring of wood transformation during pretreatment with ionic liquids. Cellulose. 2020. vol. 27, 4889-4907. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-020-03119-4}} @misc{engelkes_ecomorphology_of_2020, author={Engelkes, K., Kath, L., Kleinteich, T., Hammel, J., Beerlink, A., Haas, A.}, title={Ecomorphology of the pectoral girdle in anurans (Amphibia, Anura): Shape diversity and biomechanical considerations}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6784}, abstract = {Frogs and toads (Lissamphibia: Anura) show a diversity of locomotor modes that allow them to inhabit a wide range of habitats. The different locomotor modes are likely to be linked to anatomical specializations of the skeleton within the typical frog Bauplan. While such anatomical adaptations of the hind limbs and the pelvic girdle are comparably well understood, the pectoral girdle received much less attention in the past. We tested for locomotor‐mode‐related shape differences in the pectoral girdle bones of 64 anuran species by means of micro‐computed‐tomography‐based geometric morphometrics. The pectoral girdles of selected species were analyzed with regard to the effects of shape differences on muscle moment arms across the shoulder joint and stress dissipation within the coracoid. Phylogenetic relationships, size, and locomotor behavior have an effect on the shape of the pectoral girdle in anurans, but there are differences in the relative impact of these factors between the bones of this skeletal unit. Remarkable shape diversity has been observed within locomotor groups indicating many‐to‐one mapping of form onto function. Significant shape differences have mainly been related to the overall pectoral girdle geometry and the shape of the coracoid. Most prominent shape differences have been found between burrowing and nonburrowing species with headfirst and backward burrowing species significantly differing from one another and from the other locomotor groups. The pectoral girdle shapes of burrowing species have generally larger moment arms for (simulated) humerus retractor muscles across the shoulder joint, which might be an adaptation to the burrowing behavior. The mechanisms of how the moment arms were enlarged differed between species and were associated with differences in the reaction of the coracoid to simulated loading by physiologically relevant forces.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6784} (DOI). Engelkes, K.; Kath, L.; Kleinteich, T.; Hammel, J.; Beerlink, A.; Haas, A.: Ecomorphology of the pectoral girdle in anurans (Amphibia, Anura): Shape diversity and biomechanical considerations. Ecology and Evolution. 2020. vol. 10, no. 20, 11467-11487. DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6784}} @misc{longo_xray_zernike_2020, author={Longo, E., Sancey, L., Flenner, S., Kubec, A., Bonnin, A., David, C., Müller, M., Greving, I.}, title={X-ray Zernike phase contrast tomography: 3D ROI visualization of mm-sized mice organ tissues down to sub-cellular components}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.396695}, abstract = {Thanks to its non-invasive nature, X-ray phase contrast tomography is a very versatile imaging tool for biomedical studies. In contrast, histology is a well-established method, though having its limitations: it requires extensive sample preparation and it is quite time consuming. Therefore, the development of nano-imaging techniques for studying anatomic details at the cellular level is gaining more and more importance. In this article, full field transmission X-ray nanotomography is used in combination with Zernike phase contrast to image millimeter sized unstained tissue samples at high spatial resolution. The regions of interest (ROI) scans of different tissues were obtained from mouse kidney, spleen and mammalian carcinoma. Thanks to the relatively large field of view and effective pixel sizes down to 36 nm, this 3D approach enabled the visualization of the specific morphology of each tissue type without staining or complex sample preparation. As a proof of concept technique, we show that the high-quality images even permitted the 3D segmentation of multiple structures down to a sub-cellular level. Using stitching techniques, volumes larger than the field of view are accessible. This method can lead to a deeper understanding of the organs’ nano-anatomy, filling the resolution gap between histology and transmission electron microscopy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.396695} (DOI). Longo, E.; Sancey, L.; Flenner, S.; Kubec, A.; Bonnin, A.; David, C.; Müller, M.; Greving, I.: X-ray Zernike phase contrast tomography: 3D ROI visualization of mm-sized mice organ tissues down to sub-cellular components. Biomedical Optics Express. 2020. vol. 11, no. 10, 5506-5517. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.396695}} @misc{chen_observation_of_2020, author={Chen, K., Lott, D., Philippi-Kobs, A., Weigand, M., Luo, C., Radu, F.}, title={Observation of compact ferrimagnetic skyrmions in DyCo3 film}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR02947E}, abstract = {Owing to the experimental discovery of magnetic skyrmions stabilized by the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya and/or dipolar interactions in thin films, there is a recent upsurge of interest in magnetic skyrmions with antiferromagnetic spins in order to overcome the fundamental limitations inherent with skyrmions in ferromagnetic materials. Here, we report on the observation of compact ferrimagnetic skyrmions for the class of amorphous alloys consisting of 4f rare-earth and 3d transition-metal elements with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, using a DyCo3 film, that are identified by combining X-ray magnetic scattering, scanning transmission X-ray microscopy, and Hall transport technique. These skyrmions, with antiparallel aligned Dy and Co magnetic moments and a characteristic core radius of about 40 nm, are formed during the nucleation and annihilation of the magnetic maze-like domain pattern exhibiting a topological Hall effect contribution. Our findings provide a promising route for fundamental research in the field of ferrimagnetic/antiferromagnetic spintronics towards practical applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NR02947E} (DOI). Chen, K.; Lott, D.; Philippi-Kobs, A.; Weigand, M.; Luo, C.; Radu, F.: Observation of compact ferrimagnetic skyrmions in DyCo3 film. Nanoscale. 2020. vol. 12, 18137-18143. DOI: 10.1039/D0NR02947E}} @misc{gombola_a_zone_2020, author={Gombola, C., Hasemann, G., Kauffmann, A., Sprenger, I., Laube, S., Schmitt, A., Gang, F., Bolbut, V., Oehring, M., Blankenburg, M., Schell, N., Staron, P., Pyczak, F., Krüger, M., Heilmaier, M.}, title={A zone melting device for the in situ observation of directional solidification using high-energy synchrotron x rays editors-pick}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0019020}, abstract = {Directional solidification (DS) is an established manufacturing process to produce high-performance components from metallic materials with optimized properties. Materials for demanding high-temperature applications, for instance in the energy generation and aircraft engine technology, can only be successfully produced using methods such as directional solidification. It has been applied on an industrial scale for a considerable amount of time, but advancing this method beyond the current applications is still challenging and almost exclusively limited to post-process characterization of the developed microstructures. For a knowledge-based advancement and a contribution to material innovation, in situ studies of the DS process are crucial using realistic sample sizes to ensure scalability of the results to industrial sizes. Therefore, a specially designed Flexible Directional Solidification (FlexiDS) device was developed for use at the P07 High Energy Materials Science beamline at PETRA III (Deutsches Elektronen–Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany). In general, the process conditions of the crucible-free, inductively heated FlexiDS device can be varied from 6 mm/h to 12 000 mm/h (vertical withdrawal rate) and from 0 rpm to 35 rpm (axial sample rotation). Moreover, different atmospheres such as Ar, N2, and vacuum can be used during operation. The device is designed for maximum operation temperatures of 2200 °C. This unique device allows in situ examination of the directional solidification process and subsequent solid-state reactions by x-ray diffraction in the transmission mode. Within this project, different structural intermetallic alloys with liquidus temperatures up to 2000 °C were studied in terms of liquid–solid regions, transformations, and decompositions, with varying process conditions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0019020} (DOI). Gombola, C.; Hasemann, G.; Kauffmann, A.; Sprenger, I.; Laube, S.; Schmitt, A.; Gang, F.; Bolbut, V.; Oehring, M.; Blankenburg, M.; Schell, N.; Staron, P.; Pyczak, F.; Krüger, M.; Heilmaier, M.: A zone melting device for the in situ observation of directional solidification using high-energy synchrotron x rays editors-pick. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2020. vol. 91, no. 9, 093901. DOI: 10.1063/5.0019020}} @misc{flenner_multiple_mechanical_2020, author={Flenner, S., Schaber, C., Krasnov, I., Stieglitz, H., Rosenthal, M., Burghammer, M., Gorb, S., Müller, M.}, title={Multiple Mechanical Gradients are Responsible for the Strong Adhesion of Spider Attachment Hair}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002758}, abstract = {Wandering spiders climb vertically and walk upside‐down on rough and smooth surfaces using a nanostructured attachment system on their feet. The spiders are assumed to adhere by intermolecular van der Waals forces between the adhesive structures and the substrate. The adhesive elements are arranged highly ordered on the hierarchically structured attachment hair (setae). While walking, it has been suggested that the spiders apply a shear force on their legs to increase friction. However, the detailed mechanical behavior of the hair's structures during attachment and detachment remains unknown. Here, gradients of the mechanical properties of the attachment hair on different length scales that have evolved to support attachment, stabilize adhesion in contact, and withstand high stress at detachment, examined by in situ experiments, are shown. Shearing helps to self‐align the adhesive elements with the substrate. The study is anticipated to contribute to the development of optimized artificial dry adhesives.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002758} (DOI). Flenner, S.; Schaber, C.; Krasnov, I.; Stieglitz, H.; Rosenthal, M.; Burghammer, M.; Gorb, S.; Müller, M.: Multiple Mechanical Gradients are Responsible for the Strong Adhesion of Spider Attachment Hair. Advanced Materials. 2020. vol. 32, no. 37, 2002758. DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002758}} @misc{incio_production_and_2020, author={Inácio, P., Camacho, E., Schell, N., Braz Fernandes, F., Oliveira, J., Santos, T.}, title={Production and characterization of functionally graded NiTi shape memory alloys by Joule effect}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116803}, abstract = {Localized heat treatments via Joule effect were performed on cold-drawn NiTi strips to produce a functionally graded material (FGM). Three zones where locally heat treated at 300, 350, and 400 °C for 10 min followed by air cooling. Multiscale and multiphenomena characterization of the obtained FGM was performed through infrared temperature testing, four-point probe and eddy current testing, mechanical testing and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The effect of these localized heat treatments is clearly observed by different techniques. The use of these short and localized heat treatments avoids the need of highly expensive manufacturing routes typically used to obtain the same effect on NiTi shape memory alloys, thus opening new possibilities for processing these advanced engineering alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116803} (DOI). Inácio, P.; Camacho, E.; Schell, N.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Oliveira, J.; Santos, T.: Production and characterization of functionally graded NiTi shape memory alloys by Joule effect. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2020. vol. 285, 116803. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2020.116803}} @misc{uhlmann_a_laser_2020, author={Uhlmann, E., Krohmer, E., Schmeiser, F., Schell, N., Reimers, R.}, title={A laser powder bed fusion system for in situ x-ray diffraction with high-energy synchrotron radiation}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143766}, abstract = {In Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), the highly localized energy input by the laser leads to high-temperature gradients. Combined with the inherent cycles of re-melting and solidification of the material, they can result in high mechanical stresses. These stresses can cause distortion and cracking within the component. In situ diffraction experiments with high-energy synchrotron radiation allow an analysis of the lattice spacing during the LPBF process and provide insight into the dynamics of stress generation and texture evolution. In this work, an LPBF system for the purpose of synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments during the manufacturing process of multi-layer components with simple geometries is described. Moreover, results from diffraction experiments at the HEMS beamline P07 at PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg, Germany, are presented. Components with a length of ls = 20 mm and a width of ws = 2.5 mm consisting of 100 layers with a layer thickness of Δz = 50 µm were produced using the nickel-base alloy Inconel 625 as the powder material. Diffraction experiments were carried out in situ at sampling rates of f = 10 Hz with a synchrotron radiation beam size of 750 × 70 µm2. The presented experimental setup allows for the observation of arbitrary measuring positions in the sample in the transmission mode while gathering full diffraction rings. Thus, new possibilities for the observation of the dynamic evolution of strains, stresses, and textures during the LPBF process are provided.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5143766} (DOI). Uhlmann, E.; Krohmer, E.; Schmeiser, F.; Schell, N.; Reimers, R.: A laser powder bed fusion system for in situ x-ray diffraction with high-energy synchrotron radiation. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2020. vol. 91, no. 7, 075104. DOI: 10.1063/1.5143766}} @misc{rittinghaus_direct_energy_2020, author={Rittinghaus, S., Schmelzer, J., Rackel, M., Hemes, S., Vogelpoth, A., Hecht, U., Weisheit, A.}, title={Direct Energy Deposition of TiAl for Hybrid Manufacturing and Repair of Turbine Blades}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194392}, abstract = {While repair is mainly used to restore the original part geometry and properties, hybrid manufacturing aims to exploit the benefits of each respective manufacturing process regarding either processing itself or resulting part characteristics. Especially with the current implementation of additive manufacturing in the production of TiAl, turbine blades for both hybrid manufacturing and repair new opportunities are enabled. One main issue is the compatibility of the two or more material types involved, which either differ regarding composition or microstructure or both. In this study, a TNMTM-alloy (Ti-Nb-Mo) was manufactured by different processes (casting, forging, laser additive manufacturing) and identically heat-treated at 1290 °C. Chemical compositions, especially aluminum and oxygen contents, were measured, and the resulting microstructures were analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and High-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). The properties were determined by hardness measurements and high-temperature compression tests. The comparison led to an overall assessment of the theoretical compatibility. Experiments to combine several processes were performed to evaluate the practical feasibility. Despite obvious differences in the final phase distribution caused by deviations in the chemical composition, the measured properties of the samples did not differ significantly. The feasibility of combining direct energy deposition (DED) with either casting or laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) was demonstrated by the successful build of the dense, crack-free hybrid material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194392} (DOI). Rittinghaus, S.; Schmelzer, J.; Rackel, M.; Hemes, S.; Vogelpoth, A.; Hecht, U.; Weisheit, A.: Direct Energy Deposition of TiAl for Hybrid Manufacturing and Repair of Turbine Blades. Materials. 2020. vol. 13, no. 19, 4392. DOI: 10.3390/ma13194392}} @misc{duarte_hot_forging_2020, author={Duarte, V., Rodrigues, T., Schell, N., Miranda, M., Oliveira, J., Santos, T.}, title={Hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM)}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101193}, abstract = {In this study, we propose a new variant of wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) based on hot forging. During WAAM, the material is locally forged immediately after deposition, and in-situ viscoplastic deformation occurs at high temperatures. In the subsequent layer deposition, recrystallization of the previous solidification structure occurs that refines the microstructure. Because of its similarity with hot forging, this variant was named hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM). A customized WAAM torch was developed, manufactured, and tested in the production of samples of AISI316L stainless steel. Forging forces of 17 N and 55 N were applied to plastically deform the material. The results showed that this new variant refines the solidification microstructure and reduce texture effects, as determined via high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments, without interrupting the additive manufacturing process. Mechanical characterization was performed and improvements on both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were achieved. Furthermore, it was observed that HF-WAAM significantly affects porosity; pores formed during the process were closed by the hot forging process. Because deformation occurs at high temperatures, the forces involved are small, and the WAAM equipment does not have specific requirements with respect to stiffness, thereby allowing the incorporation of this new variant into conventional moving equipment such as multi-axis robots or 3-axis table used in WAAM.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101193} (DOI). Duarte, V.; Rodrigues, T.; Schell, N.; Miranda, M.; Oliveira, J.; Santos, T.: Hot forging wire and arc additive manufacturing (HF-WAAM). Additive Manufacturing. 2020. vol. 35, 101193. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101193}} @misc{dippel_examples_of_2020, author={Dippel, A., Zimmermann, M., Staron, P., Schneider, J.}, title={Examples of High-energy X-ray Structural Studies at PETRA III: High T C Superconductors, Real-time Surface and Thin Film Processes, and Design of Engineering Materials}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2020.1841493}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2020.1841493} (DOI). Dippel, A.; Zimmermann, M.; Staron, P.; Schneider, J.: Examples of High-energy X-ray Structural Studies at PETRA III: High T C Superconductors, Real-time Surface and Thin Film Processes, and Design of Engineering Materials. Synchrotron Radiation News. 2020. vol. 33, no. 6, 24-30. DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2020.1841493}} @misc{flenner_pushing_the_2020, author={Flenner, S., Storm, M., Kubec, A., Longo, E., Döring, F., Pelt, D., David, C., Müller, M., Greving, I.}, title={Pushing the temporal resolution in absorption and Zernike phase contrast nanotomography: enabling fast in situ experiments}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577520007407}, abstract = {Hard X-ray nanotomography enables 3D investigations of a wide range of samples with high resolution (<100 nm) with both synchrotron-based and laboratory-based setups. However, the advantage of synchrotron-based setups is the high flux, enabling time resolution, which cannot be achieved at laboratory sources. Here, the nanotomography setup at the imaging beamline P05 at PETRA III is presented, which offers high time resolution not only in absorption but for the first time also in Zernike phase contrast. Two test samples are used to evaluate the image quality in both contrast modalities based on the quantitative analysis of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and spatial resolution. High-quality scans can be recorded in 15 min and fast scans down to 3 min are also possible without significant loss of image quality. At scan times well below 3 min, the CNR values decrease significantly and classical image-filtering techniques reach their limitation. A machine-learning approach shows promising results, enabling acquisition of a full tomography in only 6 s. Overall, the transmission X-ray microscopy instrument offers high temporal resolution in absorption and Zernike phase contrast, enabling in situ experiments at the beamline.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577520007407} (DOI). Flenner, S.; Storm, M.; Kubec, A.; Longo, E.; Döring, F.; Pelt, D.; David, C.; Müller, M.; Greving, I.: Pushing the temporal resolution in absorption and Zernike phase contrast nanotomography: enabling fast in situ experiments. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2020. vol. 27, no. 5, DOI: 10.1107/S1600577520007407}} @misc{kreuzer_phase_transition_2020, author={Kreuzer, L., Widmann, T., Bießmann, L., Hohn, N., Pantle, J., Märkl, R., Moulin, J., Hildebrand, V., Laschewsky, A., Papadakis, C., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Phase Transition Kinetics of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00046}, abstract = {The swelling and phase transition behavior upon increasing temperature of a doubly thermoresponsive diblock copolymer thin film in steps above the characteristic cloud points (CPs) of the blocks is studied. An upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-type zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine), poly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-ammoniopropane sulfonate) (PSPP, CPUCST = 31.5 °C), is combined with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type nonionic poly(N-isopropyl-/methacrylamide) (PNIPMAM, CPLCST = 49.5 °C) block. Using time-of-flight neutron reflectivity (ToF-NR), we observe the swelling in D2O vapor at a constant temperature of 20 °C, followed by two subsequent temperature jumps, from 20 to 40 °C (above CPUCST) and from 40 to 60 °C (above CPLCST). The observed response of the diblock copolymer films deviates from the aqueous solution behavior, which is mainly attributed to the increased polymer concentration. Temperature-induced changes in the thin-film nanostructure are investigated with ToF grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS). Alterations in the chain conformation and hydrogen bonding are probed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The ionic SO3– groups (in the PSPP block) and the nonionic hydrophilic amide groups (in both blocks) are found to affect the mechanisms of D2O uptake and release significantly.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00046} (DOI). Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Bießmann, L.; Hohn, N.; Pantle, J.; Märkl, R.; Moulin, J.; Hildebrand, V.; Laschewsky, A.; Papadakis, C.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Phase Transition Kinetics of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules. 2020. vol. 53, no. 8, 2841-2855. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00046}} @misc{tkadletz_influence_of_2020, author={Tkadletz, M., Lechner, A., Schalk, N., Sartory, B., Stark, A., Schell, N., Saringer, C., Mitterer, C., Czettl, C.}, title={Influence of spinodal decomposition and fcc→w phase transformation on global and local mechanical properties of nanolamellar CVD fcc-Ti1-xAlxN coatings}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100696}, abstract = {Recently, it was shown that annealing of nanolamellar CVD fcc-Ti1-xAlxN at temperatures of 1000-1200 °C results in the formation of complex phase fields consisting of still intact nanolamellar face centered cubic (fcc) zones, side by side with non-lamellar fully decomposed and transformed fcc and wurtzite (w) zones. It can be assumed that the observed phase fields and their microstructure strongly correlate with their mechanical properties. Consequently, this work focuses on the investigation of the effects of spinodal decomposition and fcc→w phase transformation of a nanolamellar CVD fcc-Ti0.2Al0.8N coating on the corresponding global and local mechanical properties. The sequence of spinodal decomposition and fcc→w phase transformation of a compact coating sample was investigated by in situ high temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction up to a maximum temperature of ~1250 °C. Conventional nanoindentation experiments on the surfaces of samples annealed between 900 to 1300 °C in vacuum were performed to illustrate the age hardening and overaging behavior. Finally, the influence of the observed phase fields on the local mechanical properties was investigated by correlative SEM/EBSD and nanomechanical mapping experiments on a cross-section of a coating annealed at 1050 °C. Maps of the lateral microstructure, phase composition, Young´s modulus and hardness of the coating were successfully obtained with a resolution of ≤100 nm. The lateral phase fields could be clearly identified and correlated with the observed mechanical properties. The results indicate that age hardening of nanolamellar CVD fcc-Ti0.2Al0.8N coatings occurs homogeneously, while overaging is associated to the fcc→w transformation and thus, locally confined.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100696} (DOI). Tkadletz, M.; Lechner, A.; Schalk, N.; Sartory, B.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Saringer, C.; Mitterer, C.; Czettl, C.: Influence of spinodal decomposition and fcc→w phase transformation on global and local mechanical properties of nanolamellar CVD fcc-Ti1-xAlxN coatings. Materialia. 2020. vol. 11, 100696. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100696}} @misc{rodrigues_insitu_strengthening_2020, author={Rodrigues, T., Duarte, V., Tomàs, D., Avila, J., Escobar, J., Rossinyol, E., Schell, N., Santos, T., Oliveira, J.}, title={In-situ strengthening of a high strength low alloy steel during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101200}, abstract = {In this work, SiC particles were added to the molten pool during WAAM of a high strength low alloy steel. The introduction of these high melting point particles promoted grain refinement, and the precipitation of Fe3C due to SiC dissociation. The microstructural evolution was studied by optical and electron microscopy techniques and high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Additionally, mechanical testing and hardness profiles were obtained for the SiC-containing and SiC-free parts. An improvement in the mechanical strength of the SiC-added WAAM parts was observed, which was attributed to the refined grain structure and finely dispersed Fe3C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101200} (DOI). Rodrigues, T.; Duarte, V.; Tomàs, D.; Avila, J.; Escobar, J.; Rossinyol, E.; Schell, N.; Santos, T.; Oliveira, J.: In-situ strengthening of a high strength low alloy steel during Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). Additive Manufacturing. 2020. vol. 34, 101200. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101200}} @misc{kainz_thermophysical_properties_2020, author={Kainz, C., Schalk, N., Tkadletz, M., Saringer, C., Winkler, M., Stark, A., Schell, N., Julin, J., Czettl, C.}, title={Thermo-physical properties of coatings in the Ti(B,N) system grown by chemical vapor deposition}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125318}, abstract = {Hard protective coatings are commonly subjected to temperatures exceeding 1000 °C, which has significant influence on their thermo-physical properties and the associated performance in application. Within the present work, temperature dependent physical properties of coatings within the Ti(B,N) system grown by chemical vapor deposition were correlated with their chemical composition. High-energy X-ray diffraction experiments in inert atmosphere proved that TiN, TiB2 and ternary TiBxNy coatings with varying B contents are thermally stable up to 1000 °C. In-plane strains of TiN and TiBxNy coatings diminish during heating, whereas TiB2 exhibits compressive strain enhancement up to the deposition temperature. Nanocrystalline TiB2 exhibits more pronounced grain growth during annealing compared to coarse grained columnar TiN. Within the investigated coatings, the mean thermal expansion coefficient decreases as the B content increases. The same trend was observed for the thermal conductivity, which correlates with the grain size of the coatings.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125318} (DOI). Kainz, C.; Schalk, N.; Tkadletz, M.; Saringer, C.; Winkler, M.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Julin, J.; Czettl, C.: Thermo-physical properties of coatings in the Ti(B,N) system grown by chemical vapor deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2020. vol. 384, 125318. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.125318}} @misc{stylianou_stress_relaxation_2020, author={Stylianou, R., Velic, D., Daves, W., Ecker, W., Stark, A., Schell, N., Tkadletz, M., Schalk, N., Czettl, C., Mitterer, C.}, title={Stress relaxation through thermal crack formation in CVD TiCN coatings grown on WC-Co with different Co contents}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105102}, abstract = {TiCN coatings were grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on WC-Co substrates with different Co contents, in order to control thermal stress. The driving force for the development of thermal stress is attributed to the difference between room and deposition temperature (ΔT ≈ −780 °C), and the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between substrate and coating. Co contents of 6, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 wt% were utilized to adjust the CTE of the substrate, and therefore tune the stress in TiCN coatings. Dilatometry of the substrates and high temperature X-ray diffraction of a powdered TiCN coating indicate a decreasing CTE-mismatch for increasing substrate Co contents. In consequence, residual stress in TiCN determined by X-ray diffraction increases up to 662 ± 8 MPa with decreasing Co contents down to 10 wt%. For Co contents below 10 wt%, the residual stress decreases. The formation of thermal crack networks in TiCN, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, coincides with 10 wt% Co. Stress relaxation in TiCN coatings through the formation of thermal cracks becomes evident. A finite element simulation utilized for the calculation of residual stress distributions reveals shielding effects, which occur with the introduction of thermal cracks. Discrepancies between experimental and simulated thermo-elastic stresses imply the presence of secondary relaxation sources. High temperature residual stresses in TiCN, determined up to 1000 °C (i.e. above deposition temperature), suggest additional thermal crack formation for substrate Co contents of 6 wt%.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105102} (DOI). Stylianou, R.; Velic, D.; Daves, W.; Ecker, W.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Tkadletz, M.; Schalk, N.; Czettl, C.; Mitterer, C.: Stress relaxation through thermal crack formation in CVD TiCN coatings grown on WC-Co with different Co contents. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2020. vol. 86, 105102. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.105102}} @misc{rowolt_insitu_analysis_2020, author={Rowolt, C., Fröck, H., Milkereit, B., Reich, M., Kowalski, W., Stark, A., Keßler, O.}, title={In-situ analysis of continuous cooling precipitation in Al alloys by wide-angle X-ray scattering}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2020.1739554}, abstract = {The aim of this work is to investigate quench induced precipitation during continuous cooling in aluminium wrought alloys EN AW-7150 and EN AW-6082 using in situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). While X-ray diffraction is usually an ex situ method, a variety of diffraction patterns were recorded during the cooling process, allowing in situ analysis of the precipitation process. The high beam energy of about 100 keV allows the beam to penetrate a bulk sample with a 4 mm diameter in a quenching dilatometer. Additionally, the high intensity of a synchrotron source enables sufficiently high time resolution for fast in situ cooling experiments. Reaction peaks could be detected and compared with results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) by this method. A methodology is presented in this paper to evaluate WAXS data in a way that is directly comparable to DSC-experiments. The results show a high correlation between both techniques, DSC and WAXS, and can significantly improve continuous cooling precipitation diagrams.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/14686996.2020.1739554} (DOI). Rowolt, C.; Fröck, H.; Milkereit, B.; Reich, M.; Kowalski, W.; Stark, A.; Keßler, O.: In-situ analysis of continuous cooling precipitation in Al alloys by wide-angle X-ray scattering. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 2020. vol. 21, no. 1, 205-218. DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1739554}} @misc{dong_study_of_2020, author={Dong, J., Skalecki, M., Hatwig, R., Bevilaqua, W., Stark, A., Epp, J., da Silva Rocha, A., Zoch, H.}, title={Study of Microstructural Development of Bainitic Steel using Eddy Current and Synchrotron XRD in-situ Measurement Techniques during Thermomechanical Treatment}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3139/105.110402}, abstract = {In the field of massive forged components the mechanical engineering industry searches for processes with increasing energy and resource efficiency. The new generation bainitic steels are promising for such application because of the high strength, toughness and fatigue properties. In order to achieve the desired mechanical properties, the development of the bainitic microstructure depending on the parameters of the thermomechanical process and on the cooling procedure must be well-known. In the present work diverse experimental techniques were applied for the investigation of the microstructural development during thermomechanical treatment and subsequent continuous cooling through the bainitic transformation range. The thermomechanical processes were simulated using dilatometers and at the same time, the specimens were analyzed using an eddy current sensor or using in-situ X-ray diffraction measurements at synchrotron (DESY). The results show that the eddy current sensor is suitable for the monitoring of the microstructural development during cooling and during deformation. From the investigations suitable process parameters were deduced for achieving a possibly fine bainitic microstructure. The main factors are a relatively low deformation temperature in austenitic range, a fast cooling (> 2 K/s) into the bainitic range, bainitic transformation and/or a short deformation in the lower bainite range, and finally a slower cooling until room temperature.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3139/105.110402} (DOI). Dong, J.; Skalecki, M.; Hatwig, R.; Bevilaqua, W.; Stark, A.; Epp, J.; da Silva Rocha, A.; Zoch, H.: Study of Microstructural Development of Bainitic Steel using Eddy Current and Synchrotron XRD in-situ Measurement Techniques during Thermomechanical Treatment. HTM - Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials. 2020. vol. 75, no. 1, 3-22. DOI: 10.3139/105.110402}} @misc{lazurenko_influence_of_2020, author={Lazurenko, D., Laptev, I., Golkovsky, M., Stark, A., Paul, J., Bataev, I., Ruktuev, A., Song, L., Gollwitzer, C., Pyczak, F.}, title={Influence of the Ti/Al/Nb ratio on the structure and properties on intermetallic layers obtained on titanium by non-vacuum electron beam cladding}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110246}, abstract = {Ti-Al-Nb based intermetallic layers of sufficient quality and thickness were obtained by non-vacuum electron beam cladding on the surfaces of Ti workpieces. Optical microscopy and X-ray tomography did not reveal any dramatical defects in the structure of cladded layers. X-ray diffraction as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy were applied to thoroughly investigate the structure and phase composition of coatings. It was found that non-equilibrium cooling conditions of coatings provided by fast removal of heat to untreated Ti substrate after the electron beam cladding was terminated induced the proceeding of metastable phase transformations. For example, γ-phase formation was suppressed in these coatings. In coatings with 8 and 20 at.% Nb (46 and 43% Al respectively) along with ordered with α2, formation of disordered solution of the alloying elements in α-Ti took place. In high-Nb alloys β(B2) phase has undergone the diffusionless transformation to ω’, which is the intermediate phase in β → ω and the coating with the maximum Nb content characterized by appearance of γ1 as a main phase. ω-phase had negative influence to hardness and wear resistance of coatings, however, generally this paremeter increased in 1.3–1.75 times compared to cp-Ti. The high temperature creep and oxidation properties decreased proportionally with increasing Nb and decreasing Al content in the cladded layers.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110246} (DOI). Lazurenko, D.; Laptev, I.; Golkovsky, M.; Stark, A.; Paul, J.; Bataev, I.; Ruktuev, A.; Song, L.; Gollwitzer, C.; Pyczak, F.: Influence of the Ti/Al/Nb ratio on the structure and properties on intermetallic layers obtained on titanium by non-vacuum electron beam cladding. Materials Characterization. 2020. vol. 163, 110264. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110246}} @misc{garces_initial_plasticity_2020, author={Garces, G., Orozco-Caballero, A., Quinta da Fonseca, J., Pérez, P., Medina, J., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Initial plasticity stages in Mg alloys containing Long-Period Stacking Ordered phases using High Resolution Digital Image Correlation (HRDIC) and in-situ synchrotron radiation}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138716}, abstract = {The development of strain incompatibilities between phases in an extruded MgY2Zn1(at.%) alloy during the initial stages of plastic deformation was studied using Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction experiment during in-situ tensile test and High-resolution Digital Image Correlation (HRDIC). The alloy microstructure is characterised by long LPSO fibers, crystalographically aligned non-DRXed grains with the basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction and randomly oriented fine DRXed grains. Localized transgranular shear bands form in DRXed grain areas first, just after yield. The total deformation is also accommodated by non-basal slip in the reinforcing microstructural components: non-DRXed and LPSO phases. The local deformation transmitted in these two phases is the main responsible of the appreciate ductility observed in Mg–Y–Zn alloys containing high volume fraction of LPSO phases.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138716} (DOI). Garces, G.; Orozco-Caballero, A.; Quinta da Fonseca, J.; Pérez, P.; Medina, J.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Initial plasticity stages in Mg alloys containing Long-Period Stacking Ordered phases using High Resolution Digital Image Correlation (HRDIC) and in-situ synchrotron radiation. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2020. vol. 772, 138716. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138716}} @misc{gussone_ultrafine_eutectic_2020, author={Gussone, J., Bugelnig, K., Barriobero-Vila, P., da Silva, J., Hecht, U., Dresbach, C., Sket, F., Cloetens, P., Stark, A., Schell, N., Haubrich, J., Requena, G.}, title={Ultrafine eutectic Ti-Fe-based alloys processed by additive manufacturing – A new candidate for high temperature applications}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100767}, abstract = {This study provides a first demonstration of the feasibility to produce eutectic Ti-Fe alloys with ultrafine microstructures by laser powder bed fusion that are suitable for structural applications at elevated temperature.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100767} (DOI). Gussone, J.; Bugelnig, K.; Barriobero-Vila, P.; da Silva, J.; Hecht, U.; Dresbach, C.; Sket, F.; Cloetens, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Haubrich, J.; Requena, G.: Ultrafine eutectic Ti-Fe-based alloys processed by additive manufacturing – A new candidate for high temperature applications. Applied Materials Today. 2020. vol. 20, 100767. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2020.100767}} @misc{andersen_the_instrument_2020, author={Andersen, K.H., Argyriou, D.N., Jackson, A.J., Houston, J., Henry, P.F., Deen, P.P., Toft-Petersen, R., Beran, P., Strobl, M., Arnold, T., Wacklin-Knecht, H., Tsapatsaris, N., Oksanen, E., Woracek, R., Schweika, W., Mannix, D., Hiess, A., Kennedy, S., Kirstein, O., Petersson Årsköld, S., Taylor, J., Hagen, M.E., Laszlo, G., Kanaki, K., Piscitelli, F., Khaplanov, A., Stefanescu, I., Kittelmann, T., Pfeiffer, D., Hall-Wilton, R., Lopez, C.I., Aprigliano, G., Whitelegg, L., Moreira, F.Y., Olsson, M., Bordallo, H.N., Martín-Rodríguez, D., Schneider, H., Sharp, M., Hartl, M., Nagy, G., Ansell, S., Pullen, S., Vickery, A., Fedrigo, A., Mezei, F., Arai, M., Heenan, R.K., Halcrow, W., Turner, D., Raspino, D., Orszulik, A., Cooper, J., Webb, N., Galsworthy, P., Nightingale, J., Langridge, S., Elmer, J., Frielinghaus, H., Hanslik, R., Gussen, A., Jaksch, S., Engels, R., Kozielewski, T., Butterweck, S., Feygenson, M., Harbott, P., Poqué, A., Schwaab, A., Lieutenant, K., Violini, N., Voigt, J., Brückel, T., Koenen, M., Kämmerling, H., Babcock, E., Salhi, Z., Wischnewski, A., Heynen, A., Désert, S., Jestin, J., Porcher, F., Fabrèges, X., Fabrèges, G., Annighöfer, B., Klimko, S., Dupont, T., Robillard, T., Goukassov, A., Longeville, S., Alba-Simionesco, C., Bourges, P., Guyon Le Bouffy, J., Lavie, P., Rodrigues, S., Calzada, E., Lerche, M., Schillinger, B., Schmakat, P., Schulz, M., Seifert, M., Lohstroh, W., Petry, W., Neuhaus, J., Loaiza, L., Tartaglione, A., Glavic, A., Schütz, S., Stahn, J., Lehmann, E., Morgano, M., Schefer, J., Filges, U., Klauser, C., Niedermayer, C., Fenske, J., Nowak,G., Rouijaa, M., Siemers, D.J., Kiehn, R., Müller, M., Carlsen, H., Udby, L., Lefmann, K., Birk, J.O., Holm-Dahlin, S., Bertelsen, M., Hansen, U.B., Olsen, M.A., Christensen, M., Iversen, K., Christensen, N.B., Rønnow, H.M., Freeman, P.G., Hauback, B.C., Kolevatov, R., Llamas-Jansa, I., Orecchini, A., Sacchetti, F., Petrillo, C., Paciaroni, A., Tozzi, P., Zanatta, M., Luna, P., Herranz, I., del Moral, O.G., Huerta, M., Magán, M., Mosconi, M., Abad, E., Aguilar, J., Stepanyan, S., Bakedano, G., Vivanco, R., Bustinduy, I., Sordo, F., Martínez, J.L., Lechner, R.E., Villacorta, F.J., Šaroun, J., Lukáš, P., Markó, M., Zanetti, M., Bellissima, S., del Rosso, L., Masi, F., Bovo, C., Chowdhury, M., De Bonis, A., DiFresco, L., Scatigno, C., Parker, S.F., Fernandez-Alonso, F., Colognesi, D., Senesi, R., Andreani, C., Gorini, G., Scionti, G., Schreyer, A.}, title={The instrument suite of the European Spallation Source}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163402}, abstract = {All of the instruments are designed to provide breakthrough new scientific capability, not currently available at existing facilities, building on the inherent strengths of the ESS long-pulse neutron source of high flux, flexible resolution and large bandwidth. Each of them is predicted to provide world-leading performance at an accelerator power of 2 MW. This technical capability translates into a very broad range of scientific capabilities. The composition of the instrument suite has been chosen to maximise the breadth and depth of the scientific impact of the early years of the ESS, and provide a solid base for completion and further expansion of the facility.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163402} (DOI). Andersen, K.; Argyriou, D.; Jackson, A.; Houston, J.; Henry, P.; Deen, P.; Toft-Petersen, R.; Beran, P.; Strobl, M.; Arnold, T.; Wacklin-Knecht, H.; Tsapatsaris, N.; Oksanen, E.; Woracek, R.; Schweika, W.; Mannix, D.; Hiess, A.; Kennedy, S.; Kirstein, O.; Petersson Årsköld, S.; Taylor, J.; Hagen, M.; Laszlo, G.; Kanaki, K.; Piscitelli, F.; Khaplanov, A.; Stefanescu, I.; Kittelmann, T.; Pfeiffer, D.; Hall-Wilton, R.; Lopez, C.; Aprigliano, G.; Whitelegg, L.; Moreira, F.; Olsson, M.; Bordallo, H.; Martín-Rodríguez, D.; Schneider, H.; Sharp, M.; Hartl, M.; Nagy, G.; Ansell, S.; Pullen, S.; Vickery, A.; Fedrigo, A.; Mezei, F.; Arai, M.; Heenan, R.; Halcrow, W.; Turner, D.; Raspino, D.; Orszulik, A.; Cooper, J.; Webb, N.; Galsworthy, P.; Nightingale, J.; Langridge, S.; Elmer, J.; Frielinghaus, H.; Hanslik, R.; Gussen, A.; Jaksch, S.; Engels, R.; Kozielewski, T.; Butterweck, S.; Feygenson, M.; Harbott, P.; Poqué, A.; Schwaab, A.; Lieutenant, K.; Violini, N.; Voigt, J.; Brückel, T.; Koenen, M.; Kämmerling, H.; Babcock, E.; Salhi, Z.; Wischnewski, A.; Heynen, A.; Désert, S.; Jestin, J.; Porcher, F.; Fabrèges, X.; Fabrèges, G.; Annighöfer, B.; Klimko, S.; Dupont, T.; Robillard, T.; Goukassov, A.; Longeville, S.; Alba-Simionesco, C.; Bourges, P.; Guyon Le Bouffy, J.; Lavie, P.; Rodrigues, S.; Calzada, E.; Lerche, M.; Schillinger, B.; Schmakat, P.; Schulz, M.; Seifert, M.; Lohstroh, W.; Petry, W.; Neuhaus, J.; Loaiza, L.; Tartaglione, A.; Glavic, A.; Schütz, S.; Stahn, J.; Lehmann, E.; Morgano, M.; Schefer, J.; Filges, U.; Klauser, C.; Niedermayer, C.; Fenske, J.; Nowak, G.; Rouijaa, M.; Siemers, D.; Kiehn, R.; Müller, M.; Carlsen, H.; Udby, L.; Lefmann, K.; Birk, J.; Holm-Dahlin, S.; Bertelsen, M.; Hansen, U.; Olsen, M.; Christensen, M.; Iversen, K.; Christensen, N.; Rønnow, H.; Freeman, P.; Hauback, B.; Kolevatov, R.; Llamas-Jansa, I.; Orecchini, A.; Sacchetti, F.; Petrillo, C.; Paciaroni, A.; Tozzi, P.; Zanatta, M.; Luna, P.; Herranz, I.; del Moral, O.; Huerta, M.; Magán, M.; Mosconi, M.; Abad, E.; Aguilar, J.; Stepanyan, S.; Bakedano, G.; Vivanco, R.; Bustinduy, I.; Sordo, F.; Martínez, J.; Lechner, R.; Villacorta, F.; Šaroun, J.; Lukáš, P.; Markó, M.; Zanetti, M.; Bellissima, S.; del Rosso, L.; Masi, F.; Bovo, C.; Chowdhury, M.; De Bonis, A.; DiFresco, L.; Scatigno, C.; Parker, S.; Fernandez-Alonso, F.; Colognesi, D.; Senesi, R.; Andreani, C.; Gorini, G.; Scionti, G.; Schreyer, A.: The instrument suite of the European Spallation Source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2020. vol. 957, 163402. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2020.163402}} @misc{wimler_novel_intermetallicreinforced_2020, author={Wimler, D., Lindemann, J., Gammer, C., Spoerk-Erdely, P., Stark, A., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={Novel intermetallic-reinforced near-α Ti alloys manufactured by spark plasma sintering}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139798}, abstract = {Spark plasma sintering at 1150 °C of powder blends with 10 m.% spherical γ-TiAl based powder (<20 μm) leads to a homogeneous dissolution of the TiAl particles in the matrix material and a refinement of the lamellar microstructure. Due to the formation of ordered intermetallic α2-Ti3Al precipitates, which are completely stable up to 670 °C in the newly evolved Ti-8.3Al-1.8Sn-3.7Zr-2.0Mo-0.9Nb-0.08Si alloy (m.%), the creep resistance at 600 °C has been increased significantly. In the B containing variant, it was found that finely distributed titanium borides TiB formed in the Ti6242 matrix and led to an even more pronounced refinement of the microstructure. For B additions of 1 m.%, however, the creep resistance at 600 °C is reduced compared to the other alloys, but the strength is increased up to 500 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139798} (DOI). Wimler, D.; Lindemann, J.; Gammer, C.; Spoerk-Erdely, P.; Stark, A.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Novel intermetallic-reinforced near-α Ti alloys manufactured by spark plasma sintering. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020. vol. 792, 139798. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139798}} @misc{caneloyubero_load_partition_2020, author={Canelo-Yubero, D., Etzlstorfer, C., Koos, R., Germann, H., Steffens, T., Stark, A., Boller, E., Requena, G.}, title={Load partition during hot deformation of AlSi12 and AlSi10Cu6Ni2 alloys: a quantitative evaluation of the stiffness of Si networks}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05023-5}, abstract = {An eutectic AlSi12 alloy contains a rigid 3D network formed by the eutectic Si in the as-cast condition, which disintegrates during solution treatment. Synchrotron tomography proved that a near eutectic AlSi10Cu6Ni2 alloy also exhibits a 3D network with higher and more stable stiffness due to the presence of aluminides that retain the initial as-cast microstructure during the solubilization treatment and increase the volume fraction of rigid phases. In order to evaluate the load borne by different phases during hot deformation, in situ synchrotron experiments were carried out revealing an underestimation of the load transfer from the soft α-Al matrix to the hard silicon 3D network in the AlSi12 alloy. By taking into account the additional stiffness introduced by the local interconnectivity, the stresses in different phases in the near eutectic AlSi10Cu6Ni2 alloy were calculated. Additionally, the analysis of the aluminide Al2Cu allowed to identify its influence in the global damage of the hybrid 3D network formed by the Si and aluminides in the near eutectic AlSi10Cu6Ni2 alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05023-5} (DOI). Canelo-Yubero, D.; Etzlstorfer, C.; Koos, R.; Germann, H.; Steffens, T.; Stark, A.; Boller, E.; Requena, G.: Load partition during hot deformation of AlSi12 and AlSi10Cu6Ni2 alloys: a quantitative evaluation of the stiffness of Si networks. Journal of Materials Science. 2020. vol. 55, 14558-14570. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-020-05023-5}} @misc{caneloyubero_insitu_characterization_2020, author={Canelo-Yubero, D., Kovács, Z., Simonet Fotso, J., Tolnai, D., Schell, N., Groma, I., Poletti, C.}, title={In-situ characterization of continuous dynamic recrystallization during hot torsion of an Al–Si–Mg alloy}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153282}, abstract = {An extruded Al–Si–Mg alloy was deformed by torsion at 400 °C during in-situ high energy synchrotron radiation diffraction. This technique is used to prove, by analysing texture changes and the coherently scattering domain size evolution, that dynamic recovery followed by continuous dynamic recrystallization are the main restoration mechanisms. Moreover, the dislocation density types corresponding to each stage of deformation are discussed and the recrystallization grade is calculated.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153282} (DOI). Canelo-Yubero, D.; Kovács, Z.; Simonet Fotso, J.; Tolnai, D.; Schell, N.; Groma, I.; Poletti, C.: In-situ characterization of continuous dynamic recrystallization during hot torsion of an Al–Si–Mg alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020. vol. 822, 153282. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153282}} @misc{callegari_new_insights_2020, author={Callegari, B., Oliveira, J., Coelho, R., Brito, P., Schell, N., Soldera, F., Mücklich, F., Sadik, M., Garcia, J., Pinto, H.}, title={New insights into the microstructural evolution of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy during hot working}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110180}, abstract = {Microstructural features resulting from thermomechanical treatment of the β-metastable Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553) alloy were studied by means of electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction. The alloy was deformed at 950 °C (β field) and 800 °C (α + β field) with strain rates of 0.001 s−1 and 0.1 s−1 in compression mode up to a compression ratio of 0.5 (true ratio = 0.7). It was concluded that β phase undergoes dynamic recovery both above and below its β-transus temperature, and recovery is more dominant at lower strain rates, which was corroborated by EBSD misorientation measurements. Meanwhile, α phase undergoes not only a process of breakage and globularization, but also decomposition, which contributes to flow softening. The increase in strain rate caused non-uniform recovery at 950 °C and a more intense refinement of α precipitates at 800 °C. Macrotexture evaluation after deformation indicates that β's texture is much stronger than that of α, with its (200) component being the strongest one.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110180} (DOI). Callegari, B.; Oliveira, J.; Coelho, R.; Brito, P.; Schell, N.; Soldera, F.; Mücklich, F.; Sadik, M.; Garcia, J.; Pinto, H.: New insights into the microstructural evolution of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy during hot working. Materials Characterization. 2020. vol. 162, 110180. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110180}} @misc{kalsar_elemental_partitioning_2020, author={Kalsar, R., Sanamar, S., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H., Saha, R., Ghosh, P., Bhagat, A., Suwas, S.}, title={Elemental partitioning in medium Mn steel during short-time annealing: An in-situ study using synchrotron x-rays}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100594}, abstract = {In this study, high energy synchrotron radiation was used to perform an in-situ diffraction experiment in medium Mn Fe-6Mn-0.5C-1Al alloy to study the elemental partitioning and consequent austenite phase evolution at different stages, namely, during heating, holding and cooling. It has been observed that the austenite phase fraction significantly increases on annealing at the inter-critical annealing temperature and remains stable at room temperature. The austenite phase stability at room temperature is due to the rapid partitioning of manganese (Mn) and carbon (C) during annealing. The relative change in d-spacing (Δd/d) during heating-cooling confirms the partitioning of alloying elements during inter-critical annealing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100594} (DOI). Kalsar, R.; Sanamar, S.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Saha, R.; Ghosh, P.; Bhagat, A.; Suwas, S.: Elemental partitioning in medium Mn steel during short-time annealing: An in-situ study using synchrotron x-rays. Materialia. 2020. vol. 9, 100594. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100594}} @misc{ridolfi_gold_nanoparticles_2020, author={Ridolfi, A., Caselli, L., Montis, C., Mangiapia, G., Berti, D., Brucale, M., Valle, F.}, title={Gold nanoparticles interacting with synthetic lipid rafts: an AFM investigation}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12910}, abstract = {Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) represent promising examples of engineered nanomaterials, providing interesting biomedical solutions in several fields, like therapeutics and diagnostics. Despite the extensive number of investigations motivated by their remarkable potential for nanomedicinal applications, the interactions of NPs with biological interfaces are still poorly understood. The effect of NPs on living organisms is mediated by biological barriers, such as the cell plasma membrane, whose lateral heterogeneity is thought to play a prominent role in NPs adsorption and uptake pathways. In particular, biological membranes feature the presence of rafts, that is segregated lipid micro and/or nanodomains in the so‐called liquid ordered phase (Lo), immiscible with the surrounding liquid disordered phase (Ld). Rafts are involved in various biological functions and act as sites for the selective adsorption of materials on the membrane. Indeed, the thickness mismatch present along their boundaries generates energetically favourable conditions for the adsorption of NPs. Despite its clear implications in NPs internalisation processes and cytotoxicity, a direct proof of the selective adsorption of NPs along the rafts’ boundaries is still missing to date. Here we use multicomponent supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) as reliable synthetic models, reproducing the nanometric lateral heterogeneity of cell membranes. After being characterised by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and neutron reflectivity (NR), multidomain SLBs are challenged by prototypical inorganic nanoparticles, that is citrated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), under simplified and highly controlled conditions. By exploiting AFM, we demonstrate that AuNPs preferentially target lipid phase boundaries as adsorption sites. The herein reported study consolidates and extends the fundamental knowledge on NPs–membrane interactions, which constitute a key aspect to consider when designing NPs‐related biomedical applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12910} (DOI). Ridolfi, A.; Caselli, L.; Montis, C.; Mangiapia, G.; Berti, D.; Brucale, M.; Valle, F.: Gold nanoparticles interacting with synthetic lipid rafts: an AFM investigation. Journal of Microscopy. 2020. vol. 280, no. 3, 194-203. DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12910}} @misc{widmann_3d_printed_2020, author={Widmann, T., Kreuzer, L., Mangiapia, G., Haese, M., Frielinghaus, H., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={3D printed spherical environmental chamber for neutron reflectometry and grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering experiments}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012652}, abstract = {In neutron scattering on soft matter, an important concern is the control and stability of environmental conditions surrounding the sample. Complex sample environment setups are often expensive to fabricate or simply not achievable by conventional workshop manufacturing. We make use of state-of-the-art 3D metal-printing technology to realize a sample environment for large sample sizes, optimized for investigations on thin film samples with neutron reflectometry (NR) and grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering (GISANS). With the flexibility and freedom of design given by 3D metal-printing, a spherical chamber with fluidic channels inside its walls is printed from an AlSi10Mg powder via selective laser melting (SLM). The thin channels ensure a homogeneous heating of the sample environment from all directions and allow for quick temperature switches in well-equilibrated atmospheres. In order to optimize the channel layout, flow simulations were carried out and verified in temperature switching tests. The spherical, edgeless design aids the prevention of condensation inside the chamber in case of high humidity conditions. The large volume of the sample chamber allows for high flexibility in sample size and geometry. While a small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurement through the chamber walls reveals a strong isotropic scattering signal resulting from the evenly orientated granular structure introduced by SLM, a second SANS measurement through the windows shows no additional background originating from the chamber. Exemplary GISANS and NR measurements in time-of-flight mode are shown to prove that the chamber provides a stable, background free sample environment for the investigation of thin films.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012652} (DOI). Widmann, T.; Kreuzer, L.; Mangiapia, G.; Haese, M.; Frielinghaus, H.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: 3D printed spherical environmental chamber for neutron reflectometry and grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering experiments. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2020. vol. 91, 113903. DOI: 10.1063/5.0012652}} @misc{zec_revealing_the_2020, author={Zec, N., Mangiapia, G., Zheludkevich, M., Busch, S., Moulin, J.}, title={Revealing the interfacial nanostructure of a deep eutectic solvent at a solid electrode}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06779e}, abstract = {Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are both green and sustainable, making them an increasingly attractive alternative to conventional solvents. One of their applications is the electrochemical deposition of metals that cannot be deposited from aqueous solution because of the limited electrochemical window of water. The electrodeposition process is influenced by the structure and dynamics of the solvent at the solid–liquid interface. Therefore,the nanoscale structure of the interface between a silicon substrate and deep eutectic solvent (choline chloride–ethylene glycol) was studied by neutron reflectometry (NR) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is not possible to model NR measurements of this system without simulating a dense DES layer at the solid–liquid interface. This study used an MD simulation trajectory to extract the density, thickness, and roughness of this DES layer. With this input, the model reproduces the reflectometry data at all measured H/D contrasts very well. The thickness of the layer does not change appreciably when applying charge or at higher temperatures. Further analysis revealed a reorganization of ions and reorientation of the choline cations in the interface layer when the electrodes are charged. These changes in ion orientation are not observed with the NR technique since they do not influence the neutron scattering length density profile due to the high number of ethylene glycol molecules at the interface. However, the agreement between measured neutron reflectometry data and model parameters obtained from MD simulations justified subnanoscale analysis of the MD trajectory and confirmed that these two complementary techniques can be successfully combined to reveal the solid/DES interface structure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06779e} (DOI). Zec, N.; Mangiapia, G.; Zheludkevich, M.; Busch, S.; Moulin, J.: Revealing the interfacial nanostructure of a deep eutectic solvent at a solid electrode. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2020. vol. 22, no. 21, 12104-12112. DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06779e}} @misc{zhou_texture_and_2020, author={Zhou, X., Ha, C., Yi, S., Bohlen, J., Schell, N., Chi, Y., Zheng, M., Brokmeier, H.}, title={Texture and Lattice Strain Evolution during Tensile Loading of Mg–Zn Alloys Measured by Synchrotron Diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010124}, abstract = {To explore the effect of neodymium (Nd) on the deformation mechanisms of Mg–Zn alloys, texture and lattice strain developments of hot-rolled Mg–Zn (Z1) and Mg–Zn–Nd (ZN10) alloys were investigated using in situ synchrotron diffraction and compared with elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent simulation under tensile loading. The Nd-containing ZN10 alloys show much weaker texture after hot rolling than the Nd-free Z1 alloy. To investigate the influence of the initial texture on the texture and lattice strain evolution, the tensile tests were carried out in the rolling and transverse direction. During tension, the {002}<100> texture components develop fast in Z1, which was not seen for ZN10. On the other hand, <100> fiber // loading direction (LD) developed in both alloys, although it was faster in ZN10 than in Z1. Lattice strain investigation showed that <101> // LD-oriented grains experienced plastic deformation first during tension, which can be related to basal slip activity. This was more apparent for ZN10 than for Z1. The simulation results show that the prismatic slip plays a vital role in the plastic deformation of Z1 directly from the beginning. In contrast, ZN10 plastic deformation starts with dominant basal slip but during deformation prismatic slip becomes increasingly important.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met10010124} (DOI). Zhou, X.; Ha, C.; Yi, S.; Bohlen, J.; Schell, N.; Chi, Y.; Zheng, M.; Brokmeier, H.: Texture and Lattice Strain Evolution during Tensile Loading of Mg–Zn Alloys Measured by Synchrotron Diffraction. Metals. 2020. vol. 10, no. 1, 124. DOI: 10.3390/met10010124}} @misc{frbel_on_the_2020, author={Fröbel, U., Laipple, D.}, title={On the formation of temperature-induced defects at the surface of TEM specimens prepared from TiAl using high-energy Gallium and low-energy Argon ions}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2020.1748245}, abstract = {Specimens for transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigations were prepared from γ titanium aluminide alloys with Gallium and Argon ions using a focused ion beam (FIB) and a precision ion polishing system (PIPS). Preparation to electron transparency by Gallium ions alone leads to the formation of crystalline platelets of the α titanium phase at the specimen surfaces, revealed through conventional and high resolution (HR) TEM analysis. The platelets are assumed to precipitate from priorly formed amorphous layers. The required crystallisation temperature of about 480°C is generated through the ion bombardment implying that the γ titanium aluminides can be heated substantively during sputtering. The primary reason for this is the restricted transfer of heat away from the beam impact point when the specimen thickness comes close to the beam diameter. The formation of the platelets can be avoided by terminating the Gallium ion treatment prior to that, while providing for a sufficient thermal bonding of the specimen to the grid as well and polishing off the remaining material by Argon ions, which are much less focused and less energetic, so that the local heat peaks are reduced.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2020.1748245} (DOI). Fröbel, U.; Laipple, D.: On the formation of temperature-induced defects at the surface of TEM specimens prepared from TiAl using high-energy Gallium and low-energy Argon ions. Philosophical Magazine. 2020. vol. 100, no. 15, 1915-1941. DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2020.1748245}} @misc{hahn_mechanistic_study_2020, author={Hahn, R., Koutná, N., Wójcik, T., Davydok, A., Kolozsvári, S., Krywka, C., Holec, D., Bartosik, M., Mayrhofer, P.}, title={Mechanistic study of superlattice-enabled high toughness and hardness in MoN/TaN coatings}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-020-00064-4}, abstract = {Machining and forming tools exposed to challenging environments require protective coatings to extend their lifetime and reliability. Although transition metal nitrides possess excellent strength and resistance against chemical attacks, they lack ductility and are prone to premature failure. Here, by investigating structural and mechanical properties of MoN-TaN superlattices with different bilayer thickness, we develop coatings with high fracture toughness and hardness, stemming from the formation of a metastable tetragonally distorted phase of TaN up to layer thicknesses of 2.5 nm. Density functional theory calculations and experimental results further reveal a metal-vacancy stabilized cubic Ta0.75N phase with an increased Young’s modulus but significantly lower fracture toughness. We further discuss the influence of coherency strains on the fracture properties of superlattice thin films. The close interplay between our experimental and ab initio data demonstrates the impact of phase formation and stabilization on the mechanical properties of MoN-TaN superlattices.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s43246-020-00064-4} (DOI). Hahn, R.; Koutná, N.; Wójcik, T.; Davydok, A.; Kolozsvári, S.; Krywka, C.; Holec, D.; Bartosik, M.; Mayrhofer, P.: Mechanistic study of superlattice-enabled high toughness and hardness in MoN/TaN coatings. Communications Materials. 2020. vol. 1, 62. DOI: 10.1038/s43246-020-00064-4}} @misc{medina_high_temperature_2020, author={Medina, J., Garces, G., Pérez, P., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={High temperature mechanical behaviour of Mg–6Zn–1Y alloy with 1 wt.% calcium addition: Reinforcing effect due to I-(Mg3Zn6Y1) and Mg6Zn3Ca2 phases}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.08.007}, abstract = {The influence of small calcium additions on the high-temperature mechanical behaviour in an extruded Mg–6Zn–1Y (wt.%) alloy reinforced by the I-phase has been investigated. Calcium promotes the formation of the intermetallic Mg6Zn3Ca2 phase instead of I-phase, which results in a noticeable improvement of the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the alloy above 100 °C. The strength of the alloys was analysed taking into account the contribution due to the grain size, the crystallographic texture and the volume fraction and nature of second phase particles. In situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments have been used to evaluate the load partitioning between the magnesium matrix and the second phase particles (I- and Mg6Zn3Ca2 phases) in both alloys. The load transfer from the magnesium matrix towards the Mg6Zn3Ca2 phase is markedly more effective than that for the I-phase over the entire temperature range, especially at 200 °C, temperature at which the reinforcement effect of the I-phase is null.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.08.007} (DOI). Medina, J.; Garces, G.; Pérez, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: High temperature mechanical behaviour of Mg–6Zn–1Y alloy with 1 wt.% calcium addition: Reinforcing effect due to I-(Mg3Zn6Y1) and Mg6Zn3Ca2 phases. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2020. vol. 8, no. 4, 1047-1060. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2020.08.007}} @misc{pickering_in_situ_2020, author={Pickering, E., Collins, J., Stark, A., Connor, L., Kiely, A., Stone, H.}, title={In situ observations of continuous cooling transformations in low alloy steels}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110355}, abstract = {In this work, we measure the CCT behaviours of two pressure vessel steels in situ using simultaneous dilatometry and SXRD. Both steels are subject to austenitisation followed by quenching at a range of cooling rates. On comparing results from SXRD and dilatometry, it is found that recorded starts of transformations appear to be in good agreement. However, calculations of phase fractions derived from dilatometry data significantly overestimate the fraction of ferrite that forms in comparison to SXRD when the formation involves the partitioning of carbon. This happens for two reasons: first, because the method to extract ferrite volume fractions from dilatometry data generally ignores the presence of any retained austenite at low temperatures, and second, because analyses of dilatometry data do not account for the expansion of the austenite during transformation due to enrichment in carbon. This enrichment leads to an increase in strain, and the standard analysis method falsely attributes this increase to ferrite formation, thereby overestimating it. The results highlight that caution must be exercised when interpreting the results of dilatometry, since levels of ferrite (especially diffusively-formed) and retained austenite are important quantities for the prediction of mechanical behaviour, and they are not readily quantified by the analysis of dilatometry data alone.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110355} (DOI). Pickering, E.; Collins, J.; Stark, A.; Connor, L.; Kiely, A.; Stone, H.: In situ observations of continuous cooling transformations in low alloy steels. Materials Characterization. 2020. vol. 165, 110355. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110355}} @misc{kreuzer_cyclic_water_2020, author={Kreuzer, L., Widmann, T., Aldosari, N., Bießmann, L., Mangiapia, G., Hildebrand, V., Laschewsky, A., Papadakis, C., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Cyclic Water Storage Behavior of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01335}, abstract = {The cyclic swelling and collapse behavior of a doubly thermoresponsive diblock copolymer thin film, consisting of a zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine), poly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-methacrylamidopropyl)-ammoniopropane sulfonate) (PSPP), and a nonionic poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) block, is investigated in situ at three characteristic temperatures with time-of-flight neutron reflectometry. With increasing temperature, the thin film becomes less hydrophilic, which leads to a decreased but faster water uptake. This response of the block copolymers in the thin-film geometry differs greatly from their known aqueous solution behavior. In the cyclic experiments at constant temperature, the behavior is reproducible in terms of mesoscopic parameters such as swelling ratio and water content, even though Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals altered swelling mechanisms, which are attributed to a complex interplay between different water species. Thus, the overall reduced hydrophilicity affects the overall swelling behavior of the thin film but not the hydration of particular functional groups of the diblock copolymer PSPP-b-PNIPMAM.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01335} (DOI). Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Aldosari, N.; Bießmann, L.; Mangiapia, G.; Hildebrand, V.; Laschewsky, A.; Papadakis, C.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Cyclic Water Storage Behavior of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules. 2020. vol. 53, no. 20, 9108-9121. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01335}} @misc{mrkl_comparing_the_2020, author={Märkl, R., Hohn, N., Hupf, E., Bießmann, L., Körstgens, V., Kreuzer, L., Mangiapia, G., Pomm, M., Kriele, A., Rivard, E., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Comparing the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films with hole conductors of different sizes sharing the same mass density}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252520000913}, abstract = {Efficient infiltration of a mesoporous titania matrix with conducting organic polymers or small molecules is one key challenge to overcome for hybrid photovoltaic devices. A quantitative analysis of the backfilling efficiency with time-of-flight grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (ToF-GISANS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements is presented. Differences in the morphology due to the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films are compared for the macromolecule poly[4,8-bis­(5-(2-ethyl­hexyl)­thio­phen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b;4,5-b′]di­thio­phene-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethyl­hexyl)-3-fluoro­thieno[3,4-b]thio­phene-)-2-carboxyl­ate-2-6-diyl)] (PTB7-Th) and the heavy-element containing small molecule 2-pinacol­boronate-3-phenyl­phen­anthro[9,10-b]telluro­phene (PhenTe-BPinPh). Hence, a 1.7 times higher backfilling efficiency of almost 70% is achieved for the small molecule PhenTe-BPinPh compared with the polymer PTB7-Th despite sharing the same volumetric mass density. The precise characterization of structural changes due to backfilling reveals that the volumetric density of backfilled materials plays a minor role in obtaining good backfilling efficiencies and interfaces with large surface contact.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S2052252520000913} (DOI). Märkl, R.; Hohn, N.; Hupf, E.; Bießmann, L.; Körstgens, V.; Kreuzer, L.; Mangiapia, G.; Pomm, M.; Kriele, A.; Rivard, E.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Comparing the backfilling of mesoporous titania thin films with hole conductors of different sizes sharing the same mass density. IUCrJ. 2020. vol. 7, no. 2, 268-275. DOI: 10.1107/S2052252520000913}} @misc{moritz_oxidation_behavior_2020, author={Moritz, Y., Saringer, C., Tkadletz, M., Stark, A., Schell, N., Letofsky-Papst, I., Czettl, C., Pohler, M., Schalk, N.}, title={Oxidation behavior of arc evaporated TiSiN coatings investigated by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and HR-STEM}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126632}, abstract = {Owing to its excellent mechanical and thermal properties and outstanding oxidation resistance, TiSiN is used for protective hard coatings for cutting applications. While several reports confirm the oxidation stability of TiSiN up to temperatures above 800 °C, literature is currently lacking a thorough investigation of the oxidation sequence of this coating system. Thus, in this study the oxidation mechanism of TiSiN was monitored via in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and complemented by a detailed analysis of the microstructure and elemental composition of oxidized coatings. A TiSiN coating was deposited by cathodic-arc evaporation in an industrial scale deposition plant. In-situ synchrotron XRD experiments of the powdered coating showed an oxidation stability up to ~830 °C, followed by the formation of both, rutile and anatase TiO2 with increasing temperature. The formation of anatase during oxidation was confirmed by Raman and XRD investigations on a solid coating. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed the oxidation of only several hundred nm of the coating surface after oxidation at 930 °C for 5 min, while increasing the temperature to 1130 °C resulted in full oxidation of the Ti(Si)N nanocrystals, accompanied by high porosity and significant grain coarsening. Furthermore, elemental analysis showed the presence of TiO2 grains surrounded by an amorphous Si-O-N phase as well as the formation of a TiO2 top layer due to diffusion of Ti to the surface. The obtained results provide detailed and novel insight into the oxidation mechanism of TiSiN as well as on the microstructure of oxidized TiSiN coatings.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126632} (DOI). Moritz, Y.; Saringer, C.; Tkadletz, M.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Letofsky-Papst, I.; Czettl, C.; Pohler, M.; Schalk, N.: Oxidation behavior of arc evaporated TiSiN coatings investigated by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and HR-STEM. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2020. vol. 404, 126632. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126632}} @misc{li_temperature_dependence_2020, author={Li, Y., Pyczak, F., Stark, A., Wang, L., Oehring, M., Paul, J., Lorenz, U.}, title={Temperature dependence of misfit in different Co–Al–W ternary alloys measured by synchrotron X-ray diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152940}, abstract = {The lattice misfit between the γ matrix and coherently embedded γ′ precipitates in the ternary system Co–9Al-xW-0.1B(x = 8,9,11) was measured in-situ by synchrotron X-ray diffraction between room temperature and 1000 °C. The lattice parameters of both γ′ and γ phases increase with rising temperature. The thermal expansion of both phases is similar before the γ′ precipitates start to dissolve. When the temperature rises above 700 °C, the lattice parameter of the γ phase increases more rapidly due to a redistribution of W atoms from the dissolving γ′ precipitates. Thus, the misfit remains almost constant in the temperature range between 20 °C and 700 °C but decreases drastically above 700 °C. Nevertheless, the misfit in these Co–Al–W alloys remains positive up to the γ′ solvus.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152940} (DOI). Li, Y.; Pyczak, F.; Stark, A.; Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Paul, J.; Lorenz, U.: Temperature dependence of misfit in different Co–Al–W ternary alloys measured by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020. vol. 819, 152940. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152940}} @misc{paul_surface_distortion_2020, author={Paul, N., Moulin, J., Mangiapia, G., Kriele, A., Müller-Buschbaum, P., Opel, M., Paul, A.}, title={Surface distortion of Fe dot-decorated TiO2 nanotubular templates using time-of-flight grazing incidence small angle scattering}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60899-2}, abstract = {Physical properties of nanoclusters, nanostructures and self-assembled nanodots, which in turn are concomitantly dependent upon the morphological properties, can be modulated for functional purposes. Here, in this article, magnetic nanodots of Fe on semiconductor TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) are investigated with time-of-flight grazing incidence small-angle neutron scattering (TOF-GISANS) as a function of wavelength, chosen from a set of three TNT templates with different correlation lengths. The results are found corroborating with the localized scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. As we probe the inside and the near-surface region of the Fe-dotted TNTs with respect to their homogeneity, surface distortion and long-range order using TOF-GISANS, gradual aberrations at the top of the near-surface region are identified. Magnetization measurements as a function of temperature and field do not show a typical ferromagnetic behavior but rather a supermagnetic one that is expected from a nonhomogeneous distribution of Fe–dots in the intertubular crevasses.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60899-2} (DOI). Paul, N.; Moulin, J.; Mangiapia, G.; Kriele, A.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Opel, M.; Paul, A.: Surface distortion of Fe dot-decorated TiO2 nanotubular templates using time-of-flight grazing incidence small angle scattering. Scientific Reports. 2020. vol. 10, 4038. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60899-2}} @misc{scholz_biomedical_xray_2020, author={Scholz, J., Birnbacher, L., Petrich, C., Riedel, M., Heck, L., Gkoumas, S., Sellerer, T., Achterhold, K., Herzen, J.}, title={Biomedical x-ray imaging with a GaAs photon-counting detector: A comparative study}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020262}, abstract = {Photon-counting detectors provide several potential advantages in biomedical x-ray imaging including fast and readout noise free data acquisition, sharp pixel response, and high dynamic range. Grating-based phase-contrast imaging is a biomedical imaging method, which delivers high soft-tissue contrast and strongly benefits from photon-counting properties. However, silicon sensors commonly used in photon-counting detectors have low quantum efficiency for mid- to high-energies, which limits high throughput capabilities when combined with grating-based phase contrast imaging. In this work, we characterize a newly developed photon-counting prototype detector with a gallium arsenide sensor, which enables imaging with higher quantum efficiency, and compare it with a silicon-based photon-counting and a scintillation-based charge integrating detector. In detail, we calculated the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) of all three detectors based on the experimentally measured modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum, and photon fluence. In addition, the DQEs were determined for two different spectra, namely, for a 28 kVp and a 50 kVp molybdenum spectrum. Among all tested detectors, the gallium arsenide prototype showed the highest DQE values for both x-ray spectra. Moreover, other than the comparison based on the DQE, we measured an ex vivo murine sample to assess the benefit using this detector for grating-based phase contrast computed tomography. Compared to the scintillation-based detector, the prototype revealed higher resolving power with an equal signal-to-noise ratio in the grating-based phase contrast computed tomography experiment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020262} (DOI). Scholz, J.; Birnbacher, L.; Petrich, C.; Riedel, M.; Heck, L.; Gkoumas, S.; Sellerer, T.; Achterhold, K.; Herzen, J.: Biomedical x-ray imaging with a GaAs photon-counting detector: A comparative study. APL Photonics. 2020. vol. 5, 106108. DOI: 10.1063/5.0020262}} @misc{kiefer_determination_of_2020, author={Kiefer, D., Gibmeier, J., Stark, A.}, title={Determination of Temperature-Dependent Elastic Constants of Steel AISI 4140 by Use of In Situ X-ray Dilatometry Experiments}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102378}, abstract = {In situ dilatometry experiments using high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission mode were carried out at the high energy material science beamline P07@PETRAIII at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron) for the tempering steel AISI 4140 at defined mechanical loading. The focus of this study was on the initial tempering state ( ferrite ) and the hardened state ( martensite ). Lattice strains were calculated from the 2D diffraction data for different hkl planes and from those temperature-dependent lattice plane specific diffraction elastic constants ( DECs ) were determined. The resulting coupling terms allow for precise stress analysis for typical hypoeutectoid steels using diffraction data during heat treatment processes, that is, for in situ diffraction studies during thermal exposure. In addition, by averaging hkl specific Young′smoduli and Poissonratios macroscopic temperature-dependent elastic constants were determined. In conclusion a novel approach for the determination of phase-specific temperature-dependent DECs was suggested using diffraction based dilatometry that provides more reliable data in comparison to conventional experimental procedures. Moreover, the averaging of lattice plane specific results from in situ diffraction analysis supply robust temperature-dependent macroscopic elastic constants for martensite and ferrite as input data for heat treatment process simulations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13102378} (DOI). Kiefer, D.; Gibmeier, J.; Stark, A.: Determination of Temperature-Dependent Elastic Constants of Steel AISI 4140 by Use of In Situ X-ray Dilatometry Experiments. Materials. 2020. vol. 13, no. 10, 2378. DOI: 10.3390/ma13102378}} @misc{jaloszyski_the_midcretaceous_2020, author={Jaloszyñski, P., Luo, X., Hammel, J., Yamamoto, S., Beutel, R.}, title={The mid-Cretaceous †Lepiceratus Gen. nov. and the Evolution of the Relict Beetle Family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga)}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561}, abstract = {A newly discovered adult beetle †Lepiceratus ankylosaurus gen. & sp. nov. (mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber) is the first extinct member of the suborder Myxophaga to reveal fine morphological structures, studied by synchrotron microtomography. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis places it as a stem group in the extant relict family Lepiceridae. The fossil (along with previously known taxa) demonstrates that lepicerids with seven and five antennomeres co-existed during mid-Cretaceous, and only forms with extremely reduced, pentamerous antennae survived till present. The hitherto known fossil record of the enigmatic myxophagan beetles and phylogenetic reconstructions demonstrate that the reduction of antennomeres (i.e. antennal anarthrogenesis) from the ancestral 11 to seven took place as early as the Triassic, when the ancestral lineage of Myxophaga split into the ‘lepicerid lineage’ and an ancestor of all remaining families. Furthermore, the anarthrogenesis in the ‘Lepicerus lineage’ had been completed by the mid-Cretaceous. As all remaining morphological structures that define extant Lepicerus had differentiated by then, the extreme reduction of antennae to merely five antennomeres was the last major morphological transformation in their evolution. Morphological adaptations to protect body appendages (presumably against predators) also remained unchanged since the mid-Cretaceous, indicating a similar environmental pressures during this nearly 100 Ma-long period of lepicerid evolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561} (DOI). Jaloszyñski, P.; Luo, X.; Hammel, J.; Yamamoto, S.; Beutel, R.: The mid-Cretaceous †Lepiceratus Gen. nov. and the Evolution of the Relict Beetle Family Lepiceridae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Myxophaga). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2020. vol. 18, no. 13, 1127-1140. DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2020.1747561}} @misc{song_new_insights_2020, author={Song, L., Appel, F., Wang, L., Oehring, M., Hu, X., Stark, A., He, J., Lorenz, U., Zhang, T., Lin, J., Pyczak, F.}, title={New insights into high-temperature deformation and phase transformation mechanisms of lamellar structures in high Nb-containing TiAl alloys}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.021}, abstract = {The paper describes the microstructure evolution by high-temperature compression of a high Nb-containing TiAl alloy. The paper extends a previous publication [Song, et al. Intermetallics 109 (2019) 91–96], in which a unique twin-like morphology in the α2 (Ti3Al) phase was reported. However, the origin of these structures could not be clarified without doubt. The present study is focused on phase transformations that in this multiphase alloy can be associated with deformation. Particular attention is paid to local transformations of the α2 phase into O phase or ω-related phases, which, because of structural and chemical similarity of these phases with α2, can easily occur and could mistakenly be considered as a twin structure. The details of the atomic processes involved are elucidated by electron microscopy. Given the large shufflings and the atomic site interchanges required for the operation of this twinning system, it is concluded that twinning of the α2 phase is a diffusive-displacive process. Within the α2 phase, ωo is heterogeneously nucleated. The nucleation sites are defect-rich areas, which are subjected to high local stresses. The study strongly emphasizes the close relationship between high-temperature deformation and phase transformations in multiphase titanium aluminide alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.021} (DOI). Song, L.; Appel, F.; Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Hu, X.; Stark, A.; He, J.; Lorenz, U.; Zhang, T.; Lin, J.; Pyczak, F.: New insights into high-temperature deformation and phase transformation mechanisms of lamellar structures in high Nb-containing TiAl alloys. Acta Materialia. 2020. vol. 186, 575-586. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.021}} @misc{horvthfekete_hot_deformation_2020, author={Horváth Fekete, K., Drozdenko, D., Čapek, J., Máthis, K., Tolnai, D., Stark, A., Garcés, G., Dobroň, P.}, title={Hot deformation of Mg-Y-Zn alloy with a low content of the LPSO phase studied by in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2019.11.009}, abstract = {The compressive deformation behavior of the extruded WZ42 (Mg98.5Y1Zn0.5 in at.%) magnesium alloy containing a low amount of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase was studied by in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction technique. Tests were conducted at temperatures between room temperature and 350 °C. Detailed microstructure investigation was provided by scanning electron microscopy, particularly the backscattered electron imaging and electron backscatter diffraction technique. The results show that twinning lost its dominance and kinking of the LPSO phase became more pronounced with increasing deformation temperature. No cracks of the LPSO phase and no debonding r at the interface between the LPSO phase and the Mg matrix were observed at temperatures above 200 °C. At 350 °C, the LPSO phase lost its strengthening effect and the deformation of the alloy was mainly realized by the dynamic recrystallization of the Mg matrix.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2019.11.009} (DOI). Horváth Fekete, K.; Drozdenko, D.; Čapek, J.; Máthis, K.; Tolnai, D.; Stark, A.; Garcés, G.; Dobroň, P.: Hot deformation of Mg-Y-Zn alloy with a low content of the LPSO phase studied by in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys. 2020. vol. 8, no. 1, 199-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jma.2019.11.009}} @misc{ivanov_application_of_2020, author={Ivanov, I., Lazurenko, D., Stark, A., Pyczak, F., Thömmes, A., Bataev, I.}, title={Application of Different Diffraction Peak Profile Analysis Methods to Study the Structure Evolution of Cold-Rolled Hexagonal α-Titanium}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00309-z}, abstract = {This paper presents a comparison between the “classical” and the modified Williamson–Hall and Warren–Averabach methods applied to an analysis of the microstructure of α-titanium. The microstructural parameters of cold-rolled titanium specimens were retrieved from analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks. The high-quality XRD patterns were received at the P07 beamline (The High Energy Materials Science) at the German electron synchrotron. The dependence of the crystallite size, the inhomogeneous microstrains, the average dislocation density, the dislocation cut-off radius and some other parameters on the plastic strain were estimated. The results clearly indicate that, due to the consideration of the dislocation contrast effect, the modified models are a much better fit to the experimental data in comparison with the “classical” models. The results of hardness and corrosion resistance measurements of Ti samples can be explained based on the results obtained from the XRD analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-019-00309-z} (DOI). Ivanov, I.; Lazurenko, D.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; Thömmes, A.; Bataev, I.: Application of Different Diffraction Peak Profile Analysis Methods to Study the Structure Evolution of Cold-Rolled Hexagonal α-Titanium. Metals and Materials International. 2020. vol. 26, 83-93. DOI: 10.1007/s12540-019-00309-z}} @misc{garces_anisotropic_plastic_2020, author={Garces, G., Barea, R., Stark, A., Schell, N.}, title={Anisotropic Plastic Behavior in an Extruded Long-Period Ordered Structure Mg90Y6.5Ni3.5 (at.%) Alloy}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040279}, abstract = {The Mg90Y6.5Ni3.5 alloy composed almost completely of the Long-Period-Stacking-Ordered (LPSO) phase has been prepared by casting and extrusion at high temperature. An elongated microstructure is obtained where the LPSO phase with 18R crystal structure is oriented with its basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction. Islands of α-magnesium are located between the LPSO grains. The mechanical properties of the alloy are highly anisotropic and depend on the stress sign as well as the relative orientation between the stress and the extrusion axes. The alloy is stronger when it is compressed along the extrusion direction. Under this configuration, the slip of dislocations in the basal plane is highly limited. However, the activation of kinking induces an increase in the plastic deformation. In the transversal extrusion direction, some grains deform by the activation of basal slip. The difference in the yield stress between the different stress configurations decreases with the increase in the test temperature. The evolution of internal strains obtained during in-situ compressive experiments reveals that tensile twinning is not activated in the LPSO phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst10040279} (DOI). Garces, G.; Barea, R.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.: Anisotropic Plastic Behavior in an Extruded Long-Period Ordered Structure Mg90Y6.5Ni3.5 (at.%) Alloy. Crystals. 2020. vol. 10, no. 4, 279. DOI: 10.3390/cryst10040279}} @misc{scheie_multiphase_magnetism_2020, author={Scheie, A., Kindervater, J., Zhang, S., Changlani, H., Sala, G., Ehlers, G., Heinemann, A., Tucker, G., Koohpayeh, S., Broholm, C.}, title={Multiphase magnetism in Yb2Ti2O7}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008791117}, abstract = {We use neutron scattering to show that ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism coexist in the low T state of the pyrochlore quantum magnet Yb2Ti2O7. While magnetic Bragg peaks evidence long-range static ferromagnetic order, inelastic scattering shows that short-range correlated antiferromagnetism is also present. Small-angle neutron scattering provides direct evidence for mesoscale magnetic structure that we associate with metastable antiferromagnetism. Classical Monte Carlo simulations based on exchange interactions inferred from ⟨111⟩-oriented high-field spin wave measurements confirm that antiferromagnetism is metastable within the otherwise ferromagnetic ground state. The apparent lack of coherent spin wave excitations and strong sensitivity to quenched disorder characterizing Yb2Ti2O7 is a consequence of this multiphase magnetism.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008791117} (DOI). Scheie, A.; Kindervater, J.; Zhang, S.; Changlani, H.; Sala, G.; Ehlers, G.; Heinemann, A.; Tucker, G.; Koohpayeh, S.; Broholm, C.: Multiphase magnetism in Yb2Ti2O7. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: PNAS. 2020. vol. 117, no. 44, 27245-27254. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008791117}} @misc{schmeiser_experimental_observation_2020, author={Schmeiser, F., Krohmer, E., Schell, N., Uhlmann, E., Reimers, W.}, title={Experimental observation of stress formation during selective laser melting using in situ X-ray diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.101028}, abstract = {Despite the ongoing success of metal additive manufacturing and especially the selective laser melting (SLM) technology, process-related defects, distortions and residual stresses impede its usability for fracture-critical applications. In this paper, results of in situ X-ray diffraction experiments are presented that offer insights into the strain and stress formation during the manufacturing of multi-layer thin walls made from Inconel 625. Using different measuring modes and laser scanning parameters, several experimental observations are discussed to validate and extend theoretical models and simulations from the literature. As a sample is built-up layer by layer, the stress state changes continuously up until the last exposure. The localized energy input leads to a complex stress field around the heat source that involves alternating tensile and compressive stresses. The correlation of temperature and yield strength results in a stress maximum at a certain distance to the top layer. The present study demonstrates the potential of high-energy synchrotron radiation diffraction for in situ SLM research.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.101028} (DOI). Schmeiser, F.; Krohmer, E.; Schell, N.; Uhlmann, E.; Reimers, W.: Experimental observation of stress formation during selective laser melting using in situ X-ray diffraction. Additive Manufacturing. 2020. vol. 32, 1010128. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.101028}} @misc{aslan_highpressure_cell_2020, author={Aslan, N., Horstmann, C., Metz, O., Kotlyar, O., Dornheim, M., Pistidda, C., Busch, S., Lohstroh, W., Müller, M., Pranzas, K.}, title={High-pressure cell for in situ neutron studies of hydrogen storage materials}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3233/JNR-190116}, abstract = {A high- pressure cell for neutron experiments was developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG). This cell is designed for the investigation of hydrogen storage materials at pressures up to 700 bar and temperatures up to 500°C. The idea is to have a prototype cell for different neutron scattering methods (diffraction, time- of-flight spectroscopy and small-angle neutron scattering). In this work, we discuss the development and the current state of the high- pressure cell. Furthermore, the deployment of the cell for in situ small-angle neutron scattering measurements on 6Mg(NH2 )2 + 9LiH + LiBH4 (6:9:1) at the instrument SANS-1 at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) is demonstrated.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3233/JNR-190116} (DOI). Aslan, N.; Horstmann, C.; Metz, O.; Kotlyar, O.; Dornheim, M.; Pistidda, C.; Busch, S.; Lohstroh, W.; Müller, M.; Pranzas, K.: High-pressure cell for in situ neutron studies of hydrogen storage materials. Journal of Neutron Research. 2020. vol. 21, no. 3 - 4, 125-135. DOI: 10.3233/JNR-190116}} @misc{mller_the_oldest_2020, author={Müller, S.P., Dunlop, J.A., Kotthoff, U., Hammel, J.U., Harms, D.}, title={The oldest short-tailed whipscorpion (Schizomida): a new genus and species from the Upper Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104227}, abstract = {Arachnids are an ancient lineage of arthropods and orders such as scorpions, harvestmen and mites have their fossil origins in the Silurian or Devonian. Another order with potentially old origins is the short-tailed whipscorpions, or schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida). These animals have a fragmentary fossil record with species either described or documented from Dominican amber (Miocene: Chattian), drill core sediments from the Oligocene in China, and the upper Pliocene (Zanclean) of Arizona. Here, we describe the first named example of a short-tailed whipscorpion from Late Cretaceous amber (Myanmar: Hukawng Valley) based on male morphological features. Mesozomus groehni gen. et sp. n. cannot be assigned to any Recent genera of schizomids and preserves a unique mix of plesiomorphic (e.g. the retention of eyes) and apomorphic characters (e.g. enlarged femur IV) that merit future evaluation within a phylogenetic context. We extend the fossil record of schizomids by ca. 65 million years, from the Paleogene to the Mesozoic, and add the twelfth order of arachnids to the diverse arachnid biota documented from Burmese amber.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104227} (DOI). Müller, S.; Dunlop, J.; Kotthoff, U.; Hammel, J.; Harms, D.: The oldest short-tailed whipscorpion (Schizomida): a new genus and species from the Upper Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research. 2020. vol. 106, 104227. DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104227}} @misc{cavaleiro_followup_structural_2020, author={Cavaleiro, A., Ramos, A., Braz Fernandes, F., Schell, N., Viera, M.}, title={Follow-up structural evolution of Ni/Ti reactive nano and microlayers during diffusion bonding of NiTi to Ti6Al4V in a synchrotron beamline}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116354}, abstract = {Reaction-Assisted Diffusion Bonding (RADB) of NiTi to Ti6Al4V using either magnetron sputtered Ni/Ti nanomultilayers or Ni/Ti commercial microfoils as filler material was studied. The joining process takes advantage of the exothermal reactive character of the Ni-Ti system to provide extra energy during the bonding process. Therefore, sound joints could be achieved at lower thermal conditions. The oven with load capabilities at the High Energy Materials Science beamline (P07) of the Deutsch Synchrotron (DESY) is ideal to follow the structural evolution of the materials involved in the bonding process. Prior to RABD, Ni/Ti multilayers with a 2.5 μm total thickness and with 12 or 25 nm of modulation period were deposited onto the materials being joined. In alternative, up to 20 alternated thin μ-foils were placed in between the base materials. The materials were heated by induction to the selected temperature during 30 min and quenched to room temperature by blowing helium. During the thermal cycle a 10 MPa pressure was applied. Using thin μ-foils, 650 °C was required to promote joining, while using multilayer coated materials sound joints were obtained at 600 °C. Such low temperatures are attractive from the application/economic point of view, and are crucial to reduce the formation of undesired intermetallic phases, such as NiTi2. The nanoindentation experiments of the joints processed using Ni/Ti nanomultilayers confirm that the presence of the NiTi2 phase is more pronounced at 650 °C than when the joints are processed at 600 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116354} (DOI). Cavaleiro, A.; Ramos, A.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Schell, N.; Viera, M.: Follow-up structural evolution of Ni/Ti reactive nano and microlayers during diffusion bonding of NiTi to Ti6Al4V in a synchrotron beamline. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2020. vol. 275, 116354. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.116354}} @misc{czerny_the_effect_2020, author={Czerny, M., Maziarz, W., Cios, G., Wojcik, A., Chumkyakov, Y., Schell, N., Fitta, M., Chulist, R.}, title={The effect of heat treatment on the precipitation hardening in FeNiCoAlTa single crystals}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139327}, abstract = {The main goal of this work was to examine the effect of aging process on the precipitation behavior including phase morphology, chemical composition and degree of coherence in Fe–28Ni–17Co-11.5Al-2.5Ta single crystals. The nano-sized and coherent γ′ precipitates were used for strengthening process. The particles were investigated with transmission and scanning electron microscopies along with high energy X-ray diffraction. The single crystalline material of [100] (001) orientation was subjected to three different heat treatments: slowly cooled, quenched and then annealed with various aging conditions. Aging at 973 K for short times results in coherent 2-6 nm-sized γ′ precipitates and fully reversible superelastic strains while annealing at 973 K for 5 h and longer times leads to the precipitation of larger γ’ particles formed together with β phase which significantly reduces the transformed martensite volume fraction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139327} (DOI). Czerny, M.; Maziarz, W.; Cios, G.; Wojcik, A.; Chumkyakov, Y.; Schell, N.; Fitta, M.; Chulist, R.: The effect of heat treatment on the precipitation hardening in FeNiCoAlTa single crystals. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020. vol. 784, 139327. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139327}} @misc{malakar_texture_transition_2020, author={Malakar, A., Suresh, K., Pancholi, V., Brokmeier, H., Schell, N.}, title={Texture transition in friction stir processed Al powder compact}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110525}, abstract = {Green Al powder compacts of commercial purity with random orientation were subjected to single pass friction stir processing (FSP) with different tool rotational and traverse speeds. The evolution of crystallographic texture obtained from large area electron back scattered diffraction were compared with the bulk texture of the nugget zone characterized using synchrotron diffraction. Evolution of different deformation and recrystallization texture components were discussed. While the grain size distributions were found to be independent of process parameters, the texture components and their strength of the FSPed samples were strongly influenced by the process parameters. Continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRx) was found to be the primary restoration mechanism for most of the processing conditions leading to a bi-modal misorientation distribution. The possible relations between different texture components and the appearance or suppression of bimodal misorientation distributions were discussed. Restoration mechanism changed to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRx) with the evolution of cube component at the stir zone along with random misorientation distribution. Dominance of a particular restoration mechanism depends on strain, strain rate and temperature attained during the processing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110525} (DOI). Malakar, A.; Suresh, K.; Pancholi, V.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.: Texture transition in friction stir processed Al powder compact. Materials Characterization. 2020. vol. 167, 110525. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110525}} @misc{rodrigues_thermomechanical_characterization_2020, author={Rodrigues, P., Fernandes, F., Magalhaes, R., Camacho, E., Lopes, A., Paula, A., Basu, R., Schell, N.}, title={Thermo-mechanical characterization of NiTi orthodontic archwires with graded actuating forces}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103747}, abstract = {Functionally graded NiTi orthodontic archwire was tested to assess the evolution of the actuation force as a function of the temperature. Varying actuation forces on the same orthodontic wire allow the optimization of repositioning of the different types of teeth, according its radicular support. The wire was separated into three segments: Incisive, Premolar and Molar. The functionally graded NiTi orthodontic archwire segments have distinct structural and mechanical behavior as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction, and thermomechanical analysis. The mechanical behavior was analyzed by three-point bending tests at four different temperatures (5, 20, 25 and 37 °C). In parallel, three-point bending tests were performed by TMA analysis in a temperature range from 5 °C (from cold water) to 40 °C (hot meal). This study showed the comparison of the different segments on the same archwire, providing a better understanding of the behavior of these functionally graded materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103747} (DOI). Rodrigues, P.; Fernandes, F.; Magalhaes, R.; Camacho, E.; Lopes, A.; Paula, A.; Basu, R.; Schell, N.: Thermo-mechanical characterization of NiTi orthodontic archwires with graded actuating forces. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2020. vol. 107, 103747. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103747}} @misc{sanamar_phase_evolution_2020, author={Sanamar, S., Brokmeier, H., Schell, N.}, title={Phase evolution of Al–Mg metal matrix composites during low temperature annealing at 200 °C and 250 °C}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106862}, abstract = {In the Al–Mg system, intermetallic compounds can be formed by a solid-state reaction between the elemental components. Metal matrix composites obtained by classical powder metallurgy and room temperature extrusion with the two compositions Al60–Mg40 and Al40–Mg60 (wt. %) were studied. The high fraction of Al–Mg grain boundaries in these materials allows investigation of the early stages of phase evolution. The mixtures are close to the ideal composition of either the intermetallic β-Al3Mg2 phase or the γ-Al12Mg17 phase. Phase analysis was performed using intense synchrotron radiation with an energy of 87 keV and showed that the γ-Al12Mg17 phase was the first to form after 2 h annealing at 200 °C. In situ annealing at 200 °C for 12 h and at 250 °C for 6 h was compared to ex situ annealing at 200 °C and 250 °C for 2 h and 12 h. The γ-phase was the first phase to form, independent of the starting composition. It is suggested that the γ-phase grows via an interface reaction controlled mechanism. After the γ-phase has reached its critical thickness the β-phase starts to form. No other phases were observed to form.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106862} (DOI). Sanamar, S.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.: Phase evolution of Al–Mg metal matrix composites during low temperature annealing at 200 °C and 250 °C. Intermetallics. 2020. vol. 124, 106862. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106862}} @misc{usov_effect_of_2020, author={Usov, V., Brokmeier, H., Shkatulyak, N., Savchuk, E., Schell, N.}, title={Effect of Kind of Deformation on Young's Modulus, Damage Parameter, Texture and Structure of Alloy Mg – 5% Li (wt)}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2020-1-07}, abstract = {Effect of deformation by extrusion, rolling after extrusion (in combination with annealing and changing the rolling direction), and subsequent alternating bending (AB) with the number of cycles 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 on the elastic modulus (E), damage accumulation parameter (damage parameter ω), crystallographic texture, and substructure parameters of the binary Mg-5%Li alloy have been studied. The damage parameter (0 ≤ ω ≤ 1), which is interpreted as the relative reduction in the effective load-bearing cross-sectional area due to damage accumulation, was found by the change in the elastic modulus after various above types of deformation. At this, we used to compare equivalent deformation and equivalent elastic energy models. The substructure parameters (crystalline domains sizes D, lattice distortion ε, dislocation density ρ) were estimated by analyzing the physical broadening of the lines diffraction on the crystal lattice of studied alloy of the penetrating hard X-ray synchrotron radiation. It was found that in the studied alloy, sheet forms a texture, at which the hexagonal prism axis is 90° deviated from the normal direction (ND) to the sheet up to transverse direction (TD) after extrusion of the ingot at 350°C in combination with its further rolling in the direction of extrusion axis (rolling direction RD) to a thickness of 4.5 mm and annealing at 350°C after each pass. At this the crystallographic directions and coincide with RD. The texture, at which the hexagonal prism axis is deviated from ND to TD by angles ranging from 15 to 70° (unlike from texture of basal type of the pure magnesium) is formed after further rolling of studied alloy to a thickness of 1 mm with the changing of the RD on 90° in combination with annealing at 350°C after each pass. The crystallographic direction coincides with RD. The anisotropy of above mentioned characteristics was found. Correlation and regression analysis showed that the anisotropy and the values of E, D, ε, and ρ, are decreased, and the values of ω are increased with an increase of alternating bend cycles’ number. It is shown that changes in the above characteristics are mainly due to the crystallographic texture formed during thermomechanical processing and subsequent alternating bending of Mg-5%Li alloy sheets, which is confirmed by data of correlation and regression analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2020-1-07} (DOI). Usov, V.; Brokmeier, H.; Shkatulyak, N.; Savchuk, E.; Schell, N.: Effect of Kind of Deformation on Young's Modulus, Damage Parameter, Texture and Structure of Alloy Mg – 5% Li (wt). East European Journal of Physics. 2020. vol. 1, 83-95. DOI: 10.26565/2312-4334-2020-1-07}} @misc{wieczerzak_an_in_2020, author={Wieczerzak, K., Michler, J., Wheeler, J., Lech, S., Chulist, R., Gondek, L., Czub, J., Hoser, A., Schell, N., Bala, P.}, title={An in situ and ex situ study of χ phase formation in a hypoeutectic Fe-based hardfacing alloy}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108438}, abstract = {In this work, the effect of topologically close-packed χ phase on the microstructure and properties of the rapidly solidified hypoeutectic iron-based Fe-25Cr-7Mo-0.8C alloy was investigated. The novelty of the work is based on the introduction of χ phase into the Fe-based hypoeutectic alloy with the aim of reducing the mean free path of the matrix and increasing abrasive resistance. The phase composition was studied using in situ neutron and ex situ X-ray synchrotron diffraction. The microstructural evolution was analyzed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy and modelled using CALPHAD thermodynamic calculations. The mechanical behavior of the evolving microstructure was quantified using high-speed nanoindentation mapping. At low temperatures (650 °C), the χ phase nucleates mainly in dendrite areas and exhibits a needle-like morphology caused by high misfit with the ferritic matrix. At higher temperatures (800 °C), the χ phase nucleates on carbide/matrix interfaces and in dendrites and is characterized by a blocky morphology. Simultaneously, the evolution of M23C6 carbide morphology towards a continuous and solid network of precipitates was observed. Such changes in the alloy's microstructure induced an increase in hardness of about 16% and resulted in the reduction of the average scratch depth in comparison to as-cast state.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108438} (DOI). Wieczerzak, K.; Michler, J.; Wheeler, J.; Lech, S.; Chulist, R.; Gondek, L.; Czub, J.; Hoser, A.; Schell, N.; Bala, P.: An in situ and ex situ study of χ phase formation in a hypoeutectic Fe-based hardfacing alloy. Materials & Design. 2020. vol. 188, 108438. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108438}} @misc{heere_dynamics_of_2020, author={Heere, M., Hansen, A.-L., Payandeh, S.H., Aslan, N., Gizer, G., Sørby, M.H., Hauback, B.C., Pistidda, C., Dornheim, M., Lohstroh, W.}, title={Dynamics of porous and amorphous magnesium borohydride to understand solid state Mg-ion-conductors}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65857-6}, abstract = {Rechargeable solid-state magnesium batteries are considered for high energy density storage and usage in mobile applications as well as to store energy from intermittent energy sources, triggering intense research for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials. Recently, magnesium borohydride, Mg(BH4)2, was found to be an effective precursor for solid-state Mg-ion conductors. During the mechanochemical synthesis of these Mg-ion conductors, amorphous Mg(BH4)2 is typically formed and it was postulated that this amorphous phase promotes the conductivity. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of as-received γ-Mg(BH4)2 and ball milled, amorphous Mg(BH4)2 confirmed that the conductivity of the latter is ~2 orders of magnitude higher than in as-received γ-Mg(BH4)2 at 353 K. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis of the local structure shows striking similarities up to a length scale of 5.1 Å, suggesting similar conduction pathways in both the crystalline and amorphous sample. Up to 12.27 Å the PDF indicates that a 3D net of interpenetrating channels might still be present in the amorphous phase although less ordered compared to the as-received γ-phase. However, quasi elastic neutron scattering experiments (QENS) were used to study the rotational mobility of the [BH4] units, revealing a much larger fraction of activated [BH4] rotations in amorphous Mg(BH4)2. These findings suggest that the conduction process in amorphous Mg(BH4)2 is supported by stronger rotational mobility, which is proposed to be the so-called “paddle-wheel” mechanism.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65857-6} (DOI). Heere, M.; Hansen, A.; Payandeh, S.; Aslan, N.; Gizer, G.; Sørby, M.; Hauback, B.; Pistidda, C.; Dornheim, M.; Lohstroh, W.: Dynamics of porous and amorphous magnesium borohydride to understand solid state Mg-ion-conductors. Scientific Reports. 2020. vol. 10, no. 1, 9080. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65857-6}} @misc{sonkusare_a_critical_2020, author={Sonkusare, R., Biswas, K., Al-Hamdany, N., Brokmeier, H.G., Kalsar, R., Schell, N., Gurao, N.P.}, title={A critical evaluation of microstructure-texture-mechanical behavior heterogeneity in high pressure torsion processed CoCuFeMnNi high entropy alloy}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139187}, abstract = {The present study aims to understand the evolution of textural and microstructural heterogeneity and its effect on evolution of mechanical properties of an equiatomic FCC CoCuFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) disc subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT). HPT was performed on disc specimen with a hydrostatic pressure of 5 GPa for 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 turns at room temperature where the hardness saturated at 1941 MPa at the periphery of the sample after five turns. Synchrotron diffraction texture analysis of five-turn HPT sample reveals characteristic shear texture with the dominance of A and A* components near central region of the disc and it shifts to C {001}<110> component near the periphery of the disc. X-ray diffraction analysis shows decrease in crystalline size with simultaneous increase in dislocation density for five-turn HPT sample with increasing strain from centre to the periphery of the disc. Microstructural analysis using electron back scatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicates extensive grain fragmentation (≈55 nm) at the periphery of five-turn sample. The evolution of hardness from centre to the periphery of the disc cannot be explained only on the basis of evolution of grain size and dislocation density. The increase in contribution from solid solution strengthening due to partial dissolution of copper rich nano-clusters is expected to be the underlying cause for increase in the hardness. Thus, evolution of gradient microstructure, texture, and chemistry opens up new vistas for designing functionally graded materials for engineering applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139187} (DOI). Sonkusare, R.; Biswas, K.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Kalsar, R.; Schell, N.; Gurao, N.: A critical evaluation of microstructure-texture-mechanical behavior heterogeneity in high pressure torsion processed CoCuFeMnNi high entropy alloy. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020. vol. 782, 139187. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139187}} @misc{barrioberovila_mapping_the_2020, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Artzt, K., Stark, A., Schell, N., Siggel, M., Gussone, J., Kleinert, J., Kitsche, W., Requena, G., Haubrich, J.}, title={Mapping the geometry of Ti-6Al-4V: From martensite decomposition to localized spheroidization during selective laser melting}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.043}, abstract = {The influence that complex component geometries can have on microstructure formation is investigated in a rocket engine impeller fabricated of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy by selective laser melting (SLM). The SLM melt pool monitoring, indicative of the component's thermal history during processing, is linked to the bulk mapping of martensite decomposition obtained by high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction. In addition to the martensitic and lamellar microstructures typically obtained during SLM of Ti-6Al-4V, spheroidization is identified to take place in the component's down-skin regions. Grain boundary migration may contribute to the latter effect. Small recrystallized grains form along grain boundaries.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.043} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Artzt, K.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Siggel, M.; Gussone, J.; Kleinert, J.; Kitsche, W.; Requena, G.; Haubrich, J.: Mapping the geometry of Ti-6Al-4V: From martensite decomposition to localized spheroidization during selective laser melting. Scripta Materialia. 2020. vol. 182, 48-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.02.043}} @misc{naumann_inside_the_2020, author={Naumann, B., Reip, H.S., Akkari, N., Neubert, D., Hammel, J.U.}, title={Inside the head of a cybertype – three-dimensional reconstruction of the head muscles of Ommatoiulus avatar (Diplopoda: Juliformia: Julidae) reveals insights into the feeding movements of Juliformia}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz109}, abstract = {The origin and diversification of the arthropod head is one of the major topics in the field of evolutionary morphology of Arthropoda. Among the major arthropod groups, Myriapoda and, more precisely Diplopoda, are generally poorly studied regarding their head anatomy. However, this group is of pivotal importance to understand the evolutionary functional morphology of the arthropod head. In this study, we investigate the complete musculoskeletal system of the diplopod head with a detailed description of the cephalic anatomy of the recently described species Ommatoiulus avatar. The comparison of our data with the literature on the few other species available show that the morphology of the musculoskeletal system within Juliformia, a subgroup of the Diplopoda, is relatively conservative. Using video recordings of the feeding movements in addition to the anatomical data, we revise the mechanism of the mandibular movements in Juliformia. There was a controversy whether mandibular abduction is an active process, facilitated by contraction of an abductor muscle, or if it is a passive process, mediated by tentorial and gnathochilarial movements not involving a direct abduction by muscular contraction. We show that mandibular abduction in Ommatoiulus is an active movement involving the contraction of an abductor muscle. This is similar to the mandibular abduction in other arthropod groups.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz109} (DOI). Naumann, B.; Reip, H.; Akkari, N.; Neubert, D.; Hammel, J.: Inside the head of a cybertype – three-dimensional reconstruction of the head muscles of Ommatoiulus avatar (Diplopoda: Juliformia: Julidae) reveals insights into the feeding movements of Juliformia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2020. vol. 188, no. 4, 954-975. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz109}} @misc{shi_work_hardening_2020, author={Shi, Q.-X., Wang, C.-J., Deng, K.-K., Nie, K.-B., Cao, M., Gan, W.-M., Liang, W.}, title={Work hardening and softening behavior of pure Mg influenced by Zn addition investigated via in-situ neutron diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138827}, abstract = {The work hardening and softening behavior of pure Mg influenced by Zn addition were studied through the neutron diffraction at STRESS-SPEC under in-situ tensile deformation. The measurement of the line broadening evolution during in-situ tension was used to study the variation of dislocation density in pure Mg and Mg–5Zn alloy, which revealed the effect of dislocation on work hardening behavior. Meanwhile, the tensile stress reduction (△Pi(i=1,2,3)) due to the softening effect at different in-situ tensile deformation stages were calculated to analyze the effect of Zn addition on softening behavior. The results show that the work hardening rate of pure Mg is larger than that of Mg–5Zn alloy in the early stage of deformation because of the stronger effect of grain size on the work hardening behavior. But the work hardening rate of Mg–5Zn alloy is higher than that of pure Mg in the later stage of deformaiton, which is attributed to the stronger effect of precipitates on work hardening behavior. Moreover, △P1 of pure Mg is larger than that of Mg–5Zn alloy, which was explained by the large grain size of pure Mg results in higher stored energy during the early deformation stage, and providing a greater driving force for the softening behavior. However, with the increase of tensile strain, the increase significantly of the stored energy in Mg–5Zn alloy due to the dislocations migration hindered by precipitates during the tensile deformation, leading to a higher driving force for softening behavior in the later deformation stage. Thus, △P3 of Mg–5Zn alloy is larger than that of pure Mg.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138827} (DOI). Shi, Q.; Wang, C.; Deng, K.; Nie, K.; Cao, M.; Gan, W.; Liang, W.: Work hardening and softening behavior of pure Mg influenced by Zn addition investigated via in-situ neutron diffraction. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020. vol. 772, 138827. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138827}} @misc{todt_indentation_response_2020, author={Todt, J., Krywka, C., Zhang, Z., Mayrhofer, P., Keckes, J., Bartosik, M.}, title={Indentation response of a superlattice thin film revealed by in-situ scanning X-ray nanodiffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.05.056}, abstract = {Nanocrystalline materials such as thin films, and in particular, multilayers with a periodicity in the nanometer range, i.e. superlattice films, possess properties that cannot be found in their coarse-grained bulk counterparts. Mechanical characterization of such structures is therefore of high interest, but also very challenging, due to the small length scales involved and has therefore most often been performed ex-situ using electron microscopy. In this work, however, we report on the first in-situ micromechanical analysis of a CrN-AlN superlattice thin film cross-section. The sample was deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering and sublayer thicknesses were chosen so as to stabilize AlN in its cubic crystal structure. Using a synchrotron X-ray nanoprobe, maps of internal stresses and morphological changes were tracked by means of wide-angle X-ray diffraction and simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering, while the sample was loaded to various degrees with a wedged diamond tip. The results reveal a high compressive strength of about 13 GPa, while through-thickness cracks form, following tensile stresses >1.4 GPa and thereby provide a relaxation mechanism. Layer rotation up to several degrees and significant layer compression up to 7% were also found, but along with the internal stress response, their nature is mostly elastic, meaning that in the post-loading state only a fraction of the effects observed under load remains.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.05.056} (DOI). Todt, J.; Krywka, C.; Zhang, Z.; Mayrhofer, P.; Keckes, J.; Bartosik, M.: Indentation response of a superlattice thin film revealed by in-situ scanning X-ray nanodiffraction. Acta Materialia. 2020. vol. 195, 425-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.05.056}} @misc{josefsson_potato_protein_2020, author={Josefsson, L., Ye, X., Brett, C.J., Meijer, J., Olsson, C., Sjögren, A., Sundlöf, J., Davydok, A., Langton, M., Emmer, Å., Lendel, C.}, title={Potato Protein Nanofibrils Produced from a Starch Industry Sidestream}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05865}, abstract = {Protein nanofibrils have emerged as promising building blocks in functional bio/nanomaterials as well as in food products. We here demonstrate that nanofibrils with amyloid-like properties can be produced from potato protein isolate, a major sidestream from the starch industry. Methods for solubilization of potato proteins are evaluated, and a protocol for the assembly of protein nanofibrils is presented. Characterization of the nanofibrils shows that they are rich in β-sheet structure and display the cross-β X-ray fiber diffraction pattern, which is a hallmark of amyloid-like fibrils. Atomic force microscopy shows that the fibrils are ca. 4–5 nm in diameter with a nanoscale morphology that displays a high degree of curvature. Using mass spectrometry we identify four peptides that constitute the core building blocks of the nanofibrils and show that they originate from two different classes of proteins. The structural characteristics of these peptides are distinct from previously studied plant protein nanofibrils and thereby reveal new knowledge about the formation of protein nanostructures from agricultural resources.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05865} (DOI). Josefsson, L.; Ye, X.; Brett, C.; Meijer, J.; Olsson, C.; Sjögren, A.; Sundlöf, J.; Davydok, A.; Langton, M.; Emmer, Å.; Lendel, C.: Potato Protein Nanofibrils Produced from a Starch Industry Sidestream. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2020. vol. 8, no. 2, 1058-1067. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05865}} @misc{ren_first_stages_2020, author={Ren, Z., Cornelius, T., Leclere, C., Davydok, A., Micha, J., Robach, O., Richter, G., Thomas, O.}, title={First stages of plasticity in three-point bent Au nanowires detected by in situ Laue microdiffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012816}, abstract = {The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the French National Research Agency through Project No. ANR-11-BS10-0014 MecaniX. They further thank the French CRG program committee for the allocated beamtime at the BM32 beamline at ESRF and L. Belliard at INSP in Paris (France) for providing the Si micro-trenches.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0012816} (DOI). Ren, Z.; Cornelius, T.; Leclere, C.; Davydok, A.; Micha, J.; Robach, O.; Richter, G.; Thomas, O.: First stages of plasticity in three-point bent Au nanowires detected by in situ Laue microdiffraction. Applied Physics Letters. 2020. vol. 116, no. 24, 243101. DOI: 10.1063/5.0012816}} @misc{coppola_smallangle_neutron_2020, author={Coppola, R., Klimenkov, M., Lindau, R., Mangiapia, G.}, title={Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) characterization of 13.5 Cr oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steel for fusion applications}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2020.100778}, abstract = {Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been utilized for micro-structural investigation on laboratory heats of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) 13.5 Cr wt % ferritic steel, with 0.3 wt% Y2O3 and with variable Ti and W contents. The results show that increasing the Ti content from 0.2 to 0.4 wt% a distribution of nano-clusters develops, tentatively identified as Y2Ti2O7, with average radii as small as 6.5 Å and volume fractions increasing from 0.021 to 0.032. The measured SANS cross-sections show also the growth of much larger defects, possibly Cr oxides. Furthermore, the ratio of magnetic to nuclear SANS components shows that the defect composition varies both with their size and with the Ti and the W content. These results are in qualitative agreement with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, showing a striking influence of Ti addition on particle size refinement. However, while TEM is limited in statistics and minimum observable size of the Ti-rich nano-clusters, the defect distributions obtained by these SANS measurements provide complementary information useful for morphological characterization of the micro-structure in the investigated material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2020.100778} (DOI). Coppola, R.; Klimenkov, M.; Lindau, R.; Mangiapia, G.: Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) characterization of 13.5 Cr oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steel for fusion applications. Nuclear Materials and Energy. 2020. vol. 24, 100778. DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2020.100778}} @misc{zhang_microscopic_stresses_2020, author={Zhang, X.X., Zhang, J.F., Liu, Z.Y., Gan, W.M., Hofmann, M., Andrä, H., Xiao, B.L., Ma, Z.Y.}, title={Microscopic stresses in carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites determined by in-situ neutron diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.016}, abstract = {One of the most desired strengthening mechanisms in the carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites (CNT/Al) composites is the load transfer strengthening mechanism (LTSM). However, a fundamental issue concerning the LTSM is that quantitative measurements of load partitioning in these composites during loading are very limited. In this study, in-situ neutron diffraction study on the tensile deformation of the 3 vol.% CNT/2009Al composite and the unreinforced 2009Al alloy was conducted. The {311} and {220} diffraction elastic constants (DECs) of the 2009Al alloy were determined. Using those DECs the average stress in the 2009Al matrix of the composite was calculated. Then the average stress in the CNTs was separated by using the stress equilibrium condition. Computational homogenization models were also applied to explain the stress evolution in each phase. Predicted results agree with experimental data. In the present case, the average stress in the CNTs reaches 1630 MPa at the yield strength of the composite based on linear regression of the measured data, which leads to an increment of yield strength by about 37 MPa. As the result of this work, an approach to quantify load partitioning in the CNTs is developed for the CNT/Al composites, which can be applied to optimize the mechanical properties of the composites.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.016} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Z.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Andrä, H.; Xiao, B.; Ma, Z.: Microscopic stresses in carbon nanotube reinforced aluminum matrix composites determined by in-situ neutron diffraction. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2020. vol. 54, 58-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.016}} @misc{li_over_2_2020, author={Li, Z., Yang, B., He, X., Gan, W., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Zhao, X., Zuo, L.}, title={Over 2% magnetic-field-induced strain in a polycrystalline Ni50Mn28.5Ga21.5 alloy prepared by directional solidification}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139170}, abstract = {Ni–Mn–Ga single crystal alloys can exhibit giant magnetic shape memory effect through variant reorientation induced by the magnetic field. However, such effect is greatly weakened in polycrystalline alloys, due to the orientation differences of martensite variants and the constraints of grain boundaries. Here, to improve the magnetic shape memory effect, a polycrystalline Ni50Mn28.5Ga21.5 alloy with coarse columnar shaped grains and strong <0 0 1>A texture is prepared by directional solidification. With the aids of mechanical training, the twinning stress of five-layered modulated (5 M) martensite in the directionally solidified Ni50Mn28.5Ga21.5 alloy is successfully lowered to ~0.9 MPa. A giant magnetic field induced strain up to ~2.1% is achieved under the magnetic field of 1 T, being much higher than those reported previously in polycrystalline alloys. In addition, a reversible magnetostrain of ~0.4% is also attained without the assistance of an external stress or a magnetic field. It is demonstrated that the microstructure control through directional solidification as well as mechanical training could be an effective solution to enhance the magnetic field induced output strain in polycrystalline Ni–Mn-Ga alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139170} (DOI). Li, Z.; Yang, B.; He, X.; Gan, W.; Zhang, Y.; Esling, C.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.: Over 2% magnetic-field-induced strain in a polycrystalline Ni50Mn28.5Ga21.5 alloy prepared by directional solidification. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020. vol. 780, 139170. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.139170}} @misc{kornmeier_effects_of_2020, author={Kornmeier, J.R., Hofmann, M., Gan, W.M., Robin, V., Valiorgue, F., Pascal, H., Gibmeier, J., Saroun, J.}, title={Effects of finish turning on an austenitic weld investigated using diffraction methods}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05386-8}, abstract = {Arc welding generally introduces undesired local residual stress states on engineering components hindering high-quality performance in service. Common procedures to reduce the tensile residual stresses are post-heat treatments or mechanical surface treatments like hammering or shot-peening. Assessments of residual stress profiles of post-weld treatments underneath the weld surface are essential, especially in high safety exigency systems like pressure vessels or piping at power plants. In this study, neutron diffraction is used to determine the stress profile after finish milling of an austenitic steel weld in order to verify a chained finite element simulation predicting the final residual stress fields including milling and welding contributions. Non-destructive measurements with spatial resolutions of less than 0.2 mm within the first 1 mm from the surface were mandatory to confirm the finite element simulations of the coarse-grained austenitic material. In the data analysis procedure, the obtained near-surface data have been corrected for spurious strain effects whenever the gauge volume was partially immersed in the sample. Moreover, constraining the surface data to values obtained by x-ray diffraction and data deconvolution within the gauge volume enabled access of the steep residual stress profile within the first 1 mm.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-020-05386-8} (DOI). Kornmeier, J.; Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Robin, V.; Valiorgue, F.; Pascal, H.; Gibmeier, J.; Saroun, J.: Effects of finish turning on an austenitic weld investigated using diffraction methods. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2020. vol. 108, no. 3, 635-645. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-020-05386-8}} @misc{gu_microstructure_texture_2020, author={Gu, B., Chekhonin, P., Schaarschuch, R., Oertel, C.-G., Xin, S.W., Ma, C.L., Zhou, L., Gan, W.M., Skrotzki, W.}, title={Microstructure, texture and hardness of a metastable β-titanium alloy after bar-rolling and annealing}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154082}, abstract = {The microstructure and texture evolution of a metastable Ti–5Al–3V–3Mo–2Cr–2Zr–1Nb–1Fe alloy during bar-rolling and after various thermal treatments was investigated by high-energy synchrotron diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. Bar-rolling is applied in the (α+β)-phase field in order to achieve a bi-modal (duplex) microstructure. The effect of dynamic recrystallized and recovered zones on texture of Ti5321was analyzed separately, as well as the texture of primary α-precipitates and secondary α-lamellae. The texture of the recovered zones is characterized by a cube component ({001}<100>) plus α- and γ-fibre with dominant {100}<110>, {112}<110>, {111}<110> components, while the texture of the recrystallized zones is a strong cube texture. After aging or recrystallization plus aging, this texture component remains, while it disappears after solution treatment. The primary α-precipitates have their c-axes perpendicular to the rolling direction and do not follow the Burgers orientation relationship. This texture characteristics remains after various thermal heat treatments. Secondary α-lamellae obey the Burgers orientation relationship. Moreover, a variant selection of secondary α-lamellae occurs. The mechanism of texture formation of the β-phase and the precipitation behavior of the α-phase is discussed. The hardness increase can be attributed to size, shape and volume fraction of the α-precipitates. Different combinations of primary α- and secondary α-precipitates make an increase in hardness of about 11%.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154082} (DOI). Gu, B.; Chekhonin, P.; Schaarschuch, R.; Oertel, C.; Xin, S.; Ma, C.; Zhou, L.; Gan, W.; Skrotzki, W.: Microstructure, texture and hardness of a metastable β-titanium alloy after bar-rolling and annealing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020. vol. 825, 154082. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154082}} @misc{ding_processing_microstructure_2020, author={Ding, C., Shi, H., Wu, K., Wang, X., Gan, W., Hu, X., Xu, C.}, title={Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel mg matrix composites reinforced with urchin-like CNTs@SiCp}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108087}, abstract = {A Mgsingle bond6Zn composite reinforced by novel urchin-like hybrid reinforcement of carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide (CNTs@SiCp) was fabricated via semisolid stirring assisted with ultrasonic vibration method and exhibits remarkable strengthening effect. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were in-situ and dispersed uniformly in the matrix with the assistance of silicon carbide particle (SiCp) as “vehicle”. A series of synthesis parameters were optimized to produce high-quality CNTs. The graphitization degree and the yield of CNT were evaluated by Raman spectra and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Compared with mono-SiCp reinforced Mgsingle bond6Zn composite (SiCp/Mg-6Zn), the CNTs@SiCp reinforced Mgsingle bond6Zn composite with urchin-like reinforcement (CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn) enhanced the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation by 14%, 20% and 18.2% respectively. Digital image correlation (DIC) investigation indicates that the CNTs enhanced the interface bonding between SiCp and the Mg matrix. A SiC-(CNT-Mg)-Mg interface layer was formed between the SiCp and Mg matrix, which could relieve the interface stress concentration and impede microcrack propagation in the matrix under applied load. This work highlights the strengthening and toughening effects of the urchin-like CNTs@SiCp reinforcement and provides a new approach to fabricate hybrid composites.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108087} (DOI). Ding, C.; Shi, H.; Wu, K.; Wang, X.; Gan, W.; Hu, X.; Xu, C.: Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel mg matrix composites reinforced with urchin-like CNTs@SiCp. Diamond and Related Materials. 2020. vol. 109, 108087. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2020.108087}} @misc{ding_investigation_into_2020, author={Ding, C., Gan, W., Hu, X., Wu, K., Wang, X.}, title={Investigation into the influence of carbon nanotubes addition on residual stresses and mechanical properties in the CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn hybrid composite using neutron diffraction method}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140105}, abstract = {An interfacial CNT-(Mg-6Zn) layer was introduced between SiC particle and Mg-6Zn matrix by a novel method in aim to reduce the excessive thermal residual stresses between SiC particles and matrix. The CNTs were synthesized via CVD on the SiC surfaces, and CNTs kept on the surfaces of SiC particles in the composite during fabrication process. The influence of the interfacial CNT-(Mg-6Zn) layer on the microstructure, the mechanical properties and the Type II thermal residual stresses of composite were investigated with neutron diffraction method. Compared with mono-SiCp reinforced Mg-6Zn composite, the CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn composite presents superior mechanical properties. The E, YTS, UTS and elongation are increased by 9.6%, 14%, 20%, 18.2% respectively. The residual stress of Mg in CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn (35 MPa) is less than half of that (74 MPa) in SiCp/Mg-6Zn composite. Digital image correlation (DIC) investigation indicates that the additional CNTs enhances the bonding strength between SiCp and Mg matrix. The interface layer could release the thermal residual stresses in the composite in two ways: firstly, the gap of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) between the SiCp and the Mg matrix is reduced; secondly, the thermal diffusivity of the composite is declined, leading to lower cooling rate of the as-cast composite in which a portion of residual stresses are released. This work highlights the influence of the interfacial CNT-(Mg-6Zn) layer on the Type II residual stresses and the mechanical properties of the CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn composite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140105} (DOI). Ding, C.; Gan, W.; Hu, X.; Wu, K.; Wang, X.: Investigation into the influence of carbon nanotubes addition on residual stresses and mechanical properties in the CNTs@SiCp/Mg-6Zn hybrid composite using neutron diffraction method. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2020. vol. 797, 140105. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.140105}} @misc{sajti_selfdiffusion_in_2020, author={Sajti, S., Bottyán, L., Moulin, J., Paul, A.}, title={Self-Diffusion in 57Fe/natFe Multilayers by In Situ Neutron Reflectometry}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451020070460}, abstract = {Time-of-flight in situ neutron reflectometry (i-NR) on Si/[57Fe(x nm)/natFe(x nm)]4/Pt with x = 4 and 8 nm multilayers during consecutive heat treatments at 423, 448, 473 and 498 K reveal an unexpected rearrangement of free volumes and an interface smoothening in the isotopic Fe multilayer below 473 K, before the regime of regular Bragg intensity decay starts. The bilayer period dependence of the diffusivities at around 500 K, however, does not follow predictions of Harrison’s theory for the C-type regime representing grain boundary diffusion.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451020070460} (DOI). Sajti, S.; Bottyán, L.; Moulin, J.; Paul, A.: Self-Diffusion in 57Fe/natFe Multilayers by In Situ Neutron Reflectometry. Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques. 2020. vol. 14, S1-S4. DOI: 10.1134/S1027451020070460}} @misc{sparnacci_effect_of_2020, author={Sparnacci, K., Chiarcos, R., Gianotti, V., Laus, M., Giammaria, T., Perego, M., Munaò, G., Milano, G., De Nicola, A., Haese, M., Kreuzer, L., Widmann, T., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Effect of Trapped Solvent on the Interface between PS-b-PMMA Thin Films and P(S-r-MMA) Brush Layers}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20801}, abstract = {The orientation of block copolymer (BCP) features in thin films can be obtained by spin-coating a BCP solution on a substrate surface functionalized by a polymer brush layer of the appropriate random copolymer (RCP). Although this approach is well established, little work reporting the amount and distribution of residual solvent in the polymer film after the spin-coating process is available. Moreover, no information can be found on the effect of trapped solvent on the interface between the BCP film and RCP brush. In this work, systems consisting of poly(styrene)-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) thin films deposited on poly(styrene-r-methyl methacrylate) brush layers are investigated by combining neutron reflectivity (NR) experiments with simulation techniques. An increase in the amount of trapped solvent is observed by NR as the BCP film thickness increases accompanied by a significant decrease of the interpenetration length between the BCP and RCP, thus suggesting that the interpenetration between grafted chains and block copolymer chains is hampered by the solvent. Hybrid particle-field molecular dynamics simulations of the analyzed system confirm the experimental observations and demonstrate a clear correlation between the interpenetration length and the amount of trapped solvent.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20801} (DOI). Sparnacci, K.; Chiarcos, R.; Gianotti, V.; Laus, M.; Giammaria, T.; Perego, M.; Munaò, G.; Milano, G.; De Nicola, A.; Haese, M.; Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Effect of Trapped Solvent on the Interface between PS-b-PMMA Thin Films and P(S-r-MMA) Brush Layers. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2020. vol. 12, no. 6, 7777-7787. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20801}} @misc{xie_adhesion_and_2020, author={Xie, H., Sayed, S., Kalisvaart, W., Schaper, S., Müller-Buschbaum, P., Luber, E., Olsen, B., Haese, M., Buriak, J.}, title={Adhesion and Surface Layers on Silicon Anodes Suppress Formation of c-Li3.75Si and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02090}, abstract = {The formation of c-Li3.75Si is known to be detrimental to silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries. To suppress the formation of this crystalline phase and improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based anodes, three approaches were amalgamated: addition of a nickel adhesion sublayer, alloying of the silicon with titanium, and addition of either carbon or TiO2 as a capping layer. The silicon-based films were analyzed by a suite of methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a variety of electrochemical techniques, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to provide insights into the composition of the resulting solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). A nickel adhesion layer decreased the extent of delamination of the silicon from the underlying copper substrate, compared to Si deposited directly on Cu, which resulted in less capacity loss. Alloying of silicon with titanium (85% silicon, 15% titanium) further increased the stability. Finally, capping these multilayer electrodes with either a thin 10 nm layer of carbon or TiO2 resulted in the best electrode behavior and lowest cumulative relative irreversible capacity. TiO2 is slightly more effective in enhancing the capacity retention, most likely due to differences in the resulting solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). The combination of an adhesion layer, alloying, and surface coatings shows a cumulative suppression of the formation of c-Li3.75Si and SEI, resulting in the greatest improvement of capacity retention when all three are incorporated together. However, these strategies appear to only delay the onset of the c-Li3.75Si phase; eventually, the c-Li3.75Si phase will form, and at that point, the capacity degradation rate of all the electrodes becomes similar.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b02090} (DOI). Xie, H.; Sayed, S.; Kalisvaart, W.; Schaper, S.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.; Luber, E.; Olsen, B.; Haese, M.; Buriak, J.: Adhesion and Surface Layers on Silicon Anodes Suppress Formation of c-Li3.75Si and Solid-Electrolyte Interphase. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2020. vol. 3, no. 2, 1609-1616. DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.9b02090}} @misc{song_microstructure_and_2020, author={Song, L., Wang, L., Zhang, T., Lin, Y., Pyczak}, title={Microstructure and phase transformations of ωo-Ti4Al3Nb based alloys after quenching and subsequent aging at intermediate temperatures}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153387}, abstract = {The existence of ωo (ordered ω) phase in TiAl alloys in different compositions at intermediate temperatures has been widely reported. In this study, the phase transformation behaviors of ωo-based alloys at 750–900 °C were studied by electron microscopy. It is found that fine-grained microstructures mainly composed of γ+ωo and a tiny amount of α2 phase precipitated in the alloys quenched from high temperature during aging. Twins form in α2 phase after aging, which is analogous to observations reported in deformed TiAl alloys. The γ phase precipitates originate from the stacking faults of α2 laths and grow up by coarsening at 750 °C. Semi-coherent interfaces between γ and ωo phases are formed and a high density of stacking faults can be observed inside the α2 laths. At higher temperatures, the direct nucleation of γ phase from the ωo/βo matrix becomes active. Various orientation relationships are found between ωo, γ and α2 phases, leading to a number of grain clusters having smooth interfaces in between. In addition, the effects of Ta, V and Zr on the microstructure are investigated. The effect of these elements on the stability of the ωo phase is not as obvious as reported for some other elements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153387} (DOI). Song, L.; Wang, L.; Zhang, T.; Lin, Y.; Pyczak: Microstructure and phase transformations of ωo-Ti4Al3Nb based alloys after quenching and subsequent aging at intermediate temperatures. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2020. vol. 821, 153387. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153387}} @misc{jger_microstructural_evolution_2020, author={Jäger, N., Meindlhumer, M., Spor, S., Hruby, H., Julin, J., Stark, A., Nahif, F., Keckes, J., Mitterer, C., Daniel, R.}, title={Microstructural evolution and thermal stability of AlCr(Si)N hard coatings revealed by in-situ high-temperature high-energy grazing incidence transmission X-ray diffraction}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.026}, abstract = {An extensive understanding about the microstructural evolution and thermal stability of the metastable AlCr(Si)N coating system is of considerable importance for applications facing high temperatures, but it is also a challenging task since several superimposed processes simultaneously occur at elevated temperatures. In this work, three AlCr(Si)N coatings with 0 at%., 2.5 at% and 5 at% Si were investigated by in-situ high-temperature high-energy grazing incidence transmission X-ray diffraction (HT-HE-GIT-XRD) and complementary differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements combined with conventional ex-situ X-ray diffraction. The results revealed (i) a change in the microstructure from columnar to a fine-grained nano-composite, (ii) a reduced decomposition rate of CrN to Cr2N, also shifted to higher onset temperatures from ~ 1000 ∘C to above ~ 1100 ∘C and (iii) an increase of lattice defects and micro strains resulting in a significant increase of compressive residual strain with increasing Si content. While the Si-containing coatings in the as-deposited state show a lower hardness of 28 GPa compared to AlCrN with 32 GPa, vacuum annealing at ~ 1100 ∘C led to an increase in hardness to 29 GPa for the coatings containing Si and a decrease in hardness to 26 GPa for AlCrN. Furthermore, the in-situ HT-HE-GIT-XRD method allowed for simultaneously accessing temperature-dependent variations of the coating microstructure (defect density, grain size), residual strain state and phase stability up to ~ 1100 ∘C. Finally, the results established a deeper understanding about the relationships between the elemental composition of the materials, the resulting microstructure including crystallographic phases and residual strain state, and the coating properties from room temperature up to ~ 1100 ∘C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.026} (DOI). Jäger, N.; Meindlhumer, M.; Spor, S.; Hruby, H.; Julin, J.; Stark, A.; Nahif, F.; Keckes, J.; Mitterer, C.; Daniel, R.: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability of AlCr(Si)N hard coatings revealed by in-situ high-temperature high-energy grazing incidence transmission X-ray diffraction. Acta Materialia. 2020. vol. 186, 545-554. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2020.01.026}} @misc{fuhrmann_indentationinduced_structural_2020, author={Fuhrmann, S., de Macedo, G., Limbach, R., Krywka, C., Bruns, S., Durst, K., Wondraczek, L.}, title={Indentation-Induced Structural Changes in Vitreous Silica Probed by in-situ Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00173}, abstract = {The transient (or permanent) structural modifications which occur during local deformation of oxide glasses are typically studied on the basis of short-range data, for example, obtained through vibrational spectroscopy. This is in contrast to macroscopic observations, where variations in material density can usually not be explained using next-neighbor correlations alone. Recent experiments employing low-frequency Raman spectroscopy have pointed-out this issue, emphasizing that the deformation behavior of glasses is mediated through structural heterogeneity and drawing an analogy to granular media. Here, we provide additional support to this understanding, using an alternative experimental method. Structural modification of vitreous silica in the stress field of a sharp diamond indenter tip was monitored by in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering. The influenced zone during loading and after unloading was compared, demonstrating that changes in the position of the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) directly in the center of the indent are of permanent character. On the other hand, variations in the amplitude of electron density fluctuations (AEDF) appear to fully recover after load release. The lateral extent of the modifications and their relaxation are related to the short- to intermediate-range structure and elastic heterogeneity pertinent to the glass network. With support from Finite Element Analysis, we suggest that different structural length scales govern shear deformation and isotropic compaction in vitreous silica.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00173} (DOI). Fuhrmann, S.; de Macedo, G.; Limbach, R.; Krywka, C.; Bruns, S.; Durst, K.; Wondraczek, L.: Indentation-Induced Structural Changes in Vitreous Silica Probed by in-situ Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering. Frontiers in Materials. 2020. vol. 7, 173. DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2020.00173}} @misc{xu_in_situ_2020, author={Xu, Y., Huang, Y., Zhong, Z., You, S., Gan, W., Xiao, B., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Gensch, F., Pan, F., Hort, N.}, title={In situ compressive investigations on the effects of solid solution Gd on the texture and lattice strain evolution of Mg}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.138938}, abstract = {The present work studies the effects of solid solution Gd on the texture and lattice strain evolution of an extruded Mg15Gd alloy under uniaxial compression. In situ experiments were carried out using high energy X-ray diffraction on samples of the investigated materials with three different orientations. The original textures of the pure Mg and the Mg15Gd alloy exhibit basal planes that are preferentially parallel and perpendicular to the extrusion direction (ED), respectively. The c/a ratio of the Mg15Gd alloy decreases with increasing Gd content in the solid solution, leading to a different deformation behavior compared with pure Mg under the compressive load. The addition of Gd enhances the slip and twinning modes. However, prismatic slip is activated earlier in the Mg15Gd alloy due to the lower c/a ratio.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.138938} (DOI). Xu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Zhong, Z.; You, S.; Gan, W.; Xiao, B.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Gensch, F.; Pan, F.; Hort, N.: In situ compressive investigations on the effects of solid solution Gd on the texture and lattice strain evolution of Mg. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2020. vol. 774, 138938. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2020.138938}} @misc{wieczerzak_an_insitu_2020, author={Wieczerzak, K., Michler, J., Wheeler, J., Lech, S., Chulist, R., Gondek, L., Czub, J., Hoser, A., Schell, N., Bala, P.}, title={An insitu and exsitu study of chi phase formation in a hypoeutectic Fe-based hardfacing alloy}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108438}, abstract = {In this work, the effect of topologically close-packed χ phase on the microstructure and properties of the rapidly solidified hypoeutectic iron-based Fe-25Cr-7Mo-0.8C alloy was investigated. The novelty of the work is based on the introduction of χ phase into the Fe-based hypoeutectic alloy with the aim of reducing the mean free path of the matrix and increasing abrasive resistance. The phase composition was studied using in situ neutron and ex situ X-ray synchrotron diffraction. The microstructural evolution was analyzed via scanning and transmission electron microscopy and modelled using CALPHAD thermodynamic calculations. The mechanical behavior of the evolving microstructure was quantified using high-speed nanoindentation mapping. At low temperatures (650 °C), the χ phase nucleates mainly in dendrite areas and exhibits a needle-like morphology caused by high misfit with the ferritic matrix. At higher temperatures (800 °C), the χ phase nucleates on carbide/matrix interfaces and in dendrites and is characterized by a blocky morphology. Simultaneously, the evolution of M23C6 carbide morphology towards a continuous and solid network of precipitates was observed. Such changes in the alloy's microstructure induced an increase in hardness of about 16% and resulted in the reduction of the average scratch depth in comparison to as-cast state.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108438} (DOI). Wieczerzak, K.; Michler, J.; Wheeler, J.; Lech, S.; Chulist, R.; Gondek, L.; Czub, J.; Hoser, A.; Schell, N.; Bala, P.: An insitu and exsitu study of chi phase formation in a hypoeutectic Fe-based hardfacing alloy. Materials and Design. 2020. vol. 188, 108438. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.108438}} @misc{shamsolhodaei_controlling_intermetallic_2020, author={Shamsolhodaei, A., Oliveira, J., Schell, N., Maawad, E., Panton, B., Zhou, Y.}, title={Controlling intermetallic compounds formation during laser welding of NiTi to 316L stainless steel}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106656}, abstract = {Dissimilar laser welding of NiTi to stainless steel is of great importance in designing medical devices but the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compound results in low strength joints. Normally, different interlayers are applied as physical and chemical barriers to control the microstructure and to improve the mechanical properties. However, this procedure is a cost and time consuming process and may cause the formation of other types of intermetallics depending on the interlayer used. In the present work, laser offsetting welding (LOW) was introduced without inserting any interlayer by shifting the laser beam 100 μm into the stainless steel from the NiTi/316L stainless steel interface. This led to a softer weld zone (~570 H V), due to the formation of less brittle intermetallics compounds (Fe2Ti, Cr2Ti and Ni3Ti) compared to that (~970 H V) when the laser beam was placed at the NiTi/316L stainless steel interface. For comparison purposes, an Ni interlayer was also used to control the chemical composition of the fusion zone. In terms of mechanical properties, both the laser offset welding and the use of an Ni interlayer, were seen to improve the tensile strength of the dissimilar joints (above 400 MPa) compared to the centerline welding condition (around 200 MPa). Hence, LOW was confirmed to be an effective method to laser weld the NiTi/Stainless Steels.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106656} (DOI). Shamsolhodaei, A.; Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Maawad, E.; Panton, B.; Zhou, Y.: Controlling intermetallic compounds formation during laser welding of NiTi to 316L stainless steel. Intermetallics. 2020. vol. 116, 106656. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2019.106656}} @misc{sukhanov_anisotropic_fractal_2020, author={Sukhanov, A.S., Cespedes, B.E.Z., Vir, P., Cameron, A.S., Heinemann, A., Martin, N., Chaboussant, G., Kumar, V., Milde, P., Eng, L.M., Felser, C., Inosov, D.S.}, title={Anisotropic fractal magnetic domain pattern in bulk Mn1.4PtSn}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.174447}, abstract = {The tetragonal compound Mn1.4PtSn with D2d symmetry recently attracted attention as the first known material that hosts magnetic antiskyrmions, which differ from the skyrmions known so far by their internal structure. The latter have been found in a number of magnets with the chiral crystal structure. In previous works, the existence of antiskyrmions in Mn1.4PtSn was unambiguously demonstrated in real space by means of Lorentz transmission electron microscopy on thin-plate samples (∼100 nm thick). In the present study, we used small-angle neutron scattering and magnetic force microscopy to perform reciprocal- and real-space imaging of the magnetic texture of bulk Mn1.4PtSn single crystals at different temperatures and in applied magnetic field. We found that the magnetic texture in the bulk differs significantly from that of thin-plate samples. Instead of spin helices or an antiskyrmion lattice, we observe an anisotropic fractal magnetic pattern of closure domains in zero field above the spin-reorientation transition temperature, which transforms into a set of bubble domains in high field. Below the spin-reorientation transition temperature the strong in-plane anisotropy as well as the fractal self-affinity in zero field is gradually lost, while the formation of bubble domains in high field remains robust. The results of our study highlight the importance of dipole-dipole interactions in thin-plate samples for the stabilization of antiskyrmions and identify criteria which should guide the search for potential (anti)skyrmion host materials. Moreover, they provide consistent interpretations of the previously reported magnetotransport anomalies of the bulk crystals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.174447} (DOI). Sukhanov, A.; Cespedes, B.; Vir, P.; Cameron, A.; Heinemann, A.; Martin, N.; Chaboussant, G.; Kumar, V.; Milde, P.; Eng, L.; Felser, C.; Inosov, D.: Anisotropic fractal magnetic domain pattern in bulk Mn1.4PtSn. Physical Review B. 2020. vol. 102, no. 17, 174447. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.102.174447}} @misc{altynbaev_onset_of_2020, author={Altynbaev, E., Martin, N., Heinemann, A., Fomicheva, L., Tsvyashchenko, A., Mirebeau, I., Grigoriev, S.}, title={Onset of a skyrmion phase by chemical substitution in MnGe-based chiral magnets}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.100404}, abstract = {We study the evolution of the magnetic phase diagram of Mn1−xFexGe alloys with concentration x(0≤x≤0.3) by small-angle neutron scattering. We unambiguously observe the absence of a skyrmion (Sk) lattice (or A phase) in bulk MnGe and its onset under a small Mn/Fe substitution. The A phase is there endowed with extremely small Sks, potentially resulting in a high density, and is stabilized within a very large temperature region and a field range which scales with the Fe concentration. Our findings highlight the possibility to fine tune the properties of skyrmion lattices by means of chemical doping.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.101.100404} (DOI). Altynbaev, E.; Martin, N.; Heinemann, A.; Fomicheva, L.; Tsvyashchenko, A.; Mirebeau, I.; Grigoriev, S.: Onset of a skyrmion phase by chemical substitution in MnGe-based chiral magnets. Physical Review B. 2020. vol. 101, no. 10, 100404. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.101.100404}} @misc{bodner_inconelsteel_multilayers_2020, author={Bodner, S., van de Vorst, L., Zalesak, J., Todt, J., Keckes, J., Maier-Kiener, V., Sartory, B., Schell, N., Hooijmans, J., Saurwalt, J.}, title={Inconel-steel multilayers by liquid dispersed metal powder bed fusion: Microstructure, residual stress and property gradients}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.101027}, abstract = {Synthesis of multi-metal hybrid structures with narrow heat affected zones, limited residual stresses and secondary phase occurrence represents a serious scientific and technological challenge. In this work, liquid dispersed metal powder bed fusion was used to additively manufacture a multilayered structure based on alternating Inconel 625 alloy (IN625) and 316L stainless steel (316L) layers on a 316L base plate. Analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopies, high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation analysis reveal sharp compositional, structural and microstructural boundaries between alternating 60 μm thick alloys’ sub-regions and unique microstructures at macro-, micro- and nano-scales. The periodic occurrence of IN625 and 316L sub-regions is correlated with a cross-sectional hardness increase and decrease and compressive stress decrease and increase, respectively. The laser scanning strategy induced a growth of elongated grains separated by zig-zag low-angle grain boundaries, which correlate with the occurrence of zig-zag cracks propagating in the growth direction. A sharp <110> fiber texture within the 316L regions turns gradually into a <100> fiber texture in the IN625 regions. The occurrence of the C-like stress gradient with a pronounced surface tensile stress of about 500 MPa is interpreted by the temperature gradient mechanism model. Chemical analysis indicates a formation of reinforcing spherical chromium-metal-oxide nano-dispersoids and demonstrates a possibility for reactive additive manufacturing and microstructural design at the nanoscale, as a remarkable attribute of the deposition process. Finally, the study shows that the novel approach represents an effective tool to combine dissimilar metallic alloys into unique bionic hierarchical microstructures with possible synergetic properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2019.101027} (DOI). Bodner, S.; van de Vorst, L.; Zalesak, J.; Todt, J.; Keckes, J.; Maier-Kiener, V.; Sartory, B.; Schell, N.; Hooijmans, J.; Saurwalt, J.: Inconel-steel multilayers by liquid dispersed metal powder bed fusion: Microstructure, residual stress and property gradients. Additive Manufacturing. 2020. vol. 32, 101027. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.101027}} @misc{zeng_wire_and_2020, author={Zeng, Z., Cong, B., Oliveira, J., Ke, W., Schell, N., Peng, B., Qi, Z., Ge, F., Zhang, W., Ao, S.}, title={Wire and arc additive manufacturing of a Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101051}, abstract = {Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) was used for fabrication of NiTi parts using a commercialy available Ni-rich NiTi wire as the feedstock material. The as-built parts are near fully austenitic at room temperature as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and superelastic cycling. The as-built microstructure changed from collumnar, in the first deposited layers, to equiaxed in the last deposited ones as a result of the different thermal cycle conditions. This is the first work where WAAM NiTi parts exhibit superelastic behavior under tensile conditions, highlighting the potential use of the technique for the creation of parts shaped in a complex manner based on this material and process. The potential to use WAAM for deposition of advanced functional materials is demonstrated.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101051} (DOI). Zeng, Z.; Cong, B.; Oliveira, J.; Ke, W.; Schell, N.; Peng, B.; Qi, Z.; Ge, F.; Zhang, W.; Ao, S.: Wire and arc additive manufacturing of a Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy: Microstructure and mechanical properties. Additive Manufacturing. 2020. vol. 32, 101051. DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101051}} @misc{seifert_evaluation_of_2020, author={Seifert, M., Weule, M., Cipiccia, S., Flenner, S., Hagemann, J., Ludwig, V., Michel, T., Neumayer, P., Schuster, M., Wolf, A., Anton, G., Akstaller, B.}, title={Evaluation of the Weighted Mean X-ray Energy for an Imaging System Via Propagation-Based Phase-Contrast Imaging}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6070063}, abstract = {For imaging events of extremely short duration, like shock waves or explosions, it is necessary to be able to image the object with a single-shot exposure. A suitable setup is given by a laser-induced X-ray source such as the one that can be found at GSI (Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH) in Darmstadt (Society for Heavy Ion Research), Germany. There, it is possible to direct a pulse from the high-energy laser Petawatt High Energy Laser for Heavy Ion eXperiments (PHELIX) on a tungsten wire to generate a picosecond polychromatic X-ray pulse, called backlighter. For grating-based single-shot phase-contrast imaging of shock waves or exploding wires, it is important to know the weighted mean energy of the X-ray spectrum for choosing a suitable setup. In propagation-based phase-contrast imaging the knowledge of the weighted mean energy is necessary to be able to reconstruct quantitative phase images of unknown objects. Hence, we developed a method to evaluate the weighted mean energy of the X-ray backlighter spectrum using propagation-based phase-contrast images. In a first step wave-field simulations are performed to verify the results. Furthermore, our evaluation is cross-checked with monochromatic synchrotron measurements with known energy at Diamond Light Source (DLS, Didcot, UK) for proof of concepts.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging6070063} (DOI). Seifert, M.; Weule, M.; Cipiccia, S.; Flenner, S.; Hagemann, J.; Ludwig, V.; Michel, T.; Neumayer, P.; Schuster, M.; Wolf, A.; Anton, G.; Akstaller, B.: Evaluation of the Weighted Mean X-ray Energy for an Imaging System Via Propagation-Based Phase-Contrast Imaging. Journal of Imaging. 2020. vol. 6, no. 7, 63. DOI: 10.3390/jimaging6070063}} @misc{sukhanov_robust_metastable_2020, author={Sukhanov, A.S., Heinemann, A., Kautzsch, L., Bocarsly, J.D., Wilson, S.D., Felser, C., Inosov, D.S.}, title={Robust metastable skyrmions with tunable size in the chiral magnet FePtMo3N}, year={2020}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.140409}, abstract = {The synthesis of new materials that can host magnetic skyrmions and their thorough experimental and theoretical characterization are essential for future technological applications. The β-Mn-type compound FePtMo3N is one such novel material that belongs to the chiral space group P4132, where the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is allowed due to the absence of inversion symmetry. We report the results of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements of FePtMo3N and demonstrate that its magnetic ground state is a long-period spin helix with a Curie temperature of 222 K. The magnetic field-induced redistribution of the SANS intensity showed that the helical structure transforms to a lattice of skyrmions at ∼13 mT at temperatures just below TC. Our key observation is that the skyrmion state in FePtMo3N is robust against field cooling down to the lowest temperatures. Moreover, once the metastable state is prepared by field cooling, the skyrmion lattice exists even in zero field. Furthermore, we show that the skyrmion size in FePtMo3N exhibits high sensitivity to the sample temperature and can be continuously tuned between 120 and 210 nm. This offers different prospects in the control of topological properties of chiral magnets.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.140409} (DOI). Sukhanov, A.; Heinemann, A.; Kautzsch, L.; Bocarsly, J.; Wilson, S.; Felser, C.; Inosov, D.: Robust metastable skyrmions with tunable size in the chiral magnet FePtMo3N. Physical Review B. 2020. vol. 102, no. 14, 140409. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.102.140409}} @misc{larsson_nanoporous_gold_2019, author={Larsson, E., Guersoy, D., De Carlo, F., Lilleodden, E.T., Storm, M., Wilde, F., Hu, K., Mueller, M., Greving, I.}, title={Nanoporous gold: a hierarchical and multiscale 3D test pattern for characterizing X-ray nano-tomography systems}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577518015242}, abstract = {Full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) is a well established technique, available at various synchrotron beamlines around the world as well as by laboratory benchtop devices. One of the major TXM challenges, due to its nanometre-scale resolution, is the overall instrument stability during the acquisition of the series of tomographic projections. The ability to correct for vertical and horizontal distortions of each projection image during acquisition is necessary in order to achieve the effective 3D spatial resolution. The effectiveness of such an image alignment is also heavily influenced by the absorption properties and strong contrast of specific features in the scanned sample. Here it is shown that nanoporous gold (NPG) can be used as an ideal 3D test pattern for evaluating and optimizing the performance of a TXM instrument for hard X-rays at a synchrotron beamline. Unique features of NPG, such as hierarchical structures at multiple length scales and high absorbing capabilities, makes it an ideal choice for characterization, which involves a combination of a rapid-alignment algorithm applied on the acquired projections followed by the extraction of a set of both 2D- and 3D-descriptive image parameters. This protocol can be used for comparing the efficiency of TXM instruments at different synchrotron beamlines in the world or benchtop devices, based on a reference library of scanned NPG samples, containing information about the estimated horizontal and vertical alignment values, 2D qualitative parameters and quantitative 3D parameters. The possibility to tailor the ligament sizes of NPG to match the achievable resolution in combination with the high electron density of gold makes NPG an ideal 3D test pattern for evaluating the status and performance of a given synchrotron-based or benchtop-based TXM setup.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577518015242} (DOI). Larsson, E.; Guersoy, D.; De Carlo, F.; Lilleodden, E.; Storm, M.; Wilde, F.; Hu, K.; Mueller, M.; Greving, I.: Nanoporous gold: a hierarchical and multiscale 3D test pattern for characterizing X-ray nano-tomography systems. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2019. vol. 26, no. 1, 194-204. DOI: 10.1107/S1600577518015242}} @misc{eggbauer_in_situ_2019, author={Eggbauer, A., Lukas, M., Ressel, G., Prevedel, P., Mendez-Martin, F., Keckes, J., Stark, A., Ebner, R.}, title={In situ analysis of the effect of high heating rates and initial microstructure on the formation and homogeneity of austenite}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03527-3}, abstract = {Decreasing processing time of a quench and temper heat treatment is of high interest for industry due to the possibility of cost reduction. One option to reduce processing time is to shorten the austenitizing cycle by applying high heating rates and minimum holding times. However, due to the high heating rates, the analysis of their influences on the formation kinetics of austenite and its crystallographic parameters is challenging. Thus, this work concentrates on the in situ analysis of the austenitization process by means of high-energy X-ray diffraction to study a range of heating rates applied to ferritic–pearlitic and soft annealed initial microstructures. The transformation kinetics from ferrite/pearlite and soft annealed state to austenite, the cementite dissolution behavior and the homogeneity of the freshly formed austenite were analyzed. The results indicate three distinct steps of austenite formation independent of initial microstructure and heating rate: (1) nucleation of carbon-rich austenite at cementite–ferrite interfaces, (2) growth of austenite phase fraction accompanied by a reduction of the carbon content, until reaching the mean carbon content of the steel, followed by growth of the austenite grain size, (3) regarding austenite homogeneity, the combination of austenitization temperature and initial microstructure are the main influencing factors.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-03527-3} (DOI). Eggbauer, A.; Lukas, M.; Ressel, G.; Prevedel, P.; Mendez-Martin, F.; Keckes, J.; Stark, A.; Ebner, R.: In situ analysis of the effect of high heating rates and initial microstructure on the formation and homogeneity of austenite. Journal of Materials Science. 2019. vol. 54, 9197-9212. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-019-03527-3}} @misc{bachmeier_high_strength_2019, author={Bachmeier, A., Rathmayr, G.B., Schmauch, J., Schell, N., Stark, A., de Jonge, N., Pippan, R.}, title={High strength nanocrystalline Cu–Co alloys with high tensile ductility}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.185}, abstract = {A supersaturated single-phase Cu–26 at.% Co alloy was produced by high-pressure torsion deformation, leading to a nanocrystalline microstructure with a grain size smaller than 100 nm. The nonequilibrium solid solution decomposed during subsequent isothermal annealing. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction was used to map changes linked to the separating phases, and the development of a nanoscale Cu–Co composite structure was observed. To gain further information about the relationship of the microstructure and the mechanical properties after phase separation, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on as-deformed and isothermally annealed samples. Based on the in situ diffraction data, different isothermal annealing temperatures were chosen. Miniaturized tensile specimens with a round cross section were tested, and an image-based data evaluation method enabled the evaluation of true stress–strain curves and strain hardening behavior. The main results are as follows: all microstructural states showed high strength and ductility, which was achieved by a combination of strain-hardening and strain-rate hardening.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.185} (DOI). Bachmeier, A.; Rathmayr, G.; Schmauch, J.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; de Jonge, N.; Pippan, R.: High strength nanocrystalline Cu–Co alloys with high tensile ductility. Journal of Materials Research. 2019. vol. 34, no. 1, 58-68. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.185}} @misc{garces_increase_in_2019, author={Garces, G., Perez, P., Barea, R., Medina, J., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Increase in the Mechanical Strength of Mg-8Gd-3Y-1Zn Alloy Containing Long-Period Stacking Ordered Phases Using Equal Channel Angular Pressing Processing}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020221}, abstract = {The evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties during equal channel angular pressing processing has been studied in an extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zn alloy containing long-period stacking ordered phases. After extrusion, the microstructure is characterized by the presence of long-period stacking ordered fibers elongated along the extrusion direction within the magnesium matrix. The grain structure is a mixture of randomly oriented dynamic recrystallized and coarse highly oriented non-dynamic recrystallized grains. Rare-earth atoms are in solid solution after extrusion at 400 °C and precipitation takes place during the thermal treatment at 200 °C. Precipitation of β’ prismatic plates and lamellar γ’ in the basal plane increases the tensile yield stress from 325 to 409 MPa. During equal channel angular pressing processing at 300 °C, the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallized grains continuously increases with the strain introduced during the equal channel angular pressing process. Precipitation of β phase is equally observed at grain boundaries of the ECAPed alloy. Dynamic recrystallized grain size decreases from 1.8 µm in the extruded material to 0.5 µm in the ECAPed alloy. Thermal treatment at 200 °C of ECAPed materials results in an increase of the yield stress up to 456 MPa, which is maintained up to 200 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020221} (DOI). Garces, G.; Perez, P.; Barea, R.; Medina, J.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Increase in the Mechanical Strength of Mg-8Gd-3Y-1Zn Alloy Containing Long-Period Stacking Ordered Phases Using Equal Channel Angular Pressing Processing. Metals. 2019. vol. 9, no. 2, 221. DOI: 10.3390/met9020221}} @misc{sanamar_texture_gradient_2019, author={Sanamar, S., Brokmeier, H.-G., Schell, N.}, title={Texture Gradient in a Rectangular Extruded Al60Mg40 Metal Matrix Composite}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020167}, abstract = {By applying cold extrusion, an elemental metal powder composite Al60Mg40 was prepared. The texture gradient was measured over the cross-section of the extrusion profile using synchrotron radiation while the bulk texture was obtained by neutron diffraction. The aluminum phase shows a typical texture component of plane-strain deformation in the middle part of the sample and a uniaxial deformation texture at the surface. In the central region of the extruded bar, the (0002) Mg pole figure shows a split along the extrusion direction (±ED), which also has been observed in rare-earth containing magnesium alloys. These two poles twist towards the transverse direction on moving towards the surface of the extruded bar; one pole moves to +TD and the other one to −TD. The angle of twist increases towards the TD surface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met9020167} (DOI). Sanamar, S.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.: Texture Gradient in a Rectangular Extruded Al60Mg40 Metal Matrix Composite. Metals. 2019. vol. 9, no. 2, 167. DOI: 10.3390/met9020167}} @misc{bouali_layered_double_2019, author={Bouali, A.C., Straumal, E.A., Serdechnova, M., Wieland, D.C.F., Starykevich, M., Blawert, C., Hammel, J.U., Lermontov, S.A., Ferreira, M.G.S., Zheludkevich, M.L.}, title={Layered double hydroxide based active corrosion protective sealing of plasma electrolytic oxidation/sol-gel composite coating on AA2024}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.117}, abstract = {This work reports a novel approach for growing layered double hydroxide (LDH) films on any plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coated AA2024 independently of the nature of the PEO coating. The specific PEO coating chosen to carry out this work is considered to be not suitable for direct LDH growth because of phase composition and morphological features. In this paper, we describe a new methodology that consists of covering the PEO coating with a thin layer of aluminum oxide based xerogel as the source of aluminate ions for subsequent in-situ LDH growth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a successful formation of LDHs on the surface. An improvement in terms of active corrosion protection was also demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.117} (DOI). Bouali, A.; Straumal, E.; Serdechnova, M.; Wieland, D.; Starykevich, M.; Blawert, C.; Hammel, J.; Lermontov, S.; Ferreira, M.; Zheludkevich, M.: Layered double hydroxide based active corrosion protective sealing of plasma electrolytic oxidation/sol-gel composite coating on AA2024. Applied Surface Science. 2019. vol. 494, 829-840. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.117}} @misc{oliveira_laser_welding_2019, author={Oliveira, J.P., Schell, N., Zhou, N., Wood, L., Benafan, O.}, title={Laser welding of precipitation strengthened Ni-rich NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloys: Microstructure and mechanical properties}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.053}, abstract = {High temperature shape memory alloys are currently attracting significant attention by the aerospace industry due to the potential use of shape memory and superelastic properties at temperatures above 100 °C. Virtually any advanced engineering material must, at some point, be joined either to itself, to create complex shaped structures, or to other materials to increase its potential applications. In this work, laser welding of a precipitation strengthened Ni-rich NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloy is reported for the first time. Starting with a base material aged at 500 °C for 3 h and air cooled, defect-free joints with a conduction weld mode were obtained. Microstructural characterization, facilitated via microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction, revealed that the fusion zone contained a single-phase martensitic structure at room temperature, compared to a mixture of martensite and H-phase precipitates in the base material. Isothermal loading in both the martensite (at 30 °C) and austenite (at 200 °C) phases revealed equivalent strength and near-perfect superelasticity in the welded and un-welded reference material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.053} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Zhou, N.; Wood, L.; Benafan, O.: Laser welding of precipitation strengthened Ni-rich NiTiHf high temperature shape memory alloys: Microstructure and mechanical properties. Materials and Design. 2019. vol. 162, 229-234. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.053}} @misc{ullrich_deformation_mechanisms_2019, author={Ullrich, C., Martin, S., Schimpf, C., Stark, A., Schell, N., Rafaja, D.}, title={Deformation Mechanisms in Metastable Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels under Compressive Load Studied by in situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201801101}, abstract = {The stress–strain behavior of austenitic steels showing the TRIP/TWIP effect can be adjusted in a broad range by the addition of suitable alloying elements. Although the underlying deformation mechanisms are reasonably understood, the existing models often fail, in particular when the density of microstructure defects is high and when individual microstructure defects and features start to interact. For a micromechanical description of the material behavior involving possible interactions between different microstructure defects in austenite (dislocations, stacking faults) and newly developed phases, a detailed in situ microstructure characterization of the material under load is needed. In this study, the in situ experiments are performed using synchrotron diffraction during uniaxial compression. The materials under study are Cr–Mn–Ni steels with different Ni contents (3, 6, and 9 wt%) and thus different stacking fault energies (7.5, 16.7, and 24.3 mJ m−2). The in situ measurements reveal information about the martensitic phase transformations and about the development of the defect structure of austenite. The latter is concluded from the broadening and shift of diffraction lines and interpreted in terms of the squared microstrain, which is proportional to the dislocation density, and the stacking fault probability. The changes in the phase composition and defect structure are correlated with the residual elastic lattice strain.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201801101} (DOI). Ullrich, C.; Martin, S.; Schimpf, C.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Rafaja, D.: Deformation Mechanisms in Metastable Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels under Compressive Load Studied by in situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2019. vol. 21, no. 5, 1801101. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201801101}} @misc{weissensteiner_deformationinduced_phase_2019, author={Weissensteiner, I., Petersmann, M., Erdeley, P., Stark, A., Antretter, T., Clemens, H., Maier-Kiener, V.}, title={Deformation-induced phase transformation in a Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction during in-situ compression tests}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.035}, abstract = {Nickel-free Co-Cr-W-Mo alloys exhibit a very low or even negative stacking fault energy, and therefore a pronounced tendency towards a deformation-induced phase transformation of the metastable face-centered cubic (fcc) γ-phase to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) low-temperature ε-phase. In order to analyze the phase transformation in-situ and to correlate it to an external strain, compression tests between 30 °C and 400 °C were performed in a deformation dilatometer simultaneously to high-energy X-ray diffraction. Hence, the elastic strains of the fcc unit cell during compression, the external loads for the onset of the phase transformation and the temperature-dependency could be determined. In the parent fcc γ-phase, the evolution of an " open="<"101 fiber texture as well as texture inheritance effects and a distinct variant selection could be observed. Further, for the investigated alloy composition it is demonstrated that the continuum concepts of i) a structural stretch tensor and ii) an invariant plane strain perfectly agree with the widely-accepted nucleation theory of ε-martensite formation in Co-Cr alloys via Shockley partial dislocations on every second {111}γ plane. Both, the observed transformation texture as well as crystallographic transformation strains reveal the importance of shear stresses in this system.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.035} (DOI). Weissensteiner, I.; Petersmann, M.; Erdeley, P.; Stark, A.; Antretter, T.; Clemens, H.; Maier-Kiener, V.: Deformation-induced phase transformation in a Co-Cr-W-Mo alloy studied by high-energy X-ray diffraction during in-situ compression tests. Acta Materialia. 2019. vol. 164, 272-282. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.035}} @misc{rogstroem_decomposition_routes_2019, author={Rogstroem, L., Johannson Joesaar, M.P., Pilemalm, R., Ghafoor, N., Johnson, L.J.S., Schell, N., Oden, M.}, title={Decomposition routes and strain evolution in arc deposited TiZrAlN coatings}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.039}, abstract = {Phase, microstructure, and strain evolution during annealing of arc deposited TiZrAlN coatings are studied using in situ x-ray scattering and ex situ transmission electron microscopy. We find that the decomposition route changes from nucleation and growth of wurtzite AlN to spinodal decomposition when the Zr-content is decreased and the Al-content increases. Decomposition of Ti0.31Zr0.24Al0.45N results in homogeneously distributed wurtzite AlN grains in a cubic, dislocation-dense matrix of TiZrN consisting of domains of different chemical composition. The combination of high dislocation density, variation of chemical composition within the cubic grains, and evenly distributed wurtzite AlN grains results in high compressive strains, −1.1%, which are retained after 3 h at 1100 °C. In coatings with higher Zr-content, the strains relax during annealing above 900 °C due to grain growth and defect annihilation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.039} (DOI). Rogstroem, L.; Johannson Joesaar, M.; Pilemalm, R.; Ghafoor, N.; Johnson, L.; Schell, N.; Oden, M.: Decomposition routes and strain evolution in arc deposited TiZrAlN coatings. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. vol. 779, 261-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.11.039}} @misc{ebner_austenite_decomposition_2019, author={Ebner, S., Suppan, C., Stark, A., Schnitzer, R., Hofer, C.}, title={Austenite decomposition and carbon partitioning during quenching and partitioning heat treatments studied via in-situ X-ray diffraction}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107862}, abstract = {High strength combined with excellent ductility can be achieved by quenching and partitioning (Q&P) microstructures containing martensite and a considerable amount of retained austenite. Since the mechanical properties are inherited from the microstructure, a thorough understanding of this relationship is indispensable. In the present work, in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the transformation kinetics during Q&P processing. The effect of different heat treatment conditions on the microstructural evolution was examined and correlated to the mechanical properties obtained by tensile testing. The results showed that austenite decomposition occurred for all Q&P cycles, especially at the beginning of partitioning. The extent of this decomposition was affected by a change of the quenching temperature, while the partitioning temperature showed no significant influence. Regardless of the heat treatment parameters, carbon partitioning was clearly visible during the 2-step cycles, which led to enhanced work hardening with increasing strain. In contrast, this was not observed in the case of 1-step processing due to negligible carbon diffusion, and thus insufficient chemical stabilization of the austenite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107862} (DOI). Ebner, S.; Suppan, C.; Stark, A.; Schnitzer, R.; Hofer, C.: Austenite decomposition and carbon partitioning during quenching and partitioning heat treatments studied via in-situ X-ray diffraction. Materials and Design. 2019. vol. 178, 107862. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107862}} @misc{li_carbon_redistribution_2019, author={Li, X., Wagner, J.N., Stark, A., Koos, R., Landesberger, M., Hofmann, M., Fan, G., Gan, W., Petry, W.}, title={Carbon Redistribution Process in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) During Heat Treatment—APT and Synchrotron Diffraction Study}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070789}, abstract = {In-situ synchrotron diffraction and atom probe tomography (APT) have been used to study the carbon diffusion and redistribution process in austempered ductile iron (ADI) during austempering. The process of carbon content change in bainitic ferrite during different austempering temperatures has been determined quantitatively. The transformation in ADI is controlled by decarburization of supersaturated ferrite and carbide precipitation and has been found to be divided into three stages based on a model developed for bainitic steels by Takahashi and Bhadeshia. The formation, morphology and composition of carbides and carbon clusters in ferrite after austempering have been identified unequivocally by APT. Finally, the relationships of carbon content in ferrite, carbon gap values, and austempering temperatures in the ADI alloy were expressed using empirical equations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070789} (DOI). Li, X.; Wagner, J.; Stark, A.; Koos, R.; Landesberger, M.; Hofmann, M.; Fan, G.; Gan, W.; Petry, W.: Carbon Redistribution Process in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) During Heat Treatment—APT and Synchrotron Diffraction Study. Metals. 2019. vol. 9, no. 7, 789. DOI: 10.3390/met9070789}} @misc{pohl_the_first_2019, author={Pohl, H., Hammel, J.U., Richter, A., Beutel, R.G.}, title={The first fossil free-living late instar larva of Strepsiptera (Insecta)}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.26049/ASP77-1-2019-06}, abstract = {A fossil Cenozoic late instar strepsipteran larva is described and evaluated phylogenetically. The single specimen is embedded in Eocene Baltic amber. The short antennal buds, mandibles not intercrossing in the midline, unsegmented tarsi, and the elongated slender claws clearly indicate that it is not an adult female but a late larval instar. The low number of ommatidia of the compound eyes strongly suggests that it is an immature female. Besides this, wing buds are missing in contrast to male puparia of Mengenillidae. Phylogenetic analyses of characters of female late instar larvae indicate that the species belongs to the stem group of Strepsiptera. The presence of distinctly developed mouthparts and legs show that the larva does not belong to Stylopidia. The presence of a distinct clypeolabral suture, a large labrum, and claws which are elongated but not filiform exclude it from crown group Strepsi-ptera. It is likely that it is a female larva of the extinct genus †Mengea, which is only known from Eocene Baltic amber. Small size excludes an assignment to †Protoxenos, which is known from the same period. Characters of the fossil entered in a comprehensive matrix assuming that the larva belongs to †Mengea confirm a sistergroup relationship between the fossil described here and extant Strepsiptera.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.26049/ASP77-1-2019-06} (DOI). Pohl, H.; Hammel, J.; Richter, A.; Beutel, R.: The first fossil free-living late instar larva of Strepsiptera (Insecta). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny. 2019. vol. 77, no. 1, 125-140. DOI: 10.26049/ASP77-1-2019-06}} @misc{engelkes_measurement_error_2019, author={Engelkes, K., Helfsgott, J., Hammel, J.U., Buesse, S., Kleinteich, T., Beerlink, A., Gorb, S.N., Haas, A.}, title={Measurement error in μCT‐based three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics introduced by surface generation and landmark data acquisition}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12999}, abstract = {Computed‐tomography‐derived (CT‐derived) polymesh surfaces are widely used in geometric morphometric studies. This approach is inevitably associated with decisions on scanning parameters, resolution, and segmentation strategies. Although the underlying processing steps have been shown to potentially contribute artefactual variance to three‐dimensional landmark coordinates, their effects on measurement error have rarely been assessed systematically in CT‐based geometric morphometric studies. The present study systematically assessed artefactual variance in landmark data introduced by the use of different voxel sizes, segmentation strategies, surface simplification degrees, and by inter‐ and intra‐observer differences, and compared their magnitude to true biological variation. Multiple CT‐derived surface variants of the anuran (Amphibia: Anura) pectoral girdle were generated by systematic changes in the factors that potentially influence the surface geometries. Twenty‐four landmarks were repeatedly acquired by different observers. The contribution of all factors to the total variance in the landmark data was assessed using random‐factor nested permanovas. Selected sets of Euclidean distances between landmark sets served further to compare the variance among factor levels. Landmark precision was assessed by landmark standard deviation and compared among observers and days. Results showed that all factors, except for voxel size, significantly contributed to measurement error in at least some of the analyses performed. In total, 6.75% of the variance in landmark data that mimicked a realistic biological study was caused by measurement error. In this landmark dataset, intra‐observer error was the major source of artefactual variance followed by inter‐observer error; the factor segmentation contributed < 1% and slight surface simplification had no significant effect. Inter‐observer error clearly exceeded intra‐observer error in a different landmark dataset acquired by six partly inexperienced observers. The results suggest that intra‐observer error can potentially be reduced by including a training period prior to the actual landmark acquisition task and by acquiring landmarks in as few sessions as possible. Additionally, the application of moderate and careful surface simplification and, potentially, also the use of case‐specific optimal combinations of automatic local thresholding algorithms and parameters for segmentation can help reduce intra‐observer error. If landmark data are to be acquired by several observers, it is important to ensure that all observers are consistent in landmark identification. Despite the significant amount of artefactual variance, we have shown that landmark data acquired from microCT‐derived surfaces are precise enough to study the shape of anuran pectoral girdles. Yet, a systematic assessment of measurement error is advisable for all geometric morphometric studies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12999} (DOI). Engelkes, K.; Helfsgott, J.; Hammel, J.; Buesse, S.; Kleinteich, T.; Beerlink, A.; Gorb, S.; Haas, A.: Measurement error in μCT‐based three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics introduced by surface generation and landmark data acquisition. Journal of Anatomy. 2019. vol. 235, no. 2, 357-378. DOI: 10.1111/joa.12999}} @misc{bellavoine_ferrite_recrystallization_2019, author={Bellavoine, M., Dumont, M., Dehmas, M., Stark, A., Schell, N., Drillet, J., Hébert, V., Maugis, P.}, title={Ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation during annealing of cold-rolled advanced high-strength steels: In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and modeling}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.05.020}, abstract = {Ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation occurring during annealing of cold-rolled advanced high-strength steels are key mechanisms as they largely determine the final microstructure and mechanical properties. However, the influence of processing parameters on these mechanisms and their interactions is still not fully understood. This is particularly the case for Dual-Phase steels having an initial cold-rolled microstructure consisting of ferrite and martensite before annealing, which were scarcely investigated compared to ferrite-pearlite initial microstructures. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments together with post-mortem metallographic analysis allowed clarifying both ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation during annealing of a ferrite-martensite initial microstructure depending on the process parameters of the annealing cycle. Results showed a major influence of recrystallization state on austenite formation, leading to an unexpected effect of heating rate on austenite formation kinetics. A modeling approach was undertaken to rationalize the influence of heating rate on austenite formation by taking into account the bi-phased ferrite-martensite initial microstructure and the effect of ferrite recrystallization state.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.05.020} (DOI). Bellavoine, M.; Dumont, M.; Dehmas, M.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Drillet, J.; Hébert, V.; Maugis, P.: Ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation during annealing of cold-rolled advanced high-strength steels: In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and modeling. Materials Characterization. 2019. vol. 154, 20-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.05.020}} @misc{haubrich_the_role_2019, author={Haubrich, J., Gussone, J., Barriobero-Vila, P., Kuernsteiner, P., Jaegle, E.A., Raabe, D., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={The role of lattice defects, element partitioning and intrinsic heat effects on the microstructure in selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.01.039}, abstract = {The microstructure and phase composition in selective laser melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V plays a key role for its mechanical performance. The microstructure evolution in SLM Ti-6Al-4V was studied in the as-built condition and after sub-transus heat treatments between 400 °C and 800 °C focusing on elemental partitioning and the role of lattice defects on precipitation of the β phase. With SLM parameters corresponding to low volume energy density (EV = 77 J/mm3) the as-built microstructure consisted of acicular martensite and showed a higher density of lattice defects than that synthesized under high EV = 145 J/mm3 condition. High energy X-ray synchrotron diffraction indicated the presence of ∼2 wt.% β-phase at this high EV. Moreover, atom-probe tomography revealed enrichments in β-stabilizers at one- and two-dimensional lattice defects. These fine enriched one-dimensional columnar and two-dimensional features are identified as precursors of β-phase, revealing the role of lattice defects for β-precipitation. Upon annealing at 400 °C and 530 °C, β-films began to fragment into β−platelets and nanoparticles, whereas annealing at 800 °C led to a coarse-lamellar α/β-microstructure. Moreover, α2-Ti3Al was found in the 400 °C annealed condition. In line with the microstructure changes, Vickers hardness increased upon annealing at temperatures up to 530 °C and dropped when coarsening occurred at higher temperatures. Substantial element partitioning occurred during thermally driven martensite decomposition, which was significantly stronger for Fe than for V.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.01.039} (DOI). Haubrich, J.; Gussone, J.; Barriobero-Vila, P.; Kuernsteiner, P.; Jaegle, E.; Raabe, D.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: The role of lattice defects, element partitioning and intrinsic heat effects on the microstructure in selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V. Acta Materialia. 2019. vol. 167, 136-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.01.039}} @misc{wang_microstructure_phase_2019, author={Wang, L., Oehring, M., Li, Y., Song, L., Liu, Y., Stark, A., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F.}, title={Microstructure, phase stability and element partitioning of γ-γ′ Co-9Al-9W-2X alloys in different annealing conditions}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.289}, abstract = {The phase stability, γ′ precipitate morphology and element partitioning behavior in dependence on temperature and alloying composition have been systematically investigated in Co-9Al-9W-2X alloys using electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). The results show that the decomposition of the γ′ phase is promoted by adding some quaternary elements which increase the γ′ solvus temperature (except V). A larger lattice misfit in the Mo, V, Ti, Nb or Ta containing alloys can explain that coarser γ′ particles with a more cuboidal morphology were found in these alloys. Additional alloying elements and the annealing temperature show a stronger influence on the partitioning behavior of W between the γ and γ′ phases compared to that of Co and Al. The partitioning tendency towards the γ′ phase decreases with increasing temperature for all investigated alloying elements except Cr.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.289} (DOI). Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Li, Y.; Song, L.; Liu, Y.; Stark, A.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.: Microstructure, phase stability and element partitioning of γ-γ′ Co-9Al-9W-2X alloys in different annealing conditions. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. vol. 787, 594-605. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.289}} @misc{song_microstructure_evolution_2019, author={Song, L., Hu, X., Wang, L., Stark, A., Lazurenko, D., Lorenz, U., Lin, J., Pyczak, F., Zhang, T.}, title={Microstructure evolution and enhanced creep property of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy with carbon addition}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151649}, abstract = {The microstructure evolution and carbide precipitation in a Ti-46Al-8Nb-0.7C alloy as well as its creep properties at intermediate temperatures are investigated by high-energy X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The alloy with a nearly fully lamellar microstructure exhibits excellent creep resistance, which could be attributed to the good microstructural stability and strengthening effects from both P- and H-carbides. It is also found that the creep parameters have different effects on the precipitation of the carbides. The overall volume fraction of the carbides shows a positive correlation with the creep temperature and time. However, the thermal stability of P-carbides in the γ grain interior decreases at a higher creep temperature. The creep stress hardly affects the precipitation and morphology development of the P-carbides. On the contrary, a higher stress can promote the H-carbide formation at the γ/α2 interfaces via α2 lath decomposition in lamellar colonies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151649} (DOI). Song, L.; Hu, X.; Wang, L.; Stark, A.; Lazurenko, D.; Lorenz, U.; Lin, J.; Pyczak, F.; Zhang, T.: Microstructure evolution and enhanced creep property of a high Nb containing TiAl alloy with carbon addition. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. vol. 807, 151649. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.151649}} @misc{hauschildt_the_transient_2019, author={Hauschildt, K., Stark, A., Schell, N., Mueller, M., Pyczak, F.}, title={The transient liquid phase bonding process of a γ-TiAl alloy with brazing solders containing Fe or Ni}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.12.004}, abstract = {The high Nb-containing γ-TiAl alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.2B-0.2C (in at. %) was successfully brazed by transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding using two brazing solders with different melting point depressing elements (MPD): Ti-24Ni and Ti-29Fe (in at. %). The brazing process was executed for 24 h at 1110 °C. An additional annealing was performed for 168 h at 1000 °C for a better homogenization. The joints were characterized with high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Depending on the MPD and if the specimens were annealed two to three symmetrically arranged transition zones developed between the substrate and the middle of the joint with different microstructures, phase compositions, and chemical compositions. Beside α2 and γ which have been present in the substrate additional phases as β, βo, ωo, τ3, and τ2 were identified in the joints. We discuss the different solidification paths and the following solid-state transformations. The Fe-containing joint solidified via a single βo phase field leading to large βo grains. In contrast, the Ni-containing joint solidified via a two-phase field resulting in a finer grained microstructure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.12.004} (DOI). Hauschildt, K.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Mueller, M.; Pyczak, F.: The transient liquid phase bonding process of a γ-TiAl alloy with brazing solders containing Fe or Ni. Intermetallics. 2019. vol. 106, 48-58. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.12.004}} @misc{chulist_effect_of_2019, author={Chulist, R., Prokopowicz, M., Maziarz, W., Ostachowski, P., Schell, N.}, title={Effect of heat treatment on the precipitation hardening in FeNiCoAlTaB shape memory alloys}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111688}, abstract = {In order to obtain optimal mechanical properties, the effect of heat treatment on the precipitation hardening in multicomponent Fe-based shape memory alloys (containing Ni, Co, Al, Ta, B) was studied. The polycrystalline material was investigated after application of three different processing schemas: slowly cooled, quenched and subsequently annealed with various aging conditions. The study was carried out using synchrotron X-ray diffraction along with mechanical tests, revealing the evolution of strengthening phases. As a result an optimum heat treatment for 10 h at 700 °C was established yielding an optimal mechanical response.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111688} (DOI). Chulist, R.; Prokopowicz, M.; Maziarz, W.; Ostachowski, P.; Schell, N.: Effect of heat treatment on the precipitation hardening in FeNiCoAlTaB shape memory alloys. International Journal of Materials Research. 2019. vol. 110, no. 1, 70-74. DOI: 10.3139/146.111688}} @misc{warchomicka_insitu_synchrotron_2019, author={Warchomicka, F., Canelo-Yubero, D., Zehetner, E., Requena, G., Stark, A., Poletti, C.}, title={In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction of Ti-6Al-4V During Thermomechanical Treatment in the Beta Field}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080862}, abstract = {This work aims to identify the mechanisms of restoration occurring in Ti-6Al-4V during hot plastic deformation and subsequent heat treatment. The allotropic phase transformation that occurs during cooling distorts the interpretation of the restoration mechanisms taking place at high temperatures. Therefore, analysis of deformed samples by conventional microscopy have led to controversies in the interpretation of the main dynamic restoration mechanism. Additionally, static restoration of the microstructure can occur during slow cooling, modifying the microstructure. These facts were mainly the reasons why discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and/or dynamic recovery has been reported as the main dynamic restoration mechanism for Ti-6Al-4V. In this work, we use in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction combined with conventional microscopy to determine the dynamic and static mechanisms of restoration during and after deformation at different strain rates. The results show dynamic recovery as main mechanism of restoration during deformation in the β field, denoted by sub-grain formation and a misorientation dependency of the strain rate. After deformation, static recrystallization, grain growth, and coarsening of the β grains can be observed, especially at strain rates higher than 0.1 s−1. It is also demonstrated that the nucleation of new grains can occur within the very first seconds of the isothermal heat treatment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met9080862} (DOI). Warchomicka, F.; Canelo-Yubero, D.; Zehetner, E.; Requena, G.; Stark, A.; Poletti, C.: In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction of Ti-6Al-4V During Thermomechanical Treatment in the Beta Field. Metals. 2019. vol. 9, no. 8, 862. DOI: 10.3390/met9080862}} @misc{landlv_phase_evolution_2019, author={Landälv, L., Rogström, L., Lu, J., Ostach, D., Eriksson, F., Junaid, M., Ghafoor, N., Ekström, E., Hsiao, C., Leiste, H., Ahlgren, M., Göthelid, E., Alling, B., Hultmann, L., Stüber, M., Schell, N., Birch, J., Eklund, P.}, title={Phase evolution of radio frequency magnetron sputtered Cr-rich (Cr,Zr)2O3 coatings studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during annealing in air or vacuum}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.340}, abstract = {The phase evolution of reactive radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtered Cr0.28Zr0.10O0.61 coatings has been studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during annealing under air atmosphere and vacuum. The annealing in vacuum shows t-ZrO2 formation starting at ∼750–800 °C, followed by decomposition of the α-Cr2O3 structure in conjunction with bcc-Cr formation, starting at ∼950 °C. The resulting coating after annealing to 1140 °C is a mixture of t-ZrO2, m-ZrO2, and bcc-Cr. The air-annealed sample shows t-ZrO2 formation starting at ∼750 °C. The resulting coating after annealing to 975 °C is a mixture of t-ZrO2 and α-Cr2O3 (with dissolved Zr). The microstructure coarsened slightly during annealing, but the mechanical properties are maintained, with no detectable bcc-Cr formation. A larger t-ZrO2 fraction compared with α-Cr2O3 is observed in the vacuum-annealed coating compared with the air-annealed coating at 975 °C. The results indicate that the studied pseudo-binary oxide is more stable in air atmosphere than in vacuum.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.340} (DOI). Landälv, L.; Rogström, L.; Lu, J.; Ostach, D.; Eriksson, F.; Junaid, M.; Ghafoor, N.; Ekström, E.; Hsiao, C.; Leiste, H.; Ahlgren, M.; Göthelid, E.; Alling, B.; Hultmann, L.; Stüber, M.; Schell, N.; Birch, J.; Eklund, P.: Phase evolution of radio frequency magnetron sputtered Cr-rich (Cr,Zr)2O3 coatings studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction during annealing in air or vacuum. Journal of Materials Research. 2019. vol. 34, no. 22, 3735-3746. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2019.340}} @misc{meindlhumer_stresscontrolled_decomposition_2019, author={Meindlhumer, M., Klima, S., Jäger, N., Stark, A., Hruby, H., Mitterer, C., Keckes, J., Daniel, R.}, title={Stress-controlled decomposition routes in cubic AlCrN films assessed by in-situ high-temperature high-energy grazing incidence transmission X-ray diffraction}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54307-7}, abstract = {The dependence of decomposition routes on intrinsic microstructure and stress in nanocrystalline transition metal nitrides is not yet fully understood. In this contribution, three Al0.7Cr0.3N thin films with residual stress magnitudes of −3510, −4660 and −5930 MPa in the as-deposited state were in-situ characterized in the range of 25–1100 °C using in-situ synchrotron high-temperature high-energy grazing-incidence-transmission X-ray diffraction and temperature evolutions of phases, coefficients of thermal expansion, structural defects, texture as well as residual, thermal and intrinsic stresses were evaluated. The multi-parameter experimental data indicate a complex intrinsic stress and phase changes governed by a microstructure recovery and phase transformations taking place above the deposition temperature. Though the decomposition temperatures of metastable cubic Al0.7Cr0.3N phase in the range of 698–914 °C are inversely proportional to the magnitudes of deposition temperatures, the decomposition process itself starts at the same stress level of ~−4300 MPa in all three films. This phenomenon indicates that the particular compressive stress level functions as an energy threshold at which the diffusion driven formation of hexagonal Al(Cr)N phase is initiated, provided sufficient temperature is applied. In summary, the unique synchrotron experimental setup indicated that residual stresses play a decisive role in the decomposition routes of nanocrystalline transition metal nitrides.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54307-7} (DOI). Meindlhumer, M.; Klima, S.; Jäger, N.; Stark, A.; Hruby, H.; Mitterer, C.; Keckes, J.; Daniel, R.: Stress-controlled decomposition routes in cubic AlCrN films assessed by in-situ high-temperature high-energy grazing incidence transmission X-ray diffraction. Scientific Reports. 2019. vol. 9, 18027. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54307-7}} @misc{brazfernandes_in_situ_2019, author={Braz Fernandes, F., Camacho, E., Rodrigues, P., Inacio, P., Santos, T., Schell, N.}, title={In Situ Structural Characterization of Functionally Graded Ni–Ti Shape Memory Alloy During Tensile Loading}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-019-00237-2}, abstract = {A functionally graded NiTi shape memory alloy wire was investigated by in situ synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) during cyclic tensile deformation. The transformation temperatures were determined by DSC and the thermomechanical behaviour was analysed by three-point bending test. The present study focussed on the localized heat treatment (Joule heat effect, reaching 300 °C, 350 and 400 °C pulses for 10 min) of NiTi wires, using an equipment that allows a large variety of graded conditions. Structural, mechanical and thermomechanical characterization is presented to get a perspective of the different types of graded functionality. A combination of two strategies has been used for the in situ analysis by SR-XRD of the tensile tests: (i) continuously following the structural evolution at one single point (at the center of the heat-treated segment) all long the load/unload cycle and (ii) scanning the full heat-treated segmentat previously defined discrete steps of the stress–strain curve. The combined information from both types of tests provided detailed information about the phase transformations taking place in different regions of the functionally graded segment, at different steps of the tensile load/unload cycle, giving a better understanding of the overall mechanical, namely the evidence of the sequence B2 ↔ R ↔ B19′ for the direct and reverse transformations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-019-00237-2} (DOI). Braz Fernandes, F.; Camacho, E.; Rodrigues, P.; Inacio, P.; Santos, T.; Schell, N.: In Situ Structural Characterization of Functionally Graded Ni–Ti Shape Memory Alloy During Tensile Loading. Shape Memory and Superelasticity. 2019. vol. 5, 457-467. DOI: 10.1007/s40830-019-00237-2}} @misc{rogstrm_a_custom_2019, author={Rogström, L., Chen, Y., Johansson Jöessaar, M., Eriksson, J., Fallqvist, M., Andersson, J., Schell, N., Oden, M., Birch, J.}, title={A custom built lathe designed for in operando high-energy x-ray studies at industrially relevant cutting parameters}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5091766}, abstract = {We present a custom built lathe designed for in operando high-energy x-ray scattering studies of the tool-chip and tool-workpiece contact zones during operation. The lathe operates at industrially relevant cutting parameters, i.e., at cutting speeds ≤400 m/min and feeds ≤0.3 mm/rev. By turning tests in carbon steel, performed at the high-energy material science beamline P07 at Petra III, DESY, Hamburg, we observe compressive strains in TiNbAlN and Al2O3/Ti(C, N) coatings on the tool flank face during machining. It is demonstrated that by the right choice of substrate and coating materials, diffraction patterns can be recorded and evaluated in operando, both from the tool-workpiece and tool-chip contacts, i.e., from the contact zones between the tool and the workpiece material on the tool flank and rake faces, respectively. We also observe that a worn tool results in higher temperature in the tool-chip contact zone compared to a new tool.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5091766} (DOI). Rogström, L.; Chen, Y.; Johansson Jöessaar, M.; Eriksson, J.; Fallqvist, M.; Andersson, J.; Schell, N.; Oden, M.; Birch, J.: A custom built lathe designed for in operando high-energy x-ray studies at industrially relevant cutting parameters. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2019. vol. 90, no. 10, 103901. DOI: 10.1063/1.5091766}} @misc{ukleev_coherent_charge_2019, author={Ukleev, V., Tarnavich, V., Tartakovskaya, E., Lott, D., Kapaklis, V., Oleshkevych, A., Gargiani, P., Valvidares, M., White, J., Grigoriev, S. and }, title={Coherent charge and magnetic ordering in Ho/Y superlattice revealed by element-selective x-ray scattering}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.134417}, abstract = {Magnetic rare-earth/nonmagnetic metal superlattices are well-known to display chiral spin helices in the rare-earth layers that propagate coherently across the nonmagnetic layers. However, the underlying mechanism that preserves the magnetic phase and chirality coherence across the nonmagnetic layers has remained elusive. In this paper, we use resonant and element-specific x-ray scattering to evidence directly the formation of two fundamentally different long-range modulations in a holmium/yttrium (Ho/Y) multilayer: the known Ho chiral spin helix with periodicity 25 Å and a newly observed charge density wave with periodicity 16 Å that propagates through both the Ho and nonmagnetic Y layer. With x-ray circular magnetic dichroism measurements ruling out the existence of a magnetic proximity effect induced moment in the nonmagnetic Y layers, we propose that the charge density wave is also chiral, thus providing the means for the transmittance of magnetic chirality coherence between Ho layers.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.134417} (DOI). Ukleev, V.; Tarnavich, V.; Tartakovskaya, E.; Lott, D.; Kapaklis, V.; Oleshkevych, A.; Gargiani, P.; Valvidares, M.; White, J.; Grigoriev, S.: Coherent charge and magnetic ordering in Ho/Y superlattice revealed by element-selective x-ray scattering. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 100, no. 13, 134417. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.134417}} @misc{song_evidence_for_2019, author={Song, L., Wang, L., Oehring, M., Hu, X., Appel, F., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F., Zhang, T.}, title={Evidence for deformation twinning of the D019-α2 phase in a high Nb containing TiAl alloy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2019.03.014}, abstract = {It is commonly agreed that the α2 phase in γ(TiAl)-based alloys is quite difficult to deform plastically especially by order twinning. In the present study, for the first time we report deformation twinning in the α2 phase in a nearly-lamellar two-phase γ-TiAl alloy investigated by electron microscopy. Diffraction pattern and high-resolution images indicate that the twinning plane is and the twinning direction is , which is essentially analogous to what has been observed in disordered hexagonal structures. The twinning and anti-twinning mechanisms are interpreted. The twinning is a combined result of superpartial dislocation glide activated by the dissociation of <2c+a> type superdislocation, accompanied by atomic shuffling and short-range diffusion which is facilitated by the anti-structural bridges diffusion mechanism during high-temperature compression. The appearance of deformation twinning in the α2 phase can play an important role for the excellent mechanical properties of high Nb containing TiAl alloys, which is of great importance for the further development of γ-TiAl alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2019.03.014} (DOI). Song, L.; Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Hu, X.; Appel, F.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.; Zhang, T.: Evidence for deformation twinning of the D019-α2 phase in a high Nb containing TiAl alloy. Intermetallics. 2019. vol. 109, 91-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2019.03.014}} @misc{babcock_using_neutron_2019, author={Babcock, E., Szekely, N., Konovalova, A., Lin, Y., Appavou, M.-S., Mangiapia, G., Revay, Z. and , Stieghorst, C., Holderer, O., Henkensmeier, D., Lehnert, W., Carmo, M.}, title={Using neutron methods SANS and PGAA to study evolution of structure and composition of alkali-doped polybenzimidazole membranes}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.026}, abstract = {Potassium hydroxide (KOH) doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are investigated as compelling candidates for water electrolysis applications, drastically reducing the ohmic losses in contrast to thick ZrO2 based diaphragms. Using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) we have found that the structure of the (KOH doped) PBI changes with doping time on a minute time scale, and that the development of the structure is highly dependent on the KOH concentration. This data is correlated with macroscopic measurements of membrane swelling resulting from the doping process which also occurs on a minute time scale. Then, using prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) to follow the changes in time of the chemical composition, we have found that the K concentration of these samples only increases slightly with doping times after a very rapid initial uptake, reaching a saturation value that is relatively independent of KOH concentration for long doping times of up to 24 h. However measurements of similarly doped samples show increases in ion-conductivity of nearly 3 fold, and resistivity reductions of over 2 fold on the same time scales. These measurements prove that PGAA is a sensitive method to follow changes in the chemical compositions during doping, while SANS can give information on the sub-micro structural changes of polymer electrolyte membranes. Since these methods can be correlated with ex-situ measurements of composition, resistance, ion-conductivity and macro-structure, the combined use of PGAA and SANS provides a promising means for in-operando study in order to elucidate changes in membrane performance due to electrochemical cycling, as well as to help characterize and optimize doping parameters though in-situ doping measurements, by enabling real-time study of such membrane systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.026} (DOI). Babcock, E.; Szekely, N.; Konovalova, A.; Lin, Y.; Appavou, M.; Mangiapia, G.; Revay, Z.; Stieghorst, C.; Holderer, O.; Henkensmeier, D.; Lehnert, W.; Carmo, M.: Using neutron methods SANS and PGAA to study evolution of structure and composition of alkali-doped polybenzimidazole membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 2019. vol. 577, 12-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.026}} @misc{gvaramia_tunable_viscosity_2019, author={Gvaramia, M., Mangiapia, G., Pipich, V., Appavou, M., Jaksch, S., Holderer, O., Rukhadze, M., Frielinghaus, H.}, title={Tunable viscosity modification with diluted particles: when particles decrease the viscosity of complex fluids}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-019-04567-6}, abstract = {While spherical particles are the most studied viscosity modifiers, they are well known only to increase viscosities, in particular at low concentrations of approx. 1%. Extended studies and theories on non-spherical particles in simple fluids find a more complicated behavior, but still a steady increase with increasing concentration. Involving platelets in combination with complex fluids—in our case, a bicontinuous microemulsion—displays an even more complex scenario that we analyze experimentally and theoretically as a function of platelet diameter using small angle neutron scattering, rheology, and the theory of the lubrication effect, to find the underlying concepts. The clay particles effectively form membranes in the medium that itself may have lamellar aligned domains and surfactant films in the case of the microemulsion. The two-stage structure of clay and surfactant membranes explains the findings using the theory of the lubrication effect. This confirms that layered domain structures serve for lowest viscosities. Starting from these findings and transferring the condition for low viscosities to other complex fluids, namely crude oils, even lowered viscosities with respect to the pure crude oil were observed. This strengthens our belief that also here layered domains are formed as well. This apparent contradiction of a viscosity reduction by solid particles could lead to a wider range of applications where low viscosities are desired. The same concepts of two-stage layered structures also explain the observed conditions for extremely enhanced viscosities at particle concentrations of 1% that may be interesting for the food industry.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-019-04567-6} (DOI). Gvaramia, M.; Mangiapia, G.; Pipich, V.; Appavou, M.; Jaksch, S.; Holderer, O.; Rukhadze, M.; Frielinghaus, H.: Tunable viscosity modification with diluted particles: when particles decrease the viscosity of complex fluids. Colloid and Polymer Science. 2019. vol. 297, no. 11-12, 1507-1517. DOI: 10.1007/s00396-019-04567-6}} @misc{bikis_sensitivity_comparison_2019, author={Bikis, C., Rodgers, G., Deyhle, H., Thalmann, P., Hipp, A., Beckmann, F., Weitkamp, T., Theocharis, S., Rau, C., Schuluz, G., Müller, B.}, title={Sensitivity comparison of absorption and grating-based phase tomography of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085302}, abstract = {Advances in high-resolution hard X-ray computed tomography have led to the field of virtual histology to complement histopathological analyses. Phase-contrast modalities have been favored because, for soft tissues, the real part of the refractive index is orders of magnitude greater than the imaginary part. Nevertheless, absorption-contrast measurements of paraffin-embedded tissues have provided exceptionally high contrast combined with a submicron resolution. In this work, we present a quantitative comparison of phase tomography using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray double grating interferometry and conventional synchrotron radiation-based computed tomography in the context of histopathologically relevant paraffin-embedded human brain tissue. We determine the complex refractive index and compare the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each modality, accounting for the spatial resolution and optimizing the photon energy for absorption tomography. We demonstrate that the CNR in the phase modality is 1.6 times higher than the photon-energy optimized and spatial resolution-matched absorption measurements. We predict, however, that a further optimized phase tomography will provide a CNR gain of 4. This study seeks to boost the discussion of the relative merits of phase and absorption modalities in the context of paraffin-embedded tissues for virtual histology, highlighting the importance of optimization procedures for the two complementary modes and the trade-off between spatial and density resolution, not to mention the disparity in data acquisition and processing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085302} (DOI). Bikis, C.; Rodgers, G.; Deyhle, H.; Thalmann, P.; Hipp, A.; Beckmann, F.; Weitkamp, T.; Theocharis, S.; Rau, C.; Schuluz, G.; Müller, B.: Sensitivity comparison of absorption and grating-based phase tomography of paraffin-embedded human brain tissue. Applied Physics Letters. 2019. vol. 114, no. 8, 083702. DOI: 10.1063/1.5085302}} @misc{buscema_ex_vivo_2019, author={Buscema, M., Hieber, S., Schulz, G., Deyle, H., Hipp, A., Beckmann, F., Lobrinus, J., Saxer, T., Müller, B.}, title={Ex vivo evaluation of an atherosclerotic human coronary artery via histology and high-resolution hard X-ray tomography}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50711-1}, abstract = {Atherosclerotic arteries exhibit characteristic constrictions and substantial deviations from cylindrical shape. Therefore, determining the artery’s cross-section along the centerline is challenging, although high-resolution isotropic three-dimensional data are available. Herein, we apply high-resolution computed tomography in absorption and phase to a plaque-containing human artery post-mortem, through the course of the preparation stages for histology. We identify the impact of paraffin embedding and decalcification on the artery lumen. For automatic extraction of lumen’s cross-section along centerline we present a dedicated pipeline. Comparing fixated tissue before and after paraffin embedding gives rise to shape changes with lumen reduction to 50–80%. The histological slicing induces further deformations with respect to tomography. Data acquired after decalcification show debris unintentionally distributed within the vessel preventing the reliable automatic lumen segmentation. Comparing tomography of laboratory- and synchrotron-radiation-based X rays by means of joint histogram analysis leads us to conclude that advanced desktop tomography is capable of quantifying the artery’s lumen as an essential input for blood flow simulations. The results indicate that the most reliable lumen quantification is achieved by imaging the non-decalcified specimen fixed in formalin, using phase contrast modality and a dedicated processing pipeline. This study focusses on a methodology to quantitatively evaluate diseased artery segments post-mortem and provides unique structural parameters on the treatment-induced local shrinkage, which will be the basis of future studies on the flow in vessels affected by constrictions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50711-1} (DOI). Buscema, M.; Hieber, S.; Schulz, G.; Deyle, H.; Hipp, A.; Beckmann, F.; Lobrinus, J.; Saxer, T.; Müller, B.: Ex vivo evaluation of an atherosclerotic human coronary artery via histology and high-resolution hard X-ray tomography. Scientific Reports. 2019. vol. 9, 14348. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50711-1}} @misc{chen_observation_of_2019, author={Chen, K., Philippi-Kobs, A., lauter, V., Vorobiev, A., Dyadkina, E., Yakovchuk, V.Y., Stolyar, S., Lott, D.}, title={Observation of a Chirality-Induced Exchange-Bias Effect}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.024047}, abstract = {Chiral magnetism that manifests in the existence of skyrmions or chiral domain walls offers an alternative way for creating anisotropies in magnetic materials that might have large potential for application in future spintronic devices. Here we show experimental evidence for an alternative type of in-plane exchange-bias effect present at room temperature that is created from a chiral 90∘ domain wall at the interface of a ferrimagnetic-ferromagnetic Dy-Co/Ni-Fe bilayer system. The chiral interfacial domain wall forms due to the exchange coupling of Ni-Fe and Dy-Co at the interface and the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in the Dy-Co layer. As a consequence of the preferred chirality of the interfacial domain wall, the sign of the exchange-bias effect can be reversed by changing the perpendicular orientation of the Dy-Co magnetization. The chirality-created tunable exchange bias in Dy-Co/Ni-Fe is very robust against high in-plane magnetic fields (μ0H≤6T) and does not show any aging effects. Therefore, it overcomes the limitations of conventional exchange-bias systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.024047} (DOI). Chen, K.; Philippi-Kobs, A.; lauter, V.; Vorobiev, A.; Dyadkina, E.; Yakovchuk, V.; Stolyar, S.; Lott, D.: Observation of a Chirality-Induced Exchange-Bias Effect. Physical Review Applied. 2019. vol. 12, no. 2, 024047. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.12.024047}} @misc{bakan_cold_gas_2019, author={Bakan, E., Mauer, G., Sohn, Y., Schwedt, A., Rackel, M., Riedlberger, F., Pyczak, F., Peters, J., Mecklenburg, M., Gartner, T., Vaßen, R.}, title={Cold gas spraying of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb intermetallic for jet engine applications}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.092}, abstract = {The present article describes aspects of the cold gas spray processability of the intermetallic Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (at. %) alloy, which is employed as a structural material in gas turbine engines. The effects of processing parameters, namely, gas pressure, gas temperature, spray distance, as well as the gas atomized feedstock particle size (d50 = 30 and 42 μm, respectively) and phase composition on deposition, were investigated. The results showed that when the highest available gas pressure (40 bar) and temperature (950 °C) were combined with a short spray distance (20 mm), well-adhering coatings could be deposited regardless of the investigated particle size. However, the maximum coating thickness could be achieved was about 30 μm with a deposition efficiency of 1%. Phase composition of the gas atomized feedstock was investigated with HT-XRD and according to the findings, heat treatment of the feedstock under vacuum was carried out. With this treatment, non-equilibrium, disordered α phase of the atomized powder was transformed into an α, α2 and γ phase mixture. At the same time, an increase in the hardness and oxygen content of the powder was detected. Swipe test performed with the heat treated powder revealed no improvement in terms of deposition, in fact, the number of adhering particles on the substrate was decreased in comparison with that of the untreated powder.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.092} (DOI). Bakan, E.; Mauer, G.; Sohn, Y.; Schwedt, A.; Rackel, M.; Riedlberger, F.; Pyczak, F.; Peters, J.; Mecklenburg, M.; Gartner, T.; Vaßen, R.: Cold gas spraying of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb intermetallic for jet engine applications. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019. vol. 371, 203-210. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.092}} @misc{andre_corrosion_behavior_2019, author={Andre, N.M., Bouali, A., Maawad, E., Staron, P., dos Santos, J.F., Zheludkevich, M.L., Amancio-Filho, S.T.}, title={Corrosion behavior of metal–composite hybrid joints: Influence of precipitation state and bonding zones}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.07.002}, abstract = {The corrosion behavior of AA2024-T3/carbon-fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide joints was investigated. The joints were exposed to salt spray from one to six weeks. The residual strength of these joints was assessed using lap shear test. The corroded surfaces and interfaces were analyzed using small angle X-ray scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Regarding the top surface of the joints, the aluminum part corroded preferably in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). It was demonstrated that the HAZ is more susceptible to corrosion than the stir zone (SZ) due to the anodic sites formed by coarse intermetallic particles and S’(S) phase precipitation. Besides, the macro-galvanic coupling between the zones may also potentialize the corrosion in HAZ as the base material and SZ displayed a lower volume fraction of S’(S) than HAZ. In addition, the corrosion at the interface of the joints was evaluated. Four different stages in the development of corrosion at the interface were identified. At Stage I, the joints showed fast strength degradation (0% to -24% of ultimate lap shear force (ULSF) due to water absorption and NaCl migration into the composite. At Stage II, the strength degradation of the joints was stalled (-24% to -28% of ULSF) due to the protection provided to the bonding area by the reconsolidated layer of polymer at the borders of the joint. The polymeric layer acted as a protective coating on the aluminum surface. At Stage III, the corrosion overcame the polymeric layer by reaching the bonding area of the joint. As a result, the strength of the joints rapidly degraded from -28% to -44% of ULSF. Finally, at Stage IV, one expects generalized corrosion in the bonding area, leading to the final strength degradation of the joint.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.07.002} (DOI). Andre, N.; Bouali, A.; Maawad, E.; Staron, P.; dos Santos, J.; Zheludkevich, M.; Amancio-Filho, S.: Corrosion behavior of metal–composite hybrid joints: Influence of precipitation state and bonding zones. Corrosion Science. 2019. vol. 158, 108075. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2019.07.002}} @misc{garces_effect_of_2019, author={Garces, G., Máthis, K., Barea, R., Medina, J., Pérez, P., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Effect of precipitation in the compressive behavior of high strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zn extruded alloy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138452}, abstract = {The influence of β′ and γ' precipitates on prismatic and basal planes and long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) fibers on the compressive behavior of high strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zn alloy was investigated using the combination of in-situ synchrotron radiation diffraction and acoustic emission, as well as transmission electron microscopy. After extrusion, the microstructure is characterized by highly oriented LPSO fibers elongated along the extrusion direction within the magnesium matrix. The microstructure of the magnesium matrix consists of a mixture of randomly oriented DRX-ed and coarse, textured non-DRXed grains (DRXed means Dynamically Recrystallised). Alloying elements in solid solution in the as-extruded condition precipitate during heat treatment at 200 °C. The formation of β′ prismatic plates and γ′ basal lamellar precipitates increases the compressive yield stress from 310 to 409 MPa. The onset of macroscopic plastic deformation in as-extruded and peak aged conditions is controlled by the activation of extension twinning in non-DRXed grains. In the peak aged alloy, prismatic plates and basal lamellae interact with twins during the propagation and growth stages of these. β′ precipitates are more efficient than γ′ basal lamellae not only in hindering extension twinning but also in the hardening of the basal system. During twin growth, the internal stress in the β’ precipitates continuously increases due to stress misfit generated when precipitates are engulfed by twins.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138452} (DOI). Garces, G.; Máthis, K.; Barea, R.; Medina, J.; Pérez, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Effect of precipitation in the compressive behavior of high strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zn extruded alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2019. vol. 768, 138452. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138452}} @misc{bresler_the_influence_2019, author={Bresler, J., Neumeier, S., Ziener, M., Pyczak, F., Göken, M.}, title={The influence of niobium, tantalum and zirconium on the microstructure and creep strength of fully lamellar γ/α2 titanium aluminides}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.152}, abstract = {Titanium aluminides are excellent materials for light-weight applications at high temperatures. To enhance their creep strength, various alloying elements are added. In this work the effect of 5 at% Niobium (Nb), Tantalum (Ta) and Zirconium (Zr) on the creep properties of ternary Ti-44Al-5X (X = Nb, Ta, Zr) with a fully lamellar microstructure, is systematically studied. These alloying elements have a high solubility in titanium aluminides, and show a different α2/γ partitioning behavior as well as a different influence on the lattice parameters of both phases. The average interface distance between the α2- and γ-phase is adjusted to about 300 nm by the cooling rate to evaluate the influence of the three alloying elements. The creep tests reveal that all three alloying elements increase the creep resistance of titanium aluminides, particularly Ta and Zr. Ta seems to extend the pronounced primary creep regime, whereas Zr seems to reduce it. The alloying elements decrease also the lamellar spacing compared to the binary alloy. Microstructural investigations after the creep tests show a beneficial effect of the alloying elements on the microstructural stability during creep exposure, since they retard the discontinuous coarsening rate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.152} (DOI). Bresler, J.; Neumeier, S.; Ziener, M.; Pyczak, F.; Göken, M.: The influence of niobium, tantalum and zirconium on the microstructure and creep strength of fully lamellar γ/α2 titanium aluminides. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2019. vol. 744, 46-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.152}} @misc{gancarz_interfacial_phenomena_2019, author={Gancarz, T., Berent, K., Schell, N., Chulist, R.}, title={Interfacial Phenomena between Liquid Ga-Based Alloys and Ni Substrate}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07356-7}, abstract = {In this study, wetting tests for Ni substrate with eutectic Ga-Sn-Zn are carried out using the sessile drop method. The experiments are performed for 1, 10 and 30 days of contact, at temperatures of 100°C, 150°C and 250°C. Selected liquid/substrate couples are cross-sectioned and subjected to scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy for interfacial microstructure investigation. Phase identification is carried out using synchrotron x-ray diffraction. The growth of the intermetallic Ni-Ga phase layer is studied at the liquid/Ni substrate interface, and the kinetics of the formation and growth of this layer are determined.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07356-7} (DOI). Gancarz, T.; Berent, K.; Schell, N.; Chulist, R.: Interfacial Phenomena between Liquid Ga-Based Alloys and Ni Substrate. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2019. vol. 48, no. 9, 5941-5947. DOI: 10.1007/s11664-019-07356-7}} @misc{wahlmann_growth_and_2019, author={Wahlmann, B., Galgon, F., Stark, A., Gayer, S., Schell, N., Staron, P., Körner, C.}, title={Growth and coarsening kinetics of gamma prime precipitates in CMSX-4 under simulated additive manufacturing conditions}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.08.049}, abstract = {Additive manufacturing of superalloys offers new opportunities for alloy design but also poses significant processing difficulties. While the γ′ phase is responsible for the excellent high-temperature resistance of these alloys, it also induces cracking by precipitation hardening during manufacturing. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, we characterized the dynamic precipitation, dissolution, coarsening, and morphological evolution of the γ′ phase in situ during simulated additive manufacturing conditions. For this purpose, a CMSX-4 cylinder was subjected to cyclic heat treatment with heating and quenching rates up to 300 K/s. A specialized setup employing aluminum lenses to focus the X-ray beam was utilized to extend the q-range to small scattering vectors up to 0.035 nm−1. It was shown that the γ′ phase precipitates extremely fast without any measurable undercooling but remains below the equilibrium fraction throughout the process. Coarsening is readily measurable over timespans of only several seconds. A fraction of the γ′ phase that was dissolved during heating reprecipitated by forming new particles instead of growing on already existing precipitates. The findings provide new insight into the dynamic behavior of the γ′ phase during additive manufacturing and may prove valuable in designing new superalloys and processing strategies for additive manufacturing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.08.049} (DOI). Wahlmann, B.; Galgon, F.; Stark, A.; Gayer, S.; Schell, N.; Staron, P.; Körner, C.: Growth and coarsening kinetics of gamma prime precipitates in CMSX-4 under simulated additive manufacturing conditions. Acta Materialia. 2019. vol. 180, 84-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.08.049}} @misc{brunbauer_residual_stress_2019, author={Brunbauer, S., Winter, G., Antretter, T., Staron, P., Ecker, W.}, title={Residual stress and microstructure evolution in steel tubes for different cooling conditions – Simulation and verification}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.037}, abstract = {A finite element modelling approach is applied to investigate the evolution of residual stresses, temperature and phase fraction during quenching of low-alloyed seamless steel tubes. Under real-process quenching conditions, non-continuous cooling occurs that results in a stopping and restarting transformation front throughout the tube's radial direction. It is shown that the simulated temperature history, transformation kinetics and the residual stresses from the thermo-mechanical model can be correlated with experimentally observed residual stresses and micro-hardness investigations of produced tubes. The effect of the discontinuous cooling was found to be negligible with respect to residual stresses for comparable conditions, but it can cause local self-annealing and micro-hardness drops. The combination of outer and inner cooling of the tube influences residual stress and micro-hardness distribution significantly.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.037} (DOI). Brunbauer, S.; Winter, G.; Antretter, T.; Staron, P.; Ecker, W.: Residual stress and microstructure evolution in steel tubes for different cooling conditions – Simulation and verification. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2019. vol. 747, 73-79. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.037}} @misc{erdely_in_situ_2019, author={Erdely, P., Staron, P., Stark, A., Klein, T., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={In situ and atomic-scale investigations of the early stages of γ precipitate growth in a supersaturated intermetallic Ti-44Al-7Mo (at.%) solid solution}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.042}, abstract = {Intermetallic β-stabilised γ-TiAl based alloys offer novel opportunities for microstructural design. This paper investigates the growth behaviour of γ precipitates from a supersaturated βo matrix in a β-homogenised Ti-44Al-7Mo (at.%) alloy. Combining in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and small-angle scattering at a synchrotron radiation source with atom probe tomography as a direct imaging technique, the early stages of γ precipitate growth are characterised for the first time. The results show that the βo → γ phase transformation occurs without the formation of an intermediate phase. At a heating rate of 10 K·min−1, first diffusional processes that can be ascribed to the βo → γ phase transformation commence at about 450 °C. Elemental redistribution controls the growth of the γ precipitates, which is connected with the introduction of misfit-induced strain fields around the initially coherent γ particles. Further heating results in the loss of coherency between the disc-shaped γ precipitates and the βo matrix. The presented findings advance the fundamental understanding of the βo → γ phase transformation in γ-TiAl based alloys and provide quantitative data for the design of refined microstructures in the course of technological heat treatments.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.042} (DOI). Erdely, P.; Staron, P.; Stark, A.; Klein, T.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: In situ and atomic-scale investigations of the early stages of γ precipitate growth in a supersaturated intermetallic Ti-44Al-7Mo (at.%) solid solution. Acta Materialia. 2019. vol. 164, 110-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.10.042}} @misc{lazurenko_ceramicreinforced_tialbased_2019, author={Lazurenko, D., Stark, A., Esikov, M., Paul, J., Bataev, I., Kashimbetova, A., Mali, V., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F.}, title={Ceramic-Reinforced γ-TiAl-Based Composites: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040629}, abstract = {In this study, new multilayer TiAl-based composites were developed and characterized. The materials were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of elemental Ti and Al foils and ceramic particles (TiB2 and TiC) at 1250 °C. The matrix of the composites consisted of α2-TiAl and γ-TiAl lamellas and reinforcing ceramic layers. Formation of the α2 + γ structure, which occurred via a number of solid–liquid and solid–solid reactions and intermediate phases, was characterized by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that an interaction of TiC with Ti and Al led to the formation of a Ti2AlC Mn+1AXn (MAX) phase. No chemical reactions between TiB2 and the matrix elements were observed. The microhardness, compressive strength, and creep behavior of the composites were measured to estimate their mechanical properties. The orientation of the layers with respect to the direction of the load affected the compressive strength and creep behavior of TiC-reinforced composites. The compressive strength of samples loaded in the perpendicular direction to layers was higher; however, the creep resistance was better for composites loaded in the longitudinal direction. The microhardness of the composites correlated with the microhardness of reinforcing components.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12040629} (DOI). Lazurenko, D.; Stark, A.; Esikov, M.; Paul, J.; Bataev, I.; Kashimbetova, A.; Mali, V.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.: Ceramic-Reinforced γ-TiAl-Based Composites: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties. Materials. 2019. vol. 12, no. 4, 629. DOI: 10.3390/ma12040629}} @misc{musi_evidence_of_2019, author={Musi, M., Erdely, P., Rashkova, B., Clemens, H., Stark, A., Staron, P., Schell, N., Mayer, S.}, title={Evidence of an orthorhombic transition phase in a Ti-44Al-3Mo (at.%) alloy using in situ synchrotron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.11.025}, abstract = {Alloying of a binary system with an additional element often leads to the formation of new phases. In this work, a γ-TiAl based alloy with 3 at.% molybdenum was investigated, which was quenched from 1450 °C. Upon reheating, the formation of an orthorhombic phase was observed with the help of in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. This phase formed at 600 °C and vanished again at 720 °C, and acts as a transition phase between the α2 and the γ phase. Such a transition phase has not been observed before in this type of alloy. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy was used to study the microstructure of selected sample states on a sub-micrometer level. The orthorhombic phase formed fine lamellae inside the α2 phase and the α2′ martensite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.11.025} (DOI). Musi, M.; Erdely, P.; Rashkova, B.; Clemens, H.; Stark, A.; Staron, P.; Schell, N.; Mayer, S.: Evidence of an orthorhombic transition phase in a Ti-44Al-3Mo (at.%) alloy using in situ synchrotron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Materials Characterization. 2019. vol. 147, 398-405. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.11.025}} @misc{kerber_insitu_synchrotron_2019, author={Kerber, M., Spieckermann, F., Schuster, R., Joni, B., Schell, N., Schafler, E.}, title={In-Situ Synchrotron Profile Analysis after High-Pressure Torsion Deformation}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050232}, abstract = {The presence of hydrostatic pressure is a general crucial characteristic of severe plastic deformation methods for reaching high strains and for introducing large quantities of lattice defects, which are necessary to establish new grain boundaries. Insights into the processes occurring during deformation and the influence of hydrostatic pressure are necessary to help better understand the SPD methods. A special experimental procedure was designed to simulate the hydrostatic pressure release: High pressure torsion (HPT)-deformed microstructure changes related to the release of hydrostatic pressure after the HPT deformation of copper and nickel were studied by freezing the sample before releasing the pressure. High-resolution in-situ X-ray diffraction of the heating process was performed using synchrotron radiation in order to apply X-ray line profile analysis to analyze the pressure release. The results on copper and nickel generally indicated the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the mobility and interaction of deformation-induced defects as well as the resulting microstructure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst9050232} (DOI). Kerber, M.; Spieckermann, F.; Schuster, R.; Joni, B.; Schell, N.; Schafler, E.: In-Situ Synchrotron Profile Analysis after High-Pressure Torsion Deformation. Crystals. 2019. vol. 9, no. 5, 232. DOI: 10.3390/cryst9050232}} @misc{meindlhumer_biomimetic_hard_2019, author={Meindlhumer, M., Zalesak, J., Pitonak, R., Todt, J., Sartory, B., Burghammer, B., Stark, A., Schell, N., Daniel, R., Keckes, J.F., Lessiak, M., Koepf, A., Weissenbacher, R., Keckes, J.}, title={Biomimetic hard and tough nanoceramic Ti–Al–N film with self-assembled six-level hierarchy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr10339a}, abstract = {Nature uses self-assembly of a fairly limited selection of components to build hard and tough protective tissues like nacre and enamel. The resulting hierarchical micro/nanostructures provide decisive toughening mechanisms while preserving strength. However, to mimic microstructural and mechanical characteristics of natural materials in application-relevant synthetic nanostructures has proven to be difficult. Here, we demonstrate a biomimetic synthesis strategy, based on chemical vapour deposition technology, employed to fabricate a protective high-temperature resistant nanostructured ceramic TiAlN thin film with six levels of hierarchy. By using just two variants of gaseous precursors and through bottom-up self-assembly, an irregularly arranged hard and tough multilayer stack was formed, consisting of hard sublayers with herringbone micrograins, separated by tough interlayers with spherical nanograins, respectively composed of lamellar nanostructures of alternating coherent/incoherent, hard/tough, single-/poly-crystalline platelets. Micro- and nanomechanical testing, performed in situ in scanning and transmission electron microscopes, manifests intrinsic toughening mechanisms mediated by five types of interfaces resulting in intergranular, transgranular and cleavage fracture modes with zigzag-like crack patterns at multiple length-scales. The hierarchical 2.7 μm thick film self-assembled during ∼15 minutes of deposition time shows hardness, fracture stress and toughness of ∼31 GPa, ∼7.9 GPa and ∼4.7 MPa m0.5, respectively, as well as phase/microstructural thermal stability up to ∼950/900 °C. The film's microstructural and mechanical characteristics represent a milestone in the production of protective and wear-resistant thin films.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr10339a} (DOI). Meindlhumer, M.; Zalesak, J.; Pitonak, R.; Todt, J.; Sartory, B.; Burghammer, B.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Daniel, R.; Keckes, J.; Lessiak, M.; Koepf, A.; Weissenbacher, R.; Keckes, J.: Biomimetic hard and tough nanoceramic Ti–Al–N film with self-assembled six-level hierarchy. Nanoscale. 2019. vol. 11, no. 16, 7986-7995. DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10339a}} @misc{chulist_branching_of_2019, author={Chulist, R., Straka, L., Seiner, H., Sozinov, A., Schell, N., Tokarski, T.}, title={Branching of {110) twin boundaries in five-layered Ni-Mn-Ga bent single crystals}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107703}, abstract = {Two bending tests around two perpendicular axes were applied to 10M Ni-Mn-Ga single crystals with five-layered modulated structure. The crystal structure and microstructure evolution were examined using synchrotron radiation and electron backscatter diffraction, respectively. The bend stress results in pseudoelasto-plastic strain due to {101) twins tapering. A close examination of the microstructure reveals an additional pattern indicating microstructural changes in the form of {110) twins. As bending proceeds the {110) twins branch undergoing a significant twin refinement. Additionally, an elastic change of lattice parameters is confirmed yielding a higher total pseudoelastic strain. Unloading restores the initial twin configuration removing a large amount of the {110) twin boundaries, however, this process is followed by incomplete recovery since the samples do not retain its original shape entirely. The paper underlines the differences in mechanism for bending around two perpendicular axes explaining the amount of strain observed under pseudoelastic deformation. Additionally, the results are discussed with respect to minimization of elastic energy due to twin refinement and branching as well as mobility of the {101) and {110) twin boundaries.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107703} (DOI). Chulist, R.; Straka, L.; Seiner, H.; Sozinov, A.; Schell, N.; Tokarski, T.: Branching of {110) twin boundaries in five-layered Ni-Mn-Ga bent single crystals. Materials and Design. 2019. vol. 171, 107703. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107703}} @misc{wetegrove_formation_of_2019, author={Wetegrove, M., Witte, K., Bodnar, W., Phahl, D.-E., Springer, A., Schell, N., Westphal, F., Burkel, E.}, title={Formation of maghemite nanostructures in polyol: tuning the particle size via the precursor stoichiometry}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ce02115e}, abstract = {This study investigates a thermal synthesis in which iron(II) and iron(III) chlorides are used to form maghemite nanoflowers in the presence of sodium hydroxide and a solvent mixture of N-methyldiethanolamine and diethylene glycol. The agglomeration process leading to nanoflower formation is examined by testing temperatures of synthesis ranging from 180 °C to 220 °C and holding times from 2 h to 12 h. A temperature of 220 °C and a holding time of 2 h are confirmed to be suitable synthesis parameters for nanoflower formation. The process of primary particle ordering during agglomeration leading to cooperative magnetic behaviour is discussed. The stoichiometric ratio of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions was varied in the precursor solution and it is shown to have a strong influence on particle and crystallite sizes, and thereby on the magnetic properties. A larger Fe3+ ion content during the synthesis leads to larger particles and crystallites, while a higher content in Fe2+ ions favours nucleation at the expense of growth. An additional treatment with iron nitrate leads to further growth of crystallites as well as particles. Stable, mostly monodisperse suspensions of multicore particles with diameters ranging from 18.4 nm to 28.7 nm show Brownian relaxation times between 0.2 μs and 9 μs and dynamic susceptibilities at 25 kHz from about 7 × 10−3 m3 kg−1 [Fe] to 20 × 10−3 m3 kg−1 [Fe], making the particles interesting candidates for magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic particle imaging.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ce02115e} (DOI). Wetegrove, M.; Witte, K.; Bodnar, W.; Phahl, D.; Springer, A.; Schell, N.; Westphal, F.; Burkel, E.: Formation of maghemite nanostructures in polyol: tuning the particle size via the precursor stoichiometry. CrystEngComm. 2019. vol. 21, no. 12, 1956-1966. DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02115e}} @misc{saringer_insitu_investigation_2019, author={Saringer, C., Tkadletz, M., Stark, A., Schell, N., Czettl, C., Schalk, N.}, title={In-situ investigation of the oxidation behavior of metastable CVD-Ti1-xAlxN using a novel combination of synchrotron radiation XRD and DSC}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.072}, abstract = {Ti1-xAlxN hard coatings deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have attracted much attention recently due to their extraordinary nanolamellar microstructure and outstanding performance observed in metal cutting operations. Several published reports suggest further that CVD-Ti1-xAlxN exhibits an increased thermal stability and high temperature oxidation resistance when compared to state-of-the-art physical vapor deposited Ti1-xAlxN. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the oxidation of this coating system are not thoroughly understood yet. Thus within this work, the thermal stability and oxidation resistance of a powdered nanolamellar CVD-Ti1-xAlxN coating have been investigated at the synchrotron radiation facility applying a novel in-situ experimental approach. The sample was annealed in air between 100 and 1400 °C and 2D X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded simultaneously with the differential scanning calorimetric signal. The obtained diffraction data was successively analyzed using sequential Rietveld refinement, yielding the temperature-dependent phase composition. By combining this method with the differential scanning calorimetric data, it was possible to precisely track the onset and progress of chemical reactions. The results show that the different phases present in the sample oxidize individually, with the oxidation stability strongly depending on the Al-content. Further it was found that when Ti1-xAlxN spinodally decomposes in air, the formed TiN oxidizes directly after its formation while AlN retains its chemical stability. The present work provides not only a detailed insight into the thermal stability and oxidation resistance of CVD-Ti1-xAlxN but also proves the outstanding ability of the used method for analyzing metastable coatings systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.072} (DOI). Saringer, C.; Tkadletz, M.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Czettl, C.; Schalk, N.: In-situ investigation of the oxidation behavior of metastable CVD-Ti1-xAlxN using a novel combination of synchrotron radiation XRD and DSC. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019. vol. 374, 617-624. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.05.072}} @misc{philippikobs_impact_of_2019, author={Philippi-Kobs, A., Farhadi, A., Matheis, L., Lott, D., Chuvilin, A., Oepen, H.P.}, title={Impact of Symmetry on Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Textured Ferromagnetic Thin Films}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.137201}, abstract = {We report on the magnetoresistance of textured films consisting of 3d-ferromagnetic layers sandwiched by Pt. While the conventional cos2φ behavior of the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) is found when the magnetization M is varied in the film plane, cos2nθ contributions (2n≤6) exist for rotating M in the plane perpendicular to the current. This finding is explained by the symmetry-adapted modeling of AMR of textured films demonstrating that the cos2θ behavior cannot be used as a fingerprint for the presence of spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR). Further, the interfacial MR contributions for Pt/Ni/Pt contradict the SMR behavior confirming the dominant role of AMR in all-metallic systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.137201} (DOI). Philippi-Kobs, A.; Farhadi, A.; Matheis, L.; Lott, D.; Chuvilin, A.; Oepen, H.: Impact of Symmetry on Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Textured Ferromagnetic Thin Films. Physical Review Letters. 2019. vol. 123, no. 13, 137201. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.137201}} @misc{mueller_nanostructured_low_2019, author={Mueller, T., Bachmeier, A., Stark, A., Schell, N., Pippan, R.}, title={Nanostructured Low Carbon Steels Obtained from the Martensitic State via Severe Plastic Deformation, Precipitation, Recovery, and Recrystallization}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800202}, abstract = {The range of accessible microstructures from the combination of severe plastic deformation (SPD) and heat treatments of a low carbon steel martensite under various processing conditions is evaluated. SPD results in a temperature decrease for recrystallization and austenitization upon subsequent annealing. On the contrary, the precipitation of cementite takes place at higher temperatures after SPD. Whereas, a certain thermal stability is observed for subsequent processing, even low annealing temperatures have a strong impact on the results of simultaneous SPD and heat treatments which results from the differences of dynamic and static recovery. It is shown that with each processing sequence unique microstructures can be produced that have to be taken into account in order to produce a material with optimized tailored properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201800202} (DOI). Mueller, T.; Bachmeier, A.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Pippan, R.: Nanostructured Low Carbon Steels Obtained from the Martensitic State via Severe Plastic Deformation, Precipitation, Recovery, and Recrystallization. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2019. vol. 21, no. 1, 1800202. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201800202}} @misc{bachmaier_high_strength_2019, author={Bachmaier, A., Rathmayr, G., Schmauch, J., Schell, N., Stark, A., de Jonge, N., Pippan, R.}, title={High strength nanocrystalline Cu–Co alloys with high tensile ductility}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.185}, abstract = {A supersaturated single-phase Cu–26 at.% Co alloy was produced by high-pressure torsion deformation, leading to a nanocrystalline microstructure with a grain size smaller than 100 nm. The nonequilibrium solid solution decomposed during subsequent isothermal annealing. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction was used to map changes linked to the separating phases, and the development of a nanoscale Cu–Co composite structure was observed. To gain further information about the relationship of the microstructure and the mechanical properties after phase separation, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on as-deformed and isothermally annealed samples. Based on the in situ diffraction data, different isothermal annealing temperatures were chosen. Miniaturized tensile specimens with a round cross section were tested, and an image-based data evaluation method enabled the evaluation of true stress–strain curves and strain hardening behavior. The main results are as follows: all microstructural states showed high strength and ductility, which was achieved by a combination of strain-hardening and strain-rate hardening.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.185} (DOI). Bachmaier, A.; Rathmayr, G.; Schmauch, J.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; de Jonge, N.; Pippan, R.: High strength nanocrystalline Cu–Co alloys with high tensile ductility. Journal of Materials Research. 2019. vol. 34, no. 1, 58-68. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2018.185}} @misc{wei_hot_extrusion_2019, author={Wei, L., Zhang, X., Gan, W., Ding, C., Geng, L.}, title={Hot extrusion approach to enhance the cyclic stability of elastocaloric effect in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga alloys}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.04.009}, abstract = {Cyclic stability is vital for the application of the elastocaloric effect. We demonstrated here the enhanced cyclic stability in a Ni50.4Mn27.3Ga22.3 alloy via hot extrusion. The fine equiaxed grains with 〈111〉A texture were obtained after hot extrusion at 1323 K. The extruded alloy showed >250 stable elastocaloric cycles without degradation. The mechanism for the enhanced cyclic stability was the presence of fine grains and low energy dissipation related to the 〈111〉A texture. So, hot extrusion may provide a feasible strategy for improving the eCE stability in polycrystalline ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.04.009} (DOI). Wei, L.; Zhang, X.; Gan, W.; Ding, C.; Geng, L.: Hot extrusion approach to enhance the cyclic stability of elastocaloric effect in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga alloys. Scripta Materialia. 2019. vol. 168, 28-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.04.009}} @misc{schaber_hierarchical_architecture_2019, author={Schaber, C., Flenner, S., Glisovic, A., Krasnov, I., Rosenthal, M., Stieglitz, H., Krywka, C., Burghammer, M., Müller, M., Gorb, S.}, title={Hierarchical architecture of spider attachment setae reconstructed from scanning nanofocus X-ray diffraction data}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0692}, abstract = {When sitting and walking, the feet of wandering spiders reversibly attach to many surfaces without the use of gluey secretions. Responsible for the spiders' dry adhesion are the hairy attachment pads that are built of specially shaped cuticular hairs (setae) equipped with approximately 1 µm wide and 20 nm thick plate-like contact elements (spatulae) facing the substrate. Using synchrotron-based scanning nanofocus X-ray diffraction methods, combining wide-angle X-ray diffraction/scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering, allowed substantial quantitative information to be gained about the structure and materials of these fibrous adhesive structures with 200 nm resolution. The fibre diffraction patterns showed the crystalline chitin chains oriented along the long axis of the attachment setae and increased intensity of the chitin signal dorsally within the seta shaft. The small-angle scattering signals clearly indicated an angular shift by approximately 80° of the microtrich structures that branch off the bulk hair shaft and end as the adhesive contact elements in the tip region of the seta. The results reveal the specific structural arrangement and distribution of the chitin fibres within the attachment hair's cuticle preventing material failure by tensile reinforcement and proper distribution of stresses that arise upon attachment and detachment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0692} (DOI). Schaber, C.; Flenner, S.; Glisovic, A.; Krasnov, I.; Rosenthal, M.; Stieglitz, H.; Krywka, C.; Burghammer, M.; Müller, M.; Gorb, S.: Hierarchical architecture of spider attachment setae reconstructed from scanning nanofocus X-ray diffraction data. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2019. vol. 16, no. 150, 20180692. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0692}} @misc{vrane_new_methylpyridinium_2019, author={Vraneš, M., Papović, S., Idrissi, A., Zec, N., Panaget, T., Ajduković, J., Gadžurić, S.}, title={New methylpyridinium ionic liquids – Influence of the position of –CH3 group on physicochemical and structural properties}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.075}, abstract = {In this work, the three newly synthesized pyridinium based ionic liquids (ILs) are investigated in order to show the structure-property relationship and the possibility of fine-tuning based on a change of –CH3 position on cation heterocycle. Studied ILs are N-hydroxypropyl-n-methylpyridinium chloride, [N-C3OH-n-mpy][Cl] (n is 2, 3 or 4 position of –CH3 on pyridinium ring). The relationship between molecular structure and properties for these pure ILs is explored by a combination of experimentally obtained physicochemical properties, as well as molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry. How the change in the position of the –CH3 group affects the volumetric and viscosimetric properties of aqueous solutions of these ILs is also reported in this work. Density and viscosity measurements were performed in the temperature range from T = (293.15 to 313.15) K at atmospheric pressure and in the molality range from m ~ (0.10000 to 0.50000) mol·kg−1. Based on physicochemical characterization supported with computational simulations for pure ILs and their aqueous solutions, the interactions between these different ILs and water were discussed and more precisely viewed the impact of the position of the methyl substitute on the pyridinium ring.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.075} (DOI). Vraneš, M.; Papović, S.; Idrissi, A.; Zec, N.; Panaget, T.; Ajduković, J.; Gadžurić, S.: New methylpyridinium ionic liquids – Influence of the position of –CH3 group on physicochemical and structural properties. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2019. vol. 283, 208-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.075}} @misc{aschauer_strain_and_2019, author={Aschauer, E., Bartosik, M., Bolvardi, H., Arndt, M., Polcik, P., Davydok, A., Krywka, C., Riedl, H., Mayrhofer, P.H.}, title={Strain and stress analyses on thermally annealed Ti-Al-N/Mo-Si-B multilayer coatings by synchrotron X-ray diffraction}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.075}, abstract = {In order to analyse the main failure mechanism of multilayered coating material in oxidative environments, we separately investigated the cross-sectional strain/stress evolution induced by thermal loads and oxidation for the Ti-Al-N/Mo-Si-B model system. The bilayer period (Λ) of the crystalline Ti-Al-N/amorphous Mo-Si-B layers was varied between 26, 130, 240, and 1085 nm. The stress state was characterised by synchrotron X-ray nano-diffraction, using monochromatic X-ray radiation with a beam size of around 200 × 300 nm2. This allows for analysing the spatially resolved strain/stress evolution of the as-deposited state as well as after thermally treated coatings – either 1 h annealed in vacuum or ambient air at 900 °C. For small bilayer periods, the alteration of face centred cubic Ti-Al-N by amorphous Mo-Si-B layers effectively reduces the as-deposited compressive strain profile along the growth direction. Furthermore, for Λ ≤ 130 nm, the decomposition of Ti-Al-N to form hexagonal structured AlN as well as the crystallisation of the Mo-rich layers towards the intermetallics Mo5SiB2 and Mo5Si3 is significantly delayed. After oxidation, the oxide scale grows in the low-compressive stress regime, while the intact multilayer shows similar microstructural changes as the vacuum annealed coatings.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.075} (DOI). Aschauer, E.; Bartosik, M.; Bolvardi, H.; Arndt, M.; Polcik, P.; Davydok, A.; Krywka, C.; Riedl, H.; Mayrhofer, P.: Strain and stress analyses on thermally annealed Ti-Al-N/Mo-Si-B multilayer coatings by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2019. vol. 361, 364-370. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.075}} @misc{barchuk_defectrich_gan_2019, author={Barchuk, M., Motylenko, M., Schneider, T., Förste, M., Röder, C., Davydok, A., Lazarev, S., Schimpf, C., Wüstefeld, C., Pätzold, O., Rafaja, D.}, title={Defect-rich GaN interlayer facilitating the annihilation of threading dislocations in polar GaN crystals grown on (0001)-oriented sapphire substrates}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5092284}, abstract = {The interaction of microstructure defects is regarded as a possible tool for the reduction of the defect density and improvement of the crystal quality. In this study, this general approach is applied to reduce the density of threading dislocations in GaN crystals grown using high-temperature vapor phase epitaxy directly on (0001)-oriented sapphire substrates. The GaN crystals under study were deposited in three steps with different process temperatures, growth rates, and ammonia flows. The first GaN layer accommodates the lattice misfit between sapphire and gallium nitride. Thus, it contains a high number of randomly distributed threading dislocations. The next GaN layer, which is internally structured and defect-rich, bends and bunches these dislocations and facilitates their annihilation. The uppermost GaN layer mainly contains bunched threading dislocations terminating large areas of almost defect-free GaN. In order to be able to visualize and to quantify the microstructure changes in individual parts of the sandwich-like structure, the samples were investigated using nanofocused synchrotron diffraction, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The transmission electron microscopy provided information about the kind of microstructure defects and their mutual interaction. The synchrotron diffraction and the micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed the depth profiles of dislocation density and lattice parameters.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5092284} (DOI). Barchuk, M.; Motylenko, M.; Schneider, T.; Förste, M.; Röder, C.; Davydok, A.; Lazarev, S.; Schimpf, C.; Wüstefeld, C.; Pätzold, O.; Rafaja, D.: Defect-rich GaN interlayer facilitating the annihilation of threading dislocations in polar GaN crystals grown on (0001)-oriented sapphire substrates. Journal of Applied Physics. 2019. vol. 126, no. 8, 085301. DOI: 10.1063/1.5092284}} @misc{widmann_hydration_and_2019, author={Widmann, T., Kreuzer, L.P., Hohn, N., Bießmann, L., Wang, K., Rinner, S., Moulin, J.-F., Schmid, A.J., Hannappel, Y., Wrede, O., Kühnhammer, M., Hellweg, T., Von Klitzing, R., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Hydration and Solvent Exchange Induced Swelling and Deswelling of Homogeneous Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Thin Films}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03104}, abstract = {The investigation of the response kinetics of smart colloidal microgel films is crucial for their optimization to enable advanced applications. We study the classical thermoresponsive microgel model system N-isopropylacrylamide cross-linked with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide. Without the typically used polyelectrolyte coating of the substrate, thin microgel films are prepared in a single spin-coating step. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal an extremely dense packing, resulting in a homogeneous compact thin film of microgel particles. The hydration kinetics of these films in H2O and D2O atmospheres as well as the kinetics of the solvent exchange between both water species are investigated with in situ time-of-flight neutron reflectometry (TOF-NR) and in situ Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. With accounting for a nonconstant humid atmosphere, the intrinsic diffusion dynamics of water molecules into the thin microgel film are modeled and the specific time constant τ and the effective Flory–Huggins interaction parameter χeff are determined. Comparing the results in H2O and D2O atmospheres, TOF-NR and FTIR spectroscopy results show an increased affinity of the microgel films toward H2O as compared to D2O. From the FTIR spectroscopy data, we further identify different kinetics of intermolecular processes and order them according to their temporal evolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03104} (DOI). Widmann, T.; Kreuzer, L.; Hohn, N.; Bießmann, L.; Wang, K.; Rinner, S.; Moulin, J.; Schmid, A.; Hannappel, Y.; Wrede, O.; Kühnhammer, M.; Hellweg, T.; Von Klitzing, R.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Hydration and Solvent Exchange Induced Swelling and Deswelling of Homogeneous Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgel Thin Films. Langmuir. 2019. vol. 35, no. 49, 16341-16352. DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03104}} @misc{kreuzer_swelling_and_2019, author={Kreuzer, L.P., Widmann, T., Hohn, N., Wang, K., Bießmann, L., Peis, L., Moulin, J.-F., Hildebrand, V., Laschewsky, A., Papadakis, C.M., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Swelling and Exchange Behavior of Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Block Copolymer Thin Films}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00443}, abstract = {The humidity-induced swelling and exchange behavior of a block copolymer thin film, which consists of a zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine) [poly(N,N-dimethyl-N-(3-(methacrylamido)propyl)ammoniopropanesulfonate) (PSPP)] block and a nonionic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) block, are investigated by time-of-flight neutron reflectometry (TOF-NR). We monitor in situ the swelling in the H2O atmosphere, followed by an exchange with D2O. In the reverse experiment, swelling in the D2O atmosphere and the subsequent exchange with H2O are studied. Both, static and kinetic TOF-NR measurements indicate significant differences in the interactions between the PSPP80-b-PNIPAM130 thin film and H2O or D2O, which we attribute to the different H- and D-bonds between water and the polymer. Changes in the chain conformation and hydrogen bonding are probed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy during the kinetics of the swelling and exchange processes, which reveals the key roles of the ionic SO3– group in the PSPP block and of the polar amide groups of both blocks during water uptake and exchange.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00443} (DOI). Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Hohn, N.; Wang, K.; Bießmann, L.; Peis, L.; Moulin, J.; Hildebrand, V.; Laschewsky, A.; Papadakis, C.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Swelling and Exchange Behavior of Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules. 2019. vol. 52, no. 9, 3486-3498. DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00443}} @misc{coppola_neutron_diffraction_2019, author={Coppola, R., Crescenzi, F., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Li, M., Visca, E., You, J.-H.}, title={Neutron diffraction measurement of residual stresses in an ITER-like tungsten-monoblock type plasma-facing component}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.059}, abstract = {Neutron diffraction measurements have been carried out for non-destructive characterization and numerical predictions validation of the residual stresses in a mock-up of the ITER-like divertor target plasma-facing component, made by hot radial pressing of 4 tungsten blocks to a CuCrZr cooling pipe via a soft copper interlayer. The neutron diffraction measurements were carried out, at room temperature, at FRM II reactor in Garching. Stress-relieved W and CuCrZr were examined as reference state before joining. The 3D stress tensor was determined in one of the two external W-blocks and CuCrZr pipe segments, scanning the mock-up from the outer surface of the W block towards the inner wall of the CuCrZr pipe with the interval of 0.4–0.5 mm. A residual stress distribution from tension to compression through the bonding line is detected, as expected from the requirement of force balance. Except at the interlayer, stresses well below 100 MPa are found, confirming the good fabrication quality of the investigated monoblock. These experimental results are comparable with the FEM-based numerical prediction, but at the interlayer and inside the pipe a sharper spatial resolution is needed for the neutron diffraction measurements to catch the hoop and axial stress gradient profile.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.059} (DOI). Coppola, R.; Crescenzi, F.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Li, M.; Visca, E.; You, J.: Neutron diffraction measurement of residual stresses in an ITER-like tungsten-monoblock type plasma-facing component. Fusion Engineering and Design. 2019. vol. 146, no. Part A, 701-704. DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.059}} @misc{rebelokornmeier_nondestructive_neutron_2019, author={Rebelo Kornmeier, J., Hofmann, M., Gan, W.M., Gibmeier, J., Saroun, J.}, title={Non-destructive Neutron Surface Residual Stress Analysis}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0617-2}, abstract = {Diffraction is a powerful tool for investigation of residual as well as applied stresses in engineering materials and components. Both X-ray and neutron diffraction can be used for this purpose. The interest in neutron stress analysis stems from the high penetrating power of neutrons when compared to laboratory X-ray sources, i.e. several cm instead of a few tens of µm in metallic materials. This contribution gives an overview on current instrumental and methodical developments for non-destructive through surface strain measurements, which bridges the gap between X-rays and neutrons analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-019-0617-2} (DOI). Rebelo Kornmeier, J.; Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Gibmeier, J.; Saroun, J.: Non-destructive Neutron Surface Residual Stress Analysis. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 2019. vol. 38, no. 3, 79. DOI: 10.1007/s10921-019-0617-2}} @misc{zhang_effects_of_2019, author={Zhang, X.X., Wu, L.H., Andrä, H., Gan, W.M., Hofmann, M., Wang, D., Ni, D.R., Xiao, B.L., Ma, Z.Y.}, title={Effects of welding speed on the multiscale residual stresses in friction stir welded metal matrix composites}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.005}, abstract = {The effects of welding speed on the macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses (RSes) in friction stir welded 17 vol.% SiCp/2009Al-T4 composite plates were studied via neutron diffraction and an improved decoupled hierarchical multiscale modeling methods. Measurements showed that the macroscopic and total RSes had the largest variations in the longitudinal direction (LD). Increasing the welding speed led to higher values of measured LD macroscopic and total RSes in the matrix. The welding speed also significantly influenced the distributions and magnitudes of the microscopic RSes. The RSes were predicted via an improved hierarchical multiscale model, which includes a constant coefficient of friction based thermal model. The RSes in the composite plates before friction stir welding (FSW) were computed and then set as the initial states of the FSW process during modeling. This improved decoupled multiscale model provided improved predictions of the temperature and RSes compared with our previous model.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.005} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Wu, L.; Andrä, H.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Wang, D.; Ni, D.; Xiao, B.; Ma, Z.: Effects of welding speed on the multiscale residual stresses in friction stir welded metal matrix composites. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2019. vol. 35, no. 5, 824-832. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.11.005}} @misc{zou_deformation_of_2019, author={Zou, N., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Gan, W., Yang, B., Zhao, X., Esling, C., Hofmann, M., Zuo, L.}, title={Deformation of Ni–Mn-Ga 7M modulated martensite through detwinning/twinning and forward/reverse intermartensitic transformation studied by in-situ neutron diffraction and interrupted in-situ EBSD}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.05.054}, abstract = {Shape memory alloys, especially the newly developed Ni–Mn-based heusler-type intermetallic compounds, exhibit specific mechanical responses to mechanical loading. Although the deformation behaviors have been studied for reducing the number of martensite variants, the mechanisms are not fully revealed. Thus in this work the compression process of twin-related 7M modulated martensite of Ni–Mn-Ga intermetallic compound was studied by in-situ neutron diffraction at macroscopic scale and by interrupted in-situ EBSD at microscopic scale. It is revealed that the mechanical response of the 7M martensite is featured by three states: a linear elastic-plastic state, a steady plastic state, and a second linear plastic state. The plastic deformation is initiated by the detwinning of the existing variants in the first linear state. It proceeds to the steady state by intensive detwinning of the these variants and by twinning of the remaining variants that result in the disappearance of the existing variants and the appearance of new variants, then by intermartensitic transformation to form non-modulated martensite (NM). These three shear processes are highly coordinated and compatible with the annihilation of the local incompatible strains by reverse intermartensitic transformation, which allows a steady progress of deformation and a continuous reorientation of the variants. The reorientation produces new twins with unfavorable orientations and limited deformation capacity, leading to a stress increase for further deformation. The present work provides comprehensive information on deformation mechanisms of Ni–Mn-Ga 7M martensite at each characteristic deformation step that is useful for mechanical simulation of deformation behaviors of intermetallic compounds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.05.054} (DOI). Zou, N.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Gan, W.; Yang, B.; Zhao, X.; Esling, C.; Hofmann, M.; Zuo, L.: Deformation of Ni–Mn-Ga 7M modulated martensite through detwinning/twinning and forward/reverse intermartensitic transformation studied by in-situ neutron diffraction and interrupted in-situ EBSD. Acta Materialia. 2019. vol. 174, 319-331. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2019.05.054}} @misc{sukhanov_increasing_skyrmion_2019, author={Sukhanov, A.S., Vir, P., Cameron, A.S., Wu, H.C., Martin, N., Mühlbauer, S., Heinemann, A., Yang, H.D., Felser, C., Inosov, D.S.}, title={Increasing skyrmion stability in Cu2OSeO3 by chemical substitution}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.184408}, abstract = {The cubic chiral helimagnets with the P213 space group represent a group of compounds in which the stable skyrmion-lattice state is experimentally observed. The key parameter that controls the energy landscape of such systems and determines the emergence of a topologically nontrivial magnetic structure is the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Chemical substitution is recognized as a convenient instrument to tune the DMI in real materials and has been successfully utilized in studies of a number of chiral magnets, such as MnSi, FeGe, MnGe, and others. In our study, we applied small-angle neutron scattering to investigate how chemical substitution influences the skyrmionic properties of an insulating helimagnet Cu2OSeO3 when Cu ions are replaced by either Zn or Ni. Our results demonstrate that the DMI is enhanced in the Ni-substituted compounds (Cu,Ni)2OSeO3, but weakened in (Cu,Zn)2OSeO3. The observed changes in the DMI strength are reflected in the magnitude of the spin-spiral propagation vector and the temperature stability of the skyrmion phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.184408} (DOI). Sukhanov, A.; Vir, P.; Cameron, A.; Wu, H.; Martin, N.; Mühlbauer, S.; Heinemann, A.; Yang, H.; Felser, C.; Inosov, D.: Increasing skyrmion stability in Cu2OSeO3 by chemical substitution. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 100, no. 18, 184408. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.184408}} @misc{xue_enhanced_tensile_2019, author={Xue, P., Pauly, S., Gan, W., Jiang, S., Fan, H., Ning, Z., Huang, Y., Sun, J.}, title={Enhanced tensile plasticity of a CuZr-based bulk metallic glass composite induced by ion irradiation}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.06.003}, abstract = {N+ ion irradiation is utilized to tune the structure and mechanical properties of a Cu48Zr47.2Al4Nb0.8 bulk metallic glass composite (BMGC). Ion irradiation increases the disorder near the surface, as probed by neutron diffraction, and, moreover, causes the phase transformation from B2 CuZr to B19’ CuZr martensitic phase in the studied BMGC. The tensile plasticity of the BMGC is dramatically improved after ion irradiation, which results from multiple shear banding on the surface and the martensitic transformation of the B2 to B19’ CuZr martensitic phase. The experimental results are strongly corroborated by complementary molecular dynamic simulations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2019.06.003} (DOI). Xue, P.; Pauly, S.; Gan, W.; Jiang, S.; Fan, H.; Ning, Z.; Huang, Y.; Sun, J.: Enhanced tensile plasticity of a CuZr-based bulk metallic glass composite induced by ion irradiation. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2019. vol. 35, no. 10, 2221-2226. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2019.06.003}} @misc{hua_hot_deformation_2019, author={Hua, K., Zhang, Y., Gan, W., Kou, H., Beausir, B., Li, J., Esling, C.}, title={Hot deformation behavior originated from dislocation activity and β to α phase transformation in a metastable β titanium alloy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.03.011}, abstract = {Profound and comprehensive knowledge on hot deformation of metastable β titanium alloy is essential to process optimization and microstructure control. In this work, the hot compression behavior of a β quenched metastable β titanium alloy is thoroughly studied by examining microstructural evolution to resolve the related deformation mechanisms. It is demonstrated that the deformation of the alloy presents three characteristic stress-strain stages: a linear stage (Stage I), a discontinuous yielding (Stage II) and a steady-state (Stage III). Before and during Stage I, the β to α phase transformation happened intensively along the β grain boundaries with more than 90% of the boundaries occupied by grain boundaries α (αGB). The linear behavior deviates from the Young's modulus when the linear deformation proceeds to the late stage, indicating the onset of plastic deformation. This behavior results from dislocation slip near β grain boundary regions. The discontinuous yielding of Stage II is originated from the fragmentation of the αGB and the intensive formation of mobile dislocations near the β grain boundary areas. The steady-state of Stage III arises from two orientation dependent deformation modes of the β grains. For those in favorable activation orientation for their {110}β<11>β systems with respect to the external compressive load (type I), the deformation is realized by the dislocation slip and by the formation of slip bands; whereas for those with their {1}β<1>β systems - the major lattice deformation for structure change from β to α - in favorable activation orientations (type II), the deformation is achieved by intensive phase transformation by forming intragranular α precipitates. The present results provide new information on hot deformation mechanisms of metastable β titanium alloys, especially the phase transformation associated lattice deformation as an important plastic deformation mode.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.03.011} (DOI). Hua, K.; Zhang, Y.; Gan, W.; Kou, H.; Beausir, B.; Li, J.; Esling, C.: Hot deformation behavior originated from dislocation activity and β to α phase transformation in a metastable β titanium alloy. International Journal of Plasticity. 2019. vol. 119, 200-214. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2019.03.011}} @misc{foadian_evolution_of_2019, author={Foadian, F., Carradó, A., Brokmeier, H.G., Gan, W.M., Schell, N., Al-Hamdany, N., Palkowski, H.}, title={Evolution of texture in precision seamless tubes investigated by synchrotron and neutron radiation measurement}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.041}, abstract = {High precision dimensionality tubes are required for a number of applications. Nevertheless, there are some troubles and challenges to produce high quality tubes in a cost-effective way. In recent works done at the Institute of Metallurgy at Clausthal University of Technology, the tube drawing process was optimized by introducing dynamic tilting and shifting of the die. These methods made it possible to control the wall-thickness variation and even residual stresses (RSs) evolution. A possible influence on texture evolution, however, has not yet been investigated, though it is well known that the crystallographic texture has a remarkable effect on materials' properties. Furthermore, the initial texture clearly influences the microstructural evolution during plastic deformation, affecting the RSs evolution and dimension accuracy, too. In this paper the evolution and heterogeneity of the texture are introduced for tube drawing performed with a tilted die. The measurements were done using synchrotron and neutron diffraction methods. The aim was to understand the behavior of the material during the asymmetrical tube drawing, caused by the tilted die, and connect the effects between eccentricity and residual stresses. Pole figures and ODF densities were studied and the creation and variation of different texture components were analyzed as well.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.041} (DOI). Foadian, F.; Carradó, A.; Brokmeier, H.; Gan, W.; Schell, N.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Palkowski, H.: Evolution of texture in precision seamless tubes investigated by synchrotron and neutron radiation measurement. Materials Characterization. 2019. vol. 151, 582-589. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.041}} @misc{gruber_20_hz_2019, author={Gruber, D., Kiefer, D., Rössler, R., Beckmann, F., Tkadletz, M., Klünsner, T., Czettl, C., Keckes, J., Gibmeier, J.}, title={20 Hz synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis in laser-pulsed WC-Co hard metal reveals oscillatory stresses and reversible composite plastification}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.04.004}, abstract = {The lifetime of WC-Co inserts used in cutting processes, such as milling, is limited by millisecond temperature and mechanical pulses, which occur as a result of interrupted tool-workpiece contact, thermal fatigue and wear. In the current work, synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used in conjunction with a pulsed laser heating set-up to characterise the time-dependent development of stresses and microstructure in locally irradiated WC-Co inserts coated by chemical vapour deposition with 6.5 and 3.5 μm thick TiCN and α-Al2O3 films, respectively. Diffraction data from the WC phase were used to evaluate the time and temperature-dependent evolution of in-plane stresses, thermal strains and integral breadths of WC diffraction peaks in experiments with a single and five successive laser shocks applied within 2.2 and 20 s, respectively, using a laser spot diameter of ~5.8 mm and an X-ray beam size of 1 × 1 mm2. The laser heating induces the formation of compressive stresses in the inserts' substrates. Above a temperature of ~750 °C, at the onset of WC-Co composite plastification, compressive stresses relax and then vanish in WC at the maximal applied temperature of ~1300 °C, followed by the build-up of tensile stresses. The applied cyclic heating up and cooling down led to the repetitive formation of compressive and tensile stresses, with temperature dependencies oscillating with the number of applied laser pulses. The observed relatively high tensile stress level of ~1100 MPa in WC was a consequence of the stabilising function of the coating, which hindered the initiation of surface hot cracks and stress relaxation. The stress evolution was coupled with changes in XRD peak broadening, which however strongly depended on the particular hkl reflections and showed oscillatory behaviour within a single temperature cycle. In summary, the unique diffraction set-up revealed stress levels and provides insight into the WC-Co composite plastification mechanism governing the stress build-up and relaxation in locally thermo-shocked WC-Co inserts at millisecond time resolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.04.004} (DOI). Gruber, D.; Kiefer, D.; Rössler, R.; Beckmann, F.; Tkadletz, M.; Klünsner, T.; Czettl, C.; Keckes, J.; Gibmeier, J.: 20 Hz synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis in laser-pulsed WC-Co hard metal reveals oscillatory stresses and reversible composite plastification. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2019. vol. 82, 121-128. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2019.04.004}} @misc{scheuerlein_texture_in_2019, author={Scheuerlein, C., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Katzer, B.}, title={Texture in Superconducting Magnet Constituent Materials and Its Effect on Elastic Anisotropy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2896452}, abstract = {The materials used in superconducting magnet coils and in the structural magnet constituents are textured to various extents. This causes an angular dependence of the Young's moduli that needs to be taken into account when predicting the stress and strain distribution in the magnets. We have measured by neutron diffraction the texture in metallic materials typically used in superconducting magnets. Based on the neutron diffraction data the elastic anisotropy of the different materials has been calculated. Among the materials studied, the extruded Al oxide dispersion strengthened Cu coil wedges exhibit the strongest elastic anisotropy of 37%. The Young's moduli calculated from single crystal elastic constants and grain orientation distributions are compared with highly accurate Young's moduli derived experimentally from resonance tests.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2896452} (DOI). Scheuerlein, C.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Katzer, B.: Texture in Superconducting Magnet Constituent Materials and Its Effect on Elastic Anisotropy. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 2019. vol. 29, no. 5, 7800105. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2896452}} @misc{wolf_effect_of_2019, author={Wolf, F., Scheuerlein, C., Lorentzon, M., Katzer, B., Hofmann, M., Gan, W., Lackner, F., Schoerling, D., Tommasini, D., Savary, F., Bottura, L.}, title={Effect of Applied Compressive Stress and Impregnation Material on Internal Strain and Stress State in Nb3Sn Rutherford Cable Stacks}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2893495}, abstract = {The Nb3Sn superconductor in accelerator magnets must resist high mechanical stresses. In order to better understand the effect of the coil impregnation system on the stresses exerted on the strain-sensitive Nb3Sn superconductor, we have measured the elastic strain evolution in the conductor constituents under externally applied loads. For this purpose, a dedicated load frame that enables rotation of the sample load axis with respect to the neutron scattering geometry was installed in the Stress-Spec beamline at the neutron source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz FRM II. The Nb3Sn- and Cu-loading strains were measured in situ by neutron diffraction under monotonic and cyclic compressive loading. So-called ten-stack samples composed of Nb3Sn Rutherford type cables with different impregnation and coil blocks extracted from an 11 T dipole short model coil were investigated.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2019.2893495} (DOI). Wolf, F.; Scheuerlein, C.; Lorentzon, M.; Katzer, B.; Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Lackner, F.; Schoerling, D.; Tommasini, D.; Savary, F.; Bottura, L.: Effect of Applied Compressive Stress and Impregnation Material on Internal Strain and Stress State in Nb3Sn Rutherford Cable Stacks. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 2019. vol. 29, no. 5, 8400605. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2019.2893495}} @misc{heldmann_diffractionbased_determination_2019, author={Heldmann, A., Hoelzel, M., Hofmann, M., Gan, W., Schmahl, W.W., Griesshaber, E., Hansen, T., Schell, N., Petrya, W.}, title={Diffraction-based determination of single-crystal elastic constants of polycrystalline titanium alloys}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576719010720}, abstract = {Single-crystal elastic constants have been derived by lattice strain measurements using neutron diffraction on polycrystalline Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo and Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo alloy samples. A variety of model approximations for the grain-to-grain interactions, namely approaches by Voigt, Reuss, Hill, Kroener, de Wit and Matthies, including texture weightings, have been applied and compared. A load-transfer approach for multiphase alloys was also implemented and the results are compared with single-phase data. For the materials under investigation, the results for multiphase alloys agree well with the results for single-phase materials in the corresponding phases. In this respect, all eight elastic constants in the dual-phase Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo alloy have been derived for the first time.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576719010720} (DOI). Heldmann, A.; Hoelzel, M.; Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Schmahl, W.; Griesshaber, E.; Hansen, T.; Schell, N.; Petrya, W.: Diffraction-based determination of single-crystal elastic constants of polycrystalline titanium alloys. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2019. vol. 52, no. 5, 1144-1156. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576719010720}} @misc{zhang_fabrication_microstructure_2019, author={Zhang, X.-C., Wang, C.-J., Deng, K.-K., Nie, K.-B., Gan, W.-M., Liang, W., Wu, Y.-C.}, title={Fabrication, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-rolled ZW31/PMMCs laminate}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138043}, abstract = {In present work, the ductile Mg–Zn–Y alloy (ZW31) was introduced into the 10 μm 15 vol% SiCp/AZ91 composites (PMMCs) to coordinate the deformation of PMMCs during the rolling process, then the ZW31/PMMCs laminate with the thickness of ~1 mm was prepared successfully. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-rolled ZW31/PMMCs laminate before and after the annealing process was investigated, the results indicated that existence of ZW31 alloy layer can absorb energy and relieve stress concentration of PMMCs layer by the formation of twins, which not only break through the bottlenecks of poor toughness of PMMCs, but also make it possible for the rolling of PMMCs sheet. The recrystallization behavior of the ZW31 alloy layer and PMMCs layer was completely different during the subsequent annealing process. For the ZW31 alloy layer, recrystallization induced by twinning, while the recrystallization in PMMCs layer related to the introduced particle. The typical rolling texture was formed in the ZW31/PMMCs laminate, and the intensity of which was mainly controlled by the ZW31 alloy. Application of annealing process improved the elongation of the ZW31/PMMCs laminate, however, at the expense of strength. Cracks originate in different positions of PMMCS layer and then connect with each other along the direction which perpendicular to the stress. The existence of ZW31 alloy layer inhibits the propagation of crack and is propitious to improve the ductility of ZW31/PMMCs laminate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.138043} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Wang, C.; Deng, K.; Nie, K.; Gan, W.; Liang, W.; Wu, Y.: Fabrication, microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-rolled ZW31/PMMCs laminate. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019. vol. 761, 138043. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138043}} @misc{wang_morphology_tuning_2019, author={Wang, K., Hohn, N., Kreuzer, L., Widmann, T., Haese, M., Moulin, J., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Morphology Tuning of ZnO/P3HT/P3HT-b-PEO Hybrid Films Deposited via Spray or Spin Coating}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00599}, abstract = {Hybrid films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and poly(3-hexylthiophen-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) show promising characteristics for application in hybrid bulk-heterojunction solar cells (HBSCs). However, the incompatibility of ZnO and P3HT may lead to a reduced interface area, thus reducing the probability of exciton separation and consequently lowering solar cell efficiencies. Here, a diblock copolymer P3HT-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is introduced to improve the interface between ZnO and P3HT. ZnO is synthesized via a block copolymer assisted sol–gel approach, and the used zinc precursor is directly incorporated into the PEO blocks. Thus, the possibility of aggregation is reduced for both the inorganic and the organic components, and a good intermixing is ascertained. Two deposition methods, namely, spray and spin coating, are compared with respect to the resulting film structure, which is investigated with scanning electron microscopy and time-of-flight grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering measurements. Both the surface and inner morphologies reveal that the spin coated samples possess smaller and less diverse domain sizes than the sprayed films. Due to the advantage of spray coating in large-scale production, the morphology of the sprayed samples is tailored more meticulously by changing the weight fraction of ZnO in the films. The sprayed hybrid films show smaller domains and less aggregation with decreasing the amount of ZnO. This reveals that both the deposition method and composition of the ZnO/P3HT/P3HT-b-PEO hybrid films play an important role for tailoring the film morphology and thus for improving the performance of HBSCs in future application.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00599} (DOI). Wang, K.; Hohn, N.; Kreuzer, L.; Widmann, T.; Haese, M.; Moulin, J.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Morphology Tuning of ZnO/P3HT/P3HT-b-PEO Hybrid Films Deposited via Spray or Spin Coating. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2019. vol. 11, no. 11, 10998-11005. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00599}} @misc{sukhanov_giant_enhancement_2019, author={Sukhanov, A.S., Vir, P., Heinemann, A., Nikitin, S.E., Kriegner, D., Borrmann, H., Shekhar, C., Felser, C., Inosov, D.S.}, title={Giant enhancement of the skyrmion stability in a chemically strained helimagnet}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.180403}, abstract = {We employed small-angle neutron scattering to demonstrate that the magnetic skyrmion lattice can be realized in bulk chiral magnets as a thermodynamically stable state at temperatures much lower than the ordering temperature of the material. This is in the regime where temperature fluctuations become completely irrelevant to the formation of the topologically nontrivial magnetic texture. In this attempt we focused on the model helimagnet MnSi, in which the skyrmion lattice was previously well characterized and shown to exist only in a very narrow phase pocket close to the Curie temperature of 29.5 K. We revealed that large uniaxial distortions caused by the crystal-lattice strain in MnSi result in stabilization of the skyrmion lattice in magnetic fields applied perpendicular to the uniaxial strain at temperatures as low as 5 K. To study the bulk chiral magnet subjected to a large uniaxial stress, we have utilized micrometer-sized single-crystalline inclusions of MnSi naturally found inside single crystals of the nonmagnetic material Mn11Si19. The reciprocal-space imaging allowed us to unambiguously identify the stabilization of the skyrmion state over the competing conical spin spiral.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.180403} (DOI). Sukhanov, A.; Vir, P.; Heinemann, A.; Nikitin, S.; Kriegner, D.; Borrmann, H.; Shekhar, C.; Felser, C.; Inosov, D.: Giant enhancement of the skyrmion stability in a chemically strained helimagnet. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 100, no. 18, 180403. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.180403}} @misc{domnech_hierarchical_supercrystalline_2019, author={Domènech, B., Kampferbeck, M., Larsson, E., Krekeler, T., Bor, B., Giuntini, D., Blankenburg, M., Ritter, M., Müller, M., Vossmeyer, T., Weller, H., Schneider, G.A.}, title={Hierarchical supercrystalline nanocomposites through the self-assembly of organically-modified ceramic nanoparticles}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39934-4}, abstract = {Biomaterials often display outstanding combinations of mechanical properties thanks to their hierarchical structuring, which occurs through a dynamically and biologically controlled growth and self-assembly of their main constituents, typically mineral and protein. However, it is still challenging to obtain this ordered multiscale structural organization in synthetic 3D-nanocomposite materials. Herein, we report a new bottom-up approach for the synthesis of macroscale hierarchical nanocomposite materials in a single step. By controlling the content of organic phase during the self-assembly of monodisperse organically-modified nanoparticles (iron oxide with oleyl phosphate), either purely supercrystalline or hierarchically structured supercrystalline nanocomposite materials are obtained. Beyond a critical concentration of organic phase, a hierarchical material is consistently formed. In such a hierarchical material, individual organically-modified ceramic nanoparticles (Level 0) self-assemble into supercrystals in face-centered cubic superlattices (Level 1), which in turn form granules of up to hundreds of micrometers (Level 2). These micrometric granules are the constituents of the final mm-sized material. This approach demonstrates that the local concentration of organic phase and nano-building blocks during self-assembly controls the final material’s microstructure, and thus enables the fine-tuning of inorganic-organic nanocomposites’ mechanical behavior, paving the way towards the design of novel high-performance structural materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39934-4} (DOI). Domènech, B.; Kampferbeck, M.; Larsson, E.; Krekeler, T.; Bor, B.; Giuntini, D.; Blankenburg, M.; Ritter, M.; Müller, M.; Vossmeyer, T.; Weller, H.; Schneider, G.: Hierarchical supercrystalline nanocomposites through the self-assembly of organically-modified ceramic nanoparticles. Scientific Reports. 2019. vol. 9, no. 1, 3435. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39934-4}} @misc{grigoriev_spinwave_stiffness_2019, author={Grigoriev, S.V., Pschenichnyi, K.A., Altynbaev, E.V., Siegfried, S.-A., Heinemann, A., Honnecker, D., Menzel, D.}, title={Spin-wave stiffness of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnet compounds Fe1−xCoxSi studied by small-angle neutron scattering}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.094409}, abstract = {The spin wave stiffness was measured by small-angle neutron scattering method in the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnet compounds Fe1−xCoxSi with x=0.25,0.30,0.50. It has been shown that the spin wave dispersion in the fully polarized state is anisotropic due to Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. It is reflected in the neutron scattering pattern as two circles for neutrons obtaining and losing the magnon energy, respectively. The centers of the circles are shifted by the momentum transfer oriented along the applied magnetic field H and equal to the wave vector of the spiral ±ks. The radius of the circles is directly related to the stiffness of spin waves and depends on the magnetic field. We have found that the spin-wave stiffness A change weakly with temperature for each individual compound. On the other hand, the spin-wave stiffness A increases linearly with x in contrast to the x dependences of the critical temperature Tc and the low-temperature ordered moment. Experimentally obtained values of the stiffness A approve quantitative applicability of the Bak-Jensen model for the compounds under study.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.094409} (DOI). Grigoriev, S.; Pschenichnyi, K.; Altynbaev, E.; Siegfried, S.; Heinemann, A.; Honnecker, D.; Menzel, D.: Spin-wave stiffness of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnet compounds Fe1−xCoxSi studied by small-angle neutron scattering. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 100, no. 9, 094409. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.094409}} @misc{grigoriev_spinwave_stiffness_2019, author={Grigoriev, S.V., Pschenichnyi, K.A., Altynbaev, E.V., Heinemann, A., Magrez, A.}, title={Spin-wave stiffness in the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnet with ferrimagnetic ordering Cu2OSeO3}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.054427}, abstract = {Small-angle neutron scattering is used to measure the spin-wave stiffness in the field-polarized state of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnet Cu2OSeO3, which is ordered below TC=58 K. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction reflects itself in the anisotropic form of the spin-wave dispersion, εq=A(q−ks)2+gμB(H−HC2), which is seen as two round spots of the scattering intensity, though overlapping, on the left and right sides of the incident neutron beam. The spin-wave stiffness is equal to 76±1 meV Å2 at low temperatures and decreases slowly with temperature, showing softening up to 39±3 meV Å2 close to TC. The temperature behavior of A resembles that of both the archetypical helimagnet MnSi and the archetypical ferrimagnet Fe3O4, supporting the concept of strong spin interactions within Cu4 tetrahedra, representing essential magnetic building blocks of Cu2OSeO3 and thus forming its magnetic energy landscape.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.054427} (DOI). Grigoriev, S.; Pschenichnyi, K.; Altynbaev, E.; Heinemann, A.; Magrez, A.: Spin-wave stiffness in the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnet with ferrimagnetic ordering Cu2OSeO3. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 99, no. 5, 054427. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.054427}} @misc{mhlbauer_magnetic_smallangle_2019, author={Mühlbauer, S., Honecker, D., Périgo, É.A., Bergner, F., Disch, S., Heinemann, A., Erokhin, S., Berkov, D., Leighton, C., Eskildsen, M.R., Michels, A.}, title={Magnetic small-angle neutron scattering}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015004}, abstract = {Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is one of the most important techniques for microstructure determination, being utilized in a wide range of scientific disciplines, such as materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology. The reason for its great significance is that conventional SANS is probably the only method capable of probing structural inhomogeneities in the bulk of materials on a mesoscopic real-space length scale from roughly 1 to 300 nm. Moreover, the exploitation of the spin degree of freedom of the neutron provides SANS with a unique sensitivity to study magnetism and magnetic materials at the nanoscale. As such, magnetic SANS ideally complements more real-space and surface-sensitive magnetic imaging techniques, e.g., Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, electron holography, magnetic force microscopy, Kerr microscopy, or spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. This review summarizes the recent applications of the SANS method to study magnetism and magnetic materials. This includes a wide range of materials classes from nanomagnetic systems such as soft magnetic Fe-based nanocomposites, hard magnetic Nd-Fe-B-based permanent magnets, magnetic steels, ferrofluids, nanoparticles, and magnetic oxides to more fundamental open issues in contemporary condensed matter physics such as skyrmion crystals, noncollinear magnetic structures in noncentrosymmetric compounds, magnetic or electronic phase separation, and vortex lattices in type-II superconductors. Special attention is paid not only to the vast variety of magnetic materials and problems where SANS has provided direct insight, but also to the enormous progress made regarding the micromagnetic simulation of magnetic neutron scattering.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015004} (DOI). Mühlbauer, S.; Honecker, D.; Périgo, É.; Bergner, F.; Disch, S.; Heinemann, A.; Erokhin, S.; Berkov, D.; Leighton, C.; Eskildsen, M.; Michels, A.: Magnetic small-angle neutron scattering. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2019. vol. 91, no. 1, 015004. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.91.015004}} @misc{cameron_rotation_of_2019, author={Cameron, A.S., Yerin, Y.S., Tymoshenko, Y.V., Portnichenko, P.Y., Sukhanov, A.S., Hatnean, M.C., Paul, D.M.K., Balakrishnan, G., Cubitt, R., Heinemann, A., Inosov, D.S.}, title={Rotation of the magnetic vortex lattice in Ru7B3 driven by the effects of broken time-reversal and inversion symmetry}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.024518}, abstract = {We observe a hysteretic reorientation of the magnetic vortex lattice in the noncentrosymmetric superconductor Ru7B3, with the change in orientation driven by altering the magnetic field below Tc. Normally a vortex lattice chooses either a single or degenerate set of orientations with respect to a crystal lattice at any given field or temperature, a behavior well described by prevailing phenomenological and microscopic theories. Here, in the absence of any typical VL structural transition, we observe a continuous rotation of the vortex lattice which exhibits a pronounced hysteresis and is driven by a change in magnetic field. We propose that this rotation is related to the spontaneous magnetic fields present in the superconducting phase, which are evidenced by the observation of time-reversal symmetry breaking, and the physics of broken inversion symmetry. Finally, we develop a model from the Ginzburg-Landau approach which shows that the coupling of these to the vortex lattice orientation can result in the rotation we observe.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.024518} (DOI). Cameron, A.; Yerin, Y.; Tymoshenko, Y.; Portnichenko, P.; Sukhanov, A.; Hatnean, M.; Paul, D.; Balakrishnan, G.; Cubitt, R.; Heinemann, A.; Inosov, D.: Rotation of the magnetic vortex lattice in Ru7B3 driven by the effects of broken time-reversal and inversion symmetry. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 100, no. 2, 024518. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.024518}} @misc{skoulatos_putative_spinnematic_2019, author={Skoulatos, M., Rucker, F., Nilsen, J., Bertin, A., Pomjakushina, E., Ollivier, J., Pfleiderer, C., Schneidewind, A., Georgii, R., Rüegg, C., Zaharko, O., Keller, L., Shannon, N., Schmidt, B., Kriele, A., Senyshyn, A., Smerald, A.}, title={Putative spin-nematic phase in BaCdVO(PO4)2}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.014405}, abstract = {We report neutron-scattering and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 frustrated magnet BaCdVO(PO4)2. At temperatures well below TN≈1K, we show that only 34% of the spin moment orders in an up-up-down-down stripe structure. Dominant magnetic diffuse scattering and comparison to published muon−spin−rotation measurements indicates that the remaining 66% is fluctuating. This demonstrates the presence of strong frustration, associated with competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions, and points to a subtle ordering mechanism driven by magnon interactions. On applying magnetic field, we find that at T=0.1 K the magnetic order vanishes at 3.8 T, whereas magnetic saturation is reached only above 4.5 T. We argue that the putative high-field phase is a realization of the long-sought bond-spin-nematic state.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.014405} (DOI). Skoulatos, M.; Rucker, F.; Nilsen, J.; Bertin, A.; Pomjakushina, E.; Ollivier, J.; Pfleiderer, C.; Schneidewind, A.; Georgii, R.; Rüegg, C.; Zaharko, O.; Keller, L.; Shannon, N.; Schmidt, B.; Kriele, A.; Senyshyn, A.; Smerald, A.: Putative spin-nematic phase in BaCdVO(PO4)2. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 100, no. 1, 014405. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.014405}} @misc{mistonov_magnetic_structure_2019, author={Mistonov, A.A., Dubitskiy, I.S., Shishkin, I.S., Grigoryeva, N.A., Heinemann, A., Sapoletova, N.A., Valkovskiy, G.A., Grigoriev, S.V.}, title={Magnetic structure of the inverse opal-like structures: Small angle neutron diffraction and micromagnetic simulations}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.01.016}, abstract = {Geometrical frustration arised in spin ices leads to fascinating emergent physical properties. Nowadays there is a wide diversity of the artificial structures, mimicking spin ice at the nanoscale and demonstrating some new effects. Most of the nanoscaled spin ices are two dimensional. Ferromagnetic inverse opal-like structures (IOLS) are among inspiring examples of the three-dimensional system exhibiting spin ice behaviour. However, a detailed examination of its properties is not straightforward. An experimental technique which is able to unambiguously recover magnetization distribution in 3D mesoscaled structures is lacking. In this work, we used an approach based on complementary exploiting of small-angle neutron diffraction technique and micromagnetic simulations. An external magnetic field was applied along three main directions of the IOLS mesostructure. Comparison of the calculated and measured data allowed us to determine IOLS magnetic state. The results are in good agreement with the spin ice model. Moreover influence of the demagnetizing field and vortex states on the magnetizing process were revealed. Additionally, we speculate that this approach can be also applied to other 3D magnetic mesostructures.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.01.016} (DOI). Mistonov, A.; Dubitskiy, I.; Shishkin, I.; Grigoryeva, N.; Heinemann, A.; Sapoletova, N.; Valkovskiy, G.; Grigoriev, S.: Magnetic structure of the inverse opal-like structures: Small angle neutron diffraction and micromagnetic simulations. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2019. vol. 477, 99-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.01.016}} @misc{haslbeck_ultrahighresolution_neutron_2019, author={Haslbeck, F., Säubert, S., Seifert, M., Franz, C., Schulz, M., Heinemann, A., Keller, T., Das, P., Thompson, J.D., Bauer, E.D., Pfleiderer, C., Janoschek, M.}, title={Ultrahigh-resolution neutron spectroscopy of low-energy spin dynamics in UGe2}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.014429}, abstract = {Studying the prototypical ferromagnetic superconductor UGe2 we demonstrate the potential of the modulated intensity by zero effort (MIEZE) technique—a novel neutron spectroscopy method with ultrahigh energy resolution of at least 1μeV—for the study of quantum matter. We reveal purely longitudinal spin fluctuations in UGe2 with a dual nature arising from 5f electrons that are hybridized with the conduction electrons. Local spin fluctuations are perfectly described by the Ising universality class in three dimensions, whereas itinerant spin fluctuations occur over length scales comparable to the superconducting coherence length, showing that MIEZE is able to spectroscopically disentangle the complex low-energy behavior characteristic of quantum materials.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.014429} (DOI). Haslbeck, F.; Säubert, S.; Seifert, M.; Franz, C.; Schulz, M.; Heinemann, A.; Keller, T.; Das, P.; Thompson, J.; Bauer, E.; Pfleiderer, C.; Janoschek, M.: Ultrahigh-resolution neutron spectroscopy of low-energy spin dynamics in UGe2. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 99, no. 1, 014429. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.014429}} @misc{wang_identification_of_2019, author={Wang, L., Song, L., Stark, A., Liu, Y., Oehring, M., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F.}, title={Identification of Laves phases in a Zr or Hf containing γ-γ′ Co-base superalloy}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.121}, abstract = {ZrCo2 and HfCo2 Laves phases were found and characterized in γ-γ′ Co-base superalloys using high-energy X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. They formed during casting and are stable during long-term annealing at 900 °C. The ZrCo2 phase with a cubic MgCu2-type structure exhibits numerous nano-twins and stacking faults, while HfCo2 has a hexagonal MgNi2-type structure instead of MgCu2-type in contrast to literature. Their chemical compositions strongly deviated from stoichiometry and significant amounts of Al and W are contained in these phases. These could affect the atomic radius ratio and valence electron concentration and thus change the structure of the Laves phases.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.121} (DOI). Wang, L.; Song, L.; Stark, A.; Liu, Y.; Oehring, M.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.: Identification of Laves phases in a Zr or Hf containing γ-γ′ Co-base superalloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. vol. 805, 880-886. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.07.121}} @misc{benacchio_evidence_for_2019, author={Benacchio, G., Titov, I., Malyeyev, A., Peral, I., Bersweiler, M., Bender, P., Mettus, D., Honecker, D., Gilbert, E.P., Coduri, M., Heinemann, A., Mühlbauer, S., Cąklr, A., Acet, M., Michels, A.}, title={Evidence for the formation of nanoprecipitates with magnetically disordered regions in bulk Ni50Mn45In5 Heusler alloys}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.184422}, abstract = {Shell ferromagnetism is a new functional property of certain Heusler alloys which was recently observed in Ni50Mn45In5. We report the results of a comparative study of the magnetic microstructure of bulk Ni50Mn45In5 Heusler alloys using magnetometry, synchrotron x-ray diffraction, and magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). By combining unpolarized and spin-polarized SANS (so-called POLARIS) we demonstrate that a number of important conclusions regarding the mesoscopic spin structure can be made. In particular, the analysis of the magnetic neutron data suggests that nanoprecipitates with an effective ferromagnetic component form in an antiferromagnetic matrix on field annealing at 700K. These particles represent sources of perturbation, which seem to give rise to magnetically disordered regions in the vicinity of the particle-matrix interface. Analysis of the spin-flip SANS cross section via the computation of the correlation function yields a value of ∼55 nm for the particle size and ∼20 nm for the size of the spin-canted region.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.184422} (DOI). Benacchio, G.; Titov, I.; Malyeyev, A.; Peral, I.; Bersweiler, M.; Bender, P.; Mettus, D.; Honecker, D.; Gilbert, E.; Coduri, M.; Heinemann, A.; Mühlbauer, S.; Cąklr, A.; Acet, M.; Michels, A.: Evidence for the formation of nanoprecipitates with magnetically disordered regions in bulk Ni50Mn45In5 Heusler alloys. Physical Review B. 2019. vol. 99, no. 18, 184422. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.184422}} @misc{wang_site_occupancy_2019, author={Wang, L., Oehring, M., Liu, Y., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F.}, title={Site occupancy of alloying elements in the L12 structure determined by channeling enhanced microanalysis in γ/γ’ Co-9Al-9W-2X alloys}, year={2019}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.059}, abstract = {Knowledge about the sublattice site preference of alloying elements in the L12-γ′ phase of novel Co-base superalloys is a necessary pre-requisite to understand their influence on the properties of the alloys in general and the γ′ phase in particular. In the present study, the atomic site occupancy of the alloying elements in the L12-γ′ structure in Co-9Al-9W-2X quaternary alloys after long-term annealing at 900 °C for 5000 h was determined using the atom location by channeling enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI) technique in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) composition analysis in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The experimental ALCHEMI data were evaluated by comparing them with those calculated by the program ‘Inelastic Cross Section Calculator’ (ICSC). The results show that Co mainly occupies one sublattice site and Al/W are located at the other sublattice site in the L12 unit cell in the ternary alloy. The additional elements Ti, V, Mo and Ta which partition strongly to the γ′ phase tend to occupy the Al/W sublattice site, and Cr which partitions more to the γ phase also favors the Al/W sublattice site, while Ni weakly partitions into the γ′ phase and favors the Co sublattice site. The results of this study can provide evidence to the predictions on the site preference in literature based on the phase composition or on theoretical studies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.059} (DOI). Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Liu, Y.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.: Site occupancy of alloying elements in the L12 structure determined by channeling enhanced microanalysis in γ/γ’ Co-9Al-9W-2X alloys. Acta Materialia. 2019. vol. 162, 176-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.059}} @misc{gancarz_wetting_of_2018, author={Gancarz, T., Bobrowski, P., Pawlak, S., Schell, N., Chulist, R., Janik, K.}, title={Wetting of Sn-Zn-Ga and Sn-Zn-Na Alloys on Al and Ni Substrate}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5791-3}, abstract = {Wetting of Al and Ni substrate by Sn-Zn eutectic-based alloys with 0.5 (wt.%) of Ga and 0.2 (wt.%) of Na was studied using the sessile drop method in the presence of ALU33® flux. Spreading tests were performed for 60 s, 180 s, and 480 s of contact, at temperatures of 503 K, 523 K and 553 K (230°C, 250°C, and 280°C). After cleaning the flux residue from solidified samples, the spreading areas of Sn-Zn0.5Ga and Sn-Zn0.2Na on Al and Ni substrate were determined. Selected, solidified solder-pad couples were cross-sectioned and subjected to scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction study and synchrotron measurements of the interfacial microstructure and identification of the phases. The growth of the intermetallic Ni5Zn21 phase layer was studied at the solder/Ni substrate interface, and the kinetics of the formation and growth of the intermetallic layer were determined. The formation of interlayers was not observed on the Al pads. On the contrary, dissolution of the Al substrate and migration of Al-rich particles into the bulk of the solder were observed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-017-5791-3} (DOI). Gancarz, T.; Bobrowski, P.; Pawlak, S.; Schell, N.; Chulist, R.; Janik, K.: Wetting of Sn-Zn-Ga and Sn-Zn-Na Alloys on Al and Ni Substrate. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2018. vol. 47, no. 1, 49-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11664-017-5791-3}} @misc{engelkes_a_simple_2018, author={Engelkes, K., Friedrich, F., Hammel, J.U., Haas, A.}, title={A simple setup for episcopic microtomy and a digital image processing workflow to acquire high-quality volume data and 3D surface models of small vertebrates}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-017-0386-3}, abstract = {The use of volume data and digital three-dimensional (3D) surface models in biology has increased quickly and steadily. Various methods are available to acquire 3D data, among them episcopic imaging techniques. Based on the episcopic microscopy with on-block staining protocol of Weninger et al. (Anat Embryol 197:341–348, 1998), we describe a simple and versatile setup for episcopic microtomy. It is composed of a consumer DSLR digital camera combined with standard histology equipment. The workflow of block surface staining and imaging, image processing, stack alignment, surface generation (including a custom Amira® macro), and 3D model editing is described in detail. For our sample specimen (Alytes obstetricans; Amphibia: Anura) we obtained images with a pixel size of 5.67 × 5.67 µm2. The generated image stacks allowed distinguishing different tissues and were well-suited for creating a 3D surface model. We analyzed the alignment quality achieved by various selections of specimen and fiducial marker spots. The fiducial spots had a significant positive effect on the alignment quality with the best alignment having a maximum mean alignment error of about 44.7 µm. We further tested the APS-C camera with combinations of macro lens, extension tube or teleconverter. The macro lens and extension tube yielded the smallest pixel size of 2.53 × 2.53 µm2. Considering data quality and resolution, and depending on object sizes and research goals, DSLR captured episcopic microtomy can be an alternative to other techniques, such as traditional histological sectioning or micro-computed tomography.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-017-0386-3} (DOI). Engelkes, K.; Friedrich, F.; Hammel, J.; Haas, A.: A simple setup for episcopic microtomy and a digital image processing workflow to acquire high-quality volume data and 3D surface models of small vertebrates. Zoomorphology. 2018. vol. 137, no. 1, 213-228. DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0386-3}} @misc{erdely_lattice_and_2018, author={Erdely, P., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={Lattice and phase strain evolution during tensile loading of an intermetallic, multi-phase Gamma-TiAl based alloy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.062}, abstract = {Intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys are promising materials for lightweight high-temperature applications, but their limited room temperature ductility poses an obstacle to the exploitation of their full potential. Especially in the case of multi-phase TiAl alloys, such as the β-stabilised TNM alloy of a nominal chemical composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1 B (in at.%), an understanding of deformation and load partitioning mechanisms is required that works at all scales and encompasses all phases, including e.g. βo. In the present work, in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted on a recent TNM sheet to study the load-bearing mechanisms and their sequential order upon tensile loading for the first time on the level of individual lattice planes and phases. Four specific stages of deformation were revealed. The direction-dependent analysis of the diffraction elastic moduli offered insights into the anisotropy of the individual phases and the initiation of intergranular and interphase stresses in the elastic regime. Plastic deformation was found to commence in the γ phase at applied stress levels of roughly 670–690 MPa. Load partitioning between differently oriented grains of the γ phase was observed, followed by a load transfer onto the α2 and βo phase. Further tensile loading entailed the onset of plasticity within favourably oriented α2 grains. The globular βo phase was found to deform elastically until failure. Differently oriented specimens of the weakly textured TNM sheet showed that the macroscopic mechanical properties can be assumed nearly isotropic.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.062} (DOI). Erdely, P.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Lattice and phase strain evolution during tensile loading of an intermetallic, multi-phase Gamma-TiAl based alloy. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 158, 193-205. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.07.062}} @misc{neves_investigation_of_2018, author={Neves, F., Stark, A., Schell, N., Mendes, M.J., Aguas, H., Fortunato, E., Martins, R., Correia, J.B., Joyce, A.}, title={Investigation of single phase Cu2ZnSnxSb1−xS4 compounds processed by mechanochemical synthesis}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.075404}, abstract = {The copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) compound is a promising candidate as an alternative absorber material for thin-film solar cells. In this study, we investigate the direct formation of Cu1.92ZnSnx(Sb1−x)S4 compounds [CZT(A)S], with x=1, 0.85, 0.70, and 0.50, via a mechanochemical synthesis (MCS) approach, starting from powders of the corresponding metals, zinc sulfide, and sulfur. The thermal stability of the CZT(A)S compounds was evaluated in detail by in situ synchrotron high-energy x-ray diffraction measurements up to 700 °C. The CZT(A)S compounds prepared via MCS revealed a sphalerite-type crystal structure with strong structural stability over the studied temperature range. The contribution of the MCS to the formation of such a structure at room temperature is analyzed in detail. Additionally, this study provides insights into the MCS of CZTS-based compounds: the possibility of a large-scale substitution of Sn by Sb and the production of single phase CZT(A)S with a Cu-poor/Zn-poor composition. A slight increase in the band gap from 1.45 to 1.49–1.51 eV was observed with the incorporation of Sb, indicating that these novel compounds can be further explored for thin-film solar cells.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.075404} (DOI). Neves, F.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Mendes, M.; Aguas, H.; Fortunato, E.; Martins, R.; Correia, J.; Joyce, A.: Investigation of single phase Cu2ZnSnxSb1−xS4 compounds processed by mechanochemical synthesis. Physical Review Materials. 2018. vol. 2, no. 7, 075404. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.075404}} @misc{schuh_thermodynamic_instability_2018, author={Schuh, B., Voelker, B., Todt, J., Schell, N., Perriere, L., Li, J., Couzinie, J.P., Hohenwarter, A.}, title={Thermodynamic instability of a nanocrystalline, single-phase TiZrNbHfTa alloy and its impact on the mechanical properties}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.035}, abstract = {An equiatomic, single-phase TiZrNbHfTa high-entropy alloy was subjected to high-pressure torsion, leading to a grain size below 100 nm. Introducing a nanocrystalline microstructure to the material should help to accelerate a possible phase decomposition of the material by having a high amount of fast diffusion pathways and possible nucleation sites in the form of grain boundaries. In order to test the materials thermodynamic stability the nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy. was subjected to various heat treatments for temperatures between 300 °C and 1100 °C. Isochronal heat treatments (1 h) resulted in a hardness increase from 420 HV1 for the as-processed state to 530 HV1 for an annealing temperature of 500 °C, while for temperatures of 700 °C and higher a softening compared to the as-processed state occurred. In order to clarify this unexpected annealing response, analysis of selected microstructural states was performed utilizing electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction as well as mechanical testing to gain further information on microstructure-property relationships. Complementary, thermodynamic simulations were performed via the Calphad approach and compared to the experimental results. A phase decomposition of the originally equimolar single-phase high-entropy alloy into a NbTa-rich body-centered cubic phase and ZrHf-rich phases, which occurred in two different crystal structures depending on the annealing temperature, was the main reason for the property changes. The obtained results not only give valuable new insights into the phase stability of the TiZrNbHfTa alloy, but also demonstrate the impact of the newly forming phases in regards to mechanical properties and its implication for a possible practical application of this alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.035} (DOI). Schuh, B.; Voelker, B.; Todt, J.; Schell, N.; Perriere, L.; Li, J.; Couzinie, J.; Hohenwarter, A.: Thermodynamic instability of a nanocrystalline, single-phase TiZrNbHfTa alloy and its impact on the mechanical properties. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 142, 201-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.035}} @misc{sadowski_synchrotron_xray_2018, author={Sadowski, E.-M., Hammel, J.U., Denk, T.}, title={Synchrotron X-ray imaging of a dichasium cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic amber}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1202}, abstract = {The partial female inflorescence reported here provides an important addition to acorns of Castanopsis described from middle Eocene strata of Europe. Furthermore, the intercontinental distribution of Castanopsis in the Eocene is confirmed. The amber fossil also broadens the picture of the Baltic amber source area, indicating oligotrophic, sandy, bog‐like habitats. Finally, this study underscores the great benefit of SRμCT as a powerful tool to investigate plant inclusions from amber in a nondestructive way.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1202} (DOI). Sadowski, E.; Hammel, J.; Denk, T.: Synchrotron X-ray imaging of a dichasium cupule of Castanopsis from Eocene Baltic amber. American Journal of Botany. 2018. vol. 105, no. 12, 2025-2036. DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1202}} @misc{gabrisch_elemental_segregation_2018, author={Gabrisch, H., Krekeler, T., Lorenz, U., Rackel, M., Ritter, M., Pyczak, F., Stark, A.}, title={Elemental Segregation and O-Phase Formation in a Gamma-TiAl Alloy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.741}, abstract = {Titanium aluminides based on the L10 ordered g-phase are promising structural light-weight materials for applications in aircraft engines. Typical compositions for γ-TiAl alloys lie in the range Ti-(44-48)Al (at.-%). For high creep resistance, a two-phase microstructure based on lamellar (α2+γ)-colonies is desirable that may be tuned towards better ductility by introducing pure γ-grains (near lamellar or duplex microstructure).γ-TiAl alloys are often alloyed with niobium for increased oxidation resistance and improved mechanical properties. HEXRD and TEM studies of the alloy Ti-42Al-8.5Nb revealed that the orthorhombic O-phase forms during annealing at 500-650°C. This orthorhombic phase has been known in Nb-rich, Al-lean, α2-based Ti-aluminides since the late 1980ies (Nb> 12.5 at.-%, Al< 31 at.-%) but the finding in γ-based alloys is new.TEM imaging showed that the O-phase is located within α2 lamellae of lamellar (α2+γ)-colonies. O-phase domains and α2 phase form small columnar crystallites based in the α2/γ interface. The columnar crystallites grow parallel to the [0001] direction of the α2 phase and appear as facets when observed along this direction. The evolution of domains and facets with annealing time and the chemical homogeneity of the phases are investigated.The results of STEM imaging show that O-phase domains form during annealing at 550 °C for 8hours or 168 hours. After 168 hours of annealing Nb segregations are observed by EDX mapping within O-phase domains. In comparison, no segregation of niobium is detected after 8 hours of annealing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.741} (DOI). Gabrisch, H.; Krekeler, T.; Lorenz, U.; Rackel, M.; Ritter, M.; Pyczak, F.; Stark, A.: Elemental Segregation and O-Phase Formation in a Gamma-TiAl Alloy. Materials Science Forum, THERMEC 2018. 2018. vol. 941, 741-746. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.741}} @misc{yang_retraction_of_2018, author={Yang, Y., Bruns, S., Rogowska, M., Hakim, S.S., Hammel, J.U., Stipp, S.L.S., Soerensen, H.O.}, title={Retraction of the dissolution front in natural porous media}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23823-3}, abstract = {The dissolution of porous materials in a flow field controls the fluid pathways through rocks and soils and shapes the morphology of landscapes. Identifying the dissolution front, the interface between the reactive and the unreactive volumes in a dissolving medium, is a prerequisite for describing dissolution-induced structure emergence and transformation. Despite its fundamental importance, the report on the dynamics of a dissolution front in an evolving natural microstructure is scarce. Here we show an unexpected, spontaneous migration of the dissolution front against the flow direction. This retraction stems from infiltration instability induced surface generation, which leads to an increase in reactive surface area when a porous medium dissolves in an imposing flow field. There is very good agreement between observations made with in situ, X-ray tomography and model predictions. Both show that the value of reactive surface area reflects a balance between flow-dependent surface generation and destruction, i.e. the “dry” geometric surface area of a porous material, measured without a flow field, is not necessarily the upper limit of its reactive surface area when in contact with reactive flow. This understanding also contributes to reconciling the discrepancies between field and laboratory derived solid-fluid reaction kinetics.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23823-3} (DOI). Yang, Y.; Bruns, S.; Rogowska, M.; Hakim, S.; Hammel, J.; Stipp, S.; Soerensen, H.: Retraction of the dissolution front in natural porous media. Scientific Reports. 2018. vol. 8, 5693. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23823-3}} @misc{dovzhenko_residual_stresses_2018, author={Dovzhenko, G., Hanke, S., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Schreyer, A., Horstmann, M.}, title={Residual stresses and fatigue crack growth in friction surfacing coated Ti-6Al-4V sheets}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.029}, abstract = {FCP tests have shown branching cracks deflecting away from the coating, possibly due to the compressive RS around it. Cracks have propagated significantly slower than in uncoated samples. RS measurements on cracked samples have revealed tensile RS peaks at the crack tips with high values of 350 MPa in the direction parallel to the intended crack propagation, which prevent the cracks from reaching the coated region.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.029} (DOI). Dovzhenko, G.; Hanke, S.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Schreyer, A.; Horstmann, M.: Residual stresses and fatigue crack growth in friction surfacing coated Ti-6Al-4V sheets. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2018. vol. 262, 104-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.06.029}} @misc{zellerplumhoff_quantitative_characterization_2018, author={Zeller-Plumhoff, B., Helmholz, H., Feyerabend, F., Dose, T., Wilde, F., Hipp, A., Beckmann, F., Willumeit-Roemer, R., Hammel, J.}, title={Quantitative characterization of degradation processes in situ by means of a bioreactor coupled flow chamber under physiological conditions using time-lapse SRMueCT}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709514}, abstract = {Magnesium and its alloys have in recent years emerged as a promising alternative to titanium-based implants for medical applications due to favorable degradation properties and good biocompatibility. The degradation of materials is currently investigated by studying different samples of the same material at different time points after degradation in a medium. This study is presenting a high-resolution time-lapse investigation of Mg-2Ag in culture medium using synchrotron radiation-based micro-computed tomography over the course of 5 days. The design of the custom-built corrosion cell and bioreactor are described. The computed degradation rate after 5 days is in agreement with the literature. SRµCT enables the segmentation of cracks forming in the degradation layer due to stresses and hydrogen development.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201709514} (DOI). Zeller-Plumhoff, B.; Helmholz, H.; Feyerabend, F.; Dose, T.; Wilde, F.; Hipp, A.; Beckmann, F.; Willumeit-Roemer, R.; Hammel, J.: Quantitative characterization of degradation processes in situ by means of a bioreactor coupled flow chamber under physiological conditions using time-lapse SRMueCT. Materials and Corrosion. 2018. vol. 69, no. 3, 298-306. DOI: 10.1002/maco.201709514}} @misc{barrioberovila_peritectic_titanium_2018, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Gussone, J., Stark, A., Schell, N., Haubrich, J., Requena, G.}, title={Peritectic titanium alloys for 3D printing}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05819-9}, abstract = {Metal-based additive manufacturing (AM) permits layer-by-layer fabrication of near net-shaped metallic components with complex geometries not achievable using the design constraints of traditional manufacturing. Production savings of titanium-based components by AM are estimated up to 50% owing to the current exorbitant loss of material during machining. Nowadays, most of the titanium alloys for AM are based on conventional compositions still tailored to conventional manufacturing not considering the directional thermal gradient that provokes epitaxial growth during AM. This results in severely textured microstructures associated with anisotropic structural properties usually remaining upon post-AM processing. The present investigations reveal a promising solidification and cooling path for α formation not yet exploited, in which α does not inherit the usual crystallographic orientation relationship with the parent β phase. The associated decrease in anisotropy, accompanied by the formation of equiaxed microstructures represents a step forward toward a next generation of titanium alloys for AM.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05819-9} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Gussone, J.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Haubrich, J.; Requena, G.: Peritectic titanium alloys for 3D printing. Nature Communications. 2018. vol. 9, 3426. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05819-9}} @misc{keller_experimental_and_2018, author={Keller, S., Chupakhin, S., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Kashaev, N., Klusemann, B.}, title={Experimental and numerical investigation of residual stresses in laser shock peened AA2198}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.023}, abstract = {Laser shock peening (LSP) is a surface treatment which improves the fatigue performance of metallic structures by introducing compressive residual stresses. The aim of this paper is the investigation of LSP of the aluminium alloy AA2198. This investigation includes the variation of the laser power density (2.78 GW/cm2 to 25 GW/cm2) and the squared laser focus (1 mm × 1 mm and 3 mm × 3 mm). Additionally, two different temper stages (T3 and T8) and thicknesses (3.2 mm and 4.8 mm) of AA2198 are considered. The study of the LSP process is split into two parts; at first, LSP experiments are performed to clarify the influence of the temper stage, the focus size, the laser power density and the thickness of the specimen on the residual stress field. Secondly, a process model based on the finite element method is employed which requires in particular the adjustment of a suitable laser induced pressure pulse. Due to the different yield strength and strain hardening behaviour of the different temper conditions, AA2198-T8 shows a lower penetration depth of compressive residual stresses compared to AA2198-T3. A smaller focus size leads to higher compressive residual stresses near the surface but a lower penetration depth. To investigate possible shock wave reflections, different base layers in the LSP process are investigated considering a free, a clamped and a glued back-side of the specimen. No differences in terms of resulting residual stresses were observed. The experimental study provides some preliminary assumptions which are used to simplify the simulation set-up. Residual stresses are measured by the incremental hole drilling method using electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) as well as synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The calculated residual stresses in the simulation are averaged layer-wise over a sample area for comparison with the measured residual stresses. The model is used to simulate the LSP process for the considered temper stages and focus sizes to predict the resulting residual stresses. Simulated and measured residual stress profiles show for the different cases very good agreement.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.023} (DOI). Keller, S.; Chupakhin, S.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Kashaev, N.; Klusemann, B.: Experimental and numerical investigation of residual stresses in laser shock peened AA2198. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2018. vol. 255, 294-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.11.023}} @misc{hauschildt_phase_transformations_2018, author={Hauschildt, K., Stark, A., Burmester, H., Tietze, U., Schell, N., Mueller, M., Pyczak, F.}, title={Phase Transformations in the Brazing Joint during Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of a Gamma-TiAl Alloy Studied with In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.943}, abstract = {TiAl alloys are increasingly used as a lightweight material, for example in aero engines, which also leads to the requirement for suitable repair techniques. Transient liquid phase bonding is a promising method for the closure of cracks (in non-critical or non-highly loaded areas). The brazing solder Ti-24Ni was investigated for brazing the alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.2B-0.2C (in at. %). After brazing, the joint exhibits different microstructures and phase compositions. The transient liquid phase bonding process was investigated in the middle of the joint region in situ to acquire time resolved information of the phases, their development, and thus the brazing process. These investigations were performed using high-energy X-ray diffraction at the “High-Energy Materials Science” beamline HEMS, located at the synchrotron radiation facility PETRA III at DESY in Hamburg, Germany. For this, we used an induction furnace, which is briefly described here. During the analysis of the diffraction data with Rietveld refinement, the amount of liquid was refined with Gaussian peaks and thus could be quantified. Furthermore, while brazing four different phases occurred in the middle of the joint region over time. Additionally, the degree of ordering of the βo phase was determined with two ideal stoichiometric phases (completely ordered and disordered). Altogether, the phase composition changed clearly over the first six hours of the brazing process.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.943} (DOI). Hauschildt, K.; Stark, A.; Burmester, H.; Tietze, U.; Schell, N.; Mueller, M.; Pyczak, F.: Phase Transformations in the Brazing Joint during Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of a Gamma-TiAl Alloy Studied with In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction. Materials Science Forum, THERMEC 2018. 2018. vol. 941, 943-948. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.943}} @misc{li_rafting_of_2018, author={Li, Y., Pyczak, F., Paul, J., Oehring, M., Lorenz, U., Yao, Z., Ning, Y.}, title={Rafting of Gamma′ precipitates in a Co-9Al-9W superalloy during compressive creep}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.017}, abstract = {The rafting of γ′ precipitates was investigated in a single crystal of Co-9Al-9W(at%) superalloy after compression creep tests at 850 °C. Scanning electron micrographs show that the γ′ precipitates raft perpendicular to the compressive stress axis, due to their positive lattice parameter misfit. The rafting of γ′ precipitates occurred after the minimum strain rate was reached. The dislocation structure and stacking faults were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Dislocations preferentially moved in the horizontal γ matrix channels where they can relieve the coherency stress at horizontal γ/γ′ interfaces. After extended periods of creep, rafting of the γ′ precipitates perpendicular to the external compressive stress axis occurred. The merging of γ′ precipitates during rafting initiated at the precipitates corners, leaving pockets of matrix phase in the vertical γ channels between adjacent γ′ precipitates. The necessary diffusion of alloying elements during the rafting process between the two orientations of matrix channels should be decelerated as diffusion is slower in the ordered L12 γ′ phase than in the disordered γ phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.017} (DOI). Li, Y.; Pyczak, F.; Paul, J.; Oehring, M.; Lorenz, U.; Yao, Z.; Ning, Y.: Rafting of Gamma′ precipitates in a Co-9Al-9W superalloy during compressive creep. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. vol. 719, 43-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.017}} @misc{kliauga_severe_plastic_2018, author={Kliauga, A.M., Sordi, V.L., De Viincentis, N.S., Bolmaro, R.E., Schell, N., Brokmeier, H.-G.}, title={Severe Plastic Deformation by Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Rolling: The Influence of the Deformation Path on Strain Distribution}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700055}, abstract = {The present work compares two deformation techniques, rolling and Equal Channel Angular pressing (ECAP), and the response offered by three different materials that differ in Stacking Fault Energy (SFE): AA1010 Al, commercially pure Cu, and an austenitic stainless steel. The objective of this investigation is to study the effect of each deformation mode on tensile behavior, deformation mechanism, texture, and microstructure and to establish the influence of the stacking fault energy on said effects. The results show that the different strain paths of ECAP and rolling do not affect the strength, but rolling leads to an accentuated texture and thus to elastic and plastic anisotropy. This finding has practical relevance for micro manufacturing techniques. Furthermore, it is observed that lower SFE results in smaller domain size and higher dislocation density, which are microstructural details related to strength and to the work hardening capacity. Finally, both techniques are able to produce a high amount of high angle grain boundaries, a feature that characterizes refined microstructures. These processes operate at different strain rates; thus, in low SFE materials, a more effective grain fragmentation by deformation-induced twins is observed after the ECAP process.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700055} (DOI). Kliauga, A.; Sordi, V.; De Viincentis, N.; Bolmaro, R.; Schell, N.; Brokmeier, H.: Severe Plastic Deformation by Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Rolling: The Influence of the Deformation Path on Strain Distribution. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2018. vol. 20, no. 4, 1700055. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700055}} @misc{he_dislocation_dipoleinduced_2018, author={He, Y., Liu, Z., Zhou, G., Wang, H., Bai, C., Rodney, D., Appel, F., Xu, D., Yang, R.}, title={Dislocation dipole-induced strengthening in intermetallic TiAl}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.09.010}, abstract = {Narrow dislocation dipoles in intermetallic TiAl are systematically investigated by atomic-scale simulations and electron microscopy. The formation energy of narrow dipolar configurations and the activation energy during their evolution are unraveled. We show that faulted dipoles can be stable over experimental timescales, in full agreement with high-resolution observations. Such stable atomic-scale structures provide a strengthening effect significantly larger than the elastic prediction, which deeply influences plasticity in TiAl.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.09.010} (DOI). He, Y.; Liu, Z.; Zhou, G.; Wang, H.; Bai, C.; Rodney, D.; Appel, F.; Xu, D.; Yang, R.: Dislocation dipole-induced strengthening in intermetallic TiAl. Scripta Materialia. 2018. vol. 143, 98-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.09.010}} @misc{jiao_surface_modification_2018, author={Jiao, Z., Peterkin, S., Felix, L., Liang, R., Oliveira, J.P., Schell, N., Scotchmer, N., Toyserkani, E., Zhou, Y.}, title={Surface Modification of 304 Stainless Steel by Electro-Spark Deposition}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3579-0}, abstract = {Electro-spark deposition (ESD) is a pulsed microwelding process that is used to apply surface coatings for the repair of damaged high value and precision products or modify their surfaces for specific properties. The low heat input, minimal heat-affected zone and the ability to form metallurgical bonding of coating to substrate are major advantages of the ESD process. Many applications require the components to have excellent surface performance, such as wear and corrosion resistance. ESD technique provides an approach to modify the component surface without compromising the bulk properties. In this study, surface modifications of 304 stainless steel by ESD were investigated. Titanium carbide (TiC), tungsten carbide (WC) and molybdenum (Mo) were employed as coating materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were conducted to characterize the microstructure and composition of the coatings. The coatings thicknesses were all around 40 µm. The results showed that TiC and WC coatings showed a dramatic increase in the microhardness, up to 5 times. WC coating improved the wear resistance by more than 5 times, while TiC and Mo coatings also improved it by approximately 2.5 times. Electro-chemical tests were conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance of the coatings. Mo coating exhibited a significant improvement in the corrosion resistance in 5% NaCl solutions, corroding 350 times slower than stainless steel. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction was performed to investigate the microstructure changes of the Mo-coated sample. Heat treatment was also carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior of Mo-coated 304 stainless steel at elevated service temperature in air or argon.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-018-3579-0} (DOI). Jiao, Z.; Peterkin, S.; Felix, L.; Liang, R.; Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Scotchmer, N.; Toyserkani, E.; Zhou, Y.: Surface Modification of 304 Stainless Steel by Electro-Spark Deposition. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2018. vol. 27, no. 9, 4799-4809. DOI: 10.1007/s11665-018-3579-0}} @misc{wang_influence_of_2018, author={Wang, L., Oehring, M., Lorenz, U., Yang, J., Pyczak, F.}, title={Influence of alloying additions on L12 decomposition in Gamma-Gamma′ Co-9Al-9W-2X quaternary alloys}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.051}, abstract = {The influence of alloying elements on the formation of the intermetallic phases B2 and D019 via L12 decomposition during long-time annealing was investigated in Co-9Al-9W-2X alloys using electron microscopy. It is found that the type, shape and location of these intermetallic phases strongly depend on the alloying elements, which could be mainly attributed to different formation energies. Ti promotes B2 phase formation contrary to Mo, Nb and Ta which stabilize three-phase γ + D019 + B2 domains. Nb greatly destabilized the γ′ phase and is not suggested for alloy design in the Co-9Al-9W system.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.051} (DOI). Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Lorenz, U.; Yang, J.; Pyczak, F.: Influence of alloying additions on L12 decomposition in Gamma-Gamma′ Co-9Al-9W-2X quaternary alloys. Scripta Materialia. 2018. vol. 154, 176-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.051}} @misc{lazurenko_synthesis_of_2018, author={Lazurenko, D.V., Bataev, I.A., Mali, V.I., Jorge, A.M.jr, Stark, A., Pyczak, F., Ogneva, T.S., Maliutina, I.N.}, title={Synthesis of metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites with modified Al3Ti structure and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of sintering process}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.038}, abstract = {Al3Ti-based alloys attract exceptional attention due to their high specific mechanical properties. However, their application is still insufficient due to their low ductility and fracture toughness. Several approaches were previously proposed to address these problems. The first one is stabilization of the cubic modification of titanium trialuminide by alloying. Another approach consists in fabricating metal-intermetallic laminated composites (MIL). In this study, we combined both methods to synthesize the first MIL composite with cubic Al3Ti interlayers. Copper additions were used to stabilize the cubic modification of Al3Ti and produce a novel Ti-Al5CuTi2 MIL composite. First mechanical characterization by indentation tests showed that the binary Al3Ti intermetallic tended to crack at a load of 0.2 kg while the fracture was not observed in the Al5CuTi2 layers at least at a load of 1 kg. These results are an indirect evidence of a higher ductility and fracture toughness of the composite with cubic Al3Ti compared to tetragonal one. The sequence of the phase transformations in the Al-Ti-Cu system was studied using in situ synchrotron X-ray radiation diffraction. The formation of Al5CuTi2 occurred via several intermediate stages including eutectic melting of Al and Cu and the formation of binary AlCu and Al3Ti compounds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.038} (DOI). Lazurenko, D.; Bataev, I.; Mali, V.; Jorge, A.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; Ogneva, T.; Maliutina, I.: Synthesis of metal-intermetallic laminate (MIL) composites with modified Al3Ti structure and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis of sintering process. Materials and Design. 2018. vol. 151, 8-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.04.038}} @misc{bjoerk_formation_of_2018, author={Bjoerk, E.M., Maekie, P., Rogstroem, L., Atakan, A., Schell, N., Oden, M.}, title={Formation of block-copolymer-templated mesoporous silica}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.03}, abstract = {In situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to monitor the chemical evolution of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 from hydrolysis of the silica precursor to final silica condensation after the particle formation. Two silica precursors, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) or sodium metasilicate (SMS) were used, and the effects of additive (heptane and NH4F) concentrations were studied. Five formation stages are identified when TEOS is used as the precursor. The fourth stage correlates with the appearance and evolution of diffraction peaks recorded using in situ small angle X-ray diffraction. Details of the formed silica matrix are observed, e.g. the ratio between six-fold cyclic silica rings and linear bonding increases with the NH4F concentration. The TEOS hydrolysis time is independent of the NH4F concentration for small amounts of heptane, but is affected by the size of the emulsion droplets when the heptane amount increases. Polymerization and condensation rates of both silica precursors are affected by the salt concentration. Materials synthesized using SMS form significantly faster compared to TEOS-materials due to the pre-hydrolysis of the precursor. The study provides detailed insights into how the composition of the synthesis solution affects the chemical evolution and micellar aggregation during formation of mesoporous silica.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.03} (DOI). Bjoerk, E.; Maekie, P.; Rogstroem, L.; Atakan, A.; Schell, N.; Oden, M.: Formation of block-copolymer-templated mesoporous silica. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2018. vol. 521, 183-189. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.03.03}} @misc{barrioberovila_an_in_2018, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Gussone, J., Kelm, K., Haubrich, J., Stark, A., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={An in situ investigation of the deformation mechanisms in a Beta-quenched Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr alloy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.077}, abstract = {The sequence of activation of deformation mechanisms in a near-β Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy quenched from the β-field is investigated as a function of strain during uniaxial compression at 0.001 s−1 up to ε = 0.041. Bulk in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction is applied to follow continuously the evolution of the microstructure of the alloy during deformation and is complemented with metallographic analysis. Stress induced β → α″ transformation takes place together with grain rotation of β upon reaching the yield stress of the alloy at ε = 0.021. During further loading, formation of β sub-grain cells is activated at ε ≥ 0.03. The stress-induced martensite forms with a strong texture of {200} α″ planes perpendicular to the compression direction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.077} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Gussone, J.; Kelm, K.; Haubrich, J.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: An in situ investigation of the deformation mechanisms in a Beta-quenched Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. vol. 717, 134-143. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.01.077}} @misc{oliveira_effects_of_2018, author={Oliveira, J.P., Cavaleiro, A.J., Schell, N., Stark, A., Miranda, R.M., Ocana, J.L., Braz Fernandes, F.M.}, title={Effects of laser processing on the transformation characteristics of NiTi: A contribute to additive manufacturing}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.04.024}, abstract = {Laser additive manufacturing of NiTi generates complex microstructural features not fully understood yet. Thermal similarities between laser microjoining and laser additive manufacturing, enables correlating the effect of the laser on the material in both processes. To clarify them, a simplified yet accurate approach was employed: in-situ X-ray diffraction was used to determine the local transformation temperatures along the thermally affected regions in a laser processed NiTi thin sheet. The observed gradient of transformation temperatures is related to local chemical compositional changes through Ni depletion and residual stresses, explaining the peculiar microstructural and mechanical features observed in additive manufacturing of NiTi.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.04.024} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Cavaleiro, A.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.; Miranda, R.; Ocana, J.; Braz Fernandes, F.: Effects of laser processing on the transformation characteristics of NiTi: A contribute to additive manufacturing. Scripta Materialia. 2018. vol. 152, 122-126. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.04.024}} @misc{hanke_a_method_2018, author={Hanke, S., Staron, P., Fischer, T., Fitseva, V., dos Santos, J.F.}, title={A method for the in-situ study of solid-state joining techniques using synchrotron radiation - observation of phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V after friction surfacing}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.12.049}, abstract = {When a thick coating is deposited at low translational speed, α → β transformation continues for several seconds after deposition, followed by a slow cooling rate resulting in martensite free coatings containing αm from massive transformation. The potential gain and the deficiencies of this complex in-situ study of a technical process, instead of simplified model experiments, for the understanding of fundamental mechanisms involved in FS are discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.12.049} (DOI). Hanke, S.; Staron, P.; Fischer, T.; Fitseva, V.; dos Santos, J.: A method for the in-situ study of solid-state joining techniques using synchrotron radiation - observation of phase transformations in Ti-6Al-4V after friction surfacing. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018. vol. 335, 355-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.12.049}} @misc{todt_gradient_residual_2018, author={Todt, J., Keckes, J., Winter, G., Staron, P., Hohenwarter, A.}, title={Gradient residual strain and stress distributions in a high pressure torsion deformed iron disk revealed by high energy X-ray diffraction}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.037}, abstract = {High energy X-ray diffraction is used to investigate for the first time the distribution of residual X-ray elastic stresses inside a high pressure torsion (HPT) deformed iron disk with a diameter and thickness of ~ 30 and ~ 8 mm, respectively. In the experiment, a dedicated conical slit system restricts the diffraction gauge volume in three dimensions to ~ 0.45 mm3, which is then used to scan the bulk sample cross-section in a non-invasive manner. Pronounced residuals stress gradients with maximal tensile stresses of ~ 200 MPa are observed along radial and tangential directions and are correlated to the deformation gradient arising from HPT.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.037} (DOI). Todt, J.; Keckes, J.; Winter, G.; Staron, P.; Hohenwarter, A.: Gradient residual strain and stress distributions in a high pressure torsion deformed iron disk revealed by high energy X-ray diffraction. Scripta Materialia. 2018. vol. 146, 178-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.037}} @misc{appel_the_effect_2018, author={Appel, F., Paul, J.D.H., Staron, P., Oehring, M., Kolednik, O., Predan, J., Fischer, F.D.}, title={The effect of residual stresses and strain reversal on the fracture toughness of TiAl alloys}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.010}, abstract = {The effect of local deformation on the fracture behaviour of TiAl alloys was investigated. Roller indentations impressed parallel to the crack plane significantly improve the fracture toughness. The residual strains present in the indentation zone were characterized by X-ray diffraction and modelled using finite element (FE) calculations. The experimentally observed macrostrains exhibit remarkable crystallographic anisotropies and are unequally shared between the major alloy constituents. The mechanisms behind the observed toughening have been discussed in terms of the residual strains and factors improving the crack tip plasticity. With regard to intended high-temperature applications, the temperature retention of the toughening effect was studied.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.010} (DOI). Appel, F.; Paul, J.; Staron, P.; Oehring, M.; Kolednik, O.; Predan, J.; Fischer, F.: The effect of residual stresses and strain reversal on the fracture toughness of TiAl alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. vol. 709, 17-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.10.010}} @misc{ghosh_a_synchrotron_2018, author={Ghosh, A., Brokmeier, H.-G., Al-Hamdany, N., Sinha, S., Schell, N., Gurao, N.}, title={A synchrotron X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction based investigation on deformation and failure micro-mechanisms of monotonic and cyclic loading in titanium}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.036}, abstract = {Synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique has been used to estimate defect structure in terms of dislocation density, crystallite size and micro-strain in commercially pure titanium subjected to tension and cyclic deformation in stress and strain control mode. Statistical analysis of micro-texture data collected from electron backscatter diffraction approximately from the same region as that of synchrotron X-ray has been used to correlate orientation dependent micro-strain and dislocation density with deformation microstructure and micro-texture. Two different orientations, namely, A with prismatic-pyramidal and B with basal orientation along the loading axis has been considered. Weak initial texture yet significant anisotropy in hardening/softening response and failure mode for monotonic tension and cyclic loading paths has been observed. Higher strain hardening response of orientation A during monotonic tensile deformation can be attributed to the evolution of lower micro-strain on basal orientation grains i.e, 〈0002〉ǁND along with extensive multi-variant twinning that also restricts crack propagation and delays failure in stress control mode. On the other hand, in strain control mode, orientation B shows higher fatigue life due to the generation of lower micro-strain in the basal orientation grains and single variant twinning that can undergo detwinning easily is responsible for delayed crack nucleation and subsequent failure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.036} (DOI). Ghosh, A.; Brokmeier, H.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Sinha, S.; Schell, N.; Gurao, N.: A synchrotron X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction based investigation on deformation and failure micro-mechanisms of monotonic and cyclic loading in titanium. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. vol. 726, 143-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.036}} @misc{schuh_influence_of_2018, author={Schuh, B., Voelker, B., Todt, J., KormoutK.S., Schell, N., Hohenwarter, A.}, title={Influence of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Nanocrystalline CrCoNi Medium-Entropy Alloy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050662}, abstract = {An equiatomic CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy was subjected to high-pressure torsion. This process led to a refinement of the microstructure to a grain size of about 50 nm, combined with a strong increase in the materials hardness. Subsequently, the thermodynamic stability of the medium entropy alloy was evaluated by isothermal and isochronal heat treatments. Annealed samples were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction, and were subjected to tensile tests to establish microstructure-property relationships. Furthermore, a comparison of mechanical properties with a grade 316L stainless steel was performed in order to evaluate if the CrCoNi alloy is competitive with commercially available structural materials in the nanocrystalline state. A minority phase embedded in the face-centered cubic matrix of the CrCoNi alloy could be observed in multiple annealed states, as well as the as-received and high-pressure torsion processed material. For 200 h of annealing at 500 °C, it was determined that the minority phase has a hexagonal-closed-packed crystal structure. A possible explanation for the formation of the phase is a preferential segregation of Co to stacking faults.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050662} (DOI). Schuh, B.; Voelker, B.; Todt, J.; KormoutK.S.; Schell, N.; Hohenwarter, A.: Influence of Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Nanocrystalline CrCoNi Medium-Entropy Alloy. Materials. 2018. vol. 11, no. 5, 662. DOI: 10.3390/ma11050662}} @misc{huang_role_of_2018, author={Huang, M., Xu, C., Fan, G., Maawad, E., Gan, W., Geng, L., Lin, F., Tang, G., Wu, H., Du, Y., Li, D., Miao, K., Zhang, T., Yang, X., Xia, Y., Cao, G., Kang, H., Wang, T., Xiao, T., Xie, H.}, title={Role of layered structure in ductility improvement of layered Ti-Al metal composite}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.05.005}, abstract = {Layered Ti-Al metal composite (LMC) was designed and fabricated by hot-rolling and annealing of pure Ti and Al sheets. The as-prepared composite exhibits high tensile ductility, being superior to any individual Ti or Al sheets. The stress/strain evolution and fracture behavior of the LMC were analyzed by in-situ observations during the tensile deformation. Three deformation stages of LMC were clearly observed by neutron diffraction: elastic stage, elastic-plastic stage and plastic stage. It is found that stress partitioning at the elastic-plastic deformation stage improves the strain balance of LMC, but leads to an internal stress accumulated at the interface. Additionally, a strain-transfer from Ti to adjacent Al layers relieves the strain localization of Ti layers in LMC, which improves the ductility of Ti. Both stress partitioning and strain localization of Ti layers facilitate the nucleation of cracks at a low macro strain. However, the crack propagation is constrained by layered structure. In terms of the Al layers, the constrained micro-cracks relieve the stress concentration in Al layer and improve the ductility of Al layers, so that cracking indirectly affects the plastic deformation behavior of LMC, then improving its entire ductility. This work provides a new structural strategy towards simultaneously improving strength and ductility to develop high performance LMC by structural design.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.05.005} (DOI). Huang, M.; Xu, C.; Fan, G.; Maawad, E.; Gan, W.; Geng, L.; Lin, F.; Tang, G.; Wu, H.; Du, Y.; Li, D.; Miao, K.; Zhang, T.; Yang, X.; Xia, Y.; Cao, G.; Kang, H.; Wang, T.; Xiao, T.; Xie, H.: Role of layered structure in ductility improvement of layered Ti-Al metal composite. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 153, 235-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.05.005}} @misc{wang_new_insights_2018, author={Wang, L., Oehring, M., Lorenz, U., Stark, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={New insights into perovskite-Ti3AlC precipitate splitting in a Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.75C alloy by transmission electron microscopy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.06.006}, abstract = {The addition of carbon in TiAl alloys can improve the mechanical properties by precipitate hardening through the perovskite Ti3AlC carbide. Usually precipitates coarsen during continuous annealing. However, in the Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.75C alloy a splitting of the perovskite carbides was observed in later stages of annealing. By investigation with transmission electron microscopy the details of this splitting process are revealed after annealing at 900 °C. The results show that the re-orientation of the γ phase regions between sub-particles is associated with the splitting step from carbide needles into small sub-particles. γ domains with a different orientation with respect to the γ matrix nucleate and gradually replace the γ matrix phase in regions between the carbide sub-particles. The progress of the splitting process is locally different in different carbides and also in one individual carbide. By increasing the temperature from 800 to 900 °C the growth of the emerging carbide conglomerates and the splitting process of the carbides are greatly accelerated. It is found that both are diffusion-controlled processes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2018.06.006} (DOI). Wang, L.; Oehring, M.; Lorenz, U.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.: New insights into perovskite-Ti3AlC precipitate splitting in a Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.75C alloy by transmission electron microscopy. Intermetallics. 2018. vol. 100, 70-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2018.06.006}} @misc{graef_in_vitro_2018, author={Graef, F., Richter, R., Fetz, V., Murgia, X., De Rossi, C., Schneider-Daum, N., Allegretta, G., Elgaher, W., Haupenthal, J., Empting, M., Beckmann, F., Broenstrup, M., Hartmann, R., Gordon, S., Lehr, C.-M.}, title={In Vitro Model of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Envelope for Investigation of Anti-Infective Permeation Kinetics}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00165}, abstract = {The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a formidable biological barrier, inhibiting the action of antibiotics by impeding their permeation into the intracellular environment. In-depth understanding of permeation through this barrier remains a challenge, despite its critical role in antibiotic activity. We therefore designed a divisible in vitro permeation model of the Gram-negative bacterial cell envelope, mimicking its three essential structural elements, the inner membrane and the periplasmic space as well as the outer membrane, on a Transwell setup. The model was characterized by contemporary imaging techniques and employed to generate reproducible quantitative and time-resolved permeation data for various fluorescent probes and anti-infective molecules of different structure and physicochemical properties. For a set of three fluorescent probes, the permeation through the overall membrane model was found to correlate with in bacterio permeation. Even more interestingly, for a set of six Pseudomonas quorum sensing inhibitors, such permeability data were found to be predictive for their corresponding in bacterio activities. Further exploration of the capabilities of the overall model yielded a correlation between the permeability of porin-independent antibiotics and published in bacterio accumulation data; a promising ability to provide structure-permeability information was also demonstrated. Such a model may therefore constitute a valuable tool for the development of novel anti-infective drugs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00165} (DOI). Graef, F.; Richter, R.; Fetz, V.; Murgia, X.; De Rossi, C.; Schneider-Daum, N.; Allegretta, G.; Elgaher, W.; Haupenthal, J.; Empting, M.; Beckmann, F.; Broenstrup, M.; Hartmann, R.; Gordon, S.; Lehr, C.: In Vitro Model of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Envelope for Investigation of Anti-Infective Permeation Kinetics. ACS Infectious Diseases. 2018. vol. 4, no. 8, 1188-1196. DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00165}} @misc{herrnring_multiscale_process_2018, author={Herrnring, J., Staron, P., Kashaev, N., Klusemann, B.}, title={Multiscale process simulation of residual stress fields of laser beam welded precipitation hardened AA6082}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2018.08.010}, abstract = {In this study, a multiscale modelling approach for the determination of residual stresses for the laser beam welded, precipitation hardened aluminium alloy AA6082-T6 is presented and applied. The material behaviour is described by an elasto-visco-plastic material model, specially suited for fusion welding processes. The microstructure evolution during the welding process has a direct influence on the macroscopic mechanical properties. The modelling approach accounts for the change in the microstructure via a Kampmann-Wagner Numerical model which takes into account the kinetics of the precipitates. The macroscopic mechanical properties are determined via classic dislocation theory, which accounts for the interaction between dislocations and precipitates. The temperature field of the welding process is described by a highly efficient semi-analytical approach. The solution of the temperature field in connection with a three dimensional moving heat source is achieved by using the method of Green’s functions. By employing the method of Green’s functions, it is possible to reduce the numerical effort significantly. The results of this modelling approach are compared to temperature, hardness as well as residual stress measurements, obtained from synchrotron X-ray diffraction, for welded sheets to clarify the accuracy of the applied model.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2018.08.010} (DOI). Herrnring, J.; Staron, P.; Kashaev, N.; Klusemann, B.: Multiscale process simulation of residual stress fields of laser beam welded precipitation hardened AA6082. Materialia. 2018. vol. 3, 243-255. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2018.08.010}} @misc{hehn_propagationbased_phasecontrast_2018, author={Hehn, L., Gradl, R., Voss, A., Guenther, B., Dierolf, M., Jud, C., Willer, K., Allner, S., Hammel, J.U., Hessler, R., Morgan, K.S., Herzen, J., Hemmert, W., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Propagation-based phase-contrast tomography of a guinea pig inner ear with cochlear implant using a model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.005330}, abstract = {Propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography has become a valuable tool for visualization of three-dimensional biological samples, due to its high contrast between materials with similar attenuation properties. However, one of the most-widely used phase-retrieval algorithms imposes a homogeneity assumption onto the sample, which leads to artifacts for numerous applications where this assumption is violated. Prominent examples are biological samples with highly-absorbing implants. Using synchrotron radiation, we demonstrate by the example of a guinea pig inner ear with a cochlear implant electrode, how a recently developed model-based iterative algorithm for propagation-based phase-contrast computed tomography yields distinct benefits for such a task. We find that the model-based approach improves the overall image quality, removes the detrimental influence of the implant and accurately visualizes the cochlea.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.9.005330} (DOI). Hehn, L.; Gradl, R.; Voss, A.; Guenther, B.; Dierolf, M.; Jud, C.; Willer, K.; Allner, S.; Hammel, J.; Hessler, R.; Morgan, K.; Herzen, J.; Hemmert, W.; Pfeiffer, F.: Propagation-based phase-contrast tomography of a guinea pig inner ear with cochlear implant using a model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm. Biomedical Optics Express. 2018. vol. 9, no. 11, 5330-5339. DOI: 10.1364/BOE.9.005330}} @misc{dunlop_arachnids_in_2018, author={Dunlop, J.A., Kotthoff, U., Hammel, J.U., Ahrens, J., Harms, D.}, title={Arachnids in Bitterfeld amber: A unique fauna of fossils from the heart of Europe or simply old friends?}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22581}, abstract = {Bitterfeld amber, sometimes referred to as Saxon or Saxonian amber, is a potentially significant but poorly known source of arthropod data for the Palaeogene of northern Europe. An important aspect is a long-standing controversy about the age of this amber: namely whether it is equivalent to, and perhaps merely a southerly extension of, the better-known Baltic amber, or whether it is a unique and geological younger deposit sampling a different fauna. Here, we briefly review the Bitterfeld arachnids with particular emphasis on how these data could be used to elucidate the age of this deposit. Five arachnid orders have been recorded from Bitterfeld amber: spiders (Araneae), acariform mites (Acariformes), parasitiform mites (Parasitiformes), harvestmen (Opiliones) and pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones). This is a lower diversity than Baltic amber, where scorpions (Scorpiones) and camel spiders (Solifugae) have also been recorded. Spiders are the most comprehensively studied group, with more than 75 described species. Other groups such as pseudoscorpions and mites appear to be very diverse, but are virtually undescribed. Morphological overlap is apparent in the arachnid fauna and 40 species are currently shared between Baltic and Bitterfeld amber whilst 50 species are unique to the Bitterfeld deposit. At the family level overlap is even higher, but in all groups Baltic amber appears more diverse than Bitterfeld. This overlap may be interpreted as evidence for temporal conspecifity of the Baltic and Bitterfeld ambers, albeit with the Bitterfeld and Baltic ambers possibly representing independent localities within a larger Eocene European amber area which also included the Rovno amber from the Ukraine. However, caution should be exercised because the taxonomic foundation for such assumptions is far from comprehensive, most of the material remains to be studied in detail using modern techniques of morphological reconstruction. There are further issues with date estimates because some arachnid groups show extraordinary morphological stasis over time, even at species level, which may bias the analyses available. Here, we review the available knowledge on Bitterfeld arachnids and discuss how a detailed assessment of this fauna, and other arthropod taxa, could be generated. Several natural history museums – including Hamburg and Berlin – as well as private collectors host major assemblages of Bitterfeld fossils which may help to clarify the debate about the age and provenance of the material, and the extent to which (morpho)-species were maintained both over geographical distances and potentially geological time.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22581} (DOI). Dunlop, J.; Kotthoff, U.; Hammel, J.; Ahrens, J.; Harms, D.: Arachnids in Bitterfeld amber: A unique fauna of fossils from the heart of Europe or simply old friends?. Evolutionary Systematics. 2018. vol. 2, no. 1, 31-44. DOI: 10.3897/evolsyst.2.22581}} @misc{medina_highstrength_mg6zn1y1ca_2018, author={Medina, J., Perez, P., Garces, G., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={High-strength Mg-6Zn-1Y-1Ca (wt%) alloy containing quasicrystalline I-phase processed by a powder metallurgy route}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.111}, abstract = {A high-strength Mg-6Zn-1Y-1Ca (wt%) alloy has been processed by a powder metallurgy route. Rapidly solidified powders with a particle size below 100 µm were used as a way for preventing formation of ternary MgZnCa compounds during subsequent extrusion at 250 °C. The microstructure of the extruded alloy consists of an ultrafine-grain magnesium matrix, with an average grain size of 444 nm, embedding a high volume fraction of fine I-phase particles aligned along the extrusion direction. The alloy combines an excellent ductility (14% of elongation to failure) with a high strength (ultimate strength of 469 MPa and yield stress of 461 MPa) at room temperature, mainly due to grain size refinement (around 70% of the yield stress). The strength is kept high up to 150 °C (yield stress of 279 MPa). Above this temperature, the mechanical strength falls to very low values but the ability to deform plastically is considerably enhanced, exhibiting superplastic behaviour from 200 to 350 °C, with a maximum elongation of 477% at 350 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.111} (DOI). Medina, J.; Perez, P.; Garces, G.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: High-strength Mg-6Zn-1Y-1Ca (wt%) alloy containing quasicrystalline I-phase processed by a powder metallurgy route. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. vol. 715, 92-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.111}} @misc{jahn_evaluation_of_2018, author={Jahn, H., de Sena Oliveira, I., Gross, V., Martin, C., Hipp, A., Mayer, G., Hammel, J.U.}, title={Evaluation of contrasting techniques for X-ray imaging of velvet worms (Onychophora)}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12688}, abstract = {Non-invasive imaging techniques like X-ray computed tomography have become very popular in zoology, as they allow for simultaneous imaging of the internal and external morphology of organisms. Nevertheless, the effect of different staining approaches required for this method on samples lacking mineralized tissues, such as soft-bodied invertebrates, remains understudied. Herein, we used synchrotron radiation-based X-ray micro-computed tomography to compare the effects of commonly used contrasting approaches on onychophorans – soft-bodied invertebrates important for studying animal evolution. Representatives of Euperipatoides rowelli were stained with osmium tetroxide (vapour or solution), ruthenium red, phosphotungstic acid, or iodine. Unstained specimens were imaged using both standard attenuation-based and differential phase-contrast setups to simulate analyses with museum material. Our comparative qualitative analyses of several tissue types demonstrate that osmium tetroxide provides the best overall tissue contrast in onychophorans, whereas the remaining staining agents rather favour the visualisation of specific tissues and/or structures. Quantitative analyses using signal-to-noise ratio measurements show that the level of image noise may vary according to the staining agent and scanning medium selected. Furthermore, box-and-whisker plots revealed substantial overlap in grey values among structures in all datasets, suggesting that a combination of semiautomatic and manual segmentation of structures is required for comprehensive 3D reconstructions of Onychophora, irrespective of the approach selected. Our results show that X-ray micro-computed tomography is a promising technique for studying onychophorans and, despite the benefits and disadvantages of different staining agents for specific tissues/structures, this method retrieves informative data that may eventually help address evolutionary questions long associated with Onychophora.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.12688} (DOI). Jahn, H.; de Sena Oliveira, I.; Gross, V.; Martin, C.; Hipp, A.; Mayer, G.; Hammel, J.: Evaluation of contrasting techniques for X-ray imaging of velvet worms (Onychophora). Journal of Microscopy (Oxford). 2018. vol. 270, no. 3, 343-358. DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12688}} @misc{proes_in_situ_2018, author={Proes, F., Eichenseer, C., Hintze, W., Schell, N., Leahy, W., M´Saoubi, R., Sattel, S.}, title={In situ analysis of PCBN cutting tool materials during thermo-mechanical loading using synchrotron radiation}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-018-0791-6}, abstract = {Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) has outstanding properties in terms of hardness and chemical stability at elevated temperatures. Therefore, PCBN is used in cutting tool materials for hard machining applications e.g. hard turning of hardened steels. Due to the hardness of the workpiece, high forces act on a low contact area between tool and workpiece. Hence, severe thermo-mechanical loadings occur in such applications causing enhanced tool wear. Fundamental knowledge about the material behavior of PCBN-cutting-materials under thermo-mechanical loading is valuable as a basis for a better understanding of tool wear and finally for improvement of tool wear behavior. PCBN-materials are polycrystalline multi-phase compounds with strongly deviating material properties. In order to investigate the phase selective thermo-mechanical behavior of such materials lattice strain measurements are conducted under thermo-mechanical load using in situ X-ray diffraction with high energy synchrotron radiation. A four point bending test set-up and ceramic thermal heaters are used for the application of thermo-mechanical loading. Three different materials are investigated: a solid low PCBN-content material, a low PCBN-content material on a cemented carbide (CC) substrate and a high PCBN-content material on a CC-substrate. The low PCBN-content material exhibits a single phase binder material whereas the high PCBN-content material exhibits a multi-phase binder with up to five phases. Residual stresses are found in the samples with CC-substrate, only. Different phases of one material show different strains but nearly same stresses upon loading. Thus, thermo-mechanical loading can be seen as superposition of the respective mechanical and thermal loads. The space-resolved experimental data is used to validate an analytical model for the calculation of macroscopic stresses. The phase selective space-resolved strain and stress analysis presented in this paper provides a valuable method for the investigation and optimization of hard cutting tool materials and coatings under real cutting conditions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-018-0791-6} (DOI). Proes, F.; Eichenseer, C.; Hintze, W.; Schell, N.; Leahy, W.; M´Saoubi, R.; Sattel, S.: In situ analysis of PCBN cutting tool materials during thermo-mechanical loading using synchrotron radiation. Production Engineering. 2018. vol. 12, no. 3-4, 535-546. DOI: 10.1007/s11740-018-0791-6}} @misc{lan_rapid_measurement_2018, author={Lan, B., Carpenter, M.A., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Dunne, F.P.E., Lowe, M.J.S.}, title={Rapid measurement of volumetric texture using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.07.029}, abstract = {This paper presents a non-destructive evaluation method of volumetric texture using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). It is based on a general theoretical platform that links the directional wave speeds of a polycrystalline aggregate to its texture through a simple convolution relationship, and RUS is employed to obtain the speeds by measuring the elastic constants, where well-established experimental and post-processing procedures are followed. Important lower-truncation-order textures of representative hexagonal and cubic metal samples with orthorhombic sample symmetries are extracted, and are validated against independent immersion ultrasound and neutron tests. The successful deployment of RUS indicates broader applications of the general methodology.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.07.029} (DOI). Lan, B.; Carpenter, M.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Dunne, F.; Lowe, M.: Rapid measurement of volumetric texture using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Scripta Materialia. 2018. vol. 157, 44-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.07.029}} @misc{chulist_texture_and_2018, author={Chulist, R., Czerny, M., Panigrahi, A., Zehetbauer, M., Schell, N., Skrotzki, W.}, title={Texture and microstructure of HPT-processed Fe-based shape memory alloys}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/375/1/012006}, abstract = {Texture and microstructure evolution of Fe-based shape memory alloys subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature was investigated using synchrotron radiation and electron backscatter diffraction in the scanning electron microscope. As starting material for HPT a directionally solidified Fe-based alloy characterized by a <100> fiber texture and coarse columnar grains with a mean size of about 300 µm was used. Prior to HPT the samples were quenched and heat treated for precipitation hardening for 24 h at 700°C. HPT-processing changes the initial texture to a typical shear texture with dominating C component. As deformation proceeds an intensive stress-induced precipitation of a brittle NiAl-B2 phase takes place. The precipitates form a typical shear texture of bcc metals with F component dominating. The C and F components may lead to specific interphase orientation relationships.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/375/1/012006} (DOI). Chulist, R.; Czerny, M.; Panigrahi, A.; Zehetbauer, M.; Schell, N.; Skrotzki, W.: Texture and microstructure of HPT-processed Fe-based shape memory alloys. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018. vol. 375, 012006. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/375/1/012006}} @misc{freund_the_grain_2018, author={Freund, L.P., Stark, A., Pyczak, F., Schell, N., Goeken, M., Neumeier, S.}, title={The grain boundary pinning effect of the Mue phase in an advanced polycrystalline Gamma/Gamma′ Co-base superalloy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.204}, abstract = {A grain boundary pinning phase was introduced into a γ/γ′ Co-base superalloy by the addition of Mo. The intermetallic phase was identified as μ phase (Co,Ni,Cr)7(W,Mo)6 by high-energy X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope. Synchrotron radiation in-situ heating experiments confirmed the stability of the grain structure up to 1050 °C and therefore the grain boundary pinning effect of this phase. Recrystallization heat treatments at different temperatures resulted in varying amounts of μ phase. The grain size analysis revealed that at least 1% of the phase is necessary to maintain a pinning effect during recrystallization. Atom probe tomography confirmed that Mo partitioned predominantly to the γ phase. Since the μ phase and the γʹ phase are competing for W, a lower γ′ volume fraction was formed in comparison to a Mo-free polycrystalline γ/γʹ Co-base superalloy variant. However, the homogeneous distribution of small grains resulted in a higher strength compared to the Mo-free alloy without grain boundary pinning phases. The creep resistance at 750 °C was similar to the Mo-free alloy as well as the polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy U720Li with a creep rate minimum of 1.5 × 10−7 s−1 at 620 MPa.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.204} (DOI). Freund, L.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.; Schell, N.; Goeken, M.; Neumeier, S.: The grain boundary pinning effect of the Mue phase in an advanced polycrystalline Gamma/Gamma′ Co-base superalloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018. vol. 753, 333-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.04.204}} @misc{dossantos_understanding_precipitate_2018, author={dos Santos, J.F., Staron, P., Fischer, T., Robson, J.D., Kostka, A., Colegrove, P., Wang, H., Hilgert, J., Bergmann, L., Huetsch, L.L., Huber, N., Schreyer, A.}, title={Understanding precipitate evolution during friction stir welding of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy through in-situ measurement coupled with simulation}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.01.020}, abstract = {Friction Stir Welding (FSW) imparts both heat and deformation to the metal being joined, producing profound microstructural changes that determine the weld properties. In the case of welding of aerospace aluminium alloys, the most important change is the modification of the size, nature, and fraction of strengthening precipitates. To understand these changes requires the ability to measure the microstructural evolution during the welding process. This paper describes a new tool, the FlexiStir system, a portable friction stir unit designed for use in a high-energy synchrotron beamline that enables in-situ studies of microstructural evolution during FSW. FlexiStir has been used to measure precipitate evolution during FSW of aluminium alloy 7449-TAF and provide time-resolved measurement of precipitate size and volume fraction via small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). These measurements have been interpreted with the aid of a previously developed microstructural model. The model predictions and SAXS measurements are in good qualitative agreement and demonstrate the complex precipitate transformation, dissolution, and reprecipitation events that occur during welding.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.01.020} (DOI). dos Santos, J.; Staron, P.; Fischer, T.; Robson, J.; Kostka, A.; Colegrove, P.; Wang, H.; Hilgert, J.; Bergmann, L.; Huetsch, L.; Huber, N.; Schreyer, A.: Understanding precipitate evolution during friction stir welding of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy through in-situ measurement coupled with simulation. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 148, 163-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.01.020}} @misc{wagner_the_metallurgical_2018, author={Wagner, F.E., Gebhard, R., Gan, W., Hofmann, M.}, title={The metallurgical texture of gold artefacts found at the Bronze Age rampart of Bernstorf (Bavaria) studied by neutron diffraction}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.05.005}, abstract = {The metallurgical texture of several of the gold artefacts found in 1998 at a Bronze Age fortification near Bernstorf in Bavaria was studied by neutron diffraction using the STRESS-SPEC instrument at the FRM II reactor of the Maier-Leibnitz Centre of the Technical University of Munich. The pieces consist of approximately 0.1 mm-thick gold sheets embossed with ornamentations. The purpose of the texture studies was to obtain information on the technique used to produce the thin gold sheets. All studied spots with about 5 mm diameter on the artefacts were found to exhibit a cube type {100}〈001〉 texture that is typical for many cold rolled and subsequently annealed and recrystallized face centred cubic metals. A cube texture similar to that of the Bernstorf artefacts was obtained by straight rolling followed by annealing at different temperatures and for different periods of time, but never with the purity observed in two of the Bernstorf artefacts. This leaves some uncertainty about the manner in which the Bernstorf objects were made. By comparison with laboratory-made reference samples, one can rule out hammering or cross-rolling with or without subsequent annealing for the manufacture of the gold foils. Beyond the interest in these results for the discussion of the authenticity of the Bernstorf gold finds, texture determinations using neutron diffraction are shown to be a non-destructive method for obtaining information on the techniques used to produce archaeological gold artefacts in general.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.05.005} (DOI). Wagner, F.; Gebhard, R.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.: The metallurgical texture of gold artefacts found at the Bronze Age rampart of Bernstorf (Bavaria) studied by neutron diffraction. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 2018. vol. 20, 338-346. DOI: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.05.005}} @misc{mo_correlation_between_2018, author={Mo, F., Wu, E., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Zhong, Z., Zhang, J., Chen, B., Hofmann, M., Gan, W., Sun, G.}, title={Correlation Between the Microstructural Defects and Residual Stress in a Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy During Different Creep Stages}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-0106-7}, abstract = {The present work attempts to reveal the correlation between the microstructural defects and residual stress in the single crystal nickel-based superalloy, both of which play the significant role on properties and performance. Neutron diffraction was employed to investigate the microstructural defects and residual stresses in a single crystal (SC) nickel-based superalloy, which was subjected to creeping under 220 MPa and 1000 °C for different times. The measured superlattice and fundamental lattice reflections confirm that the mismatch and tetragonal distortions with c/a > 1 exist in the SC superalloy. At the initially unstrained state, there exists the angular distortion between γ and γ’ phases with small triaxial compressive stresses, ensuring the structural stability of the superalloy. After creeping, the tetragonal distortion for the γ phase is larger than that for the γ’ phase. With increasing the creeping time, the mismatch between γ and γ’ phases increases to the maximum, then decreases gradually and finally remains unchanged. The macroscopic residual stress shows a similar behavior with the mismatch, indicating the correlation between them. Based on the model of shear and dislocations, the evolution of microstructural defects and residual stress are reasonably explained. The effect of shear is dominant at the primary creep stage, which greatly enlarges the mismatch and the residual stress. The dislocations weaken the effect of shear for the further creep stage, resulting in the decrease of the mismatch and relaxation of the residual stress. Those findings add some helpful understanding into the microstructure-performance relationship in the SC nickel-based superalloy, which might provide the insight to materials design and applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-018-0106-7} (DOI). Mo, F.; Wu, E.; Zhang, C.; Wang, H.; Zhong, Z.; Zhang, J.; Chen, B.; Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Sun, G.: Correlation Between the Microstructural Defects and Residual Stress in a Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy During Different Creep Stages. Metals and Materials International. 2018. vol. 24, no. 5, 1002-1011. DOI: 10.1007/s12540-018-0106-7}} @misc{alhamdany_crystallographic_texture_2018, author={Al-Hamdany, N., Brokmeier, H.-G., Gan, W.}, title={Crystallographic texture and lattice strain evolution during tensile load of swaged brass}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.047}, abstract = {Evolutions of texture and lattice strain of swaged brass samples were investigated by neutron diffraction at STRESS-SPEC under tensile deformation using a unique tension/compression rig. The two phased sample BS1 (61% α-brass and 39% β-brass) became 100% α-brass after 400 °C annealing (sample BS2). The starting texture of the as-received material BS1 was the typical <111>, <200> double fiber. This texture develops firstly by in-situ tension to a moderate strengthening. After annealing (BS2) the <111> fiber survives with surprisingly high strength and develops by in-situ tension a very strong <111> fiber of 39 mrd. Line broadening and lattice strain behaviour shows the development of the elastic strain and plastic strain.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.047} (DOI). Al-Hamdany, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Gan, W.: Crystallographic texture and lattice strain evolution during tensile load of swaged brass. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2018. vol. 711, 149-155. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.11.047}} @misc{li_energyefficient_elastocaloric_2018, author={Li, Y., Zhao, D., Liu, J., Qian, S., Gan, W., Chen, X.}, title={Energy-Efficient Elastocaloric Cooling by Flexibly and Reversibly Transferring Interface in Magnetic Shape-Memory Alloys}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07703}, abstract = {Elastocaloric cooling is currently under extensive study owing to its great potential to replace the conventional vapor-compression technique. In this work, by employing multiscale characterization approaches, including in situ neutron diffraction in a loading frame, in situ transmission electron microscopy observation at different temperatures, in situ synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction, and high-resolution infrared thermal imaging, we have investigated the thermal and stress-induced martensitic transformation, the stability of superelastic behavior and the associated elastocaloric effect for a Heusler-type Ni50.0Fe19.0Ga27.1Co3.9 single crystal. On the basis of transformation from cubic austenite into monoclinic martensite with a flexibly and reversibly transferring interface, this unique single crystal exhibits a giant elastocaloric effect of 11 K and ultralow fatigue behavior during above 12 000 mechanical cycles. The numerical simulation shows that the Ni50.0Fe19.0Ga27.1Co3.9 alloy offers 18% energy saving potential and 70% cooling capacity enhancement potential compared to the conventional shape-memory nitinol alloy in a single-stage elastocaloric cooling system, making it a great candidate for energy-efficient air conditioner applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b07703} (DOI). Li, Y.; Zhao, D.; Liu, J.; Qian, S.; Gan, W.; Chen, X.: Energy-Efficient Elastocaloric Cooling by Flexibly and Reversibly Transferring Interface in Magnetic Shape-Memory Alloys. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. 2018. vol. 10, no. 30, 25438-25445. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07703}} @misc{li_straininduced_martensitic_2018, author={Li, X.H., Saal, P., Gan, W.M., Hoelzel, M., Volk, W., Petry, W., Hofmann, M.}, title={Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation Kinetic in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4420-3}, abstract = {A model for the strain-induced martensitic transformation in austempered ductile iron (ADI) has been developed based on neutron diffraction studies. Quantitative phase analysis was carried out using the Rietveld method including texture analysis. The key parameters applied in this model that influence the strain-induced martensitic transformation are temperature, strain state, and loading type. An empirical relation was derived for the martensite start temperature M s in austempered ductile iron, which takes into account the Ni and carbon content. The M s temperature was used as a scaling parameter for the stability of austenite in the model to describe the strain-induced phase transformation in austempered ductile iron.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4420-3} (DOI). Li, X.; Saal, P.; Gan, W.; Hoelzel, M.; Volk, W.; Petry, W.; Hofmann, M.: Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation Kinetic in Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI). Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2018. vol. 49, no. 1, 94-104. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4420-3}} @misc{rossi_structural_and_2018, author={Rossi, B., Bottari, C., Comez, L., Corezzi, S., Paolantoni, M., Gessini, A., Masciovecchio, C., Mele, A., Punta, C., Melone, L., Fiorati, A., Radulescu, A., Mangiapia, G., Paciaroni, A.}, title={Structural and molecular response in cyclodextrin-based pH-sensitive hydrogels by the joint use of Brillouin, UV Raman and Small Angle Neutron Scattering techniques}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.141}, abstract = {The response to pH variation of polymeric cyclodextrin-based hydrogels has been investigated by a multi-technique approach based on UV Raman and Brillouin light scattering (BLS) together with Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS). By exploiting the complementary information of these three investigation methods, the structural, viscoelastic and molecular modifications of the polymer brought about by the pH changes have been examined, over a spatial range going from mesoscopic to nanoscopic length-scale. The data provide a picture where an increase of pH promotes the change of the characteristic size of the hydrophilic pores when the cross-linker has the suitable structural and acid-base properties, and leads to the reinforcement of the polymer domains interconnections, providing a stiffer gel network on the length-scale probed by BLS. Raman signals are sensitive both to structural changes of the polymer network and to changes of the intermolecular ordering of water due to solvent-polymer interactions. The destructuring effect on the tetrahedral ice-like configurations of water is especially evident at high pH, and might be ascribed to an increased exposition to the solvent of the ionic portions of the polymer surface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.141} (DOI). Rossi, B.; Bottari, C.; Comez, L.; Corezzi, S.; Paolantoni, M.; Gessini, A.; Masciovecchio, C.; Mele, A.; Punta, C.; Melone, L.; Fiorati, A.; Radulescu, A.; Mangiapia, G.; Paciaroni, A.: Structural and molecular response in cyclodextrin-based pH-sensitive hydrogels by the joint use of Brillouin, UV Raman and Small Angle Neutron Scattering techniques. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018. vol. 271, 738-746. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.141}} @misc{zec_insights_into_2018, author={Zec, N., Idrissi, A., Bester-Rogac, M., Vranes, M., Gadzuric, S.}, title={Insights into interactions between 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and molecular solvents: γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone and propylene carbonate. Volumetric properties and MD simulations}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.079}, abstract = {Experimental densities of the binary mixtures containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ionic liquid, [C1C4im][DCA] and molecular solvent: γ-valerolactone (γVL) or propylene carbonate (PC) were measured at temperatures from (293.15 to 313.15) K and at a pressure of 0.1 MPa over the whole composition range. Related excess molar volumes were calculated and fitted using Redlich-Kister's polynomial equation and compared with previously measured IL + γ-butyrolactone (γBL) mixture. Obtained values are negative in the whole range of ionic liquid mole fraction and at all temperatures. Molecular dynamics simulations were applied to quantify the intermolecular interactions in pure liquids and binary mixtures, hydrogen bond, dipole-dipole and stacking interactions. Excess molar volumes obtained from MD simulations follow the trend observed in the experiment. Orientational correlations were characterized by several combined angular and distance distribution functions between first neighbour molecules. Results suggest that strength of solvent-solvent interactions plays a significant role in the observed difference in volumetric properties of these binary mixtures. Calculated hydrogen bond geometry indicates that the hydrogen bond interaction in the three molecular solvents is weak and follows the order PC > γBL > γVL.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.079} (DOI). Zec, N.; Idrissi, A.; Bester-Rogac, M.; Vranes, M.; Gadzuric, S.: Insights into interactions between 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide and molecular solvents: γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone and propylene carbonate. Volumetric properties and MD simulations. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018. vol. 268, 481-489. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.079}} @misc{schmutzler_the_influence_2018, author={Schmutzler, T., Schindler, T., Schmiele, M., Appavou, M., Lagesa, S., Kriele, A., Gilles, R., Unruh, T.}, title={The influence of n-hexanol on the morphology and composition of CTAB micelles}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.039}, abstract = {The effect of the addition of n-hexanol as co-surfactant on the structure of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles has been studied using small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS). Contrast variation neutron scattering experiments were performed to determine the structure of both pure CTAB and n-hexanol modified CTAB micelles. The incorporation of n-hexanol leads to an elongation of the ellipsoidal CTAB micelles. The scattering length density of the micellar shell linearly depends on the degree of deuteration of the dispersion medium water and revealed the existence of substantial amounts of water in the micellar shell. The water content in the shell increased from 20 vol-% observed for pure CTAB micelles to 44 vol-% found for n-hexanol modified CTAB micelles. The amount of n-hexanol in the micellar shell was determined by varying the amount of fully deuterated and protonated n-hexanol. These experiments revealed a volume fraction of 26 vol-% of n-hexanol molecules in the micellar core which equals a molar fraction of 50 % n-hexanol within the CTAB micelles. The total composition of micellar core and shell was estimated. The packing density of headgroups, water molecules and bromide ions turned out to drastically increase in n-hexanol modified CTAB micelles. These findings contribute to a fundamental understanding of the stabilization mechanism of micelles by alcoholic co-surfactants and the resulting alteration of the morphology and interface composition. These results will facilitate the optimization of processes where CTAB and other comparable surfactants are used as phase transfer catalysts, structure directing agents or stabilizers in colloidal dispersions or emulsions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.039} (DOI). Schmutzler, T.; Schindler, T.; Schmiele, M.; Appavou, M.; Lagesa, S.; Kriele, A.; Gilles, R.; Unruh, T.: The influence of n-hexanol on the morphology and composition of CTAB micelles. Colloids and Surfaces A. 2018. vol. 543, 56-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.12.039}} @misc{hua_correlation_between_2018, author={Hua, K., Zhang, Y., Gan, W., Kou, H., Li, J., Esling, C.}, title={Correlation between imposed deformation and transformation lattice strain on α variant selection in a metastable β-Ti alloy under isothermal compression}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.022}, abstract = {Many phase transformations produce crystallographic variants. Under a mechanical constraint, certain variants could be selected. Although efforts have been made on resolving the selection rule, the transformation lattice deformation associated selection mechanism has not been well addressed. Thus in the present work, α variant selection of the β to α transformation in a metastable β-Ti alloy under compression was studied. Results show that the selection of the α variants is strongly affected by the imposed strain and the applied load with dependence on the local crystal perfection of the β grains. In the slightly deformed β grains, 2 Burger orientation relationship (BOR) variants forming ‘cross-shaped’ clusters and interrelated by a 90° rotation around the <1 1.38 0>α axis are selected and form in large quantities (group I variants). Such variants consume the maximum deformation work by the applied load. This energy consumption is rooted from the maximum strain contribution of the selected variants to the macroscopic deformation and the maximum shear stress from the external load resolved on their systems for transformation. In the heavily deformed β grains occupied by dislocation slip bands, several numbers (2–4) of BOR variants are selected but form in much less quantities (group II variants). The selection energy criterion is still obeyed by the group II variants but with restriction from the local deformation. The present work provides clear information on the interweaving of the imposed compression with the internal lattice deformation and its impact on the β to α transformation variant selection.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.022} (DOI). Hua, K.; Zhang, Y.; Gan, W.; Kou, H.; Li, J.; Esling, C.: Correlation between imposed deformation and transformation lattice strain on α variant selection in a metastable β-Ti alloy under isothermal compression. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 161, 150-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.022}} @misc{reisinger_strain_energy_2018, author={Reisinger, S., Kozeschnik, E., Ressel, G., Keckes, J., Stark, A., Marsoner, S., Ebner, R.}, title={Strain energy contributions on the bainitic phase transformation in a CrMoV steel during continuous cooling}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.014}, abstract = {The bainitic phase transformation during continuous cooling in low alloyed steels is a complex process since many different reactions are taking place simultaneously. Since all of them are rather sensitive to the applied cooling rates, the present study investigates the mechanisms taking place during the bainitic phase transformation by using a comprehensive set of methods including in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction combined with dilatometry, ex-situ microstructure characterization by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy including electron back scatter diffraction. The results demonstrate that the phase transformation characteristics changes from a continuous to a two-stage behaviour with decreasing cooling rate. The reason for this change is discussed and explained on basis of an adapted T0′-limit concept taking an additionally required strain energy between about 950 and 1100 J/mol in the energy balance into account. Apart from the observed transformation characteristics, it is also shown that the amount of blocky instead of film like retained austenite increases with decreasing cooling rate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.014} (DOI). Reisinger, S.; Kozeschnik, E.; Ressel, G.; Keckes, J.; Stark, A.; Marsoner, S.; Ebner, R.: Strain energy contributions on the bainitic phase transformation in a CrMoV steel during continuous cooling. Materials and Design. 2018. vol. 155, 475-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.014}} @misc{liu_heattreatment_induced_2018, author={Liu, X., Beausir, B., Zhang, Y., Gan, W., Yuan, H., Yu, F., Esling, C., Zhao, X., Zuo, L.}, title={Heat-treatment induced defect formation in α-Al matrix in Sr-modified eutectic Al–Si alloy}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.324}, abstract = {An intensive formation of crystal defects in the α-Al matrix of an as-cast Sr-modified eutectic Al–Si alloy, induced by heat treatment with rapid heating, has been studied. This phenomenon arises from the fragmentation of the Si crystals and the diffusion of Al atoms into the cracks of the Si crystals. During the rapid heating process, a large temperature gradient is established within an as-cast Al–Si sample. It creates a tensile environment for the irregular-shaped and interconnected Si crystals, as the thermal expansion coefficient of the α-Al is ten times that of the Si. Under the thermal constraints, some Si crystals are broken, where the cracks produce the so-called “capillary force” that attracts the surrounding α-Al matrix to fill in them. As the migration of the Al atoms is substitutional, the Al diffusion creates fluxes of vacancies to the interior of the αAl matrix; thus, the crack volume is transferred to the αAl matrix. Due to the homogeneous distribution of the Si crystals and the random presence of the cracks, the αAl matrix is subjected to a varied migration of vacancies in site, in quantity and in direction. Such diffusion is further perturbed by local migration of Al atoms to accommodate the spheroidization of the Si induced by its shape instability. In this way, a large amount of crystal defects (vacancies and then dislocations) are produced in the α-Al matrix. The produced crystal defects then promote the recovery and even recrystallization of the α-Al matrix, resulting in its refinement. Such a mechanism of defect production is applicable to polycrystalline materials composed of phases with incompatible thermal and mechanical properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.324} (DOI). Liu, X.; Beausir, B.; Zhang, Y.; Gan, W.; Yuan, H.; Yu, F.; Esling, C.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.: Heat-treatment induced defect formation in α-Al matrix in Sr-modified eutectic Al–Si alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2018. vol. 730, 208-218. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.324}} @misc{yang_direct_observation_2018, author={Yang, Y., Hakim, S., Bruns, S., Rogowska, M., Boehnert, S., Hammel, J., Stipp, S., Sørensen, H.}, title={Direct Observation of Coupled Geochemical and Geomechanical Impacts on Chalk Microstructure Evolution under Elevated CO2 Pressure}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00013}, abstract = {Dissolution in natural porous media by injected CO2 can undermine the mechanical stability of the formation before carbon mineralization can take place. The geomechanical impact of geologic carbon storage therefore affects the structural integrity of the formation. Here, using in situ X-ray imaging, we show the coupled geochemical and geomechanical processes in natural chalk in the presence of aqueous CO2. We first measured the chalk dissolution rate in a closed, free drift system and obtained a phenomenological correlation between the rate and evolving aqueous calcium concentration. We then used this rate correlation in a segregated flow model to estimate the visual pattern of chalk microstructure dissolution. The model predicted a homogeneous pattern, which resulted from an increase in the reactive subvolume. This prediction was validated using in situ X-ray tomography. The imaging technique further revealed three typical mechanical impacts during microstructure disintegration in an imposed flow field: material compaction, fracturing, and grain relocation. These impacts differ but are strongly coupled with CO2-induced geochemical reactions and provide different types of feedback to the dissolution front migration. These observations led us to conclude that the presence of dissolved CO2 makes the migration of reactive fluid less sensitive to perturbations in the coupled geochemical and geomechanical processes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00013} (DOI). Yang, Y.; Hakim, S.; Bruns, S.; Rogowska, M.; Boehnert, S.; Hammel, J.; Stipp, S.; Sørensen, H.: Direct Observation of Coupled Geochemical and Geomechanical Impacts on Chalk Microstructure Evolution under Elevated CO2 Pressure. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry. 2018. vol. 2, no. 6, 618-633. DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00013}} @misc{furlan_photonic_materials_2018, author={Furlan, K., Larsson, E., Diaz, A., Holler, M., Krekeler, T., Ritter, M., Petrov, A., Eich, M., Blick, R., Schneider, G., Greving, I., Zierold, R., Janßen, R.}, title={Photonic materials for high-temperature applications: Synthesis and characterization by X-ray ptychographic tomography}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2018.10.002}, abstract = {Photonic materials for high-temperature applications need to withstand temperatures usually higher than 1000 °C, whilst keeping their function. When exposed to high temperatures, such nanostructured materials are prone to detrimental morphological changes, however the structure evolution pathway of photonic materials and its correlation with the loss of material's function is not yet fully understood. Here we use high-resolution ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the structural changes in mullite inverse opal photonic crystals produced by a very-low-temperature (95 °C) atomic layer deposition (ALD) super-cycle process. The 3D structural changes caused by the high-temperature exposure were quantified and associated with the distinct structural features of the ceramic photonic crystals. Other than observed in photonic crystals produced via powder colloidal suspensions or sol-gel infiltration, at high temperatures of 1400 °C we detected a mass transport direction from the nano pores to the shells. We relate these different structure evolution pathways to the presence of hollow vertexes in our ALD-based inverse opal photonic crystals. Although the periodically ordered structure is distorted after sintering, the mullite inverse opal photonic crystal presents a photonic stopgap even after heat treatment at 1400 °C for 100 h.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2018.10.002} (DOI). Furlan, K.; Larsson, E.; Diaz, A.; Holler, M.; Krekeler, T.; Ritter, M.; Petrov, A.; Eich, M.; Blick, R.; Schneider, G.; Greving, I.; Zierold, R.; Janßen, R.: Photonic materials for high-temperature applications: Synthesis and characterization by X-ray ptychographic tomography. Applied Materials Today. 2018. vol. 13, 359-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2018.10.002}} @misc{lan_direct_volumetric_2018, author={Lan, B., Britton, T., Jun, T., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Dunne, F., Lowe, M.}, title={Direct volumetric measurement of crystallographic texture using acoustic waves}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.037}, abstract = {Crystallographic texture in polycrystalline materials is often developed as preferred orientation distribution of grains during thermo-mechanical processes. Texture dominates many macroscopic physical properties and reflects the histories of structural evolution, hence its measurement and control are vital for performance optimisation and deformation history interogation in engineering and geological materials. However, exploitations of texture are hampered by state-of-the-art characterisation techniques, none of which can routinely deliver the desirable non-destructive, volumetric measurements, especially at larger lengthscales. Here we report a direct and general methodology retrieving important lower-truncation-order texture and phase information from acoustic (compressional elastic) wave speed measurements in different directions through the material volume (avoiding the need for forward modelling). We demonstrate its deployment with ultrasound in the laboratory, where the results from seven representative samples are successfully validated against measurements performed using neutron diffraction. The acoustic method we have developed includes both fundamental wave propagation and texture inversion theories which are free from diffraction limits, they are arbitrarily scalable in dimension, and can be rapidly deployed to measure the texture of large objects. This opens up volumetric texture characterisation capabilities in the areas of material science and beyond, for both scientific and industrial applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.037} (DOI). Lan, B.; Britton, T.; Jun, T.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Dunne, F.; Lowe, M.: Direct volumetric measurement of crystallographic texture using acoustic waves. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 159, 384-394. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.037}} @misc{alhamdany_crystallographic_texture_2018, author={Al-Hamdany, N., Brokmeier, H.-G., Salih, M., Zhong, Z., Schwebke, B., Schell, N., Gan, W.}, title={Crystallographic texture gradient along the wall thickness of an SF-copper tube}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.042}, abstract = {Metallic tubes usually show heterogeneities along circumference and through wall thickness. Local texture analysis by synchrotron diffraction and global texture analysis by neutron diffraction was used describing texture variations related to the wall thickness. Test sample was an SF-Cu tube with outer diameter of 140 mm and an average wall thickness of 10 mm. The texture is dominated by the cube component {001} 〈100〉. Other minor components are rotated cube {013} 〈100〉, Goss {011} 〈100〉, Cu {112} 〈111〉, brass {110} 〈112〉, S {123} 〈634〉. The texture gradient over the wall thickness shows a remarkable variation of the sharpness of the cube component. Other components show only little variation. Comparing samples obtained at maximum wall thickness and at minimum wall thickness one can see that the wall thickness has an influence on the global texture as well as texture gradient. Another interesting result is, that global textures measured directly by neutrons and averaged global textures, calculated from the set of local measurements by synchrotron diffraction, agree surprisingly well despite their different resolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.042} (DOI). Al-Hamdany, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Salih, M.; Zhong, Z.; Schwebke, B.; Schell, N.; Gan, W.: Crystallographic texture gradient along the wall thickness of an SF-copper tube. Materials Characterization. 2018. vol. 139, 125-133. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.02.042}} @misc{garces_influence_of_2018, author={Garces, G., Medina, J., Perez, P., Mathis, K., Horvath, K., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Influence of quasicrystal I-phase on twinning of extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloys under compression}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.060}, abstract = {The interaction of the I-phase with twins during compression has been studied in a Mg-6Zn-1Y (wt.%) alloy using the combination of Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction and Acoustic Emission experiments during compression tests. The I-phase occurs as coarse particles at grain boundaries and nanosized precipitates within magnesium grains. Their interaction with twins depends on their shape and size. The presence of coarse I-phase particles with higher Young Modulus requires an additional stress for the activation of twinning since they induce tensile residual stresses in the magnesium matrix. Besides twinning, the basal and non-basal slip systems are also activated. Non-basal slip is observed after macroscopic yield stress within twins. The fine I-phase precipitates within grains interacts with the dislocations and the twins. In the latter case a back-stress arises, which acts against the compressive applied stress. This back stress hinders the twin growth more than the effect of the coarse particles.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.060} (DOI). Garces, G.; Medina, J.; Perez, P.; Mathis, K.; Horvath, K.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Influence of quasicrystal I-phase on twinning of extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloys under compression. Acta Materialia. 2018. vol. 151, 271-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.060}} @misc{gvaramia_capillary_condensation_2018, author={Gvaramia, M., Mangiapia, G., Falus, P., Ohl, M., Holderer, O., Frielinghaus, H.}, title={Capillary condensation and gelling of microemulsions with clay additives}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.032}, abstract = {The capillary condensation in bicontinuous microemulsions takes place when two parallel surfaces are narrowed that result in a completely lamellar microemulsion. We expected that this phase transition is also observable when the amount of hydrophilic surfaces from clay particles is raised, because hydrophilic surfaces induce lamellar ordering locally. Using small angle neutron scattering, the structure of microemulsions was observed as a function of clay content. The critical concentration is indicated by discontinuous structural changes and depends on the platelet diameter and is explained by the free energy of the platelets competing with the fluctuating medium. The gel phase transition is observed in the spectroscopic measurements where the diffusion motion is widely suppressed in the gel phase, but otherwise superimposes with the membrane undulations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.032} (DOI). Gvaramia, M.; Mangiapia, G.; Falus, P.; Ohl, M.; Holderer, O.; Frielinghaus, H.: Capillary condensation and gelling of microemulsions with clay additives. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2018. vol. 525, 161-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.032}} @misc{solis_in_situ_2018, author={Solis, C., Munke, J., Bergner, M., Kriele, A., Muehlbauer, M.J., Cheptiakov, D.V., Gehrmann, B., Roesler, J., Gilles, R.}, title={In Situ Characterization at Elevated Temperatures of a New Ni-Based Superalloy VDM-780 Premium}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4761-6}, abstract = {A new Ni-base superalloy VDM-780 Premium was developed for higher service temperatures (above 650 °C), keeping the good processing characteristics of alloy 718. This article presents, for the first time, the morphology and the microstructure characterization of this newly developed superalloy VDM-780 by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and neutron and X-ray diffraction (XRD), after three different aging treatments performed for setting up different microstructures. Results show the presence of the γ-matrix, γ′-hardening phase, and a high-temperature phase whose structure is compatible with δ and η phases but whose exact crystal structure or the possibility of two different high-temperature phases still remains open. Rietveld refinements have allowed phase identification, determination of the lattice constants, and the weight fractions of constituting phases and shown that the presence of the different phases, amount, and morphology highly depend on the aging treatments. No traces of the γ″ phase are observed regardless of the heat treatment. In situ neutron diffraction (ND) studies at high temperature have allowed the determination of the solvus temperatures of the different phases present in each material after the corresponding aging treatment as well as the study of the evolution of their lattice parameters with temperature. The Vickers hardness (HV) of the three different samples was measured, and the results are correlated with the amount and particle size of the γ′-hardening phase of each sample.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4761-6} (DOI). Solis, C.; Munke, J.; Bergner, M.; Kriele, A.; Muehlbauer, M.; Cheptiakov, D.; Gehrmann, B.; Roesler, J.; Gilles, R.: In Situ Characterization at Elevated Temperatures of a New Ni-Based Superalloy VDM-780 Premium. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2018. vol. 49, no. 9, 4373-4381. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-018-4761-6}} @misc{freund_the_effect_2018, author={Freund, L.P., Stark, A., Kirchmayer, A., Schell, N., Pyczak, F., Goeken, M., Neumeier, S.}, title={The Effect of a Grain Boundary Pinning B2 Phase on Polycrystalline Co-Based Superalloys with Reduced Density}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4757-2}, abstract = {The Al/W ratio was increased in a new polycrystalline γ/γ′ Co-based superalloy in order to introduce a grain boundary pinning phase while at the same time reducing the density and increasing the oxidation resistance. The grain boundary pinning phase was identified as β-phase (B2-(Ni,Co)Al) by high-energy X-ray diffraction. The grain boundary pinning effect was confirmed to be effective up to temperatures of 1050 °C by synchrotron radiation in-situ heating experiments. The precipitation of the β phase led to a reduced γ′ volume fraction thereby decreasing the high-temperature strength. The density was lowered to 8.52 g/cm3, so the specific strength was equivalent to the strength of the reference alloy up to 750 °C. Due to the low γ′ volume fraction and the low W content, the creep resistance was also reduced compared with the reference alloy. The oxidation resistance, however, was improved by the formation of a thin, continuous Al-oxide layer during oxidation at 900 °C for 50 hours.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4757-2} (DOI). Freund, L.; Stark, A.; Kirchmayer, A.; Schell, N.; Pyczak, F.; Goeken, M.; Neumeier, S.: The Effect of a Grain Boundary Pinning B2 Phase on Polycrystalline Co-Based Superalloys with Reduced Density. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2018. vol. 49, no. 9, 4070-4078. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-018-4757-2}} @misc{solimani_nitrogen_transport_2018, author={Solimani, A., Schuetze, M., Stark, A., Galetz, M.C.}, title={Nitrogen transport through thermally grown chromia scales}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.10.007}, abstract = {Nitrogen transport through the chromia scale formed on chromium in N2-O2 atmospheres is studied. In-situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) and two-stage thermal analysis results indicated that a scale, free of physical defects, protects the substrate from nitridation. The oxygen activity (pO2) in the nitrogen containing atmosphere played a significant role in scaling kinetics, physical defect formation, and nitrogen transport behavior. Low pO2 atmospheres (pO2 ≈ 10−6 atm) provided slower scaling kinetics, fewer physical defects, and a barrier character against nitrogen transport compared to the high pO2 atmospheres such as air. Two molecular nitrogen transport mechanisms based on “wrinkling” and “micro-cracking-healing” are proposed and discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.10.007} (DOI). Solimani, A.; Schuetze, M.; Stark, A.; Galetz, M.: Nitrogen transport through thermally grown chromia scales. Corrosion Science. 2018. vol. 145, 180-190. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2018.10.007}} @misc{metwalli_conductivity_and_2018, author={Metwalli, E., Kaeppel, M.V., Schaper, S.J., Kriele, A., Gilles, R., Raftopoulos, K.N., Mueller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Conductivity and Morphology Correlations of Ionic-Liquid/Lithium-Salt/Block Copolymer Nanostructured Hybrid Electrolytes}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.7b00173}, abstract = {The most daunting challenge in solid-state polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) is to achieve high ionic conductivity close to that of the liquid electrolytes, while maintaining enhanced thermal and mechanical performances. The ionic conductivity in relation to the morphology of PEMs composed of diblock copolymer (polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide); PS-b-PEO), lithium salt (lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate; LiTf), and ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate; EMIMTf) is investigated. The optimized functional nanostructured PEMs are achieved with room-temperature ionic conductivities higher than a 1 mS cm–1 benchmark. The morphology of these microphase-separated electrolytes is composed of a major soft high ionic-conductive PEO/LiTf/IL matrix with minor glassy high-modulus PS nanodomains. The ionic-liquid upload in hybrid electrolytes inhibits the PEO crystallization, reduces the PEO glass transition temperature, promotes an extended PEO chain conformation, and enhances the solubilization of the non-dissociated lithium salt at the PS–PEO domain interfaces. These intrinsic properties caused by the ionic-liquid loading serve to achieve stable and robust nanostructured electrolyte membranes and can explain the achieved benchmark conductivity.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.7b00173} (DOI). Metwalli, E.; Kaeppel, M.; Schaper, S.; Kriele, A.; Gilles, R.; Raftopoulos, K.; Mueller-Buschbaum, P.: Conductivity and Morphology Correlations of Ionic-Liquid/Lithium-Salt/Block Copolymer Nanostructured Hybrid Electrolytes. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2018. vol. 1, no. 2, 666-675. DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.7b00173}} @misc{cobanov_effect_of_2018, author={Cobanov, I., Sarac, B., Medos, Z., Vranes, M., Gadzuric, S., Zec, N., Bester-Rogac, M.}, title={Effect of cationic structure of surface active ionic liquids on their micellization: A thermodynamic study}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.152}, abstract = {∆Mcpθ values were further discussed, regarding the removal of water molecules from contact with nonpolar surface area upon micelle formation. It can be concluded, that the ethyl- and butyl- chain on N3 position are folded during the micellization process and thus they are (at least) partially removed from contact with water.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.152} (DOI). Cobanov, I.; Sarac, B.; Medos, Z.; Vranes, M.; Gadzuric, S.; Zec, N.; Bester-Rogac, M.: Effect of cationic structure of surface active ionic liquids on their micellization: A thermodynamic study. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2018. vol. 271, 437-442. DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.152}} @misc{marzak_electrodeposited_na2nifecn6_2018, author={Marzak, P., Yun, J., Dorsel, A., Kriele, A., Gilles, R., Schneider, O., Bandarenka, A.S.}, title={Electrodeposited Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] Thin-Film Cathodes Exposed to Simulated Aqueous Na-Ion Battery Conditions}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00395}, abstract = {Na-ion batteries have recently attracted great attention regarding their application in large-scale energy storage systems. Among different types of electrode materials for those classes of batteries, so-called Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are among the very attractive ones due to their comparatively simple and low-cost methods of synthesis coupled with a promising cycle performance. In this study, one of the state-of-the-art PBA battery materials, namely electrodeposited Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] (NiHCF) thin films, were tested under simulated battery conditions in aqueous and mixed (H2O/organic) electrolytes. Prolonged stability tests in aqueous electrolytes were performed together with in-operando electrochemical AFM monitoring. It is demonstrated that degradation of this material is not associated with noticeable morphological changes (mechanical stress) but is likely caused by changes in the chemical composition of the films. Intercalation and deintercalation reversibility of Na+ and thin film stability in aqueous electrolytes appear to be unaffected negatively by changes in the pH to values below 7. However, the films showed unstable behavior in basic media (pH > 10). The increase of the content of acetonitrile, which was used as an additive to simulate the influence of antifreezes in aqueous electrolytes, appears to primarily affect the deintercalation of Na ions in Na2SO4-based aqueous electrolytes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00395} (DOI). Marzak, P.; Yun, J.; Dorsel, A.; Kriele, A.; Gilles, R.; Schneider, O.; Bandarenka, A.: Electrodeposited Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] Thin-Film Cathodes Exposed to Simulated Aqueous Na-Ion Battery Conditions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2018. vol. 122, no. 16, 8760-8768. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00395}} @misc{karge_creep_deformation_2018, author={Karge, L., Gilles, R., Mukherji, D., Stark, A., Beran, P., Schell, N., Hofmann, M., Strunz, P., Haeusler, J., Roesler, J}, title={Creep deformation of Co-Re-Ta-C alloys with varying C content–investigated in-situ by simultaneous synchrotron radiation diffraction}, year={2018}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.009}, abstract = {The creep deformation of precipitation hardened Co-Re-Ta-C alloys is investigated during in-situ synchrotron diffraction experiment at 1373 K. At room temperature, the alloys have a structure consisting of ϵ-Co (hcp) and metastably retained γ-Co (fcc) and are strengthened by precipitates of the mono-carbide of Ta, which are finely dispersed in the alloy matrix. The alloy exhibits an allotropic ϵ→γ-Co phase transformation when heating to >1173K. A lower C content in the alloy generally promotes this transformation. It is shown that this transformation is strongly influenced by application of compressive load. The transformation ϵ→γ-Co at high temperature under load leads to microstructure refinement and subsequently to dissolution of hardening precipitates. This results in a considerable acceleration of the creep rate. Further, the equilibrium ratio of γ/ϵ-Co phase is significantly altered under compressive load. This behavior is attributed to a volume relaxation as the ϵ- and γ-Co phase have different unit cell volumes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.009} (DOI). Karge, L.; Gilles, R.; Mukherji, D.; Stark, A.; Beran, P.; Schell, N.; Hofmann, M.; Strunz, P.; Haeusler, J.; Roesler, J.: Creep deformation of Co-Re-Ta-C alloys with varying C content–investigated in-situ by simultaneous synchrotron radiation diffraction. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2018. vol. 719, 124-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.02.009}} @misc{li_microstructure_evolution_2017, author={Li, Y., Pyczak, F., Paul, J., Oehring, M., Lorenz, U., Yao, Z.}, title={Microstructure evolution in L12 hardened Co-base superalloys during creep}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.362}, abstract = {The plastic deformation mechanisms and the microstructure development during creep deformation of L12-hardened Co-base superalloys show a number of unique features. The preferred orientation of rafting is determined by their positive lattice mismatch. In addition, the regular interfacial dislocation networks often found in rafted specimens of other types of superalloys do not form. While the ordered γ′-L12 precipitates are supposed to harden the material, they are actually found to be frequently cut by partial dislocations generating stacking faults. In this work, specimens from creep tests interrupted at different strains were investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. By this, it is possible to find out which of these processes take place in which stage of creep deformation. For a better understanding of creep deformation, the balance between γ′ cutting and dislocation activity within the matrix channels is of special interest.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.362} (DOI). Li, Y.; Pyczak, F.; Paul, J.; Oehring, M.; Lorenz, U.; Yao, Z.: Microstructure evolution in L12 hardened Co-base superalloys during creep. Journal of Materials Research. 2017. vol. 32, no. 24, 4522-4530. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.362}} @misc{chen_thermal_and_2017, author={Chen, Y.H., Rogstroem, L., Roa, J.J., Zhu, J.Q., Schramm, I.C., Johnson, L.J.S., Schell, N., Muecklich, F., Anglada, M.J., Oden, M.}, title={Thermal and mechanical stability of wurtzite-ZrAlN/cubic-TiN and wurtzite-ZrAlN/cubic-ZrN multilayers}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.055}, abstract = {The phase stability and mechanical properties of wurtzite (w)-Zr0.25Al0.75N/cubic (c)-TiN and w-Zr0.25Al0.75N/c-ZrN multilayers grown by arc evaporation are studied. Coherent interfaces with an orientation relation of c-TiN (111)[1-10]ǀǀw-ZrAlN (0001)[11-20] form between ZrAlN and TiN sublayers during growth of the w-ZrAlN/c-TiN multilayer. During annealing at 1100 °C a c-Ti(Zr)N phase forms at interfaces between ZrAlN and TiN, which reduces the lattice mismatch so that the coherency and the compressive strain are partially retained, resulting in an increased hardness (32 GPa) after annealing. For the w-ZrAlN/c-ZrN multilayer, there is no coherency between sublayers leading to strain relaxation during annealing causing the hardness to drop. The retained coherency between layers and the compressive strain in the w-ZrAlN/c-TiN multilayer results in superior fracture toughness compared to the w-ZrAlN/c-ZrN multilayer as revealed by cross-sectional investigations of damage events under scratch and indentation tests.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.055} (DOI). Chen, Y.; Rogstroem, L.; Roa, J.; Zhu, J.; Schramm, I.; Johnson, L.; Schell, N.; Muecklich, F.; Anglada, M.; Oden, M.: Thermal and mechanical stability of wurtzite-ZrAlN/cubic-TiN and wurtzite-ZrAlN/cubic-ZrN multilayers. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2017. vol. 324, 328-337. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.055}} @misc{gabrisch_morphology_and_2017, author={Gabrisch, H., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F., Rackel, M., Stark, A.}, title={Morphology and stability of orthorhombic and hexagonal phases in a lamellar Gamma-Ti-42Al-8.5Nb alloy-A transmission electron microscopy study}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.067}, abstract = {Intermetallic titanium aluminides are often alloyed with niobium to improve oxidation resistance and mechanical properties. Depending on the overall alloy composition and on the solubility of the present phases for niobium, new phases may be introduced in the alloys' microstructure upon niobium addition. Here we describe the microstructure of the alloy Ti-42Al-8.5Nb produced by powder metallurgy after annealing at 550 °C and 650 °C. We identify the orthorhombic O-phase within α2 laths of lamellar (α2 + γ) colonies by single crystal electron diffraction and high-resolution imaging. Domains of O-phase variants and α2 phase form columnar crystallites in α2 (0001) planes having low indexed α2 {11-20} and {1-100} interface planes. The nm-sized domains are rotated with respect to each other resulting in elastic strains across the domain boundaries. No elemental segregation of Nb was detected in α2/O-phase lamellae.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.067} (DOI). Gabrisch, H.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.; Rackel, M.; Stark, A.: Morphology and stability of orthorhombic and hexagonal phases in a lamellar Gamma-Ti-42Al-8.5Nb alloy-A transmission electron microscopy study. Acta Materialia. 2017. vol. 135, 304-313. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.067}} @misc{karge_calibrating_sans_2017, author={Karge, L., Gilles, R., Busch, S.}, title={Calibrating SANS data for instrument geometry and pixel sensitivity effects: Access to an extended Q range}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717011463}, abstract = {An improved data-reduction procedure is proposed and demonstrated for small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. Its main feature is the correction of geometry- and wavelength-dependent intensity variations on the detector in a separate step from the different pixel sensitivities: the geometric and wavelength effects can be corrected analytically, while pixel sensitivities have to be calibrated to a reference measurement. The geometric effects are treated for position-sensitive 3He proportional counter tubes, where they are anisotropic owing to the cylindrical geometry of the gas tubes. For the calibration of pixel sensitivities, a procedure is developed that is valid for isotropic and anisotropic signals. The proposed procedure can save a significant amount of beamtime which has hitherto been used for calibration measurements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717011463} (DOI). Karge, L.; Gilles, R.; Busch, S.: Calibrating SANS data for instrument geometry and pixel sensitivity effects: Access to an extended Q range. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2017. vol. 50, no. 5, 1382-1394. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576717011463}} @misc{rodrigues_microstructural_characterization_2017, author={Rodrigues, P., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Paula, A.S., Oliveira, J.P., Ribero, S.B., Texeira, E.N., Schell, N.}, title={Microstructural characterization of NiTi shape memory alloy produced by rotary hot forging}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715617000549}, abstract = {The thermomechanical processing of NiTi shape memory alloys usually involves several steps of hot and/or cold deformation. The present work presents the structural characterization of a Ni-rich NiTi alloy bar, produced by vacuum-induced melting and thermomechanical processing in laboratory scale, aiming at massive production in the future. This study focused on the first step of hot working at 800 °C during rotary forging. Microstructural characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, high- and low-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a laboratory source and synchrotron XRD. Thus, it was possible to obtain the phase transformation characteristics of the material: the transformation temperatures and the transformation sequence. Proposed thermomechanical processing is intended for production of bars and wires that will be subsequently drawn to get thin wires, for different applications, including orthodontic arch wires.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715617000549} (DOI). Rodrigues, P.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Paula, A.; Oliveira, J.; Ribero, S.; Texeira, E.; Schell, N.: Microstructural characterization of NiTi shape memory alloy produced by rotary hot forging. Powder Diffraction. 2017. vol. 32, no. S1, S 201-206. DOI: 10.1017/S0885715617000549}} @misc{dev_ion_irradiation_2017, author={Dev, B.N., Banu, N., Fassbender, J., Grenzer, J., Schell, N., Bischoff, L., Groetzschel, R., McCord, J.}, title={Ion irradiation effects on a magnetic Si/Ni/Si trilayer and lateral magnetic–nonmagnetic multistrip patterning by focused ion beam}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-017-1025-z}, abstract = {Fabrication of a multistrip magnetic/nonmagnetic structure in a thin sandwiched Ni layer [Si(5 nm)/Ni(15 nm)/Si] by a focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation has been attempted. A control experiment was initially performed by irradiation with a standard 30 keV Ga ion beam at various fluences. Analyses were carried out by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray reflectivity, magnetooptical Kerr effect (MOKE) measurements and MOKE microscopy. With increasing ion fluence, the coercivity as well as Kerr rotation decreases. A threshold ion fluence has been identified, where ferromagnetism of the Ni layer is lost at room temperature and due to Si incorporation into the Ni layer, a Ni0.68Si0.32 alloy layer is formed. This fluence was used in FIB irradiation of parallel 50 nm wide stripes, leaving 1 µm wide unirradiated stripes in between. MOKE microscopy on this FIB-patterned sample has revealed interacting magnetic domains across several stripes. Considering shape anisotropy effects, which would favour an alignment of magnetization parallel to the stripe axis, the opposite behaviour is observed. Magneto-elastic effects introducing a stress-induced anisotropy component oriented perpendicular to the stripe axis are the most plausible explanation for the observed behaviour.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s12648-017-1025-z} (DOI). Dev, B.; Banu, N.; Fassbender, J.; Grenzer, J.; Schell, N.; Bischoff, L.; Groetzschel, R.; McCord, J.: Ion irradiation effects on a magnetic Si/Ni/Si trilayer and lateral magnetic–nonmagnetic multistrip patterning by focused ion beam. Indian Journal of Physics. 2017. vol. 91, no. 10, 1167-1172. DOI: 10.1007/s12648-017-1025-z}} @misc{li_thermal_stability_2017, author={Li, Y., Pyczak, F., Oehring, M., Wang, L., Paul, J., Lorenz, U., Yao, Z.}, title={Thermal stability of Gamma′ phase in long-term aged Co-Al-W alloys}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.157}, abstract = {Three cast alloys with compositions of Co-9Al-8W-0.1B, Co-9Al-9W-0.1B and Co-9Al-11W-0.1B (all atomic percent) were aged at 900 °C for 200 h, 500 h, 1000 h, 2000 h, 5000 h and 10000 h to investigate the thermal stability of L12 type γ′-Co3(Al,W) precipitates. The microstructure during the extended ageing process was observed by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy in order to investigate the evolution of the γ/γ′ two-phase microstructure and the formation of any additional phases. It was found after 5000 h ageing that four phases, γ, γ′, D019 and B2, were present within the microstructure as identified by X-ray Diffraction combined with Transmission Electron Microscopy and Electron Backscattered Diffraction. The γ′ precipitates coarsened according to modified Lifshitz, Slyozov and Wagner theory generally. The fraction of γ′ phase decreased while that of D019 phase increased contrarily. The phase transformation process from γ′-L12 to D019 was illustrated by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Stacking faults were identified as the initial step of the decomposition of the γ′ phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.157} (DOI). Li, Y.; Pyczak, F.; Oehring, M.; Wang, L.; Paul, J.; Lorenz, U.; Yao, Z.: Thermal stability of Gamma′ phase in long-term aged Co-Al-W alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. vol. 729, 266-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.157}} @misc{fan_the_origin_2017, author={Fan, J., Li, J., Zhang, Y., Kou, H., Ghanbaja, J., Gan, W., Germain, L., Esling, C.}, title={The origin of striation in the metastable β phase of titanium alloys observed by transmission electron microscopy}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717004150}, abstract = {For the β phase of Ti-5553-type metastable β-Ti alloys, striations in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) bright- and dark-field images have been frequently observed but their origin has not been sufficiently investigated. In the present work, this phenomenon is studied in depth from the macroscopic scale by neutron diffraction to the atomic scale by high-resolution TEM. The results reveal that the β phase contains homogeneously distributed modulated structures, intermediate between that of the β phase (cubic) and that of the α phase or the ω phase (hexagonal), giving rise to the appearance of additional diffraction spots at 1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 β diffraction positions. The intermediate structure between β and α is formed by the atomic displacements on each second {110}β plane in the [\langle 1{\overline 1}0\rangle_{\beta}] direction, whereas that between β and ω is formed by atomic displacements on each second and third {112}β plane in the opposite [\langle 11{\overline 1}\rangle_{\beta }] direction. Because of these atomic displacements, the {110}β and {112}β planes become faulted, resulting in the streaking of β diffraction spots and the formation of extinction fringes in TEM bright- and dark-field images, the commonly observed striations. The present work reveals the origin of the striations and the intrinsic correlation with the additional electron reflections of the β phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717004150} (DOI). Fan, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Kou, H.; Ghanbaja, J.; Gan, W.; Germain, L.; Esling, C.: The origin of striation in the metastable β phase of titanium alloys observed by transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2017. vol. 50, no. 3, 795-804. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576717004150}} @misc{wang_influence_of_2017, author={Wang, L., Lorenz, U., Muench, M., Stark, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={Influence of alloy composition and thermal history on carbide precipitation in Gamma-based TiAl alloys}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2017.05.006}, abstract = {Carbide precipitation in TiAl alloys with different alloying element additions and thermal history was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and high energy X-ray diffraction. The results reveal that Nb addition in TiAl alloys does not increase the carbon solubility in the γ matrix significantly. With increasing carbon concentration in the alloys, a splitting of the P-type carbides takes place earlier in the course of ageing at 800 °C and the formation of H-type carbides is promoted. For a nearly single γ phase alloy Ti51Al5Nb0.5C, H-type carbides are the thermodynamically stable phase. However, with decreasing Al concentration, P-type carbides become thermodynamically stable at low carbon concentration (below 1%) in Ti45Al and Ti45Al5Nb alloys. It is feasible to achieve high thermodynamical stability of the P-type carbides in TiAl alloys through controlling alloying elements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2017.05.006} (DOI). Wang, L.; Lorenz, U.; Muench, M.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.: Influence of alloy composition and thermal history on carbide precipitation in Gamma-based TiAl alloys. Intermetallics. 2017. vol. 89, 32-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2017.05.006}} @misc{zobkalo_new_poldiproject_2017, author={Zobkalo, I., Gavrilov, S., Matveev, V., Fenske, J.}, title={New POLDI-project of reincarnation of a polarized neutron diffractometer at the reactor PIK}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/862/1/012031}, abstract = {The project of a considerable modernization of the polarized neutron diffractometer POLDI is discussed. It assumes the adoption of POLDI to a broader range of magnetic investigations such as determination of magnetic structures, detailed investigation of complex magnetic structures, studies of magnetic domains, study of the magnetization density maps, magnetic form-factor particularities, local susceptibility, etc. The flexible construction should permit to use either spherical neutron polarimetry technique or flipping ratio technique. Different types of polarization system were analyzed. Original focusing fan-like bender is proposed as polarizer unit. Our simulations give evidence that for the wavelength range 1.3 - 3 Å and with suitable size, such a device can give much better efficiency than 3He cells, which are often in use. The higher flux at the sample position of a factor of at least 3.3, with lower divergence and good polarization degree from 98% (1.3 Å) to above 94% (3 Å) makes the bender set-up favorable over the layout with a 3He-cell.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/862/1/012031} (DOI). Zobkalo, I.; Gavrilov, S.; Matveev, V.; Fenske, J.: New POLDI-project of reincarnation of a polarized neutron diffractometer at the reactor PIK. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2017. vol. 862, 012031. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/862/1/012031}} @misc{wang_morphology_evolution_2017, author={Wang, L., Zenk, C., Stark, A., Felfer, P., Gabrisch, H., Goeken, M., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F.}, title={Morphology evolution of Ti3AlC carbide precipitates in high Nb containing TiAl alloys}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.07.018}, abstract = {This work elucidates the morphology evolution of perovskite Ti3AlC carbides in a Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.75C alloy during ageing at 800 °C. The carbides in the γ matrix are initially needle-shaped with their long axis parallel to the [001] lattice direction of the γ matrix. After extended annealing, they decompose into small carbide sub-particles. By combining different transmission electron microscopy characterization methods and atom probe tomography it has been verified that the carbides first split into several parallel needles that are aligned along the [001]γ lattice direction. Later these parallel needles further decompose into numerous small sub-particles, while the matrix phase region between the sub-particles crystallographically reorients. To the authors' knowledge this is the first work which demonstrates such a precipitate splitting process in a matrix with a tetragonal crystal structure. It is proposed that the decomposition into small sub-particles is energetically favourable owing to the elastic interaction energy between the split sub-particles.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.07.018} (DOI). Wang, L.; Zenk, C.; Stark, A.; Felfer, P.; Gabrisch, H.; Goeken, M.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.: Morphology evolution of Ti3AlC carbide precipitates in high Nb containing TiAl alloys. Acta Materialia. 2017. vol. 137, 36-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.07.018}} @misc{grigorieva_structural_and_2017, author={Grigorieva, N.A., Eckerlebe, H., Eliseev, A.A., Lukashin, A.V., Napolskii, K.S., Kraje, M., Grigoriev, S.V.}, title={Structural and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite materials based on a mesoporous silicon dioxide matrix}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377611702011X}, abstract = {The structural and magnetic properties of the mesoporous systems based on silicon dioxide with a regular hexagonal arrangement of pores several microns in length and several nanometers in diameter, which are filled with iron compound nanofilaments in various chemical states, are studied in detail. The studies are performed using the following mutually complementary methods: transmission electron microscopy, SQUID magnetometry, electron spin resonance, Mössbauer spectroscopy, polarized neutron small-angle diffraction, and synchrotron radiation diffraction. It is shown that the iron nanoparticles in pores are mainly in the γ phase of Fe2O3 with a small addition of the α phase and atomic iron clusters. The effective magnetic field acting on a nanofilament from other nanofilaments is 11 mT and has a dipole nature, the ferromagnetic–paramagnetic transition temperature is in the range 76–94 K depending on the annealing temperature of the samples, and the temperature that corresponds to the change in the magnetic state of the iron oxide nanofilaments is T ≈ 50–60 K at H = 0 and T ≈ 80 K at H = 300 mT. It is also shown that the magnetization reversal of an array of nanofilaments is caused by the magnetostatic interaction between nanofilaments at the fields that are lower than the saturation field.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1134/S106377611702011X} (DOI). Grigorieva, N.; Eckerlebe, H.; Eliseev, A.; Lukashin, A.; Napolskii, K.; Kraje, M.; Grigoriev, S.: Structural and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite materials based on a mesoporous silicon dioxide matrix. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics: JETP. 2017. vol. 124, no. 3, 476-492. DOI: 10.1134/S106377611702011X}} @misc{fronczek_microstructural_and_2017, author={Fronczek, D.M., Chulist, R., Litynska-Dobrzynska, L., Lopez, G.A., Wierzbicka-Miernik, A., Schell, N., Szulc, Z., Wojewoda-Budka, J.}, title={Microstructural and Phase Composition Differences Across the Interfaces in Al/Ti/Al Explosively Welded Clads}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4169-8}, abstract = {The microstructure and phase composition of Al/Ti/Al interfaces with respect to their localization were investigated. An aluminum-flyer plate exhibited finer grains located close to the upper interface than those present within the aluminum-base plate. The same tendency, but with a higher number of twins, was observed for titanium. Good quality bonding with a wavy shape and four intermetallic phases, namely, TiAl3, TiAl, TiAl2, and Ti3Al, was only obtained at the interface closer to the explosive material. The other interface was planar with three intermetallic compounds, excluding the metastable TiAl2 phase. As a result of a 100-hour annealing at 903 K (630 °C), an Al/TiAl3/Ti/TiAl3/Al sandwich was manufactured, formed with single crystalline Al layers. A substantial difference between the intermetallic layer thicknesses was measured, with 235.3 and 167.4 µm obtained for the layers corresponding to the upper and lower interfaces, respectively. An examination by transmission electron microscopy of a thin foil taken from the interface area after a 1-hour annealing at 825 K (552 °C) showed a mixture of randomly located TiAl3 grains within the aluminum. Finally, the hardness results were correlated with the microstructural changes across the samples.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4169-8} (DOI). Fronczek, D.; Chulist, R.; Litynska-Dobrzynska, L.; Lopez, G.; Wierzbicka-Miernik, A.; Schell, N.; Szulc, Z.; Wojewoda-Budka, J.: Microstructural and Phase Composition Differences Across the Interfaces in Al/Ti/Al Explosively Welded Clads. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2017. vol. 48, no. 9, 4154-4165. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4169-8}} @misc{stanglowinska_formation_of_2017, author={Stan-Glowinska, K., Rogal, L., Goral, A., Wierzbicka-Miernik, A., Wojewoda-Budka, J., Schell, N., Litynska-Dobrzynska, L.}, title={Formation of a quasicrystalline phase in Al–Mn base alloys cast at intermediate cooling rates}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1011-z}, abstract = {Al-rich 94Al–6Mn and 94Al–4Mn–2Fe alloys were suction-cast to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining bulk quasicrystal-strengthened Al-alloys at intermediate cooling rates alloyed with non-toxic, easily accessible and affordable additions. The influence of different cooling rates on the potential formation of a quasicrystalline phase was examined by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Increased cooling rates in the thinnest castings entailed a change in sample phase composition. The highest cooling rates turned out to be insufficient to form an icosahedral quasicrystalline phase (I-phase) in the binary alloy. Instead, an orthorhombic approximant phase occurred (L-phase). The addition of Fe to the 94Al–6Mn binary alloy enhanced the formation of a quasicrystalline phase. At intermediate cooling rates of 102–103 K/s, various metastable phases were formed, including decagonal and icosahedral quasicrystals and their approximants. Rods (1 mm in diameter) composed of I-phase particles embedded in Al matrix exhibited a hardness of 1.5 GPa, much higher than the 1.1 GPa of 94Al–6Mn.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1011-z} (DOI). Stan-Glowinska, K.; Rogal, L.; Goral, A.; Wierzbicka-Miernik, A.; Wojewoda-Budka, J.; Schell, N.; Litynska-Dobrzynska, L.: Formation of a quasicrystalline phase in Al–Mn base alloys cast at intermediate cooling rates. Journal of Materials Science. 2017. vol. 52, no. 13, 7794-7807. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-017-1011-z}} @misc{witte_phase_transformations_2017, author={Witte, K., Bodnar, W., Schell, N., Fulda, G., Burkel, E.}, title={Phase transformations of stoichiometric mixtures of hematite and iron under FAST conditions}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.089}, abstract = {Since the mechanism of the synthesis of magnetite from a stoichiometric mixture of hematite and iron is still under debate, systematic studies of the phase transformations in such powder mixture processed under field assisted sintering conditions, are presented. Phase contributions, grain sizes and stoichiometries of the sintered composites were determined using scanning electron microscopy, high energy X-ray diffraction and Mößbauer spectroscopy. It was shown that with an increasing sintering temperature an accelerated growth of magnetite can be observed, while the amount of hematite decreases. Additionally, intermediate wustite phase was observed with a maximum intensity where iron vanished from the samples. Therefore, it was concluded that the transition from hematite - iron mixture to magnetite actually takes place in two steps. In the first step, iron reduces hematite to magnetite and oxidizes itself to wustite. In the second step, wustite enables the nucleation of magnetite and with the help of hematite it transforms into nearly pure stoichiometric magnetite at higher sintering temperatures. In composites sintered from pure hematite under the same conditions only a minor transition to highly nonstoichiometric magnetite was observed emphasizing the above mentioned route of transformation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.089} (DOI). Witte, K.; Bodnar, W.; Schell, N.; Fulda, G.; Burkel, E.: Phase transformations of stoichiometric mixtures of hematite and iron under FAST conditions. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. vol. 724, 728-734. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.07.089}} @misc{morak_quantifying_adsorptioninduced_2017, author={Morak, R., Braxmeier, S., Ludescher, L., Putz, F., Busch, S., Hüsing, N., Reichenauer, G., Paris, O.}, title={Quantifying adsorption-induced deformation of nanoporous materials on different length scales}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717012274}, abstract = {A new in situ setup combining small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dilatometry was used to measure water-adsorption-induced deformation of a monolithic silica sample with hierarchical porosity. The sample exhibits a disordered framework consisting of macropores and struts containing two-dimensional hexagonally ordered cylindrical mesopores. The use of an H2O/D2O water mixture with zero scattering length density as an adsorptive allows a quantitative determination of the pore lattice strain from the shift of the corresponding diffraction peak. This radial strut deformation is compared with the simultaneously measured macroscopic length change of the sample with dilatometry, and differences between the two quantities are discussed on the basis of the deformation mechanisms effective at the different length scales. It is demonstrated that the SANS data also provide a facile way to quantitatively determine the adsorption isotherm of the material by evaluating the incoherent scattering contribution of H2O at large scattering vectors.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717012274} (DOI). Morak, R.; Braxmeier, S.; Ludescher, L.; Putz, F.; Busch, S.; Hüsing, N.; Reichenauer, G.; Paris, O.: Quantifying adsorption-induced deformation of nanoporous materials on different length scales. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2017. vol. 50, no. 5, 1404-1410. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576717012274}} @misc{fronczek_microstructure_and_2017, author={Fronczek, D.M., Chulist, R., Litynska-Dobrzynska, L., Kac, S., Schell, N., Kania, Z., Szulc, Z., Wojewoda-Budka, J.}, title={Microstructure and kinetics of intermetallic phase growth of three-layered A1050/AZ31/A1050 clads prepared by explosive welding combined with subsequent annealing}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.051}, abstract = {The effect of annealing has been investigated with respect to interface microstructure and evolution of intermetallic phases in three-layered explosively welded A1050/AZ31/A1050 specimens. Both interfaces in the state after welding were characterized by wavy shape morphology with intermediate phases, which formed segmented structures. Two different morphologies consisted of equiaxed and columnar grains were observed within the Mg2Al3 phase, while the Mg17Al12 phase was built of only columnar grains. Furthermore, a small amount of Mg23Al30 was detected by X-ray synchrotron diffraction. Annealing at 350 °C strongly induced the Mg23Al30 phase development in the form of discontinuous layer between Mg2Al3 and Mg17Al12 phases after 10 h of annealing. Kinetics calculations indicated that, Mg2Al3 phase growth at 300 °C was controlled by different mechanisms according to the location: volume diffusion and chemical reaction at the upper interface and solely by volume diffusion at lower one. The growth of Mg17Al12 was governed only by volume diffusion. Furthermore, the same mechanisms were observed during annealing at 400 °C, however this heat treatment significantly changed the microstructure i.e. the grain size and shape. It was also established that the nanohardness of both Mg2Al3 and Mg17Al12 was about 350 HV.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.051} (DOI). Fronczek, D.; Chulist, R.; Litynska-Dobrzynska, L.; Kac, S.; Schell, N.; Kania, Z.; Szulc, Z.; Wojewoda-Budka, J.: Microstructure and kinetics of intermetallic phase growth of three-layered A1050/AZ31/A1050 clads prepared by explosive welding combined with subsequent annealing. Materials and Design. 2017. vol. 130, 120-130. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.051}} @misc{kashaev_effects_of_2017, author={Kashaev, N., Ventzke, V., Horstmann, M., Chupakhin, S., Riekehr, S., Falck, R., Maawad, E., Staron, P., Schell, N., Huber, N.}, title={Effects of laser shock peening on the microstructure and fatigue crack propagation behaviour of thin AA2024 specimens}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.042}, abstract = {Laser shock peening (LSP) was performed on aluminium alloy AA2024 with a thickness of 2.0 mm. Microstructural studies using the electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique were performed to quantify the micro-texture changes in the material through LSP. A residual stress analysis was performed using synchrotron radiation and a hole drilling technique. Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) tests were performed to investigate the retardation effect of LSP residual stresses. Load versus crack opening displacement curves were analysed to obtain the corrected values of load opening levels considering the effects of the residual stresses. Specimens with the LSP treatment reveal a significant retardation of the FCP. The presence of compressive residual stresses caused the crack closure effect, which increased the level of crack opening load and therefore reduced the effective load range. An original methodology to consider LSP-induced residual stresses on the FCP behaviour was proposed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.042} (DOI). Kashaev, N.; Ventzke, V.; Horstmann, M.; Chupakhin, S.; Riekehr, S.; Falck, R.; Maawad, E.; Staron, P.; Schell, N.; Huber, N.: Effects of laser shock peening on the microstructure and fatigue crack propagation behaviour of thin AA2024 specimens. International Journal of Fatigue. 2017. vol. 98, 223-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2017.01.042}} @misc{maugeri_structureactivity_relationships_2017, author={Maugeri, L., Busch, S., McLain, S.E., Pardo, L.C., Bruni, F., Ricci, M.A.}, title={Structure-activity relationships in carbohydrates revealed by their hydration}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.017}, abstract = {One of the more intriguing aspects of carbohydrate chemistry is that despite having very similar molecular structures, sugars have very different properties. For instance, there is a sensible difference in sweet taste between glucose and trehalose, even though trehalose is a disaccharide that comprised two glucose units, suggesting a different ability of these two carbohydrates to bind to sweet receptors. Here we have looked at the hydration of specific sites and at the three-dimensional configuration of water molecules around three carbohydrates (glucose, cellobiose, and trehalose), combining neutron diffraction data with computer modelling. Results indicate that identical chemical groups can have radically different hydration patterns depending on their location on a given molecule. These differences can be linked with the specific activity of glucose, cellobiose, and trehalose as a sweet substance, as building block of cellulose fiber, and as a bioprotective agent, respectively. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Recent Advances in Bionanomaterials”.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.017} (DOI). Maugeri, L.; Busch, S.; McLain, S.; Pardo, L.; Bruni, F.; Ricci, M.: Structure-activity relationships in carbohydrates revealed by their hydration. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: BBA General Subjects. 2017. vol. 1861, no. 6, 1486-1493. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.12.017}} @misc{benafan_deformation_characteristics_2017, author={Benafan, O., Garg, A., Noebe, R.D., Skorpenske, H.D., An, K., Schell, N.}, title={Deformation characteristics of the intermetallic alloy 60NiTi}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.11.003}, abstract = {The deformation behavior of a Ni-rich Ni55Ti45 (at.%) alloy, commonly known as 60NiTi (as designated in wt.%), was analyzed using neutron and synchrotron x-ray diffraction during in situ isothermal tension and compression loading, and pre and post-test electron microscopy. The alloy was shown to exhibit remarkable strength and high hardness resulting from a high density of fine Ni4Ti3 precipitates (size ∼67 nm), which were uniformly dispersed throughout the matrix after a solution treatment and oil quench. The precipitate volume fraction was 55 ± 3%, determined from both the neutron Rietveld refinement and conventional x-ray measurements. Non-linear stress-strain behavior was observed in tension (but not in compression) and was attributed to reversible stress-induced martensite (SIM) that forms to accommodate the stress as revealed by neutron diffraction measurements. The tensile and compressive neutron data also showed peak broadening and residual lattice strains. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed stress-induced coarsening of Ni4Ti3 precipitates in both tension and compression tested samples, but precipitation and growth of the stable Ni3Ti phase was observed only after tensile testing. Finally, the potential ramifications of these microstructural changes are discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.11.003} (DOI). Benafan, O.; Garg, A.; Noebe, R.; Skorpenske, H.; An, K.; Schell, N.: Deformation characteristics of the intermetallic alloy 60NiTi. Intermetallics. 2017. vol. 82, 40-52. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.11.003}} @misc{paul_depth_resolved_2017, author={Paul, J.D.H., Oehring, M., Appel, F., Pyczak, F.}, title={Depth resolved near-surface residual stresses in Gamma-based TiAl before and after high temperature exposure}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.12.014}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to gain an insight into the development of near-surface stress, which has been proposed to play a role in environmental embrittlement, as a function of depth after exposure. Investigations were performed, using both energy and angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction, to determine the residual stress as a function of depth for flat specimens made from two γ-based TiAl alloys in as-polished and exposed (700 °C/1 h/air) conditions. It has been found that large compressive stresses are present at the surface of as-polished specimens due to sub-surface deformation that remains despite careful grinding/polishing. After exposure the compressive residual stresses at depths below 0.6 μm are significantly reduced, probably due to the annealing out of deformation induced defects, but remain compressive in nature. However, within 0.6 μm from the outer surface, tensile stresses were present and reached a maximum of around +350 MPa at 0.15 μm depth. The extent to which the development of superficial tensile residual stress and reduced deeper compressive stress contribute to embrittlement remains unclear.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.12.014} (DOI). Paul, J.; Oehring, M.; Appel, F.; Pyczak, F.: Depth resolved near-surface residual stresses in Gamma-based TiAl before and after high temperature exposure. Intermetallics. 2017. vol. 84, 103-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2016.12.014}} @misc{gussone_microstructure_stability_2017, author={Gussone, J., Garces, G., Haubrich, J., Stark, A., Hagedorn, Y.-C., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={Microstructure stability of Gamma-TiAl produced by selective laser melting}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.11.028}, abstract = {The effects of intrinsic heat-treatment during selective laser melting of Ti-44.8Al-6Nb-1.0Mo-0.1B are studied and compared to extrinsic post-annealing. Phase evolution during heat-treatment of as-built samples studied by in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction showed pronounced intensity changes and peak shifts below the eutectoid temperature, which are explained by stabilization of α2 as well as transformations to γ and β/βο. These observations contrast the marginal intensity changes found for the microstructure thermodynamically stabilized by hot isostatic pressing. The intrinsic heat-treatment of the as-built state leads to graded microstructures characterized by an increase of globular γ and β/βο at the α2/γ colony boundaries.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.11.028} (DOI). Gussone, J.; Garces, G.; Haubrich, J.; Stark, A.; Hagedorn, Y.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: Microstructure stability of Gamma-TiAl produced by selective laser melting. Scripta Materialia. 2017. vol. 130, 110-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.11.028}} @misc{wierzbickamiernik_characteristics_of_2017, author={Wierzbicka-Miernik, A., Wojewoda-Budka, J., Miernik, K., Litynska-Dobrzynska, L., Schell, N.}, title={Characteristics of intermetallic phases in Cu/(Sn,Ni) diffusion couples annealed at 220 °C}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.147}, abstract = {The influence of Ni addition (5 at.%) on the morphology and chemical composition of the phases formed during solid state reaction in Cu/(Sn,Ni) diffusion couples, annealed at 220 °C for different periods of time, was investigated. Chemical analysis of the reaction zone performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) identified several intermetallic phases. Near to the copper substrate, a thin and continuous layer of the Cu3Sn phase was observed. Moving towards the (Sn,Ni) end of the diffusion couple, the (Cu1−xNix)6Sn5 phase was identified. This phase was represented by two types of structures: a discontinuous layer located close to the Cu3Sn phase, and precipitates (needles or faced) within the (Sn,Ni) end. These structures of (Cu1−xNix)6Sn5 also varied in chemical composition. The experiment with synchrotron radiation demonstrated two crystallographic variants of the Cu6Sn5 phase: high-temperature hexagonal η and low-temperature monoclinic η′; however, only the hexagonal variant was confirmed by TEM. Differences in the morphology and chemical composition of the (Cu1−xNix)6Sn5 phase were attributed to various mechanisms of their formation. The precipitates with a higher content of Ni were most probably transformed from the Ni3Sn4 phase present in the initial (Ni,Sn) end-member, while the formation of the Ni-poor layer took place as a result of diffusion at the initial interface. After the annealing experiment, the (Ni1−xCux)3Sn4 phase was observed beyond the interface area as small, irregularly distributed precipitates in the (Sn,Ni) end-member. TEM examination allowed for the precise phase characterisation of the mentioned intermetallics. Moreover, except for the strong reflections visible in SADP fitted to the hexagonal η-Cu6Sn5 phase, additional reflections were observed and assigned to the cubic Cu9NiSn3 phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.147} (DOI). Wierzbicka-Miernik, A.; Wojewoda-Budka, J.; Miernik, K.; Litynska-Dobrzynska, L.; Schell, N.: Characteristics of intermetallic phases in Cu/(Sn,Ni) diffusion couples annealed at 220 °C. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. vol. 693, 1102-1108. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.147}} @misc{erdely_effect_of_2017, author={Erdely, P., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Klose, J., Mayer, S., Clemens, H.}, title={Effect of hot rolling and primary annealing on the microstructure and texture of a Beta-stabilised Gamma-TiAl based alloy}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.056}, abstract = {Titanium aluminide alloys based on the ordered γ-TiAl phase are intermetallic materials well suited for lightweight high-temperature applications. The TNM alloys, a specific, β-solidifying group among them with a nominal composition of Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (at.-%), offer a homogeneous and fine-grained microstructure upon casting. This advantage has been exploited to develop a lab-scale hot rolling process in which a cost-effective ingot breakdown of the starting material is omitted. The present work establishes a fundamental understanding of the processes prevailing in the material during hot rolling and primary annealing. Microstructural analysis and texture measurements conducted at a synchrotron radiation source allow to study deformation, recovery, recrystallisation, as well as phase transformation mechanisms in detail. Different hot rolling procedures conducted within the (α+β) and (α+β/βo+γ) regions of the phase diagram are considered and investigated with regard to the prevalent mechanisms. Hot rolling in the (α+β) region entails an α2 phase texture novel in γ-TiAl based alloys. Hot rolling in the (α+β/βo+γ) region near the γ-solvus temperature particularly promotes the breakdown of the initial microstructure in TNM alloys. A specially designed hot rolling process prevents the accumulation of a modified cube texture component in the γ-TiAl phase that is typically linked to anisotropic mechanical properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.056} (DOI). Erdely, P.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Klose, J.; Mayer, S.; Clemens, H.: Effect of hot rolling and primary annealing on the microstructure and texture of a Beta-stabilised Gamma-TiAl based alloy. Acta Materialia. 2017. vol. 126, 145-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.056}} @misc{kononikhina_ordering_and_2017, author={Kononikhina, V., Stark, A., Gan, W., Pyczak, F., Schreyer, A.}, title={Ordering and disordering of β/βo-phase in γ-TiAl based alloys investigated by neutron diffraction}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.145}, abstract = {We used the good contrast of neutron diffraction for ordering and disordering of TiAl alloys to determine the order/disorder temperatures, which are not accessible by other methods like DSC measurements. Several binary TiAl alloys as well as alloys with additional alloying elements were used to investigate the influence of different Al concentrations and alloying additions on the occurring ordering/disordering reactions and phase transformations. As a result ordered βo phase was found only in selected ternary alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.145} (DOI). Kononikhina, V.; Stark, A.; Gan, W.; Pyczak, F.; Schreyer, A.: Ordering and disordering of β/βo-phase in γ-TiAl based alloys investigated by neutron diffraction. MRS Advances. 2017. vol. 2, no. 26, 1399-1404. DOI: 10.1557/adv.2017.145}} @misc{schell_synchrotronbased_capabilities_2017, author={Schell, N.}, title={Synchrotron-Based Capabilities for Studying Engineering Materials at PETRA-III}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2017.1316129}, abstract = {Scientists and engineers are increasingly using synchrotron radiation, largely due to its special characteristics, including high flux (intensity, high temporal resolution), low divergence (high spatial resolution, efficient focusing), linear polarization, and high penetration power. While surface-sensitive optical, electron microscopy and certain X-ray techniques (grazing incidence diffraction, reflectivity) tackle many problems, materials engineering largely relies on the volume properties of materials: residual strains and textures in the interior of building structures, overall phase composition, slip systems, etc.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2017.1316129} (DOI). Schell, N.: Synchrotron-Based Capabilities for Studying Engineering Materials at PETRA-III. Synchrotron Radiation News. 2017. vol. 30, no. 3, 29-34. DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2017.1316129}} @misc{antunescarvalho_cephalic_anatomy_2017, author={Antunes-Carvalho, C., Yavorskaya, M., Gnaspini, P., Ribera, I., Hammel, J.U., Beutel, R.G.}, title={Cephalic anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of Catops ventricosus (Weise, 1877) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae)}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0305-3}, abstract = {Adult head structures are well known in the coleopteran suborders Archostemata and Adephaga, whereas the available information is very fragmentary in the megadiverse Polyphaga, including the successful superfamily Staphylinoidea. In the present study, the cephalic morphology of the cholevine species Catops ventricosus is described in detail and documented. The results were compared to conditions occurring in other polyphagan lineages, especially staphylinoid and scarabaeoid representatives. Specific external features documented in Catops and potential autapomorphies of Leiodidae include a five-segmented antennal club with a reduced eighth antennomere and the presence of periarticular grooves filled with sensilla on antennomeres 7, 9, and 10. The firm connection of the head and pronotum is possibly an apomorphy of Cholevinae. The monophyly of Cholevinae excluding Eucatopini and Oritocatopini is supported by the apical maxillary palpomere as long as or shorter than the subapical one, and the presence of cryptic pore plates on the surface of these palpomeres—a feature described and documented here for the first time. The internal cephalic structures of Catops are mostly plesiomorphic, as for instance the complete tentorium. The pattern of the muscles is similar to what is found in other staphylinoid taxa. The unusual maxillary muscle “Mx” is likely a groundplan apomorphy of the clade Staphyliniformia + Scarabaeoidea. M. hypopharyngomandibularis (M13) was identified in Catops and is ancestral for Coleoptera, even though it is often missing. The same applies to M. tentoriohypopharyngalis (M42).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0305-3} (DOI). Antunes-Carvalho, C.; Yavorskaya, M.; Gnaspini, P.; Ribera, I.; Hammel, J.; Beutel, R.: Cephalic anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the head of Catops ventricosus (Weise, 1877) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae). Organisms Diversity and Evolution. 2017. vol. 17, no. 1, 199-212. DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0305-3}} @misc{henne_reconstructing_the_2017, author={Henne, S., Friedrich, F., Hammel, J.U., Sombke, A., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.}, title={Reconstructing the anterior part of the nervous system of Gordius aquaticus (Nematomorpha, cycloneuralia) by a multimethodological approach}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20623}, abstract = {The Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) and Nematoda (round worms) are sister taxa (together Nematoida) and closely related to Scalidophora (Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera). To date, all species were assumed to possess a specific brain type, i.e., the “cycloneuralian” brain that forms a ring-shaped neuropil around the pharynx and is composed of anteriorly and posteriorly located somata. However, descriptions of the nematomorph nervous system are rare and somewhat variable, calling in to question the validity of the cycloneuralian condition. To clarify whether there is a typical cycloneuralian pattern in the nematomorph brain, we investigated the anterior end of Gordius aquaticus with different methods: histology, immunohistochemistry and micro-CT analysis. Three-dimensional reconstructions were made from histological serial sections. The brain is composed of a central neuropil and a ring-shaped structure with associated somata. The unpaired ventral nerve cord emerges from the posteroventral part of the brain. A pharynx/esophagus is absent. In addition to the brain, a peripheral nerve plexus was detected. In summary, we interpret the architecture of the brain as potentially derived from a cycloneuralian structure, but being highly modified. The central position of the neuropil is possibly a consequence of the reduction of the anterior intestinal system as a result of the parasitic lifestyle. The ring-shaped arrangement of the somata may be a remnant of a cycloneuralian arrangement, after the two rings of somata (= cycloneuralian condition) either fused or one ring was reduced to form one massive ring-shaped structure in G. aquaticus.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20623} (DOI). Henne, S.; Friedrich, F.; Hammel, J.; Sombke, A.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, A.: Reconstructing the anterior part of the nervous system of Gordius aquaticus (Nematomorpha, cycloneuralia) by a multimethodological approach. Journal of Morphology. 2017. vol. 278, no. 1, 106-118. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20623}} @misc{iqbal_crack_nucleation_2017, author={Iqbal, F., Pyczak, F., Neumeier, S., Goeken, M.}, title={Crack nucleation and elastic / plastic deformation of TiAl alloys investigated by in-situ loaded atomic force microscopy}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.017}, abstract = {The crack propagation mechanisms of γ-titanium aluminides with fully lamellar microstructure have been studied using in-situ deformation in the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). AFM demonstrated the unique capability to detect elastic as well as plastic deformation during in-situ tests from topography changes on the surface. It was found that the crack nucleation, which can occur at γ/γ and α2/γ interfaces as well as inside the γ-phase, is always preceded by strong local elastic deformation. No cracking inside the α2-phase was observed. The elastic and plastic deformation was confined inside the γ-phase and especially pronounced near interfaces which can be explained by the differences of the elastic and plastic deformation behavior of the γ- and α2- phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.017} (DOI). Iqbal, F.; Pyczak, F.; Neumeier, S.; Goeken, M.: Crack nucleation and elastic / plastic deformation of TiAl alloys investigated by in-situ loaded atomic force microscopy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2017. vol. 689, 11-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.02.017}} @misc{stefanescu_neutron_detectors_2017, author={Stefanescu, I., Christensen, M., Fenske, J., Hall-Wilton, R.R., Henry, P., Kirstein, O., Mueller, M., Nowak, G., Pooley, D., Raspino, D., Rhodes, N., Saroun, J., Schefer, J., Schooneveld, E., Sykora, J., Schweika, W.}, title={Neutron detectors for the ESS diffractometers}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/P01019}, abstract = {The ambitious instrument suite for the future European Spallation Source whose civil construction started recently in Lund, Sweden, demands a set of diverse and challenging requirements for the neutron detectors. For instance, the unprecedented high flux expected on the samples to be investigated in neutron diffraction or reflectometry experiments requires detectors that can handle high counting rates, while the investigation of sub-millimeter protein crystals will only be possible with large-area detectors that can achieve a position resolution as low as 200 mm. This has motivated an extensive research and development campaign to advance the state-of-the-art detector and to find new technologies that can reach maturity by the time the ESS will operate at full potential. This paper presents the key detector requirements for three of the Time-of-Flight diffraction instrument concepts selected by the Scientific Advisory Committee to advance into the phase of preliminary engineering design. We discuss the available detector technologies suitable for this particular instrument class and their major challenges. The detector technologies selected by the instrument teams to collect the diffraction patterns are briefly discussed. Analytical calculations, Monte-Carlo simulations, and real experimental data are used to develop a generic method to estimate the event rate in the diffraction detectors. The proposed approach is based upon conservative assumptions that use information and input parameters that reflect our current level of knowledge and understanding of the ESS project. We apply this method to make predictions for the future diffraction instruments, and thus provide additional information that can help the instrument teams with the optimisation of the detector designs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/P01019} (DOI). Stefanescu, I.; Christensen, M.; Fenske, J.; Hall-Wilton, R.; Henry, P.; Kirstein, O.; Mueller, M.; Nowak, G.; Pooley, D.; Raspino, D.; Rhodes, N.; Saroun, J.; Schefer, J.; Schooneveld, E.; Sykora, J.; Schweika, W.: Neutron detectors for the ESS diffractometers. Journal of Instrumentation. 2017. vol. 12, P01019. DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/P01019}} @misc{barrioberovila_inducing_stable_2017, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Gussone, J., Haubrich, J., Sandloebes, S., da Silva, J.C., Cloetens, P., Schell, N., Requena, G.}, title={Inducing Stable Alpha + Beta Microstructures during Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V Using Intensified Intrinsic Heat Treatments}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030268}, abstract = {Selective laser melting is a promising powder-bed-based additive manufacturing technique for titanium alloys: near net-shaped metallic components can be produced with high resource-efficiency and cost savings. For the most commercialized titanium alloy, namely Ti-6Al-4V, the complicated thermal profile of selective laser melting manufacturing (sharp cycles of steep heating and cooling rates) usually hinders manufacturing of components in a one-step process owing to the formation of brittle martensitic microstructures unsuitable for structural applications. In this work, an intensified intrinsic heat treatment is applied during selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V powder using a scanning strategy that combines porosity-optimized processing with a very tight hatch distance. Extensive martensite decomposition providing a uniform, fine lamellar α + β microstructure is obtained along the building direction. Moreover, structural evidence of the formation of the intermetallic α2-Ti3Al phase is provided. Variations in the lattice parameter of β serve as an indicator of the microstructural degree of stabilization. Interconnected 3D networks of β are generated in regions highly affected by the intensified intrinsic heat treatment applied. The results obtained reflect a contribution towards simultaneous selective laser melting-manufacturing and heat treatment for fabrication of Ti-6Al-4V parts.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030268} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Gussone, J.; Haubrich, J.; Sandloebes, S.; da Silva, J.; Cloetens, P.; Schell, N.; Requena, G.: Inducing Stable Alpha + Beta Microstructures during Selective Laser Melting of Ti-6Al-4V Using Intensified Intrinsic Heat Treatments. Materials. 2017. vol. 10, no. 3, 268. DOI: 10.3390/ma10030268}} @misc{laipple_microstructure_of_2017, author={Laipple, D., Wang, L., Rackel, M., Stark, A., Schwebke, B., Schreyer, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={Microstructure of gas atomised Gamma-TiAl based alloy powders}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.88}, abstract = {Due to the rapid development of advanced additive manufacturing production routes in recent years, the demand of high-quality alloy powders is significantly increased. We studied gas-atomised spherical powders of several Nb-bearing γ-TiAl based alloys, Ti-45Al-10Nb and Ti-45Al-5Nb-xC in at.% (x = 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1), which were produced using the plasma melting induction guided gas atomization (PIGA) technique. The phase constitution of different powder fractions was determined by synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction at the HEMS beamline DESY (Germany), as well as by SEM, EDX and EBSD measurements. Due to the high cooling rates in the range of 105 K/s, the powder particles mainly consist of hexagonal close packed α-Ti(Al) and body centred cubic β-Ti(Al)-phase. As the cooling rate depends on the particle size, considerable amounts of the β-phase were only found in the small powder fractions (< 45 μm). The total β-phase amount was generally higher in the alloy with a higher Nb content, and also the effect of carbon as a α2-stabilizer was observed. Dendritic cauliflower-like structures are more pronounced in bigger powder particles due to the slower solidification and thus a higher Nb depletion in the remaining melt.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.88} (DOI). Laipple, D.; Wang, L.; Rackel, M.; Stark, A.; Schwebke, B.; Schreyer, A.; Pyczak, F.: Microstructure of gas atomised Gamma-TiAl based alloy powders. MRS Advances. 2017. vol. 2, no. 25, 1347-1352. DOI: 10.1557/adv.2017.88}} @misc{erdely_design_and_2017, author={Erdely, P., Staron, P., Maawad, E., Schell, N., Klose, J., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={Design and control of microstructure and texture by thermomechanical processing of a multi-phase TiAl alloy}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.030}, abstract = {Sheets made of intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys possess promising engineering properties for lightweight high-temperature applications. Due to the complexity of their manufacturing, however, they are still not fully commercialised. Recently, a manufacturing route has been introduced for β-stabilised γ-TiAl based alloys that is effectively abridged compared to the conventional ingot metallurgy route. The present work explores the impact of each proposed processing stage on a β-solidifying, multi-phase Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at.-%) alloy. Texture measurements using synchrotron radiation were conducted and combined with microstructural analyses. The experiments allowed to fundamentally correlate the processing, which included heat treatment steps for balanced mechanical properties, with the evolution of both microstructure and texture. Thereby, the influences of deformation, recovery and recrystallisation, and phase transformations could be identified. The results reveal several options to optimise the material properties within the cost-effective manufacturing route. One option discussed in depth is the layout of the temperature profile in connection with the exploitation of the prevailing phase transformations. The presented findings are expected to improve the future design of γ-TiAl based sheet manufacturing routes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.030} (DOI). Erdely, P.; Staron, P.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.; Klose, J.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Design and control of microstructure and texture by thermomechanical processing of a multi-phase TiAl alloy. Materials and Design. 2017. vol. 131, 286-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.06.030}} @misc{stebner_corrigendum_to_2017, author={Stebner, F., Szadziewski, R., Ruehr, P.T., Singh, H., Hammel, J.U., Kvifte, G.M., Rust, J.}, title={Corrigendum to: "A fossil biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from early Eocene Indian amber with a complex pheromone evaporator" published in Scientific Reports, 6 (2016) 34352}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41899}, abstract = {No abstract}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41899} (DOI). Stebner, F.; Szadziewski, R.; Ruehr, P.; Singh, H.; Hammel, J.; Kvifte, G.; Rust, J.: Corrigendum to: "A fossil biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from early Eocene Indian amber with a complex pheromone evaporator" published in Scientific Reports, 6 (2016) 34352. Scientific Reports. 2017. vol. 7, 41899. DOI: 10.1038/srep41899}} @misc{garces_effect_of_2017, author={Garces, G., Perez, P., Cabeza, S., Kabra, S., Gan, W., Adeva, P.}, title={Effect of Extrusion Temperature on the Plastic Deformation of an Mg-Y-Zn Alloy Containing LPSO Phase Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4284-6}, abstract = {The evolution of the internal strains during in situ tension and compression tests has been measured in an MgY2Zn1 alloy containing long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase using neutron diffraction. The alloy was extruded at two different temperatures to study the influence of the microstructure and texture of the magnesium and the LPSO phases on the deformation mechanisms. The alloy extruded at 623 K (350 °C) exhibits a strong fiber texture with the basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction due to the presence of areas of coarse non-recrystallised grains. However, at 723 K (450 °C), the magnesium phase is fully recrystallised with grains randomly oriented. On the other hand, at the two extrusion temperatures, the LPSO phase orients their basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction. Yield stress is always slightly higher in compression than in tension. Independently on the stress sign and the extrusion temperature, the beginning of plasticity is controlled by the activation of the basal slip system in the dynamic recrystallized grains. Therefore, the elongated fiber-shaped LPSO phase which behaves as the reinforcement in a metal matrix composite is responsible for this tension–compression asymmetry.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4284-6} (DOI). Garces, G.; Perez, P.; Cabeza, S.; Kabra, S.; Gan, W.; Adeva, P.: Effect of Extrusion Temperature on the Plastic Deformation of an Mg-Y-Zn Alloy Containing LPSO Phase Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2017. vol. 48, no. 11, 5332-5343. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4284-6}} @misc{chen_effects_of_2017, author={Chen, Y,H., Rogstroem, L., Ostach, D., Ghafoor, N., Johasson-Joesaar, M.P., Schell, N., Birch, J., Oden, M.}, title={Effects of decomposition route and microstructure on h-AlN formation rate in TiCrAlN alloys}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.299}, abstract = {The phase evolution of cubic (c), solid solution TixCr∼0.37Al1−0.37−xN alloys with x = 0.03 and 0.16, and the kinetics of the hexagonal (h)-AlN formation are studied via in situ wide angle x-ray scattering experiments during high temperature (1000–1150 °C) annealing. Spinodal decomposition was observed in Ti0.16Cr0.36Al0.48N while Ti0.03Cr0.38Al0.59N decomposes through nucleation and growth of h-AlN, c-TiN and c-CrAlN. h-AlN is formed from c-CrAlN domains in both cases and the formation rate of h-AlN depends on the stability of the c-CrAlN domains. In Ti0.16Cr0.36Al0.48N, the c-CrAlN domains are stabilized by crystallographic coherency with the surrounding c-TiCrN in a microstructure originating from spinodal decomposition. This results in lower formation rates of h-AlN for this composition. These differences are reflected in higher activation energy for h-AlN formation in Ti0.16Cr0.36Al0.48N compared to Ti0.03Cr0.38Al0.59N. It also points out different stabilities of the intermediate phase c-CrAlN during phase decomposition of TiCrAlN alloys. Additional contributions to the low activation energy for formation of h-AlN in Ti0.03Cr0.38Al0.59N stems from precipitation at grain boundaries.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.299} (DOI). Chen, Y.; Rogstroem, L.; Ostach, D.; Ghafoor, N.; Johasson-Joesaar, M.; Schell, N.; Birch, J.; Oden, M.: Effects of decomposition route and microstructure on h-AlN formation rate in TiCrAlN alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. vol. 691, 1024-1032. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.299}} @misc{schindler_changes_within_2017, author={Schindler, T., Schmutzler, T., Schmiele, M., Lin, W., Segets, D., Peukert, W., Appavou, M.-S., Kriele, A., Gilles, R., Unruh, T.}, title={Changes within the stabilizing layer of ZnO nanoparticles upon washing}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.059}, abstract = {In detail, it was observed that the diffuse acetate shell shrinks to the size of a monolayer upon washing but the acetate content of this monolayer is higher than within the diffuse shell of the particles of the native dispersion. A second washing cycle reduces the acetate concentration within the stabilizing shell and the stability of the dispersion drops accordingly. After another (third) washing cycle strong agglomeration was observed for all investigated samples.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.059} (DOI). Schindler, T.; Schmutzler, T.; Schmiele, M.; Lin, W.; Segets, D.; Peukert, W.; Appavou, M.; Kriele, A.; Gilles, R.; Unruh, T.: Changes within the stabilizing layer of ZnO nanoparticles upon washing. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2017. vol. 504, 356-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.059}} @misc{zhang_enhanced_multiscale_2017, author={Zhang, X., Wang, D., Xiao, B., Andrä, H., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Ma, Z.}, title={Enhanced multiscale modeling of macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses evolution during multi-thermo-mechanical processes}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.070}, abstract = {After several decades, it is still difficult to predict “macroscopic and microscopic (M-m)” residual stresses (RSes) in metal matrix composites (MMCs) after welding. In this work, an enhanced multiscale model is developed to predict the evolution of M-m RSes in MMCs during several thermo-mechanical processes including welding. This multiscale model is capable of handling non-zero initial M-m RSes and integrates the temperature history dependent constitutive model (THDCM) at both macroscale and microscale. Meanwhile, thermal source model of friction stir welding (FSW) is integrated. The extension to other welding thermal source is straightforward. This multiscale model is used to study the generation, inheritance, and evolution of M-m RSes in a SiC/Al composite during quenching, FSW and post-welding heat treatment (PWHT). The effects of initial M-m RSes and material constitutive models on the prediction of M-m RSes are systematically assessed. It is found that using the THDCM and taking into account the initial RSes, this multiscale model shows the best predictions of RSes in the FSW joint of MMCs. The predictions agree with the neutron diffraction measurements reasonably well. It is found that the reduction of RSes during PWHT is mainly caused by the stress relaxation during the solution treatment stage.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.070} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Wang, D.; Xiao, B.; Andrä, H.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Ma, Z.: Enhanced multiscale modeling of macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses evolution during multi-thermo-mechanical processes. Materials & Design. 2017. vol. 115, 364-378. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.11.070}} @misc{mueller_myoanatomy_of_2017, author={Mueller, M., de Sena Oliveira, I., Allner, S., Ferstl, S., Bidola, P., Mechlem, K., Fehringer, A., Hehn, L., Dierolf, M., Achterhold, K., Gleich, B., Hammel, J.U., Jahn, H., Mayer, G., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Myoanatomy of the velvet worm leg revealed by laboratory-based nanofocus X-ray source tomography}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710742114}, abstract = {X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a powerful noninvasive technique for investigating the inner structure of objects and organisms. However, the resolution of laboratory CT systems is typically limited to the micrometer range. In this paper, we present a table-top nanoCT system in conjunction with standard processing tools that is able to routinely reach resolutions down to 100 nm without using X-ray optics. We demonstrate its potential for biological investigations by imaging a walking appendage of Euperipatoides rowelli, a representative of Onychophora—an invertebrate group pivotal for understanding animal evolution. Comparative analyses proved that the nanoCT can depict the external morphology of the limb with an image quality similar to scanning electron microscopy, while simultaneously visualizing internal muscular structures at higher resolutions than confocal laser scanning microscopy. The obtained nanoCT data revealed hitherto unknown aspects of the onychophoran limb musculature, enabling the 3D reconstruction of individual muscle fibers, which was previously impossible using any laboratory-based imaging technique.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710742114} (DOI). Mueller, M.; de Sena Oliveira, I.; Allner, S.; Ferstl, S.; Bidola, P.; Mechlem, K.; Fehringer, A.; Hehn, L.; Dierolf, M.; Achterhold, K.; Gleich, B.; Hammel, J.; Jahn, H.; Mayer, G.; Pfeiffer, F.: Myoanatomy of the velvet worm leg revealed by laboratory-based nanofocus X-ray source tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: PNAS. 2017. vol. 114, no. 47, 12378-12383. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710742114}} @misc{staron_in_situ_2017, author={Staron, P., Liu, J., Riekehr, S., Schell, N., Huber, N., Kashaev, N., Mueller, M., Schreyer, A.}, title={In Situ Experiment for Laser Beam Welding of Ti Alloys Using High-Energy X-Rays}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.905.114}, abstract = {The laser beam welding (LBW) process has many advantages for industrial production; however, it still has to be optimized for two-phase Ti alloys. Phase transformations and residual stresses play a crucial role for welding these alloys. Specific questions about the development of phase content during fast heating with a laser and rapid cooling can only be addressed with time-resolved in-situ experiments, avoiding artefacts from quenching. Also the residual stress development during cooling depends on the occurring phase transformations. Thus, an LBW chamber employing a fibre laser was developed for use with high-energy X-rays from a synchrotron source. Bead-on-plate welding experiments with 2.5 mm thick samples were carried out at the HZG high-energy materials science beamline (HEMS) at DESY, Hamburg. The first experiments focused on the solid-solid phase transformations in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Moreover, residual stresses developing during cooling were studied.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.905.114} (DOI). Staron, P.; Liu, J.; Riekehr, S.; Schell, N.; Huber, N.; Kashaev, N.; Mueller, M.; Schreyer, A.: In Situ Experiment for Laser Beam Welding of Ti Alloys Using High-Energy X-Rays. Materials Science Forum, Mechanical Stress Evaluation by Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation VIII. 2017. vol. 905, 114-119. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.905.114}} @misc{hua_reply_to_2017, author={Hua, K., Zhang, Y., Kou, H., Li, J., Gan, W., Fundenberger, J.-J., Esling, C.}, title={Reply to comments on “composite structure of α phase in metastable β Ti alloys induced by lattice strain during β to α phase transformation” by prof. D. Banerjee}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.08.010}, abstract = {In this Reply we demonstrate that the nano domains reported in our paper commented by D. Banerjee cannot be the artifacts induced by hydrogen absorption from electropolishing, as assumed by D. Banerjee. The effects of two different TEM sample preparation methods (ion milling and electropholishing) were verified and compared with some results in the literature. The formation of the interface α domains in Ti-7333 in our published work has the same origin as the secondary α domains formed on the existing α in Ti-6Al-4V predicted by the 3D phase field simulations by R. Shi and Y. Z. Wang.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.08.010} (DOI). Hua, K.; Zhang, Y.; Kou, H.; Li, J.; Gan, W.; Fundenberger, J.; Esling, C.: Reply to comments on “composite structure of α phase in metastable β Ti alloys induced by lattice strain during β to α phase transformation” by prof. D. Banerjee. Scripta Materialia. 2017. vol. 141, 148-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.08.010}} @misc{karge_the_influence_2017, author={Karge, L., Gilles, R., Mukherji, D., Strunz, P., Beran, P., Hofmann, M., Gavilano, J., Keiderling, U., Dolotko, O., Kriele, A., Neubert, A., Rösler, J., Petry, W.}, title={The influence of C/Ta ratio on TaC precipitates in Co-Re base alloys investigated by small-angle neutron scattering}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.029}, abstract = {Co-Re alloys are being developed to supplement Ni-base superalloys in future gas turbines for ultra-high temperature applications. The finely distributed mono-carbide phase of TaC is an important strengthening phase in this alloy, and interacts with dislocations during high temperature creep deformation. This study aims to determine and to understand the volume fraction and size distribution of TaC precipitates in dependence of C/Ta stoichiometry and heat treatment by means of in-situ small-angle neutron scattering. At measuring temperatures of 1173 K, 1373 K and 1473 K, a stable population of fine TaC <100 nm size is formed during ageing for a wide range of C/Ta stoichiometry but with considerably different volume fraction and coarsening behavior. Important parameters for mechanical properties of the material, such as particle size distribution and inter-particle distance, were determined. It is shown that the phase transformation from γ-matrix (fcc) ↔ ε-matrix (hcp) of the Co-Re matrix has a considerable influence on the TaC precipitate formation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.029} (DOI). Karge, L.; Gilles, R.; Mukherji, D.; Strunz, P.; Beran, P.; Hofmann, M.; Gavilano, J.; Keiderling, U.; Dolotko, O.; Kriele, A.; Neubert, A.; Rösler, J.; Petry, W.: The influence of C/Ta ratio on TaC precipitates in Co-Re base alloys investigated by small-angle neutron scattering. Acta Materialia. 2017. vol. 132, 354-366. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.029}} @misc{li_crystallographic_characterization_2017, author={Li, Z., Yang, B., Zou, N., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Gan, W., Zhao, X., Zuo, L.}, title={Crystallographic Characterization on Polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga Alloys with Strong Preferred Orientation}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050463}, abstract = {Heusler type Ni-Mn-Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys can demonstrate excellent magnetic shape memory effect in single crystals. However, such effect in polycrystalline alloys is greatly weakened due to the random distribution of crystallographic orientation. Microstructure optimization and texture control are of great significance and challenge to improve the functional behaviors of polycrystalline alloys. In this paper, we summarize our recent progress on the microstructure control in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga alloys in the form of bulk alloys, melt-spun ribbons and thin films, based on the detailed crystallographic characterizations through neutron diffraction, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction. The presented results are expected to offer some guidelines for the microstructure modification and functional performance control of ferromagnetic shape memory alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10050463} (DOI). Li, Z.; Yang, B.; Zou, N.; Zhang, Y.; Esling, C.; Gan, W.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.: Crystallographic Characterization on Polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga Alloys with Strong Preferred Orientation. Materials. 2017. vol. 10, no. 5, 463. DOI: 10.3390/ma10050463}} @misc{lemos_development_of_2017, author={Lemos, G., Fredel, M.C., Pyczak, F., Tetzlaff, U.}, title={Development of a TiCp Reinforced Ni-Based Superalloy MMC, with High Creep Resistance and Reduced Weight}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.742.189}, abstract = {Ni-based superalloys, in both single and polycrystalline varieties, are extensively used in high pressure turbine blades. But contrary to single crystal variants, the polycrystalline forms present easier manufacturing and offer higher potential for improvement in metal matrix composites (MMCs). To benefit from this opportunity, an Inconel X-750 superalloy reinforced with TiC particles is proposed, having a polycrystalline microstructure and the possibility for weight reduction in turbine elements application. The metallic powder with an addition of 15 vol.% of 3.7 μmd TiC particles was prepared through low energy mixing, uniaxial pressing and sintering, followed by a triple heat treatment. The microstructure was analyzed with SEM and XRD techniques. Compressive creep tests were performed at 800 °C with 200 MPa, on both original and reinforced alloys. The study shows how the inclusion of a highly compatible particle reinforcement does not only improves the creep resistance, but also reduces the material weight, thus having potential to promote further reduction in the creep rate on turbine blades submitted to centripetal forces.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.742.189} (DOI). Lemos, G.; Fredel, M.; Pyczak, F.; Tetzlaff, U.: Development of a TiCp Reinforced Ni-Based Superalloy MMC, with High Creep Resistance and Reduced Weight. Key Engineering Materials, 21st Symposium on Composites. 2017. vol. 742, 189-196. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.742.189}} @misc{hu_combined_caloric_2017, author={Hu, Y., Li, Z., Yang, B., Qian, S., Gan, W., Gong, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, D., Liu, J., Zhao, X., Zuo, L., Wang, D., Du, Y.}, title={Combined caloric effects in a multiferroic Ni–Mn–Ga alloy with broad refrigeration temperature region}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4980161}, abstract = {Solid-state refrigeration based on the caloric effects is promising to replace the traditional vapor-compressing refrigeration technology due to environmental protection and high efficiency. However, the narrow working temperature region has hindered the application of these refrigeration technologies. In this paper, we propose a method of combined caloric, through which a broad refrigeration region can be realized in a multiferroic alloy, Ni–Mn–Ga, by combining its elastocaloric and magnetocaloric effects. Moreover, the materials’ efficiency of elastocaloric effect has been greatly improved in our sample. These results illuminate a promising way to use multiferroic alloys for refrigeration with a broad refrigeration temperature region.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4980161} (DOI). Hu, Y.; Li, Z.; Yang, B.; Qian, S.; Gan, W.; Gong, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhao, D.; Liu, J.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.; Wang, D.; Du, Y.: Combined caloric effects in a multiferroic Ni–Mn–Ga alloy with broad refrigeration temperature region. APL Materials. 2017. vol. 5, 046103. DOI: 10.1063/1.4980161}} @misc{greving_nanotomography_endstation_2017, author={Greving, I., Ogurreck, M., Marschall, F., Last, A., Wilde, F., Dose, T., Burmester, H., Lottermoser, L., Mueller, M., David, C., Beckmann, F.}, title={Nanotomography endstation at the P05 beamline: Status and perspectives}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/849/1/012056}, abstract = {The Imaging Beamline IBL/P05 at the DESY storage ring PETRA III, operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, has two dedicated endstations optimized for micro- and nanotomography experiments [1-3]. Here we present the status of the nanotomography endstation, highlight the latest instrumentation upgrades and present first experimental results. In particular in materials science, where structures with ceramics or metallic materials are of interest, X-ray energies of 15 keV and above are required even for sample sizes of several 10 μm in diameter. The P05 imaging beamline is dedicated to materials science and is designed to allow for imaging applications with X-ray energies of 10 to 50 keV. In addition to the full field X-ray microscopy setup, the layout of the nanotomography endstation allows switching to cone-beam configuration. Kinematics for X-ray optics like compound refractive lenses (CRLs), Fresnel zone plates (FZP) or beam-shaping optics are implemented and the installation of a Kirkpatrick Baez-mirror (KB mirror) system is foreseen at a later stage of the beamline development. Altogether this leads to a high flexibility of the nanotomography setup such that the instrument can be tailored to the specific experimental requirements of a range of sample systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/849/1/012056} (DOI). Greving, I.; Ogurreck, M.; Marschall, F.; Last, A.; Wilde, F.; Dose, T.; Burmester, H.; Lottermoser, L.; Mueller, M.; David, C.; Beckmann, F.: Nanotomography endstation at the P05 beamline: Status and perspectives. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2017. vol. 849, 012056. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/849/1/012056}} @misc{hua_composite_structure_2017, author={Hua, K., Zhang, Y., Kou, H., Li, J., Gan, W., Fundenberger, J., Esling, C.}, title={Composite structure of α phase in metastable β Ti alloys induced by lattice strain during β to α phase transformation}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.051}, abstract = {The β to α phase transformation of Ti alloys progresses in a displacive-diffusive mixed-mode. The associated transformation strain has important influence on the resultant microstructure. In this work, the microstructural features of α precipitates in a metastable β Ti alloy, Ti-7333, were thoroughly investigated. Special attention was paid to the intragranular α for the advantage of a stress-free transformation environment. Results show that the constituents of each α precipitate is not single. Two kinds of nano-sized α domains exist. One is situated on the broad face of the major α precipitate (named interface α), and the other goes through the major α (termed penetrating α). The interface α is related with the β matrix by the Burgers orientation relationship (BOR) and with the major α by a 60°/ rotation. The nucleation of such α particles is induced by the largest shear strain generated by the formation of the major α. They act as stress-associated sympathetic nuclei of the neighboring α precipitates and eventually contribute to the formation of the triangular α cluster. The penetrating α does not obey the BOR with the β matrix but is related with the major α by a 60° rotation around another axis. The nucleation of such α is induced by the largest normal strain generated by the formation of the main α plate. This work provides comprehensive information on the displacive characters of the β to α transformation and their impact on the microstructure of metastable β Ti alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.051} (DOI). Hua, K.; Zhang, Y.; Kou, H.; Li, J.; Gan, W.; Fundenberger, J.; Esling, C.: Composite structure of α phase in metastable β Ti alloys induced by lattice strain during β to α phase transformation. Acta Materialia. 2017. vol. 132, 307-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2017.04.051}} @misc{wilhelm_cycling_capacity_2017, author={Wilhelm, J., Seidlmayer, S., Keil, P., Schuster, J., Kriele, A., Gilles, R., Jossen, A.}, title={Cycling capacity recovery effect: A coulombic efficiency and post-mortem study}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.090}, abstract = {The analysis of lithium-ion battery aging relies on correct differentiation between irreversible and reversible capacity changes. Anode overhang regions have been observed to influence Coulombic Efficiency (CE) measurements through lithium diffusion into and out of these areas, complicating precise capacity determination. This work presents an analysis of the extent of graphite anode overhang lithiation after calendar storage by means of local X-ray diffraction (XRD), CE measurements, and color change analysis. We found LiC12 lithiation of the anode overhang area after 20 month storage at 40 °C at high state of charge (SoC) and partial lithiation (LiC18) at medium SoC storage at 40 °C and 25 °C. Graphite color changes in the overhang areas are observed and consistent with the state of lithiation measured by XRD. Coulombic efficiencies greater than unity and increasing capacity during 1200 h of cycling are detected for high SoC storage cells. The capacity difference between high and low storage SoC batteries decreases by up to 40 mAh (3.6% of nominal capacity) after cycling compared to tests directly after storage. Consequently, the size of the anode overhang areas as well as the battery storage temperature and duration need to be considered in CE analysis and state of health assessment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.090} (DOI). Wilhelm, J.; Seidlmayer, S.; Keil, P.; Schuster, J.; Kriele, A.; Gilles, R.; Jossen, A.: Cycling capacity recovery effect: A coulombic efficiency and post-mortem study. Journal of Power Sources. 2017. vol. 365, 327-338. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.090}} @misc{oliveira_production_of_2017, author={Oliveira, J.P., Duarte, J.F., Inacio, P., Schell, N., Miranda, R.M., Santos, T.G.}, title={Production of Al/NiTi composites by friction stir welding assisted by electrical current}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.038}, abstract = {Composite Al structures reinforced with NiTi have been produced by solid-state joining process in order to prevent brittle intermetallics to form. For this, friction stir welding (FSW) was used in both the conventional and the hybrid variant assisted by electrical current. The hybrid process allows for a better bonding along the NiTi/Al interface since the material viscoplasticity promoted by the higher temperatures achieved during the process facilitates the material flow around the reinforcement. Mechanical characterization of the composites showed that upon bending and pull-out tests, the composites produced by FSW assisted by electrical current have increasing mechanical properties. Microstructural characterization using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, revealed that composites produced with the hybrid process exhibited a different transformation temperature of the NiTi reinforcements. The originally fully austenitic NiTi presented both martensite and austenite at room temperature after processing, which can be taken as an advantage for applications where damping capacity of the shape memory alloy is required. The ability to successfully join NiTi to Al may open new structural applications based on these composites.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.038} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Duarte, J.; Inacio, P.; Schell, N.; Miranda, R.; Santos, T.: Production of Al/NiTi composites by friction stir welding assisted by electrical current. Materials and Design. 2017. vol. 113, 311-318. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.10.038}} @misc{vieweg_phase_evolution_2017, author={Vieweg, A., Povoden-Karadeniz, E., Ressel, G., Prevedel, P., Wojcik, T., Mendez-Martin, F., Stark, A., Keckes, J., Kozeschnik, E.}, title={Phase evolution and carbon redistribution during continuous tempering of martensite studied with high resolution techniques}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.09.065}, abstract = {Using high resolution techniques, such as, 3D atom probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation, the continuous tempering process of a 50CrMo4 steel is analyzed. Differences of continuous heating compared to isothermal holding at certain tempering temperatures are discussed. Focus is laid on in-depth characterization of phase development and carbon redistribution effects, such as, segregation and clustering. The results of this work suggest that segregation is the dominant effect at low temperatures (< 150 °C), while cluster formation within these segregated areas is prominent at intermediate temperatures (150–250 °C). Epsilon carbide is formed during continuous heating with off-stoichiometric chemical composition (270–350 °C). It transforms finally into cementite (T > 350 °C).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2017.09.065} (DOI). Vieweg, A.; Povoden-Karadeniz, E.; Ressel, G.; Prevedel, P.; Wojcik, T.; Mendez-Martin, F.; Stark, A.; Keckes, J.; Kozeschnik, E.: Phase evolution and carbon redistribution during continuous tempering of martensite studied with high resolution techniques. Materials and Design. 2017. vol. 136, 214-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.09.065}} @misc{zinth_inhomogeneity_and_2017, author={Zinth, V., von Lüders, C., Wilhelm, J., Erhard, S.V., Hofmann, M., Seidlmayer, S., Rebelo-Kornmeier, J., Gan, W., Jossen, A., Gilles, R.}, title={Inhomogeneity and relaxation phenomena in the graphite anode of a lithium-ion battery probed by in situ neutron diffraction}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.060}, abstract = {In this study, lithium gradients forming in the graphite anode of a commercial 18650-type lithium-ion battery during discharge and the associated relaxation processes after discharge were monitored by neutron diffraction. The experiments reveal the coexistence of several Li1-xC6 phases with different lithium contents during discharge, which can be explained by the formation of an inhomogeneity or lithium gradient in the graphite anode. The observed inhomogeneity is more pronounced at higher discharging rates, but at low temperatures it appears at a rate as low as C/10. After discharge, the inhomogeneity gradually disappears and the coexisting phases diminish in favor of one or several Li1-xC6 phases with close to mean lithium content. At room temperature these relaxation processes take 20–40 min with the main changes in the first 10 min. In contrast, at −20 °C changes are still observed after 11 h. The observed phenomena can be explained by a faster delithiation of the graphite particles than the equilibration of the resulting lithium gradient by lithium diffusion in the solid phase during discharge.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.060} (DOI). Zinth, V.; von Lüders, C.; Wilhelm, J.; Erhard, S.; Hofmann, M.; Seidlmayer, S.; Rebelo-Kornmeier, J.; Gan, W.; Jossen, A.; Gilles, R.: Inhomogeneity and relaxation phenomena in the graphite anode of a lithium-ion battery probed by in situ neutron diffraction. Journal of Power Sources. 2017. vol. 361, 54-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.060}} @misc{schuster_microstructure_of_2017, author={Schuster, R., Schafler, E., Schell, N., Kunz, M., Abart, R.}, title={Microstructure of calcite deformed by high-pressure torsion: An X-ray line profile study}, year={2017}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.10.015}, abstract = {Calcite aggregates were deformed to high strain using high-pressure torsion and applying confining pressures of 1–6 GPa and temperatures between room temperature and 450 °C. The run products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and key microstructural parameters were extracted employing X-ray line profile analysis. The dominant slip system was determined as r{101¯4}⟨2¯021⟩ with edge dislocation character. The resulting dislocation density and the size of the coherently scattering domains (CSD) exhibit a systematic dependence on the P-T conditions of deformation. While high pressure generally impedes recovery through reducing point defect mobility, the picture is complicated by pressure-induced phase transformations in the CaCO3 system. Transition from the calcite stability field to those of the high-pressure polymorphs CaCO3-II, CaCO3-III and CaCO3-IIIb leads to a change of the microstructural evolution with deformation. At 450 °C and pressures within the calcite stability field, dislocation densities and CSD sizes saturate at shear strains exceeding 10 in agreement with earlier studies at lower pressures. In the stability field of CaCO3-II, the dislocation density exhibits a more complex behavior. Furthermore, at a given strain and strain rate, the dislocation density increases and the CSD size decreases with increasing pressure within the stability fields of either calcite or of the high-pressure polymorphs. There is, however, a jump from high dislocation densities and small CSDs in the upper pressure region of the calcite stability field to lower dislocation densities and larger CSDs in the low-pressure region of the CaCO3-II stability field. This jump is more pronounced at higher temperatures and less so at room temperature. The pressure influence on the deformation-induced evolution of dislocation densities implies that pressure variations may change the rheology of carbonate rocks. In particular, a weakening is expected to occur at the transition from the calcite to the CaCO3-II stability field, if aragonite does not form.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.10.015} (DOI). Schuster, R.; Schafler, E.; Schell, N.; Kunz, M.; Abart, R.: Microstructure of calcite deformed by high-pressure torsion: An X-ray line profile study. Tectonophysics. 2017. vol. 721, 448-461. DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.10.015}} @misc{saroun_neutron_optics_2016, author={Saroun, J., Fenske, J., Rouijaa, M., Beran, P., Navratil, J., Lukas, P., Schreyer, A., Strobl, M.}, title={Neutron optics concept for the materials engineering diffractometer at the ESS}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012011}, abstract = {The Beamline for European Materials Engineering Research (BEER) has been recently proposed to be built at the European Spallation Source (ESS). The presented concept of neutron delivery optics for this instrument addresses the problems of bi-spectral beam extraction from a small moderator, optimization of neutron guides profile for long-range neutron transport and focusing at the sample under various constraints. They include free space before and after the guides, a narrow guide section with gaps for choppers, closing of direct line of sight and cost reduction by optimization of the guides cross-section and coating. A system of slits and exchangeable focusing optics is proposed in order to match various wavelength resolution options provided by the pulse shaping and modulation choppers, which permits to efficiently trade resolution for intensity in a wide range. Simulated performance characteristics such as brilliance transfer ratio are complemented by the analysis of the histories of "useful" neutrons obtained by back tracing neutrons hitting the sample, which helps to optimize some of the neutron guide parameters such as supermirror coating.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012011} (DOI). Saroun, J.; Fenske, J.; Rouijaa, M.; Beran, P.; Navratil, J.; Lukas, P.; Schreyer, A.; Strobl, M.: Neutron optics concept for the materials engineering diffractometer at the ESS. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016. vol. 746, no. 1, 012011. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012011}} @misc{desenaoliveira_earliest_onychophoran_2016, author={de Sena Oliveira, I., Bai, M., Jahn, H., Gross, V., Martin, C., Hammel, J.U., Zhang, W., Mayer, G.}, title={Earliest Onychophoran in Amber Reveals Gondwanan Migration Patterns}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.023}, abstract = {The anomalous occurrence of supposedly Gondwanan taxa in Laurasian-derived regions remains an intriguing chapter of paleobiogeographical history. Representatives of Peripatidae, a major subgroup of velvet worms (Onychophora), show a disjointed distribution in the neotropics, tropical Africa, and Southeast Asia, the latter being the only landmass previously associated with Laurasia [1 and 2]. The arrival of these animals in Southeast Asia is explained by two alternative, albeit not mutually exclusive, hypotheses: an early migration via Europe before continental drift (Eurogondwana hypothesis) or transportation via insular India during the Cretaceous and Paleogene (“out-of-India” hypothesis) [3, 4, 5 and 6]. The latter hypothesis is based on a single extant species of Peripatidae, Typhloperipatus williamsoni, in India. †Cretoperipatus burmiticus from Myanmar is the oldest fossil onychophoran found in amber [ 7], dating to sometime between the two proposed scenarios, and hence crucial for clarifying how Gondwanan lineages of these low-vagility animals reached Southeast Asia (see also Supplemental Information). Based on the anatomical reconstruction of †C. burmiticus using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray microtomography (SRμCT) and comparisons with extant taxa, we resolved this fossil species within Onychophora, particularly within Peripatidae, with T. williamsoni as its closest extant relative. This suggests that an early Eurogondwanan migration of peripatids was the most likely event, as Burmese amber is too old to be compatible with the out-of-India hypothesis. Moreover, peripatids probably colonized India only recently from Myanmar, refuting the putative Gondwanan relict status of Indian onychophorans. Finally, preservation artifacts identified in the novel amber material might have a major impact on studies of onychophoran stem and/or crown groups.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.023} (DOI). de Sena Oliveira, I.; Bai, M.; Jahn, H.; Gross, V.; Martin, C.; Hammel, J.; Zhang, W.; Mayer, G.: Earliest Onychophoran in Amber Reveals Gondwanan Migration Patterns. Current Biology. 2016. vol. 26, no. 19, 2594-2601. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.023}} @misc{vispa_a_robust_2016, author={Vispa, A., Busch, S., Tamarit, J.L., Unruh, T., Fernandez-Alonso, F., Pardo, L.C.}, title={A robust comparison of dynamical scenarios in a glass-forming liquid}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP05143F}, abstract = {We use Bayesian inference methods to provide fresh insights into the sub-nanosecond dynamics of glycerol, a prototypical glass-forming liquid. To this end, quasielastic neutron scattering data as a function of temperature have been analyzed using a minimal set of underlying physical assumptions. On the basis of this analysis, we establish the unambiguous presence of three distinct dynamical processes in glycerol, namely, translational diffusion of the molecular centre of mass and two additional localized and temperature-independent modes. The neutron data also provide access to the characteristic length scales associated with these motions in a model-independent manner, from which we conclude that the faster (slower) localized motions probe longer (shorter) length scales. Careful Bayesian analysis of the entire scattering law favors a heterogeneous scenario for the microscopic dynamics of glycerol, where molecules undergo either the faster and longer or the slower and shorter localized motions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP05143F} (DOI). Vispa, A.; Busch, S.; Tamarit, J.; Unruh, T.; Fernandez-Alonso, F.; Pardo, L.: A robust comparison of dynamical scenarios in a glass-forming liquid. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2016. vol. 18, no. 5, 3975-3981. DOI: 10.1039/C5CP05143F}} @misc{paul_on_the_2016, author={Paul, J.D.H., Hoppe, R., Appel, F.}, title={On the Bauschinger Effect in TiAl Alloys}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.10.036}, abstract = {The Bauschinger effect has been investigated at room temperature on a multiphase titanium aluminide alloy based on γ(TiAl). The effect of strain reversal was assessed by comparing uni-directional tensile tests with those performed on specimens made from pre-compressed material. This deformation sequence has the advantage that both the forward and reverse parts of the Bauschinger cycle are in tension, i.e., they are not affected by non-axial deformation, buckling or specimen end constraint. The results suggest that no permanent softening develops upon strain reversal whereas significant transient softening is present. The effect seems to be caused by heterogeneities in the deformed state due to the multiphase constitution of the material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.10.036} (DOI). Paul, J.; Hoppe, R.; Appel, F.: On the Bauschinger Effect in TiAl Alloys. Acta Materialia. 2016. vol. 104, 101-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.10.036}} @misc{appel_modeling_concepts_2016, author={Appel, F., Clemens, H., Fischer, F.D.}, title={Modeling concepts for intermetallic titanium aluminides}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.01.001}, abstract = {Intermetallic titanium aluminide alloys based on the ordered face-centred tetragonal γ(TiAl)-phase represent a good example how fundamental and applied research along with industrial development can lead to a new and innovative class of advanced engineering materials. After almost three decades of intensive R&D activities γ(TiAl)-based alloys have matured from “laboratory curiosities” to novel structural light-weight materials which eventually found their applications in aerospace and automotive industries. Their advantage is mainly seen in low density (3.9–4.2 g/cm3), high specific yield strength and stiffness, good oxidation and ignition resistance, combined with good creep properties up to high temperatures. Particularly at temperatures between 600 °C and 800 °C γ(TiAl)-based alloys are superior to Ti-based alloys in terms of their specific strength. Compared to the heavier Ni-based alloys below 800 °C, their specific yield strength is at least similar. Therefore, the particular constitution and extremely fine microstructure of these alloys are illustrated by several high-resolution transmission electron micrographs. The mechanical properties seem to be largely affected by the evolution of internal stresses and off-stoichiometric deviations of the majority γ(TiAl)-phase. Novel experimental approaches are described that could characterize the relevant deformation mechanisms. The combination of these results with the concepts of continuum mechanics and continuum thermodynamics has allowed developing models to describe thermomechanically controlled processes. A selection of such models is introduced and explained in a comprehensive way. While early modeling attempts were successfully undertaken to elucidate selected aspects of physical metallurgy of Ti-Al alloys, many experimental findings, particularly for modern multi-phase alloys based on γ(TiAl) with rather complex constitution and microstructure are still waiting for explanation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.01.001} (DOI). Appel, F.; Clemens, H.; Fischer, F.: Modeling concepts for intermetallic titanium aluminides. Progress in Materials Science. 2016. vol. 81, 55-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.01.001}} @misc{fronczek_structural_properties_2016, author={Fronczek, D.M., Wojewoda-Budka, J., Chulist, R., Sypien, A., Korneva, A., Szulc, Z., Schell, N., Zieba, P.}, title={Structural properties of Ti/Al clads manufactured by explosive welding and annealing}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.087}, abstract = {The paper presents a comprehensive study on the titanium and aluminum clads manufactured by explosive welding. Particularly, the microstructure evolution of the Al/Ti interface at 825 K and various annealing time was examined. In the state directly after explosive welding, the wavy morphology of the connection was locally composed of four intermetallic phases: TiAl3, TiAl2, TiAl and Ti3Al, forming small and peninsula-like morphology (vortex). The annealing process mainly caused growth of the TiAl3 phase as a continuous layer. The studies of the growth kinetics showed four stages: incubation period (up to 1.5 h), the growth govern by the chemical reaction (1.5–5 h), mixed mechanism of chemical reaction and volume diffusion and finally the volume diffusion growth (36–100 h). The orientation maps revealed significant differences concerning the microstructure and texture of welded metals. Directly after explosive welding process, aluminum possessed a typical rolled texture, while in titanium intensive twinning was observed. After annealing, due to the secondary recrystallization, abnormal grain growth was observed in aluminum, while in titanium annihilation of deformation twins took place. The hardness profile made across the welded area after annealing showed the highest values between 365–750 HV in vortex regions at the Al/Ti interface.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.087} (DOI). Fronczek, D.; Wojewoda-Budka, J.; Chulist, R.; Sypien, A.; Korneva, A.; Szulc, Z.; Schell, N.; Zieba, P.: Structural properties of Ti/Al clads manufactured by explosive welding and annealing. Materials and Design. 2016. vol. 91, 80-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.087}} @misc{fenske_beerthe_beamline_2016, author={Fenske, J., Rouijaa, M., Saroun, J., Kampmann, R., Staron, P., Nowak, G., Pilch, J., Beran, P., Strunz, P., Sittner, P., Brokmeier, H.-G., Ryukhtin, V., Kaderavek, L., Strobl, M., Mueller, M., Lukas, P., Schreyer, A.}, title={BEER-The Beamline for European Materials Engineering Research at ESS}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012009}, abstract = {The Beamline for European Materials Engineering Research (BEER) will be built at the European Spallation Source (ESS). The diffractometer utilizes the high brilliance of the long-pulse neutron source and offers high instrument flexibility. It includes a novel chopper technique that extracts several short pulses out of the long pulse, leading to substantial intensity gain of up to an order of magnitude compared to pulse shaping methods for materials with high crystal symmetry. This intensity gain is achieved without compromising resolution. Materials of lower crystal symmetry or multi-phase materials will be investigated by additional pulse shaping methods. The different chopper set-ups and advanced beam extracting techniques offer an extremely broad intensity/resolution range. Furthermore, BEER offers an option of simultaneous SANS or imaging measurements without compromising diffraction investigations. This flexibility opens up new possibilities for in-situ experiments studying materials processing and performance under operation conditions. To fulfil this task, advanced sample environments, dedicated to thermo-mechanical processing, are foreseen.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012009} (DOI). Fenske, J.; Rouijaa, M.; Saroun, J.; Kampmann, R.; Staron, P.; Nowak, G.; Pilch, J.; Beran, P.; Strunz, P.; Sittner, P.; Brokmeier, H.; Ryukhtin, V.; Kaderavek, L.; Strobl, M.; Mueller, M.; Lukas, P.; Schreyer, A.: BEER-The Beamline for European Materials Engineering Research at ESS. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016. vol. 746, no. 1, 012009. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/746/1/012009}} @misc{oliveira_high_strain_2016, author={Oliveira, J.P., Miranda, R.M., Schell, N., Braz Fernandes, F.M.}, title={High strain and long duration cycling behavior of laser welded NiTi sheets}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.10.013}, abstract = {The use of NiTi in complex shaped components for structural applications is limited by the material cost and machinability and adequate joining techniques have been investigated to minimize the thermal cycle effect on the superelastic and shape memory effects exhibited by NiTi. Laser welding is the most used joining process for this material. However, existing studies mainly address the functional properties of laser welded NiTi wires, and the superelastic cycling tests are limited to either a low number of cycles (maximum 100) or to low strains (below 6%). This paper discusses the results of the cycling behavior exhibited by laser butt welded 1 mm thick NiTi plates, when tested to high strains (up to 10%) and for a large number of cycles (600). The superelastic effect was observed and the microstructural changes induced by the laser welding procedure, namely the extension of the thermal affected regions, were seen to influence the evolution of the accumulated irrecoverable strain. Thus, it is possible, by controlling the heat input introduced during welding, to tune the maximum superelastic recovery presented by NiTi laser welds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.10.013} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Miranda, R.; Schell, N.; Braz Fernandes, F.: High strain and long duration cycling behavior of laser welded NiTi sheets. International Journal of Fatigue. 2016. vol. 83, no. 2, 195-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2015.10.013}} @misc{stebner_a_fossil_2016, author={Stebner, F., Szadziewski, R., Ruehr, P.T., Singh, H., Hammel, J.U., Kvifte, G.M., Rust, J.}, title={A fossil biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from early Eocene Indian amber with a complex pheromone evaporator}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34352}, abstract = {The life-like fidelity of organisms captured in amber is unique among all kinds of fossilization and represents an invaluable source for different fields of palaeontological and biological research. One of the most challenging aspects in amber research is the study of traits related to behaviour. Here, indirect evidence for pheromone-mediated mating behaviour is recorded from a biting midge (Ceratopogonidae) in 54 million-year-old Indian amber. Camptopterohelea odora n. sp. exhibits a complex, pocket shaped structure on the wings, which resembles the wing folds of certain moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and scent organs that are only known from butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) so far. Our studies suggests that pheromone releasing structures on the wings have evolved independently in biting midges and might be much more widespread in fossil as well as modern insects than known so far.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34352} (DOI). Stebner, F.; Szadziewski, R.; Ruehr, P.; Singh, H.; Hammel, J.; Kvifte, G.; Rust, J.: A fossil biting midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from early Eocene Indian amber with a complex pheromone evaporator. Scientific Reports. 2016. vol. 6, 34352. DOI: 10.1038/srep34352}} @misc{oliveira_residual_stress_2016, author={Oliveira, J.P., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Miranda, R.M., Schell, N., Ocana, J.L.}, title={Residual stress analysis in laser welded NiTi sheets using synchrotron X-ray diffraction}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.137}, abstract = {Synchrotron radiation was used for fine probing the different regions of a laser welded NiTi joint. Measurements were taken at 0.2 mm intervals, starting in the non-thermal affected material, through the heat affected zone, the fusion zone and again across the heat affected zone finishing in the base material. Along the longitudinal direction the residual stresses were found to be always tensile in the heat affected and fusion zones; along the transversal direction, an inversion of the stress states was found. The magnitude of the residual stresses was found to be more significant in the transversal direction due to constraints imposed during welding. The heat introduced during welding has a stress relief effect on the cold-rolled base material, although it does not promote any solid-state transformation. The effect of the heat input on the residual stress pattern and magnitude was identified and it was seen that high heat input leads to a higher magnitude of the residual stresses in the weld and the stress relief effect is observed over a larger extension from the weld centerline. This paper presents the first experimental study on the determination of residual stresses on laser welded NiTi shape memory alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.137} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Miranda, R.; Schell, N.; Ocana, J.: Residual stress analysis in laser welded NiTi sheets using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Materials and Design. 2016. vol. 100, 180-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.137}} @misc{rackel_orthorhombic_phase_2016, author={Rackel, M.W., Stark, A., Gabrisch, H., Schell, N., Schreyer, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={Orthorhombic phase formation in a Nb-rich Gamma-TiAl based alloy – An in situ synchrotron radiation investigation}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.09.030}, abstract = {Novel low aluminium, high niobium containing γ-TiAl based alloys, such as Ti-42Al-8.5Nb (at.%), can exhibit an excellent combination of high-temperature strength and ductility. Nano scaled modulated microstructures consisting of lamellae with a tweed substructure are believed to contribute to the balanced properties. These tweed-like appearing lamellae are an arrangement of multiple stable or metastable phases with at least one orthorhombic constituent. Due to the crystallographic similarity of these orthorhombic phases to the hexagonal α2-Ti3Al and cubic B2 ordered βo-TiAl phases an unambiguous identification of their crystal structure and formation path is difficult. By using in situ high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) measurements, the nature of the orthorhombic phases involved as well as their formation paths were directly observed and identified in the temperature range between 550 °C and 700 °C. Calculations and Rietveld analysis based on the in situ data showed that the crystal structure of the newly formed orthorhombic phase is comparable to that of the O phase but deviates from the ideal stoichiometric composition (Ti2AlNb). The formation of the orthorhombic phase out of the α2 phase was monitored in situ.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.09.030} (DOI). Rackel, M.; Stark, A.; Gabrisch, H.; Schell, N.; Schreyer, A.; Pyczak, F.: Orthorhombic phase formation in a Nb-rich Gamma-TiAl based alloy – An in situ synchrotron radiation investigation. Acta Materialia. 2016. vol. 121, 343-351. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.09.030}} @misc{jin_interaction_of_2016, author={Jin, L., Haramus, V.M., Liu, F., Xiao, J., Eckerlebe, H., Willumeit-Roemer, R.}, title={Interaction of a biosurfactant, Surfactin with a cationic Gemini surfactant in aqueous solution}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.044}, abstract = {The interaction between biosurfactant Surfactin and cationic Gemini surfactant ethanediyl-1,3-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) (abbreviated as 12-3-12) was investigated using turbidity, surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Analysis of critical micelle concentration (CMC) values in Surfactin/12-3-12 mixture indicates that there is synergism in formation of mixed Surfactin/12-3-12 micelles. Although Surfactin and 12-3-12 are oppositely charged in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH7.4), there are no precipitates observed at the concentrations below the CMC of Surfactin/12-3-12 system. However, at the concentration above CMC value, the Surfactin/12-3-12 mixture is severely turbid with high 12-3-12 content. DLS and SANS measurements follow the size and shape changes of mixed Surfactin/12-3-12 aggregates from small spherical micelles via elongated aggregates to large bulk complexes with increasing fraction of Gemini surfactant.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.044} (DOI). Jin, L.; Haramus, V.; Liu, F.; Xiao, J.; Eckerlebe, H.; Willumeit-Roemer, R.: Interaction of a biosurfactant, Surfactin with a cationic Gemini surfactant in aqueous solution. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2016. vol. 481, 201-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.044}} @misc{oliveira_on_the_2016, author={Oliveira, J.P., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Miranda, R.M., Schell, N.}, title={On the mechanisms for martensite formation in YAG laser welded austenitic NiTi}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-016-0058-z}, abstract = {Extensive work has been reported on the microstructure of laser-welded NiTi alloys either superelastic or with shape memory effect, motivated by the fact that the microstructure affects the functional properties. However, some effects of laser beam/material interaction with these alloys have not yet been discussed. This paper aims to discuss the mechanisms for the occurrence of martensite in the heat-affected zone and in the fusion zone at room temperature, while the base material is fully austenitic. For this purpose, synchrotron radiation was used together with a simple thermal analytic mathematical model. Two distinct mechanisms are proposed for the presence of martensite in different zones of a weld, which affects the mechanical and functional behavior of a welded component.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s40830-016-0058-z} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Miranda, R.; Schell, N.: On the mechanisms for martensite formation in YAG laser welded austenitic NiTi. Shape Memory and Superelasticity. 2016. vol. 2, no. 1, 114-120. DOI: 10.1007/s40830-016-0058-z}} @misc{korneva_grain_refinement_2016, author={Korneva, A., Straumal, B., Chulist, R., Kilmametov, A., Bala, P., Cios, G., Schell, N., Zieba, P.}, title={Grain refinement of intermetallic compounds in the Cu–Sn system under high pressure torsion}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.059}, abstract = {The Cu–36 wt% Sn alloy was subjected to the high pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature. Before deformation the microstructure was composed of alternating coarse-grained plates of the ζ and ε compounds (Hume-Rothery electronic phases). HPT led, as usual, to the strong grain refinement and increase of dislocation density. However, the macroscopic shape of ζ and ε plates remained unchanged. It means that the refinement took place in each phase individually, i.e. inside the respective ζ and ε plates. High angle grain boundaries are more pronounced in ε phase. This unusual behavior of the alloy is connected with a high hardness of the ζ and ε intermetallic compounds.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.059} (DOI). Korneva, A.; Straumal, B.; Chulist, R.; Kilmametov, A.; Bala, P.; Cios, G.; Schell, N.; Zieba, P.: Grain refinement of intermetallic compounds in the Cu–Sn system under high pressure torsion. Materials Letters. 2016. vol. 179, 12-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.059}} @misc{henao_the_structure_2016, author={Henao, A., Busch, S., Guardia, E., Tamarit, J.L., Pardo, L.C.}, title={The structure of liquid water beyond the first hydration shell}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP00720A}, abstract = {To date there is a general consensus on the structure of the first coordination shells of liquid water, namely tetrahedral short range order of molecules. In contrast, little is known about the structure at longer distances and the influence of the tetrahedral molecular arrangement of the first shells on the order at these length scales. An expansion of the distance dependent excess entropy is used in this contribution to find out which molecular arrangements are important at each distance range. This was done by splitting the excess entropy into two parts: one connected to the relative position of two molecules and the other one related to their relative orientation. A transition between two previously unknown regimes in liquid water is identified at a distance of about ∼6 Å: from a predominantly orientational order at shorter distances to a regime at larger distances of up to ∼9 Å where the order is predominantly positional and molecules are distributed with the same tetrahedral symmetry as the very first molecules.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP00720A} (DOI). Henao, A.; Busch, S.; Guardia, E.; Tamarit, J.; Pardo, L.: The structure of liquid water beyond the first hydration shell. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2016. vol. 18, no. 28, 19420-19425. DOI: 10.1039/C6CP00720A}} @misc{erdely_in_situ_2016, author={Erdely, P., Schmoelzer, T., Schwaighofer, E., Staron, P., Stark, A., Liss, K.-D., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={In Situ Characterization Techniques Based on Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons Applied for the Development of an Engineering Intermetallic Titanium Aluminide Alloy}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met6010010}, abstract = {Challenging issues concerning energy efficiency and environmental politics require novel approaches to materials design. A recent example with regard to structural materials is the emergence of lightweight intermetallic TiAl alloys. Their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, low density and high stiffness constitute a profile perfectly suitable for their application as advanced aero-engine turbine blades or as turbocharger turbine wheels in next-generation automotive engines. As the properties of TiAl alloys during processing as well as during service are dependent on the phases occurring, detailed knowledge of their volume fractions and distribution within the microstructure is of paramount importance. Furthermore, the behavior of the individual phases during hot deformation and subsequent heat treatments is of interest to define reliable and cost-effective industrial production processes. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction methods allow tracing the evolution of phase fractions over a large temperature range. Neutron diffraction unveils information on order-disorder transformations in TiAl alloys. Small-angle scattering experiments offer insights into the materials’ precipitation behavior. This review attempts to shine a light on selected in situ diffraction and scattering techniques and the ways in which they promoted the development of an advanced engineering TiAl alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met6010010} (DOI). Erdely, P.; Schmoelzer, T.; Schwaighofer, E.; Staron, P.; Stark, A.; Liss, K.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: In Situ Characterization Techniques Based on Synchrotron Radiation and Neutrons Applied for the Development of an Engineering Intermetallic Titanium Aluminide Alloy. Metals. 2016. vol. 6, no. 1, 10. DOI: 10.3390/met6010010}} @misc{chen_lithiationdriven_structural_2016, author={Chen, R., Maawad, E., Knapp, M., Ren, S., Beran, P., Witter, R., Hempelmann, R.}, title={Lithiation-driven structural transition of VO2F into disordered rock-salt LixVO2F}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA14276A}, abstract = {We synthesize a new vanadium oxyfluoride VO2F (rhombohedral, R[3 with combining macron]c) through a simple one-step ball-milling route and demonstrate its promising lithium storage properties with a high theoretical capacity of 526 mA h g−1. Similar to V2O5, VO2F transfers into an active disordered rock-salt (Fm[3 with combining macron]m) phase after initial cycling against the lithium anode, as confirmed by diffraction and spectroscopic experiments. The newly formed nanosized LixVO2F remains its crystal structure over further cycling between 4.1 and 1.3 V. A high capacity of 350 mA h g−1 at 2.5 V was observed at 25 °C and 50 mA g−1. Furthermore, superior performance was observed for VO2F in comparison with a commercial crystalline V2O5, in terms of discharge voltage, voltage hysteresis and reversible capacity.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA14276A} (DOI). Chen, R.; Maawad, E.; Knapp, M.; Ren, S.; Beran, P.; Witter, R.; Hempelmann, R.: Lithiation-driven structural transition of VO2F into disordered rock-salt LixVO2F. RSC Advances. 2016. vol. 6, no. 69, 65112-65118. DOI: 10.1039/C6RA14276A}} @misc{schmiele_structural_characterization_2016, author={Schmiele, M., Busch, S., Morhenn, H., Schindler, T., Schmutzler, T., Schweins, R., Lindner, P., Boesecke, P., Westermann, M., Steiniger, F., Funari, S.S., Unruh, T.}, title={Structural Characterization of Lecithin-Stabilized Tetracosane Lipid Nanoparticles - Part II: Suspensions}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02520}, abstract = {Using photon correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, microcalorimetry, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS), the structure of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) stabilized colloidal tetracosane suspensions was studied from the molecular level to the microscopic scale as a function of the temperature. The platelike nanocrystals exhibit a for tetracosane unusual orthorhombic low-temperature crystal structure. The corresponding WAXS pattern can be reproduced with a predicted orthorhombic unit cell (space group Pca21), which usually occurs only for much longer even-numbered n-alkanes. Special emphasis was placed on the structure of the DMPC stabilizer layer covering the nanocrystals. Their structure was investigated by SAXS and SANS, using suspensions with different neutron scattering contrasts. As for the emulsions in part I the crystallized nanoparticles are covered by a DMPC monolayer. Their significant smaller thickness of 10.5 Å (for the emulsions in part I: 16 Å) could be related to a more tilted orientation of the DMPC molecules to cover the expanded surface of the crystallized nanoparticles.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02520} (DOI). Schmiele, M.; Busch, S.; Morhenn, H.; Schindler, T.; Schmutzler, T.; Schweins, R.; Lindner, P.; Boesecke, P.; Westermann, M.; Steiniger, F.; Funari, S.; Unruh, T.: Structural Characterization of Lecithin-Stabilized Tetracosane Lipid Nanoparticles - Part II: Suspensions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2016. vol. 120, no. 24, 5513-5526. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02520}} @misc{schmiele_structural_characterization_2016, author={Schmiele, M., Busch, S., Morhenn, H., Schindler, T., Schmutzler, T., Schweins, R., Lindner, P., Boesecke, P., Westermann, M., Steiniger, F., Funari, S.S., Unruh, T.}, title={Structural Characterization of Lecithin-Stabilized Tetracosane Lipid Nanoparticles - Part I: Emulsions}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02519}, abstract = {The structure of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) stabilized colloidal tetracosane emulsions was investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering, using emulsions with different neutron scattering contrasts. Special emphasis was placed on the structure of the DMPC stabilizer layer covering the emulsion droplets. A monolayer, structurally similar to a half DMPC bilayer, with a thickness of 16 Å is found. Thereby, the phosphocholine headgroups arrange flat at the oil-water interface. A deep penetration of the tetracosane oil into the stabilizer layer can be ruled out.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02519} (DOI). Schmiele, M.; Busch, S.; Morhenn, H.; Schindler, T.; Schmutzler, T.; Schweins, R.; Lindner, P.; Boesecke, P.; Westermann, M.; Steiniger, F.; Funari, S.; Unruh, T.: Structural Characterization of Lecithin-Stabilized Tetracosane Lipid Nanoparticles - Part I: Emulsions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2016. vol. 120, no. 24, 5505-5512. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02519}} @misc{witte_a_detailed_2016, author={Witte, K., Bodnar, W., Mix, T., Schell, N., Fulda, G., Woodcock, T.G., Burkel, E.}, title={A detailed study on the transition from the blocked to the superparamagnetic state of reduction-precipitated iron oxide nanoparticles}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.11.074}, abstract = {Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by salt-assisted solid-state chemical precipitation method with alternating fractions of the ferric iron content. The physical properties of the precipitated nanoparticles mainly consisting of magnetite were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy, high energy X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. With particle sizes ranging from 16.3 nm to 2.1 nm, a gradual transition from the blocked state to the superparamagnetic state was observed. The transition was described as a dependence of the ferric iron content used during the precipitation. Composition, mean particle size, coercivity, saturation polarisation, as well as hyperfine interaction parameters and their evolution were studied systematically over the whole series of iron oxide nanoparticles.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.11.074} (DOI). Witte, K.; Bodnar, W.; Mix, T.; Schell, N.; Fulda, G.; Woodcock, T.; Burkel, E.: A detailed study on the transition from the blocked to the superparamagnetic state of reduction-precipitated iron oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2016. vol. 403, 103-113. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.11.074}} @misc{chen_highperformance_lowtemperature_2016, author={Chen, R., Ren, S., Mu, X., Maawad, E., Zander, S., Hempelmann, R., Hahn, H.}, title={High-Performance Low-Temperature Li+ Intercalation in Disordered Rock-Salt Li–Cr–V Oxyfluorides}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600033}, abstract = {At −10 °C and 26 mA g−1, Li2Cr0.2V0.8O2F can deliver a stable high capacity of 250 mAh g−1 (or 690 Wh kg−1) over 60 cycles. Even at −20 °C and a current density of 106 mA g−1, it still delivers a steady capacity and specific energy of about 160 mAh g−1 and 400 Wh kg−1, respectively, over 100 cycles. Superior performance of Li2Cr0.2V0.8O2F over Li2VO2F and Li2CrO2F is related to its structural stability and electronic properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600033} (DOI). Chen, R.; Ren, S.; Mu, X.; Maawad, E.; Zander, S.; Hempelmann, R.; Hahn, H.: High-Performance Low-Temperature Li+ Intercalation in Disordered Rock-Salt Li–Cr–V Oxyfluorides. ChemElectroChem. 2016. vol. 3, no. 6, 892-895. DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600033}} @misc{maawad_influence_of_2016, author={Maawad, E., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Ventzke, V., Riekehr, S., Brokmeier, H.-G., Kashaev, N., Mueller, M.}, title={Influence of crystallographic texture on the microstructure, tensile properties and residual stress state of laser-welded titanium joints}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.148}, abstract = {Preferred grain orientations (crystallographic texture) of base materials could influence on mechanical properties, microstructure and residual stresses of welded joints. This should be considered for design purposes, in particular for materials having non-cubic crystal structures. A multitude of experiments have been carried out in this field of study without considering the crystallographic texture based anisotropy of base materials. In the present work, commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) rolled sheets were laser welded along various directions with respect to the sample orientations, namely rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD) and 45° to RD. Three-dimensional strain profiles and the local texture around the weld were measured by neutron diffraction. Furthermore, grain orientation mapping within the base material, the heat-affected zone and the fusion zone was investigated using the electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. The results revealed that tensile properties of the samples are different, while no significant statistical differences in residual stresses were observed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.148} (DOI). Maawad, E.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Ventzke, V.; Riekehr, S.; Brokmeier, H.; Kashaev, N.; Mueller, M.: Influence of crystallographic texture on the microstructure, tensile properties and residual stress state of laser-welded titanium joints. Materials and Design. 2016. vol. 101, 137-145. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.148}} @misc{kolb_local_mechanical_2016, author={Kolb, M., Wheeler, J.M., Mathur, H.N., Neumeier, S., Korte-Kerzel, S., Pyczak, F., Michler, J., Goeken, M.}, title={Local mechanical properties of the (Beta0+Omega0) composite in multiphase titanium aluminides studied with nanoindentation at room and high temperatures}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.026}, abstract = {High temperature nanoindentation was conducted on a Ti‐44.5Al-6.25Nb-0.8Mo-0.1B (in at.%) alloy from room temperature up to 600 °C to determine the temperature dependence of the local mechanical properties of the individual phases in a multiphase titanium aluminide alloy. The hardness of the (β0+ω0) composite is the highest among all phases and remains constant with increasing temperature, thus the (β0+ω0) composite does not decrease the strength of the alloy even at near service temperatures. A Burgers vector analysis in TEM of the deformed volume under the residual imprints after indentation at room temperature and 600 °C showed that the plastic deformation occurs mainly by <111>-type dislocations in the β0 phase. The high hardness of the (β0+ω0) composite can be attributed to a hardening effect of ω0 precipitates.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.026} (DOI). Kolb, M.; Wheeler, J.; Mathur, H.; Neumeier, S.; Korte-Kerzel, S.; Pyczak, F.; Michler, J.; Goeken, M.: Local mechanical properties of the (Beta0+Omega0) composite in multiphase titanium aluminides studied with nanoindentation at room and high temperatures. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2016. vol. 665, 135-140. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.04.026}} @misc{johnston_on_the_2016, author={Johnston, A.J., Busch, S., Pardo, L.C., Callear, S.K., Biggin, P.C., McLain, S.E.}, title={On the atomic structure of cocaine in solution}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP06090G}, abstract = {Cocaine is an amphiphilic drug which has the ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, a combination of neutron diffraction and computation has been used to investigate the atomic scale structure of cocaine in aqueous solutions. Both the observed conformation and hydration of cocaine appear to contribute to its ability to cross hydrophobic layers afforded by the BBB, as the average conformation yields a structure which might allow cocaine to shield its hydrophilic regions from a lipophilic environment. Specifically, the carbonyl oxygens and amine group on cocaine, on average, form ∼5 bonds with the water molecules in the surrounding solvent, and the top 30% of water molecules within 4 Å of cocaine are localized in the cavity formed by an internal hydrogen bond within the cocaine molecule. This water mediated internal hydrogen bonding suggests a mechanism of interaction between cocaine and the BBB that negates the need for deprotonation prior to interaction with the lipophilic portions of this barrier. This finding also has important implications for understanding how neurologically active molecules are able to interact with both the blood stream and BBB and emphasizes the use of structural measurements in solution in order to understand important biological function.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP06090G} (DOI). Johnston, A.; Busch, S.; Pardo, L.; Callear, S.; Biggin, P.; McLain, S.: On the atomic structure of cocaine in solution. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2016. vol. 18, no. 2, 991-999. DOI: 10.1039/C5CP06090G}} @misc{caneloyubero_load_partition_2016, author={Canelo-Yubero, D., Requena, G., Sket, F., Poletti, C., Warchomicka, F., Daniels, J., Schell, N., Stark, A.}, title={Load partition and microstructural evolution during in situ hot deformation of Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn alloys}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.059}, abstract = {Two Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn alloys, with globular and lamellar microstructures, are deformed at 750 °C during tensile and compression tests. The lamellar microstructure shows softening and higher peak stress values than the globular microstructure as a consequence of the Hall–Petch effect. In-situ high energy synchrotron diffraction experiments allow characterization of the load partition between α- and β-phases, plastic deformation mechanisms and texture evolution. The α-phase deforms mainly by rotation while the β-phase deforms by misorientation formation, acting merely as load transfer agent. The Taylor factor evolution of the α-phase and the annihilation of dislocations are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The Taylor factor is connected to both the softening observed in the alloy with the lamellar microstructure and the texture development.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.059} (DOI). Canelo-Yubero, D.; Requena, G.; Sket, F.; Poletti, C.; Warchomicka, F.; Daniels, J.; Schell, N.; Stark, A.: Load partition and microstructural evolution during in situ hot deformation of Ti–6Al–6V–2Sn alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2016. vol. 657, 244-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.01.059}} @misc{czaja_martensitic_transition_2016, author={Czaja, P., Szczerba, M.J., Chulist, R., Balanda, M., Przewoznik, J., Chumlyakov, Y.I., Schell, N., Kapusta, Cz., Maziarz, W.}, title={Martensitic transition, structure and magnetic anisotropy of martensite in Ni-Mn-Sn single crystal}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.059}, abstract = {The structural and magnetic properties of Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 single crystal were investigated. The alloy undergoes martensitic transformation at 308 K from the austenite phase to the structurally modulated tetragonal 4M martensite phase with lattice parameters a4M = 6.177 Å, c4M = 5.669 Å. The alloy shows 7.9% pre-strain upon uniaxial compression along the 〈001〉 direction, which is near the theoretical 8.2% maximum twinning strain. Magnetization measurements reveal that the magnetic anisotropy of the martensite phase is uniaxial with the easy magnetization axis corresponding to the shortest c axis of the tetragonally distorted unit cell, while its a axis is the hard magnetization direction. The magnetic anisotropy constant Ku saturates at low temperature around 7 × 104 J/m3 and then gradually decreases with increasing temperature as the system approaches the Curie temperature of martensite at 215 K.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.059} (DOI). Czaja, P.; Szczerba, M.; Chulist, R.; Balanda, M.; Przewoznik, J.; Chumlyakov, Y.; Schell, N.; Kapusta, C.; Maziarz, W.: Martensitic transition, structure and magnetic anisotropy of martensite in Ni-Mn-Sn single crystal. Acta Materialia. 2016. vol. 118, 213-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.059}} @misc{oliveira_martensite_stabilization_2016, author={Oliveira, J.P., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Schell, N., Miranda, R.M.}, title={Martensite stabilization during superelastic cycling of laser welded NiTi plates}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.107}, abstract = {Superelastic behavior of laser welded NiTi is significantly different from the original base material due to microstructural changes introduced during welding. These are responsible for a higher accumulated irrecoverable strain during mechanical cycling. In order to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the evolution of the accumulated irrecoverable strain on superelastic laser welded NiTi, detailed synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis was performed. Welded samples were analyzed as-welded, after 4 cycles at 10% strain and after 600 cycles at 10% strain. As-welded sample had thermally stabilized martensite in the heat affected and fusion zones due to the welding procedure. It was observed that after 4 cycles, stabilization of the stress induced martensite occurred in a massive way in the thermal affected regions, due to the introduction of defects which prevented the reverse transformation upon unloading. After 600 cycles no significant changes were observed in the thermal affected regions. However, evidence of martensite stabilization in the base material, which was originally fully austenitic, near the heat affected zone was observed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.107} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Schell, N.; Miranda, R.: Martensite stabilization during superelastic cycling of laser welded NiTi plates. Materials Letters. 2016. vol. 171, 273-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.107}} @misc{wieland_structure_of_2016, author={Wieland, D.C.F., Degen, P., Zander, T., Gayer, S., Raj, A., An, J., Dedinaite, A., Claesson, P., Willumeit-Roemer, R.}, title={Structure of DPPC–hyaluronan interfacial layers – effects of molecular weight and ion composition}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SM01708D}, abstract = {Hyaluronan and phospholipids play an important role in lubrication in articular joints and provide in combination with glycoproteins exceptionally low friction coefficients. We have investigated the structural organization of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) Langmuir layers at the solution-air interface at different length scales with respect to the adsorption of hyaluronan (HA). This allows us to assemble a comprehensive picture of the adsorption and the resulting structures, and how they are affected by the molecular weight of HA and the presence of calcium ions. Brewster angle microscopy and grazing incident diffraction were used to determine the lateral structure at the micro- and macro scale. The data reveals an influence of HA on both the macro and micro structure of the DPPC Langmuir layer, and that the strength of this effect increases with decreasing molecular weight of HA and in presence of calcium ions. Furthermore, from X-ray reflectivity measurements we conclude that HA adsorbs to the hydrophilic part of DPPC, but data also suggest that two types of interfacial structures are formed at the interface. We argue that hydrophobic forces and electrostatic interactions play important rules for the association between DPPC and HA. Surface pressure area isotherms were used to determine the influence of HA on the phase behavior of DPPC while electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to gain insight into the binding of calcium ions to DPPC vesicles and hyaluronan.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SM01708D} (DOI). Wieland, D.; Degen, P.; Zander, T.; Gayer, S.; Raj, A.; An, J.; Dedinaite, A.; Claesson, P.; Willumeit-Roemer, R.: Structure of DPPC–hyaluronan interfacial layers – effects of molecular weight and ion composition. Soft Matter. 2016. vol. 12, no. 3, 729-740. DOI: 10.1039/C5SM01708D}} @misc{blumenhagen_polarization_transfer_2016, author={Blumenhagen, K.-H., Fritzsche, S., Gassner, T., Gumberidze, A., Maertin, R., Schell, N., Seipt, D., Spillmann, U., Surzhykov, A., Trotsenko, S., Weber, G., Yerokhin, V.A., Stoehlker, T.}, title={Polarization transfer in Rayleigh scattering of hard x-rays}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/10/103034}, abstract = {We report on the first elastic hard x-ray scattering experiment where the linear polarization characteristics of both the incident and the scattered radiation were observed. Rayleigh scattering was investigated in a relativistic regime by using a high-Z target material, namely gold, and a photon energy of 175 keV. Although the incident synchrotron radiation was nearly 100% linearly polarized, at a scattering angle of $\theta =90^\circ $ we observed a strong depolarization for the scattered photons with a degree of linear polarization of $+0.27 \% \pm 0.12 \% $ only. This finding agrees with second-order quantum electrodynamics calculations of Rayleigh scattering, when taking into account a small polarization impurity of the incident photon beam which was determined to be close to 98%. The latter value was obtained independently from the elastic scattering by analyzing photons that were Compton-scattered in the target. Moreover, our results indicate that when relying on state-of-the-art theory, Rayleigh scattering could provide a very accurate method to diagnose polarization impurities in a broad region of hard x-ray energies.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/10/103034} (DOI). Blumenhagen, K.; Fritzsche, S.; Gassner, T.; Gumberidze, A.; Maertin, R.; Schell, N.; Seipt, D.; Spillmann, U.; Surzhykov, A.; Trotsenko, S.; Weber, G.; Yerokhin, V.; Stoehlker, T.: Polarization transfer in Rayleigh scattering of hard x-rays. New Journal of Physics. 2016. vol. 18, no. 10, 103034. DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/18/10/103034}} @misc{lang_evolution_of_2016, author={Lang, D., Karge, L., Schatte, J., Gilles, R., Dallinger, R., Weissensteiner, I., Staron, P., Knabl, W., Primig, S., Clemens, H.}, title={Evolution of strain-induced hafnium carbides in a molybdenum base Mo–Hf–C alloy studied by small-angle neutron scattering and complementary methods}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.282}, abstract = {The powder metallurgically processed molybdenum base alloy MHC (Mo–Hf–C), with a nominal content of 0.65 at.% Hf and 0.65 at.% C, is of considerable interest for high temperature applications. After uniaxial deformation and subsequent aging of the as-sintered material, plate-like, nm-sized hafnium carbides are formed by heterogeneous nucleation at dislocations. The main focus of this work was to study the evolution of the size distribution of these small hafnium carbides and to gain statistically reliable data from a large volume regarding the morphology and the volume fractions using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments for samples aged at 1600 °C for different times. Additionally, complementary methods were used to support the SANS results. Hardness testing, two-stage interrupted compression tests, optical light microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used for further characterization of the aged MHC microstructures and as complementary methods to the SANS measurements. The small-angle neutron scattering investigations revealed anisotropic 2D patterns in relation to the loading direction of the deformed samples which were assigned to not fully compressed pores. It was possible to analyze the thickness distribution of the fine hafnium carbides due to streak formation of the scattering patterns caused by an orientation relationship between face centered cubic hafnium carbides and the body centered cubic molybdenum matrix. The evolution of the microstructure and hardness are in good agreement with the results of the small-angle neutron scattering measurements. The highest hardness was revealed after aging for 1 min at 1600 °C exhibiting small hafnium carbides with a mean diameter of ∼13 nm, a mean plate-thickness of ∼3 nm and a volume fraction of 0.05 vol%. Although, the volume fraction of these carbides was increasing with progressing aging time the hardness dropped due to recovery, recrystallization as well as increasing particle size.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.282} (DOI). Lang, D.; Karge, L.; Schatte, J.; Gilles, R.; Dallinger, R.; Weissensteiner, I.; Staron, P.; Knabl, W.; Primig, S.; Clemens, H.: Evolution of strain-induced hafnium carbides in a molybdenum base Mo–Hf–C alloy studied by small-angle neutron scattering and complementary methods. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016. vol. 688, 619-631. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.282}} @misc{soininen_dynamics_of_2016, author={Soininen, A.J., Appavou, M.-S., Frykstrand, S., Welch, K., Khaneft, M., Kriele, A., Bellissent-Funel, M.-C., Stroemme, M., Wuttke, J.}, title={Dynamics of water confined in mesoporous magnesium carbonate}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971285}, abstract = {We have measured the dynamics of water confined in a porous magnesium carbonate material, Upsalite®, using the high-resolution neutron backscattering spectrometer SPHERES. We found quasielastic scattering that does not flatten out up to 360 K, which means that the dynamics of water are much slower than in other matrix materials. Specifically, a single Lorentzian line could be fitted to the quasielastic part of the acquired spectra between 220 and 360 K. This, accompanied by an elastic line from dynamically frozen water present at all experimental temperatures, even above the melting point, signaled a significant amount of bound or slow water.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971285} (DOI). Soininen, A.; Appavou, M.; Frykstrand, S.; Welch, K.; Khaneft, M.; Kriele, A.; Bellissent-Funel, M.; Stroemme, M.; Wuttke, J.: Dynamics of water confined in mesoporous magnesium carbonate. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2016. vol. 145, no. 23, 234503. DOI: 10.1063/1.4971285}} @misc{li_effect_of_2016, author={Li, Z., Zou, N., Yang, B., Gan, W., Hou, L., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Hofmann, M., Zhao, X., Zuo, L.}, title={Effect of compressive load on the martensitic transformation from austenite to 5M martensite in a polycrystalline Ni–Mn-Ga alloy studied by in-situ neutron diffraction}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.090}, abstract = {In this study, the influences of uniaxial compressive load on martensitic transformation from austenite to 5M martensite were studied in a directionally solidified Ni–Mn-Ga polycrystalline alloy with coexisting <0 0 1>A and <1 1 0>A preferred orientations parallel to the solidification direction (SD). Based on the neutron diffraction, the direct evidence on the variant redistribution induced by the thermal-mechanical treatment was presented and the selection of preferential variants was found to be strongly dependent on the austenite orientation. For the austenite with a <0 0 1>A preferred orientation, the compressive loading direction (LD) along the SD can promote the formation of preferred variants with {0 2 0}5M⊥SD (LD). On the other hand, for the austenite with a <1 1 0>A preferred orientation, the variants with {1 2 5}5M/{ 2 5}5M⊥SD (LD) are more favorable after the thermal-mechanical treatment. Such variant selection is originated from the accommodation between the anisotropic lattice distortion in martensitic transformation and the external constraint. The present investigations may offer some fundamental information on variant selection subject to external stress field and the necessary guidelines for microstructure optimization of polycrystalline Ni–Mn-Ga alloys through external field training.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.090} (DOI). Li, Z.; Zou, N.; Yang, B.; Gan, W.; Hou, L.; Li, X.; Zhang, Y.; Esling, C.; Hofmann, M.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.: Effect of compressive load on the martensitic transformation from austenite to 5M martensite in a polycrystalline Ni–Mn-Ga alloy studied by in-situ neutron diffraction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2016. vol. 666, 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.01.090}} @misc{graupner_procedural_influences_2016, author={Graupner, N., Ziegmann, G., Wilde, F., Beckmann, F., Muessig, J.}, title={Procedural influences on compression and injection moulded cellulose fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites: Influence of fibre loading, fibre length, fibre orientation and voids}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.040}, abstract = {The influence of fibre loading (20, 30, 40 mass%), fibre fineness, and the processing procedure (compression moulding – CM and injection moulding – IM) on the tensile and impact strength of lyocell/PLA composites was examined. The results revealed a significantly higher tensile and impact strength for CM composites compared to IM composites. An increase in strength up to a fibre loading of 40% was determined for CM composites, while for IM composites the highest values were measured at a fibre loading of 30%. Composites were investigated for their void content, fibre orientation, fibre length and process-induced fibre damage. A better fibre/matrix adhesion and compaction of IM composites was found while fibre orientation as well as mechanical properties of extracted fibres show no significant differences between CM and IM composites. The different mechanical characteristics of CM and IM samples are attributed predominantly to the fibre aspect ratio and the distribution of voids.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.040} (DOI). Graupner, N.; Ziegmann, G.; Wilde, F.; Beckmann, F.; Muessig, J.: Procedural influences on compression and injection moulded cellulose fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites: Influence of fibre loading, fibre length, fibre orientation and voids. Composites / A. 2016. vol. 81, 158-171. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.10.040}} @misc{gilles_stability_of_2016, author={Gilles, R., Mukherji, D., Karge, L., Strunz, P., Beran, P., Barbier, B., Kriele, A., Hofmann, M., Eckerlebe, H., Rösler, J.}, title={Stability of TaC precipitates in a Co–Re-based alloy being developed for ultra-high-temperature applications}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716009006}, abstract = {Co–Re alloys are being developed for ultra-high-temperature applications to supplement Ni-based superalloys in future gas turbines. The main goal of the alloy development is to increase the maximum service temperature of the alloy beyond 1473 K, i.e. at least 100 K more than the present single-crystal Ni-based superalloy turbine blades. Co–Re alloys are strengthened by carbide phases, particularly the monocarbide of Ta. The binary TaC phase is stable at very high temperatures, much greater than the melting temperature of superalloys and Co–Re alloys. However, its stability within the Co–Re–Cr system has never been studied systematically. In this study an alloy with the composition Co–17Re–23Cr–1.2Ta–2.6C was investigated using complementary methods of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction. Samples heat treated externally and samples heated in situ during diffraction experiments exhibited stable TaC precipitates at temperatures up to 1573 K. The size and volume fraction of fine TaC precipitates (up to 100 nm) were characterized at high temperatures with in situ SANS measurements. Moreover, SANS was used to monitor precipitate formation during cooling from high temperatures. When the alloy is heated the matrix undergoes an allotropic phase transformation from the ∊ phase (hexagonal close-packed) to the γ phase (face-centred cubic), and the influence on the strengthening TaC precipitates was also studied with in situ SANS. The results show that the TaC phase is stable and at these high temperatures the precipitates coarsen but still remain. This makes the TaC precipitates attractive and the Co–Re alloys a promising candidate for high-temperature application.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716009006} (DOI). Gilles, R.; Mukherji, D.; Karge, L.; Strunz, P.; Beran, P.; Barbier, B.; Kriele, A.; Hofmann, M.; Eckerlebe, H.; Rösler, J.: Stability of TaC precipitates in a Co–Re-based alloy being developed for ultra-high-temperature applications. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2016. vol. 49, no. 4, 1253-1265. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576716009006}} @misc{yao_lamellar_diblock_2016, author={Yao, Y., Metwalli, E., Opel, M., Haese, M., Moulin, J., Rodewald, K., Rieger, B., Müller-Buschbaum, P.}, title={Lamellar Diblock Copolymer Films with Embedded Maghemite Nanoparticles}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201500712}, abstract = {Hybrid films composed of lamella forming polystyrene‐d8‐block‐poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PSd‐b‐PBMA) diblock copolymer (DBC) and PS‐coated maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) are investigated. The structure of the hybrid films is systematically probed from the air‐polymer interface to the substrate‐polymer interface using time‐of‐flight grazing incidence small angle neutron scattering (TOF‐GISANS). The affinity of the PS‐coated NPs to the PSd nanodomains results in a well‐controlled arrangement of the NPs within the parallel lamella DBC morphology, with a characteristic periodic distance expanding from 45 to 51 nm with progressive increase of NPs upload. In particular, the highly ordered parallel lamella morphology of the hybrid films is maintained at low NP concentrations. At high NP concentrations, the characteristic long‐range ordered morphology is lost due to the strong affinity of neighboring NPs to aggregates, forming unguided large sized particle aggregates. The complementary results of real‐space characterizations including profilometry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are consistent with the observation obtained from TOF‐GISANS. The potential applications in relation to medical instrumentation and magnetic sensors are highly feasible based on the superparamagnetic behaviors of the fabricated hybrid films, proven with a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201500712} (DOI). Yao, Y.; Metwalli, E.; Opel, M.; Haese, M.; Moulin, J.; Rodewald, K.; Rieger, B.; Müller-Buschbaum, P.: Lamellar Diblock Copolymer Films with Embedded Maghemite Nanoparticles. Advanced Materials Interfaces. 2016. vol. 3, no. 8, 1500712. DOI: 10.1002/admi.201500712}} @misc{zeilinger_insitu_observation_2016, author={Zeilinger, A., Todt, J., Krywka, C., Mueller, M., Ecker, W., Sartory, B., Meindlhumer, M., Stefenelli, M., Daniel, R., Mitterer, C., Keckes, J.}, title={In-situ Observation of Cross-Sectional Microstructural Changes and Stress Distributions in Fracturing TiN Thin Film during Nanoindentation}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22670}, abstract = {Load-displacement curves measured during indentation experiments on thin films depend on non-homogeneous intrinsic film microstructure and residual stress gradients as well as on their changes during indenter penetration into the material. To date, microstructural changes and local stress concentrations resulting in plastic deformation and fracture were quantified exclusively using numerical models which suffer from poor knowledge of size dependent material properties and the unknown intrinsic gradients. Here, we report the first in-situ characterization of microstructural changes and multi-axial stress distributions in a wedge-indented 9 μm thick nanocrystalline TiN film volume performed using synchrotron cross-sectional X-ray nanodiffraction. During the indentation, needle-like TiN crystallites are tilted up to 15 degrees away from the indenter axis in the imprint area and strongly anisotropic diffraction peak broadening indicates strain variation within the X-ray nanoprobe caused by gradients of giant compressive stresses. The morphology of the multiaxial stress distributions with local concentrations up to −16.5 GPa correlate well with the observed fracture modes. The crack growth is influenced decisively by the film microstructure, especially by the micro- and nano-scopic interfaces. This novel experimental approach offers the capability to interpret indentation response and indenter imprint morphology of small graded nanostructured features.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22670} (DOI). Zeilinger, A.; Todt, J.; Krywka, C.; Mueller, M.; Ecker, W.; Sartory, B.; Meindlhumer, M.; Stefenelli, M.; Daniel, R.; Mitterer, C.; Keckes, J.: In-situ Observation of Cross-Sectional Microstructural Changes and Stress Distributions in Fracturing TiN Thin Film during Nanoindentation. Scientific Reports. 2016. vol. 6, 22670. DOI: 10.1038/srep22670}} @misc{zalesak_crosssectional_structureproperty_2016, author={Zalesak, J., Bartosik, M., Daniel, R., Mitterer, C., Krywka, C., Kiener, D., Mayrhofer, P.H., Keckes, J.}, title={Cross-sectional structure-property relationship in a graded nanocrystalline Ti1−xAlxN thin film}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.09.007}, abstract = {The influence of simultaneously occurring gradients of crystalline phases, microstructure, chemical composition and strains on overall as well as local mechanical properties of nanocrystalline thin films is challenging to understand. In this work, cross-sectional structure-property relationships in a graded nanocrystalline 2 μm thick Ti1−xAlxN film were analyzed using in-situ bending tests on micro-cantilevers in transmission electron microscope, synchrotron X-ray nanodiffraction and nanoindentation. The results document that sub-micron depth variations of fracture stresses, hardness and elastic moduli depend on phases, crystallite sizes, crystallographic texture, Ti/Al ratio and residual strain. The local mechanical properties are primarily influenced by cross-sectional occurrence of binary and ternary phases and their intrinsic properties. Secondly, the hardness and fracture stress gradients depend on cross-sectional microstructure, especially on the local crystallite sizes and shapes as well as fiber textures. Two nucleation regions of cubic TiN and hexagonal Ti1−xAlxN phases with globular shaped crystal sizes in the nm range and relatively large in-plane residuals strains result in significantly higher hardness and fracture stresses in comparison with a coarse-grained region consisting of columnar cubic Ti1−xAlxN crystallites. The fracture behavior of cantilevers with ∼0.5 × 0.5 μm2 cross-section depends also on the apparent grain size whereby the nucleation regions exhibit linear-elastic fracture in contrast to partly ductile response of the region with elongated nanocrystals. Finally, the experimental data indicate the possibility of mechanical optimization of nanocrystalline thin films through cross-sectional nanoscale design.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.09.007} (DOI). Zalesak, J.; Bartosik, M.; Daniel, R.; Mitterer, C.; Krywka, C.; Kiener, D.; Mayrhofer, P.; Keckes, J.: Cross-sectional structure-property relationship in a graded nanocrystalline Ti1−xAlxN thin film. Acta Materialia. 2016. vol. 102, 212-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.09.007}} @misc{turk_impact_of_2016, author={Turk, C., Leitner, H., Kellezi, G., Clemens, H., Gan, W.M., Staron, P., Primig, S.}, title={Impact of the B2 ordering behavior on the mechanical properties of a FeCoMo alloy}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.083}, abstract = {A Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo alloy can be hardened by nm-sized (Fe, Co)7Mo6 µ-phase precipitates which is accomplished by solution annealing in the austenite region followed by rapid quenching to room temperature and subsequent aging below the austenite transition temperature. In overaged condition the Mo-content in the remaining matrix drops towards zero and, therefore, the matrix consist of 71 at% Fe and 29 at% Co. The binary Fe-Co system shows a disorder-order, A2↔B2 transition at a critical ordering temperature between 25 at% and 72 at% Co. It is expected that the remaining matrix of an overaged Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo alloy also exhibits such an ordering reaction. It will be demonstrated that the formation of a B2 ordered FeCo phase can be delayed or completely prevented by rapid quenching from temperatures above the critical ordering temperature. This has a strong impact on the mechanical properties of this alloy which have been studied by means of tensile, impact toughness and hardness testing. The evidence for a disorder-order transition in this alloy has been given by neutron diffraction as well as high resolution transmission electron microscopy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.083} (DOI). Turk, C.; Leitner, H.; Kellezi, G.; Clemens, H.; Gan, W.; Staron, P.; Primig, S.: Impact of the B2 ordering behavior on the mechanical properties of a FeCoMo alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2016. vol. 662, 511-518. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.03.083}} @misc{gamcova_mapping_strain_2016, author={Gamcova, J., Mohanty, G., Michalik, S., Wehrs, J., Bednarcik, J., Krywka, C., Breguet, J.M., Michler, J., Franz, H.}, title={Mapping strain fields induced in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses during in-situ nanoindentation by X-ray nanodiffraction}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4939981}, abstract = {A pioneer in-situ synchrotron X-ray nanodiffraction approach for characterization and visualization of strain fields induced by nanoindentation in amorphous materials is introduced. In-situ nanoindentation experiments were performed in transmission mode using a monochromatic and highly focused sub-micron X-ray beam on 40 μm thick Zr-based bulk metallic glass under two loading conditions. Spatially resolved X-ray diffraction scans in the deformed volume of Zr-based bulk metallic glass covering an area of 40 × 40 μm2 beneath the pyramidal indenter revealed two-dimensional map of elastic strains. The largest value of compressive elastic strain calculated from diffraction data at 1 N load was −0.65%. The region of high elastic compressive strains (<−0.3%) is located beneath the indenter tip and has radius of 7 μm.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4939981} (DOI). Gamcova, J.; Mohanty, G.; Michalik, S.; Wehrs, J.; Bednarcik, J.; Krywka, C.; Breguet, J.; Michler, J.; Franz, H.: Mapping strain fields induced in Zr-based bulk metallic glasses during in-situ nanoindentation by X-ray nanodiffraction. Applied Physics Letters. 2016. vol. 108, no. 3, 031907. DOI: 10.1063/1.4939981}} @misc{mattauch_veritas_a_2016, author={Mattauch, S., Ioffe, A., Lott, D., Menelle, A., Ott, F., Medic, Z.}, title={VERITAS: a high-flux neutron reflectometer with vertical sample geometry for a long pulse spallation source}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/711/1/012009}, abstract = {An instrument concept of a reflectometer with a vertical sample geometry fitted to the long pulse structure of a spallation source, called "VERITAS" at the ESS, is presented. It focuses on designing a reflectometer with high intensity at the lowest possible background following the users' demand to investigate thin layers or interfacial areas in the sub-nanometer length scale. The high intensity approach of the vertical reflectometer fits very well to the long pulse structure of the ESS. Its main goal is to deliver as much usable intensity as possible at the sample position and be able to access a reflectivity range of 8 orders of magnitude and more. The concept assures that the reflectivity measurements can be performed in its best way to maximize the flux delivered to the sample. The reflectometer is optimized for studies of (magnetic) layers having thicknesses down to 5Å and a surface area of 1x1cm2. With reflectivity measurements the depth-resolved, laterally averaged chemical and magnetic profile can be investigated. By using polarised neutrons, additional vector information on the in-plane magnetic correlations (off-specular scattering at the pm length scale, GISANS at the nm length scale) can be studied. The full polarisation analysis could be used for soft matter samples to correct for incoherent scattering which is presently limiting neutron reflectivity studies to a reflectivity range on the order of 10-6.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/711/1/012009} (DOI). Mattauch, S.; Ioffe, A.; Lott, D.; Menelle, A.; Ott, F.; Medic, Z.: VERITAS: a high-flux neutron reflectometer with vertical sample geometry for a long pulse spallation source. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2016. vol. 711, 012009. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/711/1/012009}} @misc{szary_magnetic_fielddependent_2016, author={Szary, P., Kaiser, D., Bick, J.-P., Lott, D., Heinemann, A., Dewhurst, C., Birringer, R., Michels, A.}, title={Magnetic field-dependent spin structures of nanocrystalline holmium}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716001898}, abstract = {The results are reported of magnetic field-dependent neutron diffraction experiments on polycrystalline inert-gas condensed holmium with a nanometre crystallite size (D = 33 nm). At T = 50 K, no evidence is found for the existence of helifan(3/2) or helifan(2) structures for the nanocrystalline sample, in contrast with results reported in the literature for the single crystal. Instead, when the applied field H is increased, the helix pattern transforms progressively, most likely into a fan structure. It is the component of H which acts on the basal-plane spins of a given nanocrystallite that drives the disappearance of the helix; for nanocrystalline Ho, this field is about 1.3 T, and it is related to a characteristic kink in the virgin magnetization curve. For a coarse-grained Ho sample, concomitant with the destruction of the helix phase, the emergence of an unusual angular anisotropy (streak pattern) and the appearance of novel spin structures are observed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716001898} (DOI). Szary, P.; Kaiser, D.; Bick, J.; Lott, D.; Heinemann, A.; Dewhurst, C.; Birringer, R.; Michels, A.: Magnetic field-dependent spin structures of nanocrystalline holmium. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2016. vol. 49, 533-538. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576716001898}} @misc{qiao_microstructure_evolution_2016, author={Qiao, X.G., Ying, T., Zheng, M.Y., Wei, E.D., Wu, K., Hu, X.S., Gan, W.M., Brokmeier, H.G., Golovin, I.S.}, title={Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of nano-SiCp/AZ91 composite processed by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.10.003}, abstract = {Nano-SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composite was fabricated by stir casting. The as-cast ingots were extruded at 350 °C, then processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at various temperatures (250 °C, 300 °C and 350 °C). Grains are significantly refined after the extrusion and the ECAP. A basal fibre texture was detected by neutron diffraction after the extrusion, which inclines about 45° to the extrusion direction (ED) after the ECAP. Nano-scaled SiC particles agglomerate in the as-cast composite. After the extrusion, the agglomeration tends to form continuous or discontinuous strips along the extrusion direction. By application of the ECAP, the agglomerated SiC particles are partly dispersed and the strips formed during the extrusion tend to be thinner and broken with the increasing pass number. The yield tensile strength (YTS) and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the composite are dramatically increased after the extrusion. ECAP for one pass at various temperatures further increases the strength, however, the YTS decreases with the increasing ECAP temperature and the pass number. The Orowan equations predict the maximum YTS of the composite may be up to 400 MPa providing SiC particles are homogenously distributed in the matrix.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.10.003} (DOI). Qiao, X.; Ying, T.; Zheng, M.; Wei, E.; Wu, K.; Hu, X.; Gan, W.; Brokmeier, H.; Golovin, I.: Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of nano-SiCp/AZ91 composite processed by extrusion and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). Materials Characterization. 2016. vol. 121, 222-230. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.10.003}} @misc{goesten_evidence_for_2016, author={Goesten, M.G., de Lange, M.F., Olivos.Suarez, A.I., Bavykina, A.V., Serra-Crespo, P., Krywka, C., Bickelhaupt, F.M., Kapteijn, F., Gascon, J.}, title={Evidence for a chemical clock in oscillatory formation of UiO-66}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11832}, abstract = {Chemical clocks are often used as exciting classroom experiments, where an induction time is followed by rapidly changing colours that expose oscillating concentration patterns. This type of reaction belongs to a class of nonlinear chemical kinetics also linked to chaos, wave propagation and Turing patterns. Despite its vastness in occurrence and applicability, the clock reaction is only well understood for liquid-state processes. Here we report a chemical clock reaction, in which a solidifying entity, metal–organic framework UiO-66, displays oscillations in crystal dimension and number, as shown by X-ray scattering. In rationalizing this result, we introduce a computational approach, the metal–organic molecular orbital methodology, to pinpoint interaction between the tectonic building blocks that construct the metal–organic framework material. In this way, we show that hydrochloric acid plays the role of autocatalyst, bridging separate processes of condensation and crystallization.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11832} (DOI). Goesten, M.; de Lange, M.; Olivos.Suarez, A.; Bavykina, A.; Serra-Crespo, P.; Krywka, C.; Bickelhaupt, F.; Kapteijn, F.; Gascon, J.: Evidence for a chemical clock in oscillatory formation of UiO-66. Nature Communications. 2016. vol. 7, 11832. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11832}} @misc{medina_microstructural_changes_2016, author={Medina, J., Perez, P., Garces, G., Tolnai, D., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Microstructural changes in an extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloy reinforced by quasicrystalline I-phase by small additions of calcium, manganese and cerium-rich mischmetal}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.05.019}, abstract = {The effects of calcium, manganese and cerium-rich mischmetal additions on the microstructure and texture of the extruded Mg6Zn1Y (wt.%) alloy have been investigated. The microstructure of the alloys consisted of a magnesium matrix embedding second phase particles aligned along the extrusion direction. The nature and volume fraction of the second phases depended on the alloying element. Thus, Ce-rich mischmetal promoted the formation of T-phase while calcium additions resulted in the formation of a ternary MgZnCa compound. Only, manganese additions did not affect the existence of the I-phase present in the ternary alloy. The texture was measured and it was found that calcium addition has a significant effect weakening the extrusion texture.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.05.019} (DOI). Medina, J.; Perez, P.; Garces, G.; Tolnai, D.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Microstructural changes in an extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloy reinforced by quasicrystalline I-phase by small additions of calcium, manganese and cerium-rich mischmetal. Materials Characterization. 2016. vol. 118, 186-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.05.019}} @misc{leib_hightemperature_stable_2016, author={Leib, E.W., Pasquarelli, R.M., Blankenburg, M., Mueller, M., Schreyer, A., Janssen, R., Weller, H., Vossmeyer, T.}, title={High-Temperature Stable Zirconia Particles Doped with Yttrium, Lanthanum, and Gadolinium}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201600069}, abstract = {Zirconia microspheres synthesized by a wet-chemical sol–gel process are promising building blocks for various photonic applications considered for heat management and energy systems, including highly efficient reflective thermal barrier coatings and absorbers/emitters used in thermophotovoltaic systems. As previously shown, pure zirconia microparticles deteriorate at working temperatures of ≥1000 °C. While the addition of yttrium as a dopant has been shown to improve their phase stability, pronounced grain growth at temperatures of ≥1000 °C compromises the photonic structure of the assembled microspheres. Here, a new approach for the fabrication of highly stable ceramic microparticles by doping with lanthanum, gadolinium, and a combination of those with yttrium is introduced. The morphological changes of the particles are monitored by scanning electron microscopy, ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in situ high-energy XRD as a function of dopant concentration up to 1500 °C. While the addition of lanthanum or gadolinium has a strong grain growth attenuating effect, it alone is insufficient to avoid a destructive tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation occurring after heating to >850 °C. However, combining lanthanum or gadolinium with yttrium leads to particles with both efficient phase stabilization and attenuated grain growth. Thus, ceramic microspheres are yielded that remain extremely stable after heating to 1200 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201600069} (DOI). Leib, E.; Pasquarelli, R.; Blankenburg, M.; Mueller, M.; Schreyer, A.; Janssen, R.; Weller, H.; Vossmeyer, T.: High-Temperature Stable Zirconia Particles Doped with Yttrium, Lanthanum, and Gadolinium. Particle & Particle Systems Characterization. 2016. vol. 33, no. 9, 645-655. DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201600069}} @misc{krasnov_straindependent_fractional_2016, author={Krasnov, I., Seydel, T., Greving, I., Blankenburg, M., Vollrath, F., Mueller, M.}, title={Strain-dependent fractional molecular diffusion in humid spider silk fibres}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0506}, abstract = {Spider silk is a material well known for its outstanding mechanical properties, combining elasticity and tensile strength. The molecular mobility within the silk's polymer structure on the nanometre length scale importantly contributes to these macroscopic properties. We have therefore investigated the ensemble-averaged single-particle self-dynamics of the prevailing hydrogen atoms in humid spider dragline silk fibres on picosecond time scales in situ as a function of an externally applied tensile strain. We find that the molecular diffusion in the amorphous fraction of the oriented fibres can be described by a generalized fractional diffusion coefficient Kα that is independent of the observation length scale in the probed range from approximately 0.3–3.5 nm. Kα increases towards a diffusion coefficient of the classical Fickian type with increasing tensile strain consistent with an increasing loss of memory or entropy in the polymer matrix.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0506} (DOI). Krasnov, I.; Seydel, T.; Greving, I.; Blankenburg, M.; Vollrath, F.; Mueller, M.: Strain-dependent fractional molecular diffusion in humid spider silk fibres. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2016. vol. 13, no. 122, 20160506. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0506}} @misc{prashanth_processing_of_2016, author={Prashanth, K.G., Scudino, S., Chaubey, A.K., Loeber, L., Wang, P. Attar, H., Schimansky, F.P., Pyczak, P., Eckert, J.}, title={Processing of Al–12Si–TNM composites by selective laser melting and evaluation of compressive and wear properties}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2015.326}, abstract = {Al–12Si (80 vol%)–Ti52.4Al42.2Nb4.4Mo0.9B0.06 (at.%) (TNM) composites were successfully produced by the selective laser melting (SLM). Detailed structural and microstructural analysis shows the formation of the Al6MoTi intermetallic phase due to the reaction of the TNM reinforcement with the Al–12Si matrix during SLM. Compression tests reveal that the composites exhibit significantly improved properties (∼140 and ∼160 MPa higher yield and ultimate compressive strengths, respectively) compared with the Al–12Si matrix. However, the samples break at ∼6% total strain under compression, thus showing a reduced plasticity of the composites. Sliding wear tests were carried out for both the Al–12Si matrix and the Al–12Si–TNM composites. The composites perform better under sliding wear conditions and the wear rate increases with increasing loads. At high loads, the wear takes place at three different rates and the wear rate decreases with increasing experiment duration.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2015.326} (DOI). Prashanth, K.; Scudino, S.; Chaubey, A.; Loeber, L.; Wang, P.; Schimansky, F.; Pyczak, P.; Eckert, J.: Processing of Al–12Si–TNM composites by selective laser melting and evaluation of compressive and wear properties. Journal of Materials Research. 2016. vol. 31, no. 1, 55-65. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2015.326}} @misc{laipple_microstructure_of_2016, author={Laipple, D., Stark, A., Schimanski, F.-P., Schwebke, B., Pyczak, F., Schreyer, A.}, title={Microstructure of Ti-45Al-5Nb and Ti-45Al-10Nb powders}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.704.214}, abstract = {Gas-atomised spherical powders of Ti-45Al-5Nb and Ti-45Al-10Nb alloys were produced using the plasma melting induction guided gas atomisation (PIGA) technique. The phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction at the synchrotron beamline HEMS at PETRA III (DESY), as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), two dimensional and focused ion beam (FIB) based three dimensional electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements. Due to the high cooling rates the alloy composition of both alloys consists of hexagonal-close-packed α- and body-centred-cubic β-phase. The α-phase is dominant in the larger powder size fractions. Considerable amounts of the β phase were only found in the powder particle size fractions smaller than 32 μm for the Ti-45Al-5Nballoy and smaller than 45 μm for the Ti-45Al-10Nb. A pronounced dendritic cauliflower-like structure was observed in bigger powder particles of the Ti-45Al-10Nb alloy. This gives proof that diffusion took place during the initial β-grain formation, even though there is no orientation relation between the final grain and the dendrite structure in the powder particles. The presence of dendritic structures showed that the cooling rate during powder atomization was still too low to reach the critical growth rate for a planar solidification. The absence of preferred misorientation angles between α-grains indicates that α-grains are not formed out of already solidified β-grains by a solid state phase transformation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.704.214} (DOI). Laipple, D.; Stark, A.; Schimanski, F.; Schwebke, B.; Pyczak, F.; Schreyer, A.: Microstructure of Ti-45Al-5Nb and Ti-45Al-10Nb powders. Key Engineering Materials, Powder Metallurgy of Titanium II. 2016. vol. 704, 214-222. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.704.214}} @misc{oliveira_effect_of_2016, author={Oliveira, J.P., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Miranda, R.M., Schell, N., Ocana, J.L.}, title={Effect of laser welding parameters on the austenite and martensite phase fractions of NiTi}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.08.001}, abstract = {Although laser welding is probably the most used joining technique for NiTi shape memory alloys there is still a lack of understanding about the effects of laser welding parameters on the microstructural induced changes: in both the heat affected and fusion zones martensite may be present, while the base material is fully austenitic. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction was used for fine probing laser welded NiTi joints. Through Rietveld refinement the martensite and austenite phase fractions were determined and it was observed that the martensite content increases towards the weld centreline. This is related to a change of the local transformation temperatures on these regions, which occurs due to compositional variation in those regions. The martensite phase fraction in the thermally affected regions may have significant implications on functional properties on these joints.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.08.001} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Miranda, R.; Schell, N.; Ocana, J.: Effect of laser welding parameters on the austenite and martensite phase fractions of NiTi. Materials Characterization. 2016. vol. 119, 148-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.08.001}} @misc{garces_formation_of_2016, author={Garces, G., Requena, G., Tolnai, D., Perez, P., Medina, J., Stark, A., Schell, N., Adeva, P.}, title={Formation of an 18R long-period stacking ordered structure in rapidly solidified Mg88Y8Zn4 alloy}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.06.032}, abstract = {The formation of the long-period stacking ordered structure (LPSO) in a Mg88Y8Zn4(at%) ribbon produced by melt spinning was studied using high energy X-ray synchrotron radiation diffraction during in-situ isochronal heating and transmission electron microscopy. The microstructure of the rapidly solidified ribbons is characterised by fine magnesium grains with yttrium and zinc in solid solution and primary 18R LPSO-phase segregated at grain boundaries. Using differential scanning calorimetry, a strong exothermal peak was observed around 300 °C which was associated with the development of the 18R-type LPSO-phase in the magnesium grains. The apparent activation energy calculated using the Kissinger model was 125 KJmol− 1 and it is related to simultaneous diffusion of Y and Zn through magnesium basal plane.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2016.06.032} (DOI). Garces, G.; Requena, G.; Tolnai, D.; Perez, P.; Medina, J.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Adeva, P.: Formation of an 18R long-period stacking ordered structure in rapidly solidified Mg88Y8Zn4 alloy. Materials Characterization. 2016. vol. 118, 514-518. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.06.032}} @misc{altynbaev_dopinginduced_temperature_2016, author={Altynbaev, E.V., Sukhanov, A.S., Siegfried, S.-A., Dyadkin, V.A., Moskvin, E.V., Menzel, D., Heinemann, A., Schreyer, A., Fomicheva, L.N., Tsvyashenko, A.V., Grigoriev, S.V.}, title={Doping-induced temperature evolution of a helicoidal spin structure in the MnGe compound}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451016040224}, abstract = {The helicoidal magnetic structure of a MnGe compound doped with 25% Fe is studied by means of small-angle neutron scattering in a wide temperature range of 10–300 K. Analysis of the scattering-function profile demonstrates that magnetic structures inherent to both pure MnGe and its doped compounds are unstable. The doping of manganese monogermanide is revealed to lead to higher destabilization of the magnetic system. In passing from MnGe to Mn0.75Fe0.25Ge, the magnetic-ordering temperature TN decreases from 130 to 95 K, respectively. It is demonstrated that, at temperatures close to 0 K, the intensity of the contribution to scattering from stable spin helices decreases and the intensity of scattering by spin helix fluctuations increases with increasing impurity-metal concentration. An increased intensity of anomalous scattering caused by spin excitations existing in the system is observed. Helicoidal fluctuations and spin excitations corresponding to low temperatures indicate the quantum nature of the instability in the doped compound. However, MnGe doping with Fe atoms has no influence on the compound’s magnetic properties at temperatures of higher than TN. The temperature range of short-range ferromagnetic correlations is independent of concentrations and is restricted by temperatures T ranging from 175 to 300 K.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451016040224} (DOI). Altynbaev, E.; Sukhanov, A.; Siegfried, S.; Dyadkin, V.; Moskvin, E.; Menzel, D.; Heinemann, A.; Schreyer, A.; Fomicheva, L.; Tsvyashenko, A.; Grigoriev, S.: Doping-induced temperature evolution of a helicoidal spin structure in the MnGe compound. Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques. 2016. vol. 10, no. 4, 77-782. DOI: 10.1134/S1027451016040224}} @misc{altynbaev_hidden_quantum_2016, author={Altynbaev, E., Siegfried, S.-A., Moskvin, E., Menzel, D., Dewhurst, C., Heinemann, A., Feoktystov, A., Fomicheva, L., Tsvyashchenko, A., Grigoriev, S.}, title={Hidden quantum phase transition in Mn1−xFexGe evidenced by small-angle neutron scattering}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.174403}, abstract = {The magnetic system of the Mn1−xFexGe solid solution is ordered in a spiral spin structure in the whole concentration range of x∈[0÷1]. The close inspection of the small-angle neutron-scattering data reveals the quantum phase transition from the long-range ordered to short-range ordered helical structure upon increase of Fe concentration at x∈[0.25÷0.4]. The short-range order (SRO) of the helical structure is identified as a Lorentzian contribution, while long-range order is associated with the Gaussian contribution into the scattering profile function. The scenario of the quantum phase transition with x as a driving parameter is similar to the thermal phase transition in pure MnGe. The quantum nature of the SRO is proved by the temperature-independent correlation length of the helical structure at low- and intermediate-temperature ranges with remarkable decrease above certain temperature TQ. We suggest the x-dependent modification of the effective Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida exchange interaction within the Heisenberg model of magnetism to explain the quantum critical regime in Mn1−xFexGe.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.94.174403} (DOI). Altynbaev, E.; Siegfried, S.; Moskvin, E.; Menzel, D.; Dewhurst, C.; Heinemann, A.; Feoktystov, A.; Fomicheva, L.; Tsvyashchenko, A.; Grigoriev, S.: Hidden quantum phase transition in Mn1−xFexGe evidenced by small-angle neutron scattering. Physical Review B. 2016. vol. 94, no. 17, 174403. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.174403}} @misc{tchouahatankoua_in_situ_2016, author={Tchouaha Tankoua, A., Stark, A., Rackel, M.W., Pyczak, F., Hehl, A.v.}, title={In situ analysis of the forging process of a novel Gamma-TiAl alloy using synchrotron radiation - In situ Untersuchung des Schmiedeprozesses einer neuartigen Gamma-TiAl Legierung unter Verwendung von Synchrotronstrahlung}, year={2016}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201600635}, abstract = {Because of their good properties, the γ-TiAl based alloys are promising to replace the twice as dense yet established nickel-based alloys e.g. in turbine blades and especially low pressure turbine blades in aircraft engines. The serial production of such parts made of the γ-TiAl based alloys requires the development of a stable processing route. However, during forging, the starting material's properties undergo many modifications at elevated temperature. Therefore, it is important to understand which changes in microstructure, phase constitution and texture appear during processing at high temperatures. With conventional metallographic methods, the study of these effects can only be achieved after processing. X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation is a special analysis method that allows in situ and time resolved studies of the changing properties during the thermo-mechanical treatment. In this study, experiments have been performed during forging, in temperature ranges of 1100 °C to 1300 °C, with different deformation rates between 0.002 and 0.03 s–1. The results of these experiments provide a basis for a process window for the serial production of forged parts made of the intermetallic alloy Ti–42Al–8.5Nb (in at%).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.201600635} (DOI). Tchouaha Tankoua, A.; Stark, A.; Rackel, M.; Pyczak, F.; Hehl, A.: In situ analysis of the forging process of a novel Gamma-TiAl alloy using synchrotron radiation - In situ Untersuchung des Schmiedeprozesses einer neuartigen Gamma-TiAl Legierung unter Verwendung von Synchrotronstrahlung. Materials Science and Engineering Technology - Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik. 2016. vol. 47, no. 11, 1109-1120. DOI: 10.1002/mawe.201600635}} @misc{mayer_capture_of_2015, author={Mayer, G., Oliveira, I.S., Baer, A., Hammel, J.U., Gallant, J., Hochberg, R.}, title={Capture of Prey, Feeding, and Functional Anatomy of the Jaws in Velvet Worms (Onychophora)}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv004}, abstract = {Onychophorans are carnivorous, terrestrial invertebrates that occur in tropical and temperate forests of the Southern Hemisphere and around the Equator. Together with tardigrades, onychophorans are regarded as one of the closest relatives of arthropods. One of the most peculiar features of onychophorans is their hunting and feeding behavior. These animals secrete a sticky slime, which is ejected via a pair of slime-papillae, to entangle the prey. After the prey has been immobilized, its cuticle is punctured using a pair of jaws located within the mouth. These jaws constitute internalized appendages of the second body segment and are innervated by the deutocerebrum; thus, they are homologous to the chelicerae of chelicerates, and to the (first) antennae of myriapods, crustaceans, and insects. The jaws are also serial homologs of the paired claws associated with each walking limb of the trunk. The structure of the jaws is similar in representatives of the two major onychophoran subgroups, the Peripatidae and Peripatopsidae. Each jaw is characterized by an outer and an inner blade; while the outer blade consists only of a large principal tooth and up to three accessory teeth, the inner blade bears numerous additional denticles. These denticles are separated from the remaining part of the inner jaw by a diastema and a soft membrane only in peripatids. The onychophoran jaws are associated with large apodemes and specialized muscles that enable their movement. In contrast to the mandibles of arthropods, the onychophoran jaws are moved along, rather than perpendicular to, the main axis of the body. Our elemental analysis reveals an increased incorporation of calcium at the tip of each blade, which might provide rigidity, whereas there is no evidence for incorporation of metal or prominent mineralization. Stability of the jaw might be further facilitated by the cone-in-cone organization of its cuticle, as each blade consists of several stacked, cuticular elements. In this work, we summarize current knowledge on the jaws of onychophorans, which are a characteristic feature of these animals.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icv004} (DOI). Mayer, G.; Oliveira, I.; Baer, A.; Hammel, J.; Gallant, J.; Hochberg, R.: Capture of Prey, Feeding, and Functional Anatomy of the Jaws in Velvet Worms (Onychophora). Integrative and Comparative Biology. 2015. vol. 55, no. 2, 217-227. DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv004}} @misc{wieland_investigation_of_2015, author={Wieland, D.C.F., Krywka, C., Mick, E., Willumeit-Roemer, R., Bader, R., Kluess, D.}, title={Investigation of the inverse piezoelectric effect of trabecular bone on a micrometer lengthscale using synchrotron radiation}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.021}, abstract = {In the present paper we have investigated the impact of electro stimulation on microstructural parameters of the major constituents of bone, hydroxyapatite and collagen. Therapeutic approaches exhibit an improved healing rate under electric fields. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood so far. In this context one possible effect which could be responsible is the inverse piezo electric effect at bone structures. Therefore, we have carried out scanning X-ray microdiffraction experiments, i.e. we recorded X-ray diffraction data with micrometer resolution using synchrotron radiation from trabecular bone samples in order to investigate how the bone matrix reacts to an applied electric field. Different samples were investigated, where the orientation of the collagen matrix differed with respect to the applied electric field. Our experiments aimed to determine whether the inverse piezo electric effect could have a significant impact on the improved bone regeneration owing to electrostimulative therapy. Our data suggest that strain is in fact induced in bone by the collagen matrix via the inverse piezo electric effect which occurs in the presence of an adequately oriented electric field. The magnitude of the underlying strain is in a range where bone cells are able to detect it.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.021} (DOI). Wieland, D.; Krywka, C.; Mick, E.; Willumeit-Roemer, R.; Bader, R.; Kluess, D.: Investigation of the inverse piezoelectric effect of trabecular bone on a micrometer lengthscale using synchrotron radiation. Acta Biomaterialia. 2015. vol. 25, 339-346. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.021}} @misc{blumenhagen_characterization_of_2015, author={Blumenhagen, K.-H., Gumberidze, A., Maertin, R., Schell, N., Spillmann, U., Weber, G., Stoehlker, T.}, title={Characterization of a double-sided Si(Li) strip Compton polarimeter}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/583/1/012043}, abstract = {The response of a double-sided segmented Si(Li) detector system has been investigated. The detector has been irradiated with a collimated, highly linearly polarized beam of 53.2 keV photons from the synchrotron radiation source PETRA III at DESY. The detector was mounted on a platform that could be moved with μm precision thus allowing for a defined beam position on the detector surface. In this paper, the effects of the isolation gaps (gap width = 50 μm) between adjacent segments (strips) were studied, in particular with respect to the effect of charge sharing. The fraction of such charge sharing events increases from about 5% (beam hits center of a strip) to over 50% when the beam is focused just on a gap. The fraction of reconstructed Compton scattering events, which is interesting for Compton polarimetry, amounts to about 3% with the beam impinging at a strip center and 2.8% on average. It can therefore be concluded that events related to charge sharing do not critically degrade the performance of the detector as a Compton polarimter.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/583/1/012043} (DOI). Blumenhagen, K.; Gumberidze, A.; Maertin, R.; Schell, N.; Spillmann, U.; Weber, G.; Stoehlker, T.: Characterization of a double-sided Si(Li) strip Compton polarimeter. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2015. vol. 583, 012043. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/583/1/012043}} @misc{fantazzini_gains_and_2015, author={Fantazzini, P., Mengoli, S., Pasquini, L., Bortolotti, V., Brizi, L., Mariani, M., Di Giosia, M., Fermani, S., Capaccioni, B., Caroselli, E., Prada, F., Zaccanti, F., Levy, O., Dubinsky, Z., Kaandorp, J.A., Konglerd, P., Hammel, J.U., Dauphin, Y., Cuif, J.-P., Weaver, J.C., Fabricius, K.E., Wagermaier, W., Fratzl, P., Falini, G., Goffredo, S.}, title={Gains and losses of coral skeletal porosity changes with ocean acidification acclimation}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8785}, abstract = {Ocean acidification is predicted to impact ecosystems reliant on calcifying organisms, potentially reducing the socioeconomic benefits these habitats provide. Here we investigate the acclimation potential of stony corals living along a pH gradient caused by a Mediterranean CO2 vent that serves as a natural long-term experimental setting. We show that in response to reduced skeletal mineralization at lower pH, corals increase their skeletal macroporosity (features >10 μm) in order to maintain constant linear extension rate, an important criterion for reproductive output. At the nanoscale, the coral skeleton’s structural features are not altered. However, higher skeletal porosity, and reduced bulk density and stiffness may contribute to reduce population density and increase damage susceptibility under low pH conditions. Based on these observations, the almost universally employed measure of coral biomineralization, the rate of linear extension, might not be a reliable metric for assessing coral health and resilience in a warming and acidifying ocean.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8785} (DOI). Fantazzini, P.; Mengoli, S.; Pasquini, L.; Bortolotti, V.; Brizi, L.; Mariani, M.; Di Giosia, M.; Fermani, S.; Capaccioni, B.; Caroselli, E.; Prada, F.; Zaccanti, F.; Levy, O.; Dubinsky, Z.; Kaandorp, J.; Konglerd, P.; Hammel, J.; Dauphin, Y.; Cuif, J.; Weaver, J.; Fabricius, K.; Wagermaier, W.; Fratzl, P.; Falini, G.; Goffredo, S.: Gains and losses of coral skeletal porosity changes with ocean acidification acclimation. Nature Communications. 2015. vol. 6, 7785. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8785}} @misc{erdely_insitu_highenergy_2015, author={Erdely, P., Stark, A., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={In-situ High-energy X-ray Diffraction on an Intermetallic Beta-stabilised Gamma-TiAl Based Alloy}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00501-015-0357-2}, abstract = {In-situ high energy X-ray diffraction is a powerful technique to investigate the structure of a material in a dynamic setup. In the present work, the technique was used to study an intermetallic TNM alloy with an increased content of β-stabilising alloying elements Nb and Mo. In a dilatometer setup placed in the synchrotron beam, heating experiments close to thermodynamic equilibrium conditions were performed on homogenised specimens. The experiments offered a deeper insight into the phase transformation behaviour of the investigated type of multi-phase alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00501-015-0357-2} (DOI). Erdely, P.; Stark, A.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: In-situ High-energy X-ray Diffraction on an Intermetallic Beta-stabilised Gamma-TiAl Based Alloy. Berg- und Huettenmaennische Monatshefte: BHM. 2015. vol. 160, no. 5, 221-225. DOI: 10.1007/s00501-015-0357-2}} @misc{thiry_eigenspannungsmessungen_mittels_2015, author={Thiry, M., Staron, P., Guirao-Blank, A.}, title={Eigenspannungsmessungen mittels hochenergetischer Synchrotronstrahlung - Leichtbaumaterialien}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s35725-015-0030-4}, abstract = {einem Probenkörper aus einer Aluminium-Testlegierung der Volkswagen AG durchgeführt.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s35725-015-0030-4} (DOI). Thiry, M.; Staron, P.; Guirao-Blank, A.: Eigenspannungsmessungen mittels hochenergetischer Synchrotronstrahlung - Leichtbaumaterialien. Lightweight Design. 2015. vol. 8, no. 04, 38-43. DOI: 10.1007/s35725-015-0030-4}} @misc{johnston_amphipathic_solvation_2015, author={Johnston, A.J., Zhang, Y., Busch, S., Pardo, L.C., Imberti, S., McLain, S.E.}, title={Amphipathic Solvation of Indole: Implications for the Role of Tryptophan in Membrane Proteins}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02476}, abstract = {The microscopic structure of the tryptophan side chain, indole, in an amphiphilic environment has been investigated using a combination of neutron diffraction measurements and simulations in solution. The results show that indole is preferentially solvated by hydrogen bonding interactions between water and alcohol −OH groups rather than the interaction being dominated by indole–methyl interactions. This has implications for understanding how tryptophan interacts with the amphipathic membrane environment to anchor proteins into membranes, where the results here suggest that the benzene ring of tryptophan interacts directly with the interfacial water at the membrane surface rather than being buried into the hydrophobic regions of the membrane bilayer.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02476} (DOI). Johnston, A.; Zhang, Y.; Busch, S.; Pardo, L.; Imberti, S.; McLain, S.: Amphipathic Solvation of Indole: Implications for the Role of Tryptophan in Membrane Proteins. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2015. vol. 119, no. 19, 5979-5987. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02476}} @misc{fenske_magnetic_order_2015, author={Fenske, J., Lott, D., Tartakovskaya, E.V., Lee, H., LeClair, P.R., Mankey, G.J., Schmidt, W., Schmalzl, K., Klose, F., Schreyer, A.}, title={Magnetic order and phase transitions in Fe50Pt50-xRhx}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576715011462}, abstract = {Polarized and unpolarized neutron diffraction techniques have been applied to study the temperature-dependent magnetic and structural properties of four 200 nm-thick Fe50Pt50-xRhx films with x = 5, x = 10, x = 17.5 and x = 25. Similar to the bulk system, an antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic transition can be found in the films with decreasing Rh concentration. The application of structure factor calculations enables one to determine the microscopic magnetic configuration of the different films as a function of temperature and Rh concentration. The developed models indicate a magnetic transition from a dominant antiferromagnetic order in the out-of-plane direction to a dominant ferromagnetic order in the in-plane direction with decreasing Rh concentration. The different magnetic configurations can theoretically be described by a phenomenological model which includes a two-ion and a one-ion interaction Hamiltonian term with different temperature dependencies of the anisotropy constants.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576715011462} (DOI). Fenske, J.; Lott, D.; Tartakovskaya, E.; Lee, H.; LeClair, P.; Mankey, G.; Schmidt, W.; Schmalzl, K.; Klose, F.; Schreyer, A.: Magnetic order and phase transitions in Fe50Pt50-xRhx. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2015. vol. 48, no. 4, 1142-1158. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576715011462}} @misc{rackel_in_situ_2015, author={Rackel, M., Stark, A., Gabrisch, H., Schimansky, F.-P., Schell, N., Schreyer, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={In situ synchrotron radiation measurements of orthorhombic phase formation in an advanced TiAl alloy with modulated microstructure}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.31}, abstract = {Measurements have shown that the newly formed orthorhombic phase is structurally comparable to the O phase (Ti2AlNb). It forms in the temperature range of 550 °C to 670 °C from the α2 phase by small atomic displacements and chemical reordering. The in situ experiments yielded information about the thermal stability of the orthorhombic phase. After dissolving at temperatures above 700 °C the phase can be re-precipitated by annealing within the temperature range of formation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.31} (DOI). Rackel, M.; Stark, A.; Gabrisch, H.; Schimansky, F.; Schell, N.; Schreyer, A.; Pyczak, F.: In situ synchrotron radiation measurements of orthorhombic phase formation in an advanced TiAl alloy with modulated microstructure. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2015. vol. 1760, 120-126. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2015.31}} @misc{siegfried_controlling_the_2015, author={Siegfried, S.-A., Altynbaev, E.V., Chubova, N.M., Dyadkin, V., Chernyshov, D., Moskvin, E.V., Menzel, D., Heinemann, A., Schreyer, A., Grigoriev, S.V.}, title={Controlling the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to alter the chiral link between structure and magnetism for Fe 1−x Co x Si}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.184406}, abstract = {Monosilicides of 3d metals frequently show a chiral magnetic ordering with the absolute configuration defined by the chirality of the crystal structure and the sign of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI). Structural and magnetic chiralities are probed here for Fe 1−x Co x Si series and their mutual relationship is found to be dependent on the chemical composition. The chirality of crystal structure was previously shown to be governed by crystal growth, and the value of the DMI is nearly the same for all monosilicides of Fe, Co, and Mn. Our findings indicate that the sign of the DMI in Fe 1−x Co x Si is controlled by the Co composition x . We have been able to directly measure the change of the link between structure and magnetism in this helimagnetic B20 alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.184406} (DOI). Siegfried, S.; Altynbaev, E.; Chubova, N.; Dyadkin, V.; Chernyshov, D.; Moskvin, E.; Menzel, D.; Heinemann, A.; Schreyer, A.; Grigoriev, S.: Controlling the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction to alter the chiral link between structure and magnetism for Fe 1−x Co x Si. Physical Review B. 2015. vol. 91, no. 18, 184406. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.184406}} @misc{schmiele_analysis_of_2015, author={Schmiele, M., Knittel, C., Unruh, T., Busch, S., Morhenn, H., Boesecke, P., Funari, S.S., Schweins, R., Lindner, P., Westermann, M., Steiniger, F.}, title={Analysis of the structure of nanocomposites of triglyceride platelets and DNA}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP01241D}, abstract = {DNA-complexes with platelet-like, cationically modified lipid nanoparticles (cLNPs) are studied with regard to the formation of nanocomposite structures with a sandwich-like arrangement of the DNA and platelets. For this purpose suspensions of platelet-like triglyceride nanocrystals, stabilized by a mixture of two nonionic (lecithin plus polysorbate 80 or poloxamer 188) and one cationic stabilizer dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DODAB), are used. The structure of the platelets in the native suspensions and their DNA-complexes, ranging from the sub-nano to the micron scale, is investigated with small- and wide-angle scattering (SAXS, SANS, WAXS), calorimetry, photon correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and computer simulations. The appearance of strong, lamellarly ordered peaks in the SAXS patterns of the DNA-complexes suggests a stacked arrangement of the nanocrystals, with the DNA being partially condensed between the platelets. This finding is supported with computer simulated small-angle scattering patterns of nanocrystal stacks, which can reproduce the measured small-angle scattering patterns on an absolute scale. The influence of the choice of the nonionic stabilizers and the amount of the cationic stabilizer DODAB on the structure of the native suspensions and the inner structure of their DNA-complexes is studied, too. Using high amounts of DODAB, lecithins with saturated acyl chains and polysorbate 80 instead of poloxamer 188 produces thinner nanocrystals, and thus decreases their repeat distances in the nanocomposites. Such nanocomposites could be of interest as DNA carriers, where the triglyceride platelets protect the sandwiched DNA from degradation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP01241D} (DOI). Schmiele, M.; Knittel, C.; Unruh, T.; Busch, S.; Morhenn, H.; Boesecke, P.; Funari, S.; Schweins, R.; Lindner, P.; Westermann, M.; Steiniger, F.: Analysis of the structure of nanocomposites of triglyceride platelets and DNA. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2015. vol. 17, 17939-17956. DOI: 10.1039/C5CP01241D}} @misc{pyczak_the_effect_2015, author={Pyczak, F., Bauer, A., Goeken, M., Lorenz, U., Neumeier, S., Oehring, M., Paul, J., Schell, N., Schreyer, A., Stark, A., Symanzik, F.}, title={The effect of tungsten content on the properties of L12-hardened Co–Al–W alloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.031}, abstract = {Ternary Co–Al–W alloys with W contents between 8 and 11 at.% were investigated with respect to element partitioning, γ′ solvus, γ′ volume fraction, lattice mismatch and creep properties. W is enriched in the γ′ precipitates and an increasing W content stabilizes this phase. The lattice mismatch is positive up to 900 °C and rafting occurs during creep with a preferred direction in accordance with this positive lattice mismatch.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.031} (DOI). Pyczak, F.; Bauer, A.; Goeken, M.; Lorenz, U.; Neumeier, S.; Oehring, M.; Paul, J.; Schell, N.; Schreyer, A.; Stark, A.; Symanzik, F.: The effect of tungsten content on the properties of L12-hardened Co–Al–W alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015. vol. 632, 110-115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.01.031}} @misc{wang_perovskite_ti3alc_2015, author={Wang, L., Gabrisch, H., Lorenz, U., Schimansky, F.-P., Stark, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={Perovskite Ti3AlC Carbide Splitting in High Nb Containing TiAl Alloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.950}, abstract = {Transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate the morphological development of the perovskite (P-) Ti3AlC carbides in the γ matrix of a Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.75C alloy during annealing. P-Ti3AlC carbides in the γ matrix initially have a needle-like shape but during annealing at 800 °C they change to a plate-like shape. In the needle-like shape the carbides are orientated parallel to the [001] direction of the matrix. They extend along the [100]γ or [010]γ direction into plates later and subsequently split into sub particles after extended annealing. It is proposed that the elastic interaction energy between the split sub domains may be the reason that this decomposition into sub-particles is energetically favorable.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.950} (DOI). Wang, L.; Gabrisch, H.; Lorenz, U.; Schimansky, F.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.: Perovskite Ti3AlC Carbide Splitting in High Nb Containing TiAl Alloys. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2015. vol. 1760, 31-36. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2014.950}} @misc{bauer_influence_of_2015, author={Bauer, A., Neumeier, S., Pyczak, F., Goeken, M.}, title={Influence of Iridium on the Properties of Gamma′-Strengthened Co-Base Superalloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400266}, abstract = {The influence of iridium on the phase stability, oxidation behavior, and high temperature creep strength of γ′-hardened Co-base superalloys is discussed. Ir increases the γ′-solvus temperature and γ′-volume fraction since it partitions slightly to the γ′-phase. However, Ir leads also to a discontinuous precipitation transformation of the metastable γ/γ′-microstructure into a lamellar microstructure of Co3W, CoAl, and a Co-rich fcc phase for the W-rich alloys. A reduction of W in presence of Ir leads to a higher phase stability. The constrained lattice misfit between the γ and γ′ phase in the Ir and high W containing alloy is +0.5%. The alloying element Ir strongly increases the creep strength at 850 °C as long as the γ/γ′-microstructure is not discontinuously transformed. Furthermore, the oxidation resistance is improved by the addition of iridium.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201400266} (DOI). Bauer, A.; Neumeier, S.; Pyczak, F.; Goeken, M.: Influence of Iridium on the Properties of Gamma′-Strengthened Co-Base Superalloys. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2015. vol. 17, no. 6, 748-754. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201400266}} @misc{storm_on_radiation_2015, author={Storm, S., Ogurreck, M., Laipple, D., Krywka, C., Burghammer, M., Di Cola, E., Mueller, M.}, title={On radiation damage in FIB-prepared softwood samples measured by scanning X-ray diffraction}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577515001241}, abstract = {The high flux density encountered in scanning X-ray nanodiffraction experiments can lead to severe radiation damage to biological samples. However, this technique is a suitable tool for investigating samples to high spatial resolution. The layered cell wall structure of softwood tracheids is an interesting system which has been extensively studied using this method. The tracheid cell has a complex geometry, which requires the sample to be prepared by cutting it perpendicularly to the cell wall axis. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling in combination with scanning electron microscopy allows precise alignment and cutting without splintering. Here, results of a scanning X-ray diffraction experiment performed on a biological sample prepared with a focused ion beam of gallium atoms are reported for the first time. It is shown that samples prepared and measured in this way suffer from the incorporation of gallium atoms up to a surprisingly large depth of 1 µm.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577515001241} (DOI). Storm, S.; Ogurreck, M.; Laipple, D.; Krywka, C.; Burghammer, M.; Di Cola, E.; Mueller, M.: On radiation damage in FIB-prepared softwood samples measured by scanning X-ray diffraction. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 2015. vol. 22, no. 2, 267-272. DOI: 10.1107/S1600577515001241}} @misc{barrioberovila_phase_transformation_2015, author={Barriobero-Vila, P., Requena, G., Warchomicka, F., Stark, A., Schell, N., Buslaps, T.}, title={Phase transformation kinetics during continuous heating of a Beta-quenched Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8701-6}, abstract = {The effect of heating rate on the phase transformation kinetics of a Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al metastable β titanium alloy quenched from the β field is investigated by fast in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The initial microstructure is formed by α″ martensite and fine ωath particles distributed in the retained β-phase matrix. The phase transformation sequence varies with the heating rate as revealed by analysis of the continuous evolution of crystallographic relationships between phases. At low temperatures an athermal reversion of α″ martensite into β takes place. This reversion occurs to a larger extent with increasing heating rate. On the other hand, diffusion–driven precipitation and growth of the ω phase is observed for lower heating rates accompanying the reverse martensitic transformation. Furthermore, the results show that the stable α phase can form through three different paths: (a) from the ω phase, (b) from α″ martensite, and (c) from the β phase.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8701-6} (DOI). Barriobero-Vila, P.; Requena, G.; Warchomicka, F.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Buslaps, T.: Phase transformation kinetics during continuous heating of a Beta-quenched Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al alloy. Journal of Materials Science. 2015. vol. 50, no. 3, 1412-1426. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-014-8701-6}} @misc{nowak_boron_carbide_2015, author={Nowak, G., Stoermer, M., Becker, H.-W., Horstmann, C., Kampmann, R., Hoeche, D., Haese-Seiller, M., Moulin, J.-F., Pomm, M., Randau, C., Lorenz, U., Hall-Wilton, R., Mueller, M., Schreyer, A.}, title={Boron carbide coatings for neutron detection probed by x-rays, ions, and neutrons to determine thin film quality}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905716}, abstract = {Due to the present shortage of 3He and the associated tremendous increase of its price, the supply of large neutron detection systems with 3He becomes unaffordable. Alternative neutron detection concepts, therefore, have been invented based on solid 10B converters. These concepts require development in thin film deposition technique regarding high adhesion, thickness uniformity and chemical purity of the converter coating on large area substrates. We report on the sputter deposition of highly uniform large-area 10B4C coatings of up to 2 μm thickness with a thickness deviation below 4% using the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht large area sputtering system. The 10B4C coatings are x-ray amorphous and highly adhesive to the substrate. Material analysis by means of X-ray-Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Secondary-Ion-Mass-Spectrometry, and Rutherford-Back-Scattering (RBS) revealed low impurities concentration in the coatings. The isotope composition determined by Secondary-Ion-Mass-Spectrometry, RBS, and inelastic nuclear reaction analysis of the converter coatings evidences almost identical 10B isotope contents in the sputter target and in the deposited coating. Neutron conversion and detection test measurements with variable irradiation geometry of the converter coating demonstrate an average relative quantum efficiency ranging from 65% to 90% for cold neutrons as compared to a black 3He-monitor. Thus, these converter coatings contribute to the development of 3He-free prototype detectors based on neutron grazing incidence. Transferring the developed coating process to an industrial scale sputtering system can make alternative 3He-free converter elements available for large area neutron detection systems.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4905716} (DOI). Nowak, G.; Stoermer, M.; Becker, H.; Horstmann, C.; Kampmann, R.; Hoeche, D.; Haese-Seiller, M.; Moulin, J.; Pomm, M.; Randau, C.; Lorenz, U.; Hall-Wilton, R.; Mueller, M.; Schreyer, A.: Boron carbide coatings for neutron detection probed by x-rays, ions, and neutrons to determine thin film quality. Journal of Applied Physics. 2015. vol. 117, no. 3, 034901. DOI: 10.1063/1.4905716}} @misc{wiese_cao_dissolution_2015, author={Wiese, B., Mendis, C.L., Tolnai, D., Stark, A., Schell, N., Reichel, H.-P., Brueckner, R., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={CaO dissolution during melting and solidification of a Mg–10 wt.% CaO alloy detected with in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.08.151}, abstract = {The phase dissolution and evolution during the melting and the solidification of Mg containing 10 wt.% CaO was investigated in the temperature range of 20–680 °C. The dissolution of CaO and the formation of Mg2Ca were detected with in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. The dissolution of CaO was observed at ∼407 °C with the detection of a peak unique to the Mg2Ca phase prior to melting of Mg. After the solidification no CaO was detected, and Mg2Ca and MgO phases were observed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.08.151} (DOI). Wiese, B.; Mendis, C.; Tolnai, D.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Reichel, H.; Brueckner, R.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: CaO dissolution during melting and solidification of a Mg–10 wt.% CaO alloy detected with in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015. vol. 618, 64-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.08.151}} @misc{bolz_microstructure_and_2015, author={Bolz, S., Oehring, M., Lindemann, J., Pyczak, F., Paul, J., Stark, A., Lippmann, T., Schruefer, S., Roth-Fagaraseanu, D., Schreyer, A., Weiss, S.}, title={Microstructure and mechanical properties of a forged Beta-solidifying Gamma TiAl alloy in different heat treatment conditions}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2014.11.008}, abstract = {In the cast condition γ titanium aluminide alloys that solidify completely through the β phase are characterized by fine and homogeneous microstructures, weak textures and low segregation. For these reasons such alloys have a relatively good workability and can be closed-die forged without preceding ingot breakdown even if the alloys contain no large fractions of the β phase at the working temperature. The present work was devoted to a combined study of the constitution and microstructural morphologies that develop in various two-step heat treatments of a single-step forged β solidifying alloy. The study included high-energy X-ray diffraction for in situ investigations of the constitution at the heat treatment temperature. It was observed that the phase transformations are quite sluggish in the material which results in fine microstructures and some conditions that significantly deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium. Further, tensile and creep testing was carried out on the different material conditions in order to identify the range in which the properties can be varied. It is found that this easily forgeable material exhibits comparable strength, ductility and creep strength as more conventional peritectically solidifying alloys.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2014.11.008} (DOI). Bolz, S.; Oehring, M.; Lindemann, J.; Pyczak, F.; Paul, J.; Stark, A.; Lippmann, T.; Schruefer, S.; Roth-Fagaraseanu, D.; Schreyer, A.; Weiss, S.: Microstructure and mechanical properties of a forged Beta-solidifying Gamma TiAl alloy in different heat treatment conditions. Intermetallics. 2015. vol. 58, 71-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2014.11.008}} @misc{froebel_microstructural_evolution_2015, author={Froebel, U., Stark, A.}, title={Microstructural Evolution in Gamma Titanium Aluminides During Severe Hot-Working}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2607-4}, abstract = {The plastic anisotropy of the γ titanium aluminides leads to the formation of shear bands and textures during hot-working. The textures and shear bands are well developed during severe hot-working necessary to achieve well-consolidated microstructures. The underlying mechanisms and the resulting effects on the deformation behavior could thus be studied thoroughly. This was done by scanning electron microscopic, transmission electron microscopic, high-energy X-ray diffraction, and mechanical testing techniques. Accordingly, the plastic anisotropy of the lamellar structure causes the formation of shear bands. The subsequent deformation within the shear bands is then stabilized by recrystallization processes. The plastic anisotropy of the constituent phases, on the other hand, causes the formation of textures in accordance with the directional shear stresses induced by deformation resulting in anisotropic deformation characteristics.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2607-4} (DOI). Froebel, U.; Stark, A.: Microstructural Evolution in Gamma Titanium Aluminides During Severe Hot-Working. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2015. vol. 46, no. 1, 439-455. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-014-2607-4}} @misc{wang_tensile_properties_2015, author={Wang, Z., Prashanth, K.G., Chaubey, A.K., Loeber, L., Schimansky, F.P., Pyczak, F., Zhang, W.W., Scudino, S., Eckert, J.}, title={Tensile properties of Al–12Si matrix composites reinforced with Ti–Al-based particles}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.254}, abstract = {Lightweight composites consisting of an Al–12Si matrix reinforced with Ti–Al–Nb–Mo–B (TNM) crystalline particles have been fabricated by powder metallurgy through hot pressing and hot extrusion. A detailed microstructural characterization was carried out along with the analysis of their mechanical properties. The results reveal that the tensile properties of the composites are effectively improved by the addition of the reinforcing TNM particles. The high strength combined with the low density gives rise to composites with good specific strength.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.254} (DOI). Wang, Z.; Prashanth, K.; Chaubey, A.; Loeber, L.; Schimansky, F.; Pyczak, F.; Zhang, W.; Scudino, S.; Eckert, J.: Tensile properties of Al–12Si matrix composites reinforced with Ti–Al-based particles. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015. vol. 630, 256-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.254}} @misc{wang_effects_of_2015, author={Wang, L., Pyczak, F., Gabrisch, H., Lorenz, U., Muench, M., Schimansky, F.-P., Schreyer, A., Stark, A.}, title={Effects of Carbon Content, Annealing Condition and Internal Defects on the nucleation, growth and coarsening of P-type Carbides in High Niobium Containing TiAl Alloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.967}, abstract = {The nucleation, growth and coarsening of carbides is investigated in high niobium containing TiAl alloys by diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Higher carbon content increases the dissolution temperature of carbides. The solubility of carbon is much higher in a γ/α2-phase alloy than in the γ phase alone. Hereby no significant influence of Nb on carbon solubility is found. Crystallographic defects as grain boundaries and dislocations promote carbide nucleation which results in a carbide precipitation sequence starting first at grain boundaries, then at dislocations and only later in the γ matrix away from crystallographic defects. The consumption of carbon by grain boundary carbides or neighboring α2 grains also generates a precipitate free zone in γ grains near the grain boundary.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.967} (DOI). Wang, L.; Pyczak, F.; Gabrisch, H.; Lorenz, U.; Muench, M.; Schimansky, F.; Schreyer, A.; Stark, A.: Effects of Carbon Content, Annealing Condition and Internal Defects on the nucleation, growth and coarsening of P-type Carbides in High Niobium Containing TiAl Alloys. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2015. vol. 1760, 61-66. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2014.967}} @misc{paul_mechanism_of_2015, author={Paul, B., Schroeder, J.L., Kerdsongpanya, S., Nong, N.V., Schell, N., Ostach, D., Lu, J., Birch, J., Eklund, P.}, title={Mechanism of Formation of the Thermoelectric Layered Cobaltate Ca3Co4O9 by Annealing of CaO–CoO Thin Films}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201400022}, abstract = {The layered cobaltate Ca3Co4O9 is of interest for energy-harvesting and heat-conversion applications because of its good thermoelectric properties and the fact that the raw materials Ca and Co are nontoxic, abundantly available, and inexpensive. While single-crystalline Ca3Co4O9 exhibits high Seebeck coefficient and low resistivity, its widespread use is hampered by the fact that single crystals are too small and expensive. A promising alternative approach is the growth of highly textured and/or epitaxial Ca3Co4O9 thin films with correspondingly anisotropic properties. Here, we present a two-step sputtering/annealing method for the formation of highly textured virtually phase-pure Ca3Co4O9 thin films by reactive cosputtering from Ca and Co targets followed by an annealing process at 730 °C under O2-gas flow. The thermally induced phase transformation mechanism is investigated by in situ time-resolved annealing experiments using synchrotron-based 2D X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as ex situ annealing experiments and standard lab-based XRD. By tuning the proportion of initial CaO and CoO phases during film deposition, the method enables synthesis of Ca3Co4O9 thin films as well as CaxCoO2. With this method, we demonstrate production of epitaxial Ca3Co4O9 thin films with in-plane electrical resistivity of 6.44 mΩ cm and a Seebeck coefficient of 118 μV K−1 at 300 K.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201400022} (DOI). Paul, B.; Schroeder, J.; Kerdsongpanya, S.; Nong, N.; Schell, N.; Ostach, D.; Lu, J.; Birch, J.; Eklund, P.: Mechanism of Formation of the Thermoelectric Layered Cobaltate Ca3Co4O9 by Annealing of CaO–CoO Thin Films. Advanced Electronic Materials. 2015. vol. 1, no. 3, 1400022. DOI: 10.1002/aelm.201400022}} @misc{kurz_residual_stress_2015, author={Kurz, S.J.B., Meka, S.R., Schell, N., Ecker, W., Keckes, J., Mittermeijer, E.J.}, title={Residual stress and microstructure depth gradients in nitrided iron-based alloys revealed by dynamical cross-sectional transmission X-ray microdiffraction}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.048}, abstract = {Thermochemical surface treatments such as nitriding result in the formation of complex near-surface gradients of phase fractions, residual stress and microstructure, which influence the structural and functional properties of the material decisively. In this work, a novel cross-sectional synchrotron microdiffraction method is used to characterize such gradients by analyzing cross-sections of nitrided Fe–Al and Fe–V alloy specimens down to a depth of 500 μm, with a depth resolution of less than 10 μm. The Debye–Scherrer diffraction data collected from the individual sample depths document very different nitride-precipitation mechanisms and resulting stress gradients. In nitrided Fe–Al samples, the delayed precipitation of largely incoherent AlN particles leads initially to the development of internal microcracks, followed by a pronounced increase of compressive stress until plastic deformation sets in, which finally results in the formation of regions with tensile and compressive stress. In contrast, the VN precipitation during nitriding of Fe–V alloys occurs very quickly and generates a desired high compressive stress at the surface of the nitrided part. The tiny and coherent VN precipitates increase the yield strength of the nitrided zone significantly. The evaluated corresponding ferrite-lattice parameter depth profiles can be quantitatively described as the outcome of (competing) effects of solute (Al, V) depletion, (excess) nitrogen dissolution and the emergence of a hydrostatic strain due to elastic accommodation of the precipitate/matrix misfit. The novel technique to expose depth gradients in real space, with micrometer resolution, opens the way to understand the development of microstructure and stress upon (thermochemical) surface treatment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.048} (DOI). Kurz, S.; Meka, S.; Schell, N.; Ecker, W.; Keckes, J.; Mittermeijer, E.: Residual stress and microstructure depth gradients in nitrided iron-based alloys revealed by dynamical cross-sectional transmission X-ray microdiffraction. Acta Materialia. 2015. vol. 87, 100-110. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.12.048}} @misc{blumenhagen_identification_and_2015, author={Blumenhagen, K.-H., Spillmann, U., Gassner, T., Gumberidze, A., Maertin, R., Schell, N., Trotsenko, S., Weber, G., Stoehlker, T.}, title={Identification and reduction of unwanted stray radiation using an energy- and position-sensitive Compton polarimeter}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2015/T166/014032}, abstract = {In this work, we report on an experiment that investigated the elastic scattering of linearly polarized 175 keV photons on a gold target. A combined measurement of the angular distribution and the linear polarization of the scattered photons was performed using standard germanium detectors and a double-sided Si(Li) strip polarimeter. Since the data analysis is still in progress, we will show results in forthcoming papers and present here how the polarimeter was used to identify a lack of shielding during the experiment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2015/T166/014032} (DOI). Blumenhagen, K.; Spillmann, U.; Gassner, T.; Gumberidze, A.; Maertin, R.; Schell, N.; Trotsenko, S.; Weber, G.; Stoehlker, T.: Identification and reduction of unwanted stray radiation using an energy- and position-sensitive Compton polarimeter. Physica Scripta. 2015. vol. T166, 014032. DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/2015/T166/014032}} @misc{garces_reverse_tensioncompression_2015, author={Garces, G., Perez, P., Cabeza, S., Lin, H.K., Kim, S., Gan, W., Adeva, P.}, title={Reverse tension/compression asymmetry of a Mg–Y–Zn alloys containing LPSO phases}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.003}, abstract = {Room temperature mechanical behavior of extruded Mg–Y–Zn alloys with varying fractions of LPSO phase was studied in tension and compression along the extrusion direction. The microstructure is characterised by elongated LPSO fibers along the extrusion direction within the magnesium matrix. Moreover, the magnesium matrix presents a bimodal grain structure with dynamically-recrystallized grains and deformed, elongated grains with the basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction. The beginning of plasticity depends on the volume fraction of deformed and DRX grains. Alloys with low volume fraction of LPSO phase (<10 vol%), with a high volume fraction of deformed grains, show the typical behavior of extruded magnesium alloys where yield stress in tension is higher than in compression. This effect is, however, reversed as the volume fraction of the LPSO phase increases since DRX grains are majority.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.003} (DOI). Garces, G.; Perez, P.; Cabeza, S.; Lin, H.; Kim, S.; Gan, W.; Adeva, P.: Reverse tension/compression asymmetry of a Mg–Y–Zn alloys containing LPSO phases. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2015. vol. 647, 287-293. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.09.003}} @misc{nie_microstructures_and_2015, author={Nie, K.B., Deng, K.K., Wang, X.J., Gan, W.M., Xu, F.J., Wu, K., Zheng, M.Y.}, title={Microstructures and mechanical properties of SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix nanocomposites processed by multidirectional forging}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.045}, abstract = {A particulate reinforced magnesium matrix nanocomposite was subjected to multidirectional forging (MDF). The results showed that the microstructure of the nanocomposite mainly consisted of some large initial grains and fine recrystallized grains along initial grain boundaries after 1 MDF pass. With increasing the MDF passes, the degree of dynamic recrystallization increased and ultrafine grains with average size of about 20 nm were observed in the nanocomposites after 6 MDF passes. The distribution of SiC nanoparticles in the nanocomposite was homogeneous outside some SiC nanoparticle dense zones after different MDF passes. Compared with typical basal texture obtained for 1 MDF pass, the basal pole intensity decreased firstly for 3 MDF pass and then increased for 6 MDF passes. Both ultimate tensile strength and elongation to fracture of the nanocomposite were enhanced with increasing the MDF passes, while yield strength decreased after 3 MDF passes and then increased slightly after 6 MDF passes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.045} (DOI). Nie, K.; Deng, K.; Wang, X.; Gan, W.; Xu, F.; Wu, K.; Zheng, M.: Microstructures and mechanical properties of SiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix nanocomposites processed by multidirectional forging. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2015. vol. 622, 1018-1026. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.045}} @misc{grigoriev_spin_waves_2015, author={Grigoriev, S.V., Sukhanov, A.S., Altynbaev, E.V., Siegfried, S.-A., Heinemann, A., Kizhe, P., Maleyev, S.V.}, title={Spin waves in full-polarized state of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets: Small-angle neutron scattering study}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.220415}, abstract = {We develop the technique to study the spin-wave dynamics of the full-polarized state of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets by polarized small-angle neutron scattering. We have experimentally proven that the spin-waves dispersion in this state has the anisotropic form. We show that the neutron scattering image displays a circle with a certain radius which is centered at the momentum transfer corresponding to the helix wave vector in helimagnetic phase k s , which is oriented along the applied magnetic field H . The radius of this circle is directly related to the spin-wave stiffness of this system. This scattering depends on the neutron polarization showing the one-handed nature of the spin waves in Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets in the full-polarized phase. We show that the spin-wave stiffness A for MnSi helimagnet decreased twice as the temperature increases from zero to the critical temperature Tc.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.220415} (DOI). Grigoriev, S.; Sukhanov, A.; Altynbaev, E.; Siegfried, S.; Heinemann, A.; Kizhe, P.; Maleyev, S.: Spin waves in full-polarized state of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya helimagnets: Small-angle neutron scattering study. Physical Review B. 2015. vol. 92, 220415. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.220415}} @misc{mendis_in_situ_2015, author={Mendis, C.L., Tolnai, D., Stark, A., Schell, N., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={In Situ Investigation of Microstructure Evolution during Solidification of Mg10CaxGd (x=5, 10, 20) Alloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.606}, abstract = {Mg-Ca-Gd based alloys are investigated as a potential alloy for degradable biomaterials with some promising results. In this investigation the Mg10CaxGd (x=5, 10, 20) were investigated with synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction during solidification to follow the phase evolution at two different cooling rates at 5 and 50 K min-1. All three alloys show formation of α -Mg followed by Mg2Ca phase, while only Mg10Ca20Gd alloy contained Mg5Gd phase during solidification. During cooling α -Mg was first observed between 628 and 632°C at a cooling rate of 5 K min-1 while this decreased to 620-628°C with the increase in cooling rate to 50 K min-1. The change in cooling rate from 5 to 50 K min-1 did not change the types of intermetallic phases observed but resulted in suppressing temperatures at which the intermetallic phases were first detected.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.606} (DOI). Mendis, C.; Tolnai, D.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: In Situ Investigation of Microstructure Evolution during Solidification of Mg10CaxGd (x=5, 10, 20) Alloys. Acta Physica Polonica A. 2015. vol. 128, no. 6, 606-610. DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.128.606}} @misc{boerries_scattering_influences_2015, author={Boerries, S., Metz, O., Pranzas, P.K., Buecherl, T., Soellradl, S., Dornheim, M., Klassen, T., Schreyer, A.}, title={Scattering influences in quantitative fission neutron radiography for the in situ analysis of hydrogen distribution in metal hydrides}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.033}, abstract = {In situ neutron radiography allows for the time-resolved study of hydrogen distribution in metal hydrides. However, for a precise quantitative investigation of a time-dependent hydrogen content within a host material, an exact knowledge of the corresponding attenuation coefficient is necessary. Additionally, the effect of scattering has to be considered as it is known to violate Beer׳s law, which is used to determine the amount of hydrogen from a measured intensity distribution. Within this study, we used a metal hydride inside two different hydrogen storage tanks as host systems, consisting of steel and aluminum. The neutron beam attenuation by hydrogen was investigated in these two different setups during the hydrogen absorption process. A linear correlation to the amount of absorbed hydrogen was found, allowing for a readily quantitative investigation. Further, an analysis of scattering contributions on the measured intensity distributions was performed and is described in detail.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.033} (DOI). Boerries, S.; Metz, O.; Pranzas, P.; Buecherl, T.; Soellradl, S.; Dornheim, M.; Klassen, T.; Schreyer, A.: Scattering influences in quantitative fission neutron radiography for the in situ analysis of hydrogen distribution in metal hydrides. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2015. vol. 797, 158-164. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.033}} @misc{zhong_dislocation_density_2015, author={Zhong, Z.Y., Brokmeier, H.-G., Gan, W.M., Maawad, E., Schwebke, B., Schell, N.}, title={Dislocation density evolution of AA 7020-T6 investigated by in-situ synchrotron diffraction under tensile load}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.09.004}, abstract = {The dislocation density evolution along the loading axis of a textured AA 7020-T6 aluminum alloy during uniaxial tension was investigated by in-situ synchrotron diffraction. The highly parallel synchrotron beam at the High Energy Materials Science beamline P07 in PETRA III, DESY, offers excellent conditions to separate different influences for line broadening from which micro-strains are obtained using the modified Williamson–Hall method which is also for defect density investigations. During tensile loading the dislocation density evolution was documented from the as-received material (initial micro-strain state) to the relaxation of the strains during elastic deformation. After yield, the increasing rate of dislocation density growth was relatively fast till half-way between yield and UTS. After that, the rate started to decrease and the dislocation density fluctuated as the elongation increased due to the generation and annihilation of dislocations. When dislocation generation is dominant, the correlation between the flow stress and dislocation density satisfies the Taylor equation. Besides, a method to correct the thickness effect on peak broadening is developed in the present study.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.09.004} (DOI). Zhong, Z.; Brokmeier, H.; Gan, W.; Maawad, E.; Schwebke, B.; Schell, N.: Dislocation density evolution of AA 7020-T6 investigated by in-situ synchrotron diffraction under tensile load. Materials Characterization. 2015. vol. 108, 124-131. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2015.09.004}} @misc{oliveira_shape_memory_2015, author={Oliveira, J.P., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Schell, N., Miranda, R.M.}, title={Shape memory effect of laser welded NiTi plates}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793604715500691}, abstract = {Laser welding is a suitable joining technique for shape memory alloys (SMAs). This paper reports the existence of shape memory effect (SME) on laser welded NiTi joints, subjected to bending tests, and correlates this effect with the microstructural analysis performed with X-ray diffraction (XRD). All welded samples were able to recover their initial shape after bending to 180°, which is a remarkable result for industrial applications of NiTi involving laser welding.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793604715500691} (DOI). Oliveira, J.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Schell, N.; Miranda, R.: Shape memory effect of laser welded NiTi plates. Functional Materials Letters : FML. 2015. vol. 8, no. 6, 1550069. DOI: 10.1142/S1793604715500691}} @misc{ren_improved_voltage_2015, author={Ren, S., Chen, R, Maawad, E., Dolotko, O., Guda, A.A., Shapovalov, V., Wang, D., Hahn, H., Fichtner, M.}, title={Improved Voltage and Cycling for Li+ Intercalation in High-Capacity Disordered Oxyfluoride Cathodes}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500128}, abstract = {New high-capacity intercalation cathodes of Li2VxCr1−xO2F with a stable disordered rock salt host framework allow a high operating voltage up to 3.5 V, good rate performance (960 Wh kg−1 at ≈1 C), and cycling stability.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500128} (DOI). Ren, S.; Chen, R.; Dolotko, O.; Guda, A.; Shapovalov, V.; Wang, D.; Hahn, H.; Fichtner, M.: Improved Voltage and Cycling for Li+ Intercalation in High-Capacity Disordered Oxyfluoride Cathodes. Advanced Science. 2015. vol. 2, no. 10, DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500128}} @misc{zhang_determination_of_2015, author={Zhang, X., Ni, D., Xiao, B., Andrä, H., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Ma, Z.}, title={Determination of macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses in friction stir welded metal matrix composites via neutron diffraction}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.01.006}, abstract = {This study presents a new method to determine both the macroscopic and microscopic (including elastic mismatch, thermal misfit and plastic misfit) residual stresses in metal matrix composite (MMC) welds via neutron diffraction. As an illustration, friction stir welded 17 vol.% SiCp/2009Al-T4 plates were investigated. It is shown that the calculation of the thermal misfit plus plastic misfit residual stresses in the metal matrix of the MMC welds is much more accurate by using the absolute unstrained lattice parameter of the SiC powder sample based on the stress equilibrium condition compared with using that of the unreinforced alloy sample. The profiles of the longitudinal (L), transverse (T) and normal (N) components of the total residual stress in the reinforcement are entirely different from those in the matrix. It was found that the profiles and total variations of the L, T and N components of the total residual stress are dominated by those of the macroscopic residual stress in the matrix, and by those of the elastic mismatch residual stress in the reinforcement, revealing a significant load transfer from the matrix to the reinforcement. The maximum total residual stress in the metal matrix of the FSW 17 vol.% SiCp/2009Al-T4 weld could reach up to ∼69% of the yield strength of the 2009Al-T4 alloy. Increasing the rotation rate has small effects on the basic profiles of the total residual stress, apart from increasing the width of the profiles.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.01.006} (DOI). Zhang, X.; Ni, D.; Xiao, B.; Andrä, H.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Ma, Z.: Determination of macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses in friction stir welded metal matrix composites via neutron diffraction. Acta Materialia. 2015. vol. 87, 161-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.01.006}} @misc{chen_observation_of_2015, author={Chen, K., Lott, D., Radu, F., Choueikani, F., Otero, E., Ohresser, P.}, title={Observation of an atomic exchange bias effect in DyCo4 film}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18377}, abstract = {The fundamental important and technologically widely employed exchange bias effect occurs in general in bilayers of magnetic thin films consisting of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic layers where the hard magnetization behavior of an antiferromagnetic thin film causes a shift in the magnetization curve of a soft ferromagnetic film. The minimization of the single magnetic grain size to increase the storage density and the subsequent demand for magnetic materials with very high magnetic anisotropy requires a system with high HEB. Here we report an extremely high HEB of 4 Tesla observed in a single amorphous DyCo4 film close to room temperature. The origin of the exchange bias can be associated with the variation of the magnetic behavior from the surface towards the bulk part of the film revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism techniques utilizing the bulk sensitive transmission and the surface sensitive total electron yield modes. The competition between the atomic exchange coupling in the single film and the Zeeman interaction lead to an intrinsic exchanged coupled system and the so far highest exchange bias effect HEB = 4 Tesla reported in a single film, which is accommodated by a partial domain wall formation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18377} (DOI). Chen, K.; Lott, D.; Radu, F.; Choueikani, F.; Otero, E.; Ohresser, P.: Observation of an atomic exchange bias effect in DyCo4 film. Scientific Reports. 2015. vol. 5, 18377. DOI: 10.1038/srep18377}} @misc{pereira_effects_of_2015, author={Pereira, F., Silva, R.J.C., Soares, A.M.M., Araujo, M.F., Oliveira, M.J., Martins, R.M.S., Schell, N.}, title={Effects of Long-Term Aging in Arsenical Copper Alloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615015263}, abstract = {Archaeological materials present unique records on natural processes allowing the study of long-term material behaviors such as structural modifications and degradation mechanisms. The present work is focused on the chemical and microstructural characterization of four prehistoric arsenical copper artifacts. These artifacts were characterized by micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis, micro-X-ray diffraction and synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray diffraction. Cu3As is the expected intermetallic arsenide in arsenical copper alloys, reported in the literature as exhibiting a hexagonal crystallographic structure. However, a cubic Cu3As phase was identified by X-ray diffraction in all of our analyzed archaeological artifacts, while the hexagonal Cu3As phase was clearly identified only in the artifact with higher arsenic content. Occurrence of the cubic arsenide in these particular objects, suggests that it was precipitated due to long-term aging at room temperature, which points to the need of a redefinition of the Cu-As equilibrium phase constitution. These results highlight the importance of understanding the impact of structural aging for the assessment of original properties of archaeological arsenical copper artifacts, such as hardness or color.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615015263} (DOI). Pereira, F.; Silva, R.; Soares, A.; Araujo, M.; Oliveira, M.; Martins, R.; Schell, N.: Effects of Long-Term Aging in Arsenical Copper Alloys. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2015. vol. 21, no. 6, 1413-1419. DOI: 10.1017/S1431927615015263}} @misc{pot_threedimensional_distribution_2015, author={Pot, V., Peth, S., Monga, O., Vogel, L.E., Genty, A., Garnier, P., Vieuble-Gonod. L., Ogurreck, M., Beckmann, F., Baveye, P.C.}, title={Three-dimensional distribution of water and air in soil pores: Comparison of two-phase two-relaxation-times lattice-Boltzmann and morphological model outputs with synchrotron X-ray computed tomography data}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.08.006}, abstract = {Recent progress in the understanding of soil microbial processes at micrometric scales has created a need for models that accurately predict the microscale distribution of water, and the location of air–water interfaces in pores. Various models have been developed and used for these purposes, but how well they fare against real data has yet largely to be determined. In this context, for the first time, this article compares the prediction of two of these models to experimental data obtained on soil material. The distribution of water and air in soil samples constituted of repacked aggregates, equilibrated at three matric potentials (−−0.5 kPa, −−1 kPa and −−2 kPa), was measured via synchrotron X-ray computed tomography at a resolution of 4.6 µm. Water distribution was simulated by a two-phase lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) and a morphological model (MOSAIC). Results indicate that, when one lifts the assumption, motivated by capillary theory, that a pore can drain only if a connecting pore is already full of air, MOSAIC gives an acceptable approximation of the observed air–water interfaces. However, discretization of pores as geometrical primitives causes interfaces predicted by MOSAIC to have nonphysical shapes. By contrast, LBM is able to predict remarkably well the location of air–water interfaces. Nevertheless, given the huge difference in computing time (minutes versus tens of hours) required to run these two models, it is recommended that further research be carried out on the development of both, in parallel.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.08.006} (DOI). Pot, V.; Peth, S.; Monga, O.; Vogel, L.; Genty, A.; Garnier, P.; Vieuble-Gonod. L.; Ogurreck, M.; Beckmann, F.; Baveye, P.: Three-dimensional distribution of water and air in soil pores: Comparison of two-phase two-relaxation-times lattice-Boltzmann and morphological model outputs with synchrotron X-ray computed tomography data. Advances in Water Resources. 2015. vol. 84, 87-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.08.006}} @misc{randau_improved_sample_2015, author={Randau, C., Brokmeier, H.G., Gan, W.M., Hofmann, M., Voeller, M., Tekouo, W., Al-Hamdany, N., Seidl, G., Schreyer, A.}, title={Improved sample manipulation at the STRESS-SPEC neutron diffractometer using an industrial 6-axis robot for texture and strain analyses}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.05.014}, abstract = {The materials science neutron diffractometer STRESS-SPEC located at FRM II is a dedicated instrument for strain and pole figure measurements. Both methods make complementary demands on sample handling. On one hand pole figure measurements need a high degree of freedom to orient small samples and on the other hand in strain investigations it is often necessary to handle large and heavy components. Therefore a robot based sample positioning system was developed, which has the capability to provide both possibilities. Based on this new robot system further developments like a full automated sample changer system for texture measurements were accomplished. Moreover this system opens the door for combined strain and texture analysis at STRESS-SPEC.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2015.05.014} (DOI). Randau, C.; Brokmeier, H.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Voeller, M.; Tekouo, W.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Seidl, G.; Schreyer, A.: Improved sample manipulation at the STRESS-SPEC neutron diffractometer using an industrial 6-axis robot for texture and strain analyses. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2015. vol. 794, 67-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2015.05.014}} @misc{doenges_experimental_investigation_2015, author={Doenges, B., Istomin, K., Soeker, M., Schell, N., Krupp, U., Pietsch, U., Fritzen, C.-P., Christ, H.-J.}, title={Experimental investigation and numerical description of the damage evolution in a duplex stainless steel subjected to VHCF-loading}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.021}, abstract = {The present study documents how the irreversible fraction of cyclic plastic strain, induced by loading amplitudes close to the durability limit, causes fatigue damage such as (i) slip band development, (ii) fatigue crack initiation and (iii) short fatigue crack propagation. The damage evolution of the austenitic–ferritic duplex stainless steel X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 (318 LN) was investigated up to one billion load cycles by means of high resolution electron microscopy (HR-SEM, TEM), focused ion beam (FIB) cutting, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), in-situ far field microscopy and high-energy (87.1 keV) X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments. The experimentally identified damage mechanisms were implemented into three-dimensional finite element simulations, which consider crystal plasticity. These simulations enable fatigue life predictions of real microstructures obtained for instance by means of, e.g. automated electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The simulations allow for determining whether microcracks (i) initiate in a microstructure, (ii) arrest in the midst of the first grain, (iii) are permanently, (iv) temporary or (v) not at all blocked by grain or phase boundaries. Moreover, this concept is capable to contribute to the concept of tailored microstructures for improved cyclic-loading behavior.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.021} (DOI). Doenges, B.; Istomin, K.; Soeker, M.; Schell, N.; Krupp, U.; Pietsch, U.; Fritzen, C.; Christ, H.: Experimental investigation and numerical description of the damage evolution in a duplex stainless steel subjected to VHCF-loading. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2015. vol. 646, 8-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.021}} @misc{schroeder_thermal_stability_2015, author={Schroeder, J.L., Saha, B., Garbrecht, M., Schell, N., Sands, T.D., Birch, J.}, title={Thermal stability of epitaxial cubic-TiN/(Al,Sc)N metal/semiconductor superlattices}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-8884-5}, abstract = {We report on the thermal stability of epitaxial cubic-TiN/(Al,Sc)N metal/semiconductor superlattices with the rocksalt crystal structure for potential plasmonic, thermoelectric, and hard coating applications. TiN/Al0.72Sc0.28N superlattices were annealed at 950 and 1050 °C for 4, 24, and 120 h, and the thermal stability was characterized by high-energy synchrotron-radiation-based 2D X-ray diffraction, high-resolution (scanning) transmission electron microscopy [HR(S)/TEM], and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping. The TiN/Al0.72Sc0.28N superlattices were nominally stable for up to 4 h at both 950 and 1050 °C. Further annealing treatments for 24 and 120 h at 950 °C led to severe interdiffusion between the layers and the metastable cubic-Al0.72Sc0.28N layers partially transformed into Al-deficient cubic-(Al,Sc)N and the thermodynamically stable hexagonal wurtzite phase with a nominal composition of AlN (h-AlN). The h-AlN grains displayed two epitaxial variants with respect to c-TiN and cubic-(Al,Sc)N. EDX mapping suggests that scandium has a higher tendency for diffusion in TiN/(Al,Sc)N than titanium or aluminum. Our results indicate that the kinetics of interdiffusion and the cubic-to-hexagonal phase transformation place constraints on the design and implementation of TiN/(Al,Sc)N superlattices for high-temperature applications.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-8884-5} (DOI). Schroeder, J.; Saha, B.; Garbrecht, M.; Schell, N.; Sands, T.; Birch, J.: Thermal stability of epitaxial cubic-TiN/(Al,Sc)N metal/semiconductor superlattices. Journal of Materials Science. 2015. vol. 50, no. 8, 3200-3206. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-015-8884-5}} @misc{lipke_first_evidence_2015, author={Lipke, E., Hammel, J.U., Michalik, P.}, title={First evidence of neurons in the male copulatory organ of a spider (Arachnida, Araneae)}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0465}, abstract = {Spider males have evolved a remarkable way of transferring sperm by using a modified part of their pedipalps, the so-called palpal organ. The palpal organ is ontogenetically derived from tarsal claws; however, no nerves, sensory organs or muscles have been detected in the palpal bulb so far, suggesting that the spider male copulatory organ is numb and sensorily blind. Here, we document the presence of neurons and a nerve inside the male palpal organ of a spider for the first time. Several neurons that are located in the embolus are attached to the surrounding cuticle where stresses and strains lead to a deformation (stretching) of the palpal cuticle on a local scale, suggesting a putative proprioreceptive function. Consequently, the male copulatory organ of this species is not just a numb structure but likely able to directly perceive sensory input during sperm transfer. In addition, we identified two glands in the palpal organ, one of which is located in the embolus (embolus gland). The embolus gland appears to be directly innervated, which could allow for rapid modulation of secretory activity. Thus, we hypothesize that the transferred seminal fluid can be modulated to influence female processes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0465} (DOI). Lipke, E.; Hammel, J.; Michalik, P.: First evidence of neurons in the male copulatory organ of a spider (Arachnida, Araneae). Biology Letters. 2015. vol. 11, no. 7, 20150465. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0465}} @misc{zander_xrr_studies_2015, author={Zander, T., Wieland, D.C.F., Wang, M., Raj, A., Dedinaite, A., Haramus, V.M., Claesson, P.M., Schreyer, A., Willumeit-Roemer, R.}, title={XRR studies of the interaction of DPPC and  Hyaluronan at high hydrostatic pressure}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-015-1034-9}, abstract = {No abstract}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-015-1034-9} (DOI). Zander, T.; Wieland, D.; Wang, M.; Raj, A.; Dedinaite, A.; Haramus, V.; Claesson, P.; Schreyer, A.; Willumeit-Roemer, R.: XRR studies of the interaction of DPPC and  Hyaluronan at high hydrostatic pressure. European Biophysics Journal. 2015. vol. 44, no. S 1, 95. DOI: 10.1007/s00249-015-1034-9}} @misc{zhong_insitu_investigation_2015, author={Zhong, Z.Y., Brokmeier, H.-G., Maawad, E., Schell, N.}, title={In-situ investigation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of rolled AA 7020-T6 alloy through lattice strain evolution during uniaxial tension}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.05.050}, abstract = {The texture-induced anisotropic mechanical behavior of a highly textured AA 7020-T6 (maximum orientation density of 29.7 multiple random distribution), was characterized by the lattice strain evolution along rolling direction (RD), 45° to RD and 90° to RD, respectively, under uniaxial tension using high energy X-ray diffraction. The uniaxial tensile tests were done till ultimate tensile strength (UTS), which show different yield strengths (YS), UTS and elongations along the three directions on a macroscopic level. On micromechanical level, the lattice strain evolution explains the correlation between crystallite orientation and different mechanical behavior, leading to the macroscopic anisotropy. In the elastic region, the sample 45° to RD has the lowest lattice plane dependent Young's modulus compared to the other two directions. In the elastic plastic transition region, lattice strain differences among different {hkl} lattice planes are highest for sample 45° to RD and lowest for sample 0° to RD. Moreover, the 45° to RD sample has the lowest lattice dependent YS. In the plastic region, the work hardening behavior of different {hkl} lattice planes in all three directions can be divided into two groups, corresponding to two types of dislocation combinations. However, {200} planes of samples 45° and 90° to RD behave abnormally due to the stress along <110> of the {200} planes and the orientation density of {200} planes parallel and perpendicular to the loading direction (LD).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.05.050} (DOI). Zhong, Z.; Brokmeier, H.; Maawad, E.; Schell, N.: In-situ investigation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of rolled AA 7020-T6 alloy through lattice strain evolution during uniaxial tension. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2015. vol. 639, 519-525. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.05.050}} @misc{stark_in_situ_2015, author={Stark, A., Rackel, M., Tankoua, A.T., Oehring, M., Schell, N., Lottermoser, L., Schreyer, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={In Situ High-Energy X-ray Diffraction during Hot-Forming of a Multiphase TiAl Alloy}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met5042252}, abstract = {Intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys exhibit excellent high-temperature strength combined with low density. This makes them ideal candidates for replacing the twice as dense Ni base super-alloys, currently used in the medium temperature range (~700 °C) of industrial and aviation gas turbines. An important step towards the serial production of TiAl parts is the development of suitable hot-forming processes. Thermo-mechanical treatments often result in mechanical anisotropy due to the formation of crystallographic textures. However, with conventional texture analysis techniques, their formation can only be studied after processing. In this study, in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements with synchrotron radiation were performed during hot-forming. Thus, it was possible to record the evolution of the phase constitution as well as the formation of crystallographic texture of different phases directly during processing. Several process temperatures (1100 °C to 1300 °C) and deformation rates were investigated. Based on these experiments, a process window can be recommended which results in the formation of an optimal reduced texture.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3390/met5042252} (DOI). Stark, A.; Rackel, M.; Tankoua, A.; Oehring, M.; Schell, N.; Lottermoser, L.; Schreyer, A.; Pyczak, F.: In Situ High-Energy X-ray Diffraction during Hot-Forming of a Multiphase TiAl Alloy. Metals. 2015. vol. 5, no. 4, 2252-2265. DOI: 10.3390/met5042252}} @misc{wang_nucleation_and_2015, author={Wang, L., Gabrisch, H., Lorenz, U., Schimansky, F.-P., Schreyer, A., Stark, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={Nucleation and thermal stability of carbide precipitates in high Nb containing TiAl alloys}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2015.07.001}, abstract = {This work monitors the nucleation, growth and coarsening of carbides in powder metallurgically processed, high Nb containing TiAl alloys. The effects of carbon content, annealing conditions and internal defects on the precipitation and stability of carbides were systematically investigated by high energy X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In general, at 800 °C the carbide microstructure can still change significantly up to 1000 h of annealing. It is found that a higher carbon concentration promotes the carbide precipitation process and increases the thermal stability of carbides. Internal interfaces and other crystallographic defects act not only as heterogeneous nucleation sites for perovskite Ti3AlC carbides but also as carbon sinks. This retards the carbide nucleation in the interior of γ-TiAl grains. By homogenising the carbon distribution through solution heat treatment the nucleation of carbides in the γ-TiAl matrix is significantly accelerated as an effect of higher matrix carbon content.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2015.07.001} (DOI). Wang, L.; Gabrisch, H.; Lorenz, U.; Schimansky, F.; Schreyer, A.; Stark, A.; Pyczak, F.: Nucleation and thermal stability of carbide precipitates in high Nb containing TiAl alloys. Intermetallics. 2015. vol. 66, 111-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2015.07.001}} @misc{rogstroem_thermal_stability_2015, author={Rogstroem, L., Ghafoor, N., Schroeder, J., Schell, N., Birch, J., Ahlgren, M., Oden, M.}, title={Thermal stability of wurtzite Zr1−xAlxN coatings studied by in situ high-energy x-ray diffraction during annealing}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927156}, abstract = {We study the thermal stability of wurtzite (w) structure ZrAlN coatings by a combination of in situ high-energy x-ray scattering techniques during annealing and electron microscopy. Wurtzite structure Zr1−x Al xN coatings with Al-contents from x = 0.46 to x = 0.71 were grown by cathodic arc evaporation. The stability of the w-ZrAlN phase depends on chemical composition where the higher Al-content coatings are more stable. The wurtzite ZrAlN phase was found to phase separate through spinodal decomposition, resulting in nanoscale compositional modulations, i.e., alternating Al-rich ZrAlN layers and Zr-rich ZrAlN layers, forming within the hexagonal lattice. The period of the compositional modulations varies between 1.7 and 2.5 nm and depends on the chemical composition of the coating where smaller periods form in the more unstable, high Zr-content coatings. In addition, Zr leaves the w-ZrAlN lattice to form cubic ZrN precipitates in the column boundaries.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4927156} (DOI). Rogstroem, L.; Ghafoor, N.; Schroeder, J.; Schell, N.; Birch, J.; Ahlgren, M.; Oden, M.: Thermal stability of wurtzite Zr1−xAlxN coatings studied by in situ high-energy x-ray diffraction during annealing. Journal of Applied Physics. 2015. vol. 118, no. 3, 035309. DOI: 10.1063/1.4927156}} @misc{schroeder_industryrelevant_magnetron_2015, author={Schroeder, J.L., Thomson, W., Howard, B., Schell, N., Naeslund, L.-A., Rogstroem, L., Johansson-Joesaar, M.P., Ghafoor, N., Oden, M., Nothnagel, E., Shepard, A., Greer, J., Birch, J.}, title={Industry-relevant magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc ultra-high vacuum deposition system for in situ x-ray diffraction studies of thin film growth using high energy synchrotron radiation}, year={2015}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4930243}, abstract = {We present an industry-relevant, large-scale, ultra-high vacuum (UHV) magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc deposition system purposefully designed for time-resolved in situ thin film deposition/annealing studies using high-energy (>50 keV), high photon flux (>1012 ph/s) synchrotron radiation. The high photon flux, combined with a fast-acquisition-time (<1 s) two-dimensional (2D) detector, permits time-resolved in situ structural analysis of thin film formation processes. The high-energy synchrotron-radiation based x-rays result in small scattering angles (<11°), allowing large areas of reciprocal space to be imaged with a 2D detector. The system has been designed for use on the 1-tonne, ultra-high load, high-resolution hexapod at the P07 High Energy Materials Science beamline at PETRA III at the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron in Hamburg, Germany. The deposition system includes standard features of a typical UHV deposition system plus a range of special features suited for synchrotron radiation studies and industry-relevant processes. We openly encourage the materials research community to contact us for collaborative opportunities using this unique and versatile scientific instrument.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4930243} (DOI). Schroeder, J.; Thomson, W.; Howard, B.; Schell, N.; Naeslund, L.; Rogstroem, L.; Johansson-Joesaar, M.; Ghafoor, N.; Oden, M.; Nothnagel, E.; Shepard, A.; Greer, J.; Birch, J.: Industry-relevant magnetron sputtering and cathodic arc ultra-high vacuum deposition system for in situ x-ray diffraction studies of thin film growth using high energy synchrotron radiation. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2015. vol. 86, no. 9, 095113. DOI: 10.1063/1.4930243}} @misc{deyhle_nanostructure_of_2014, author={Deyhle, H., White, S.N., Bunk, O., Beckmann, F., Mueller, B.}, title={Nanostructure of carious tooth enamel lesion}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.024}, abstract = {Carious lesions exhibit a complex structural organization composed of zones of higher and lower mineralization, formed by successive periods of cyclic de- and re-mineralization. A thorough understanding of the lesion morphology is necessary for the development of suitable treatments aiming to repair rather than replace the damaged tissue. This detailed understanding includes the entire lesion down to individual crystallites and nanopores within the natural organization of the crown. A moderate lesion, with surface loss and reaching dentin, and a very early lesion were studied. Scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with a pixel size of 20 × 20 μm2 was used to characterize these lesions, allowing for the identification of distinct zones with varied absorption and scattering behavior, indicative of varied porosity and pore morphology. Despite these differences, the overall orientation and anisotropy of the SAXS signal was unaltered throughout both lesions, indicating that an anisotropic scaffold is still present in the lesion. The finding that crystallite orientation is preserved throughout the lesions facilitates the identification of preventive re-mineralizing strategies with the potential to recreate the original nanostructure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.024} (DOI). Deyhle, H.; White, S.; Bunk, O.; Beckmann, F.; Mueller, B.: Nanostructure of carious tooth enamel lesion. Acta Biomaterialia. 2014. vol. 10, no. 1, 355-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.08.024}} @misc{garcers_influence_of_2014, author={Garcers, G., Requena, G., Tolnai, D., Perez, P., Adeva, P., Stark, A., Schell, N.}, title={Influence of rare-earth addition on the long-period stacking ordered phase in cast Mg–Y–Zn alloys}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7967-4}, abstract = {The microstructure and thermal stability of the Mg97Y2Zn1 (at.%) alloy, modified with the addition of 0.5 at.% of gadolinium or neodymium, have been examined by synchrotron radiation diffraction during in situ differential scanning calorimetry. The microstructure of the three alloys consists of magnesium dendrites with the Long Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) phase at interdendritic regions. Rare-earth atoms substitute yttrium atoms in the LPSO phase, promoting the formation of the 14H structure. Lattice parameters of the LPSO do not change significantly with the rare-earth addition. However, they reduce the melting point of the LPSO phase, especially in the case of neodymium addition.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7967-4} (DOI). Garcers, G.; Requena, G.; Tolnai, D.; Perez, P.; Adeva, P.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.: Influence of rare-earth addition on the long-period stacking ordered phase in cast Mg–Y–Zn alloys. Journal of Materials Science. 2014. vol. 49, no. 7, 2714-2722. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-013-7967-4}} @misc{bormann_assessing_the_2014, author={Bormann, T., Beckmann, F., Schinhammer, M., Deyhle, H., de Wind, M., Mueller, B.}, title={Assessing the grain structure of highly X-ray absorbing metallic alloys}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111052}, abstract = {Selective laser melting allows the fabrication of NiTi implants with pre-defined, complex shapes. The control of the process parameters regulates the arrangement of the granular microstructure of the NiTi alloy. We prepared specimens with elongated grains, which build a sound basis for diffraction contrast tomography experiments using synchrotron radiation and for electron backscatter diffraction measurements. Both approaches reveal the orientation and size of the individual grains within the specimen. Still, electron backscatter diffraction is confined to two-dimensional cross-sections while diffraction contrast tomography reveals these microstructural features in three dimensions. We demonstrate that the grains in the selective laser melted specimen, which are oriented along the building direction, do not exhibit a well-defined planar grain orientation but are twisted. These twisted grains give rise to diffraction spots observable for several degrees of specimen rotation simultaneously to the acquisition of tomography data.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.3139/146.111052} (DOI). Bormann, T.; Beckmann, F.; Schinhammer, M.; Deyhle, H.; de Wind, M.; Mueller, B.: Assessing the grain structure of highly X-ray absorbing metallic alloys. International Journal of Materials Research. 2014. vol. 105, no. 7, 692-701. DOI: 10.3139/146.111052}} @misc{larrayozizcara_characterization_and_2014, author={Larrayoz Izcara, X., Guirao Blank, A., Pyczak, F., Staron, P., Schumann, S., Huber, N.}, title={Characterization and modeling of the influence of artificial aging on the microstructural evolution of age-hardenable AlSi10Mg(Cu) aluminum alloys}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.031}, abstract = {A comprehensive analysis of the effect of the artificial aging on the Mg2Si precipitation distribution of the age-hardenable AlSi10Mg(Cu) aluminum alloy from T6 to T7 condition is presented considering the influence of temperature and time of the aging conditions. A complete quantitative characterization of the strengthening distributions covering a broad range of aging conditions was obtained using the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) technique, complemented with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HTEM). This information was successfully used to fit Robson׳s precipitation model for the prediction of the precipitation distribution as a function of time and temperature. Based on the measured precipitation behavior a sigmoidal function of the interfacial energy was added to Robson׳s model. As a result a unique set of modeling parameters was obtained for the whole precipitation process and range of temperatures considered. Robson׳s model is shown to be a powerful tool for predicting the evolution of these nanometer-scale particles in industrial and complex aging processes, which are critical for designing new components based on the material requirements.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.031} (DOI). Larrayoz Izcara, X.; Guirao Blank, A.; Pyczak, F.; Staron, P.; Schumann, S.; Huber, N.: Characterization and modeling of the influence of artificial aging on the microstructural evolution of age-hardenable AlSi10Mg(Cu) aluminum alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014. vol. 610, 46-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.031}} @misc{imayev_effect_of_2014, author={Imayev, V., Gaisin, R., Gaisina, E., Imayev, R., Fecht, H.-J., Pyczak, F.}, title={Effect of hot forging on microstructure and tensile properties of Ti–TiB based composites produced by casting}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.091}, abstract = {Microstructure and mechanical behavior of near eutectic Ti–1.5 wt% B and hypereutectic Ti–2B wt% B composite materials obtained by casting have been investigated. Commercially pure titanium was used as a matrix material. Homogeneously distributed TiB whiskers were revealed in the as-cast composite materials. Multiple isothermal 2-D forging of the composites was carried out in the temperature range of the beta phase field. The hot forging led to effective alignment of boride whiskers while retaining a high aspect ratio. Tensile mechanical tests in as-cast and forged conditions were carried out at room and elevated temperatures. The composites demonstrated much higher strength in comparison with the matrix material without drastic ductility reduction. The effect of boride orientation and morphology on the tensile properties of the composite materials is discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.091} (DOI). Imayev, V.; Gaisin, R.; Gaisina, E.; Imayev, R.; Fecht, H.; Pyczak, F.: Effect of hot forging on microstructure and tensile properties of Ti–TiB based composites produced by casting. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014. vol. 609, 34-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.04.091}} @misc{benafan_mechanical_and_2014, author={Benafan, O., Garg, A., Noebe, R.D., Bigelow, G.S., Padula, S.A., Gaydosh, D.J., Schell, N., Mabe, J.H., Vaidyanathan, R.}, title={Mechanical and functional behavior of a Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 high temperature shape memory alloy}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2014.02.006}, abstract = {The mechanical and functional behaviors of a Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 high temperature shape memory alloy were investigated through combined ex situ macroscopic experiments and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Isothermal tension and compression tests were conducted between room temperature and 260 °C, while isobaric thermomechanical cycling experiments were conducted at selected stresses up to 700 MPa. Isothermal testing of the martensite phase revealed no plastic strain up to the test limit of 1 GPa and near-perfect superelastic behavior up to 3% applied strain at temperatures above the austenite finish. Excellent dimensional stability with greater than 2.5% actuation strain without accumulation of noticeable residual strains (at stresses less than or equal to −400 MPa) were observed during isobaric thermal cycling experiments. The absence of residual strain accumulation during thermomechanical cycling was confirmed by the lattice strains, determined from X-ray spectra. Even in the untrained condition, the material exhibited little or no history or path dependence in behavior, consistent with measurements of the bulk texture after thermomechanical cycling using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Post deformation cycling revealed the limited conditions under which a slight two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was obtained, with a maximum of 0.34% two-way shape memory strain after thermomechanical cycling under −700 MPa.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2014.02.006} (DOI). Benafan, O.; Garg, A.; Noebe, R.; Bigelow, G.; Padula, S.; Gaydosh, D.; Schell, N.; Mabe, J.; Vaidyanathan, R.: Mechanical and functional behavior of a Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 high temperature shape memory alloy. Intermetallics. 2014. vol. 50, 94-107. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2014.02.006}} @misc{salih_the_effect_2014, author={Salih, M.Z., Weidenfeller, B., Al-Hamdany, N., Brokmeier, H.-G., Gan, W.M.}, title={The effect of intermediate annealing between cold rolled steps on crystallographic texture and magnetic properties of Fe–2.6% Si}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.03.009}, abstract = {The crystallographic textures and magnetic properties of Fe–2.6 wt% Si after two different cold rolling and thermal treatment processes were investigated. The first set of samples was 90% cold rolled and annealed for 20 min at 600 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C, while the second set was cold rolled for 75% and 60% with intermediate annealing at 600 °C for 60 min. Samples were analyzed by neutron diffraction and magnetic measurements. By means of the one and two stage cold rolling processes important cube (0 0 1)[1 0 0] and Goss components {1 1 0}〈0 0 1〉 were produced. Magnetic properties obtained through the two stage process were better than the properties found with the one stage process due to a higher fraction of the cube and Goss components in the material after the two stage process. An increase of grain sizes does not lead to better magnetic properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.03.009} (DOI). Salih, M.; Weidenfeller, B.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Gan, W.: The effect of intermediate annealing between cold rolled steps on crystallographic texture and magnetic properties of Fe–2.6% Si. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2014. vol. 362, 141-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.03.009}} @misc{bormann_combining_micro_2014, author={Bormann, T., Schulz, G., Deyhle, H., Beckmann, F., de Wild, M., Kueffer, J., Muench, C., Hoffmann, W., Mueller, B.}, title={Combining micro computed tomography and three-dimensional registration to evaluate local strains in shape memory scaffolds}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.007}, abstract = {Appropriate mechanical stimulation of bony tissue enhances osseointegration of load-bearing implants. Uniaxial compression of porous implants locally results in tensile and compressive strains. Their experimental determination is the objective of this study. Selective laser melting is applied to produce open-porous NiTi scaffolds of cubic units. To measure displacement and strain fields within the compressed scaffold, the authors took advantage of synchrotron radiation-based micro computed tomography during temperature increase and non-rigid three-dimensional data registration. Uniaxial scaffold compression of 6% led to local compressive and tensile strains of up to 15%. The experiments validate modeling by means of the finite element method. Increasing the temperature during the tomography experiment from 15 to 37 °C at a rate of 4 K h−1, one can locally identify the phase transition from martensite to austenite. It starts at ∼24 °C on the scaffolds bottom, proceeds up towards the top and terminates at ∼34 °C on the periphery of the scaffold. The results allow not only design optimization of the scaffold architecture, but also estimation of maximal displacements before cracks are initiated and of optimized mechanical stimuli around porous metallic load-bearing implants within the physiological temperature range.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.007} (DOI). Bormann, T.; Schulz, G.; Deyhle, H.; Beckmann, F.; de Wild, M.; Kueffer, J.; Muench, C.; Hoffmann, W.; Mueller, B.: Combining micro computed tomography and three-dimensional registration to evaluate local strains in shape memory scaffolds. Acta Biomaterialia. 2014. vol. 10, no. 2, 1024-1034. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.11.007}} @misc{loeber_selective_laser_2014, author={Loeber, L., Schimansky, F.P., Kuehn, U., Pyczak, F., Eckert, J.}, title={Selective laser melting of a beta-solidifying TNM-B1 titanium aluminide alloy}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.04.002}, abstract = {The interest for a wider range of useable materials for the technology of selective laser melting is growing. In this work we describe a new way to optimize the process parameters for selective laser melting of a beta solidifying titanium aluminide. This kind of material has so far not been processed successfully by this method. The new approach is easy to conduct and well transferable to other materials. It is based on the fact that the parts generated from selective laser melting can be described by an addition of multiple single tracks. Multiple types of single track experiments are performed and in combination with knowledge from laser welding tests optimized parameter combinations are derived. Compact samples are built with the optimized process parameters and characterized in terms of microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties. With this technique the generation of a TNMB1 titanium aluminide alloy sample with a density greater than 99% could be achieved. The mechanical properties are comparable with material produced by conventional techniques.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.04.002} (DOI). Loeber, L.; Schimansky, F.; Kuehn, U.; Pyczak, F.; Eckert, J.: Selective laser melting of a beta-solidifying TNM-B1 titanium aluminide alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2014. vol. 214, no. 9, 1852-1860. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2014.04.002}} @misc{norrby_in_situ_2014, author={Norrby, N., Rogstroem, L., Johansson-Joesaar, M.P., Schell, N., Oden, M.}, title={In situ X-ray scattering study of the cubic to hexagonal transformation of AlN in Ti1−xAlxN}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.014}, abstract = {In the present work, we have studied the decomposition of arc-evaporated Ti0.55Al0.45N and Ti0.36Al0.64N during heat treatments in vacuum by in situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering primarily to characterize the kinetics of the phase transformation of AlN from the cubic (c) NaCl structure to the hexagonal (h) wurtzite structure. In addition, in situ small-angle X-ray scattering measurements were conducted to explore details of the wavelength evolution of the spinodal decomposition, thus providing information about the critical size of the c-AlN-rich domains prior to the onset of the transformation to h-AlN. We report the fractional cubic to hexagonal transformation of AlN in Ti1−xAlxN as a function of time and extract activation energies between 320 and 350 kJ mol−1 depending on the alloy composition. The onset of the hexagonal transformation occurs ∼50 K lower in Ti0.36Al0.64N compared to Ti0.55Al0.45N where the high Al content alloy also has a significantly higher transformation rate. A critical wavelength for the cubic domains of ∼13 nm was observed for both alloys. Scanning transmission electron microscopy shows a c-TiN/h-AlN microstructure with a striking morphology resemblance to the c-TiN/c-AlN microstructure present prior to the hexagonal transformation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.014} (DOI). Norrby, N.; Rogstroem, L.; Johansson-Joesaar, M.; Schell, N.; Oden, M.: In situ X-ray scattering study of the cubic to hexagonal transformation of AlN in Ti1−xAlxN. Acta Materialia. 2014. vol. 73, 205-214. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.014}} @misc{deing_a_porous_2014, author={Deing, A., Luthringer, B., Laipple, D., Ebel, T., Willumeit, R.}, title={A porous TiAl6V4 implant material for medical application}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/904230}, abstract = {Increased durability of permanent TiAl6V4 implants still remains a requirement for the patient’s well-being. One way to achieve a better bone-material connection is to enable bone “ingrowth” into the implant. Therefore, a new porous TiAl6V4 material was produced via Metal Injection Moulding (MIM). Specimens with four different porosities were produced using gas-atomised spherical TiAl6V4 with different powder particle diameters: namely “Small“ (<45 μm), “Medium” (45-63 μm), “Mix” (90% 125-180 μm + 10% < 45 μm), and “Large” (125-180 μm). Tensile tests, compression tests and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) were used to analyse mechanical properties. These tests revealed an increasing Young’s-modulus with decreasing porosity, i.e., “Large” and “Mix” exhibit mechanical properties closer to bone than to bulk material. By applying X-ray tomography (3D volume) and optical metallographic methods (2D volume and dimensions) the pores were dissected. The pore analysis of the “Mix” and “Large” samples showed pore volumes between 29% and 34%, respectively, with pore diameters ranging up to 175 μm and even above 200 μm for “Large“. Material cytotoxicity on bone cell lines (SaOs-2 and MG-63) and primary cells (human bone derived cells, HBDC) was studied by MTT assays and highlighted an increasing viability with higher porosity.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/904230} (DOI). Deing, A.; Luthringer, B.; Laipple, D.; Ebel, T.; Willumeit, R.: A porous TiAl6V4 implant material for medical application. International Journal of Biomaterials. 2014. vol. 2014, 904230. DOI: 10.1155/2014/904230}} @misc{karimi_structural_analysis_2014, author={Karimi, F., Pranzas, P.K., Hoell, A., Vainio, U., Welter, E., Raghuwanshi, V.S., Pistidda, C., Dornheim, M., Klassen, T., Schreyer, A.}, title={Structural analysis of calcium reactive hydride composite for solid state hydrogen storage}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576713031567}, abstract = {Owing to a theoretical hydrogen storage capacity of 10.5 wt% H2, Ca(BH4)2+MgH2, the so-called calcium reactive hydride composite (Ca-RHC), has a great potential as a hydrogen storage material. However, its dehydrogenation temperature (623 K) is too high for any mobile applications. By addition of 10 mol% of NbF5 into Ca(BH4)2+MgH2, a decrease of the dehydrogenation onset temperature by 120 K is observed. In order to understand the reasons behind this desorption temperature decrement two sets of samples [Ca(BH4)2+MgH2 and Ca(BH4)2+MgH2+0.1NbF5] in different hydrogenation states, were prepared. The structural investigation of the above mentioned sets of samples by means of volumetric measurements, anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is reported here. The XAS results show that after the milling procedure NbB2 is formed and remains stable upon further de/rehydrogenation cycling. The results of Nb ASAXS point to nanometric spherical NbB2 particles distributed in the hydride matrix, with a mean diameter of 10 nm. Results from Ca ASAXS indicate Ca-containing nanostructures in the Ca-RHC+0.1NbF5 samples to be 50% finer compared to those without additive. Thus, a higher reaction surface area and shorter diffusion paths for the constituents are concluded to be important contributions to the catalytic effect of an NbF5 additive on the hydrogen sorption kinetics of the Ca(BH4)2+MgH2 composite system.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576713031567} (DOI). Karimi, F.; Pranzas, P.; Hoell, A.; Vainio, U.; Welter, E.; Raghuwanshi, V.; Pistidda, C.; Dornheim, M.; Klassen, T.; Schreyer, A.: Structural analysis of calcium reactive hydride composite for solid state hydrogen storage. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2014. vol. 47, no. 1, 67-75. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576713031567}} @misc{salih_magnetic_properties_2014, author={Salih, M.Z., Weidenfeller, B., Al-Hamdany, N., Brokmeier, H.-G., Gan, W.M.}, title={Magnetic properties and crystallographic textures of Fe 2.6% Si after 90% cold rolling plus different annealing}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.10.051}, abstract = {The effect of rolling and annealing on the crystallographic texture and the magnetic properties of Fe-2.6% Si non-oriented electric steel during 90% cold rolling and different annealing temperature at (600 °C, 700 °C, 900 °C and 1100 °C) for 60 min and 20 min was analyzed. The 97% hot rolled as received material shows development of alpha and gamma fiber texture affecting on the magnetic properties at rolling and transverse direction. 90% cold rolling with moderate annealing temperature (up to 700 °C) and 60 min annealing time leads to better textures and improved magnetic properties. Due to coarse grained microstructure after annealing, neutron diffractions is an efficient tool for the analysis of Bulk texture of polycrystalline materials, well known for sufficient grain statistics and bulk texture measurement.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.10.051} (DOI). Salih, M.; Weidenfeller, B.; Al-Hamdany, N.; Brokmeier, H.; Gan, W.: Magnetic properties and crystallographic textures of Fe 2.6% Si after 90% cold rolling plus different annealing. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2014. vol. 354, 105-111. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2013.10.051}} @misc{auweter_xray_phasecontrast_2014, author={Auweter, S.D., Herzen, J., Willner, M., Grandl, S., Scherer, K., Bamberg, F., Reiser, M.F., Pfeiffer, F., Hellerhoff, K.}, title={X-ray phase-contrast imaging of the breast—advances towards clinical implementation}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20130606}, abstract = {Breast cancer constitutes about one-quarter of all cancers and is the leading cause of cancer death in women. To reduce breast cancer mortality, mammographic screening programmes have been implemented in many Western countries. However, these programmes remain controversial because of the associated radiation exposure and the need for improvement in terms of diagnostic accuracy. Phase-contrast imaging is a new X-ray-based technology that has been shown to provide enhanced soft-tissue contrast and improved visualization of cancerous structures. Furthermore, there is some indication that these improvements of image quality can be maintained at reduced radiation doses. Thus, X-ray phase-contrast mammography may significantly contribute to advancements in early breast cancer diagnosis. Feasibility studies of X-ray phase-contrast breast CT have provided images that allow resolution of the fine structure of tissue that can otherwise only be obtained by histology. This implies that X-ray phase-contrast imaging may also lead to the development of entirely new (micro-) radiological applications. This review provides a brief overview of the physical characteristics of this new technology and describes recent developments towards clinical implementation of X-ray phase-contrast imaging of the breast.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20130606} (DOI). Auweter, S.; Herzen, J.; Willner, M.; Grandl, S.; Scherer, K.; Bamberg, F.; Reiser, M.; Pfeiffer, F.; Hellerhoff, K.: X-ray phase-contrast imaging of the breast—advances towards clinical implementation. The British Journal of Radiology : BJR. 2014. vol. 87, no. 1034, 20130606. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20130606}} @misc{graupner_using_synchroton_2014, author={Graupner, N., Beckmann, F., Wilde, F., Muessig, J.}, title={Using synchroton radiation-based micro-computer tomography (SR Mue-CT) for the measurement of fibre orientations in cellulose fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7724-8}, abstract = {The present work deals with the measurement of fibre orientation angles in composites. A study by Bax and Müssig [1] investigated the mechanical properties (tensile and impact characteristics) of injection-moulded flax and Cordenka-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites with fibre mass fractions between 10 and 30 %. Raising the fibre content from 10 to 30 % resulted in an increase in tensile characteristics, but it was noted that a reinforcement with 10 % flax fibres led to poorer tensile strength as compared to the neat PLA matrix. This behaviour was not expected and needs clarification. Therefore, test specimens with a fibre content of 10 and 30 mass % were examined for their fibre orientations and void content. For the investigations, microcomputer tomography images were created by monochromatic synchrotron radiation. Fibre orientation angles of these micrographs were determined with an adapted measuring mask of the Fibreshape software. It could be shown that the fibre orientation in the composite is dependent on the fibre mass fraction and the type of fibre. No voids were found in all the investigated composites. The average fibre orientation angle of 10 % flax/PLA showed a larger deviation from the longitudinal axis of the test specimen than the other samples, and is made primarily responsible for the lower tensile strength of this composite.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7724-8} (DOI). Graupner, N.; Beckmann, F.; Wilde, F.; Muessig, J.: Using synchroton radiation-based micro-computer tomography (SR Mue-CT) for the measurement of fibre orientations in cellulose fibre-reinforced polylactide (PLA) composites. Journal of Materials Science. 2014. vol. 49, no. 1, 450-460. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-013-7724-8}} @misc{suwanpinij_in_situ_2014, author={Suwanpinij, P., Stark, A., Li, X., Roemer, F., Herrmann, K., Lippmann, T., Bleck, W.}, title={In Situ High Energy X-Ray Diffraction for Investigating the 3 Phase Transformation in Hot Rolled TRIP-Aided Steels}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201300537}, abstract = {The phase transformation kinetics of a hot rolled transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel is investigated by means of in situ high energy X-ray diffraction. The samples are deformed and annealed according to the parameters of a hot rolling process in a deformation dilatometer installed in the synchrotron beamline. Simultaneously, the phase fraction and the carbon content in the remaining austenite were measured by X-ray diffraction. It is advantageous that the retained austenite (RA) can be measured without sample preparation, which usually results in unwanted strain-induced martensite transformation. This study shows that enough carbon enrichment of austenite can be achieved by forming carbide free bainite. However, too little fraction of the RA for the TRIP effect can be formed without the pre-deformation. The pre-deformation also promotes the decarburization of the bainitic ferrite especially at high temperature.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201300537} (DOI). Suwanpinij, P.; Stark, A.; Li, X.; Roemer, F.; Herrmann, K.; Lippmann, T.; Bleck, W.: In Situ High Energy X-Ray Diffraction for Investigating the 3 Phase Transformation in Hot Rolled TRIP-Aided Steels. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2014. vol. 16, no. 8, 1044-1051. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201300537}} @misc{herzen_imaging_liver_2014, author={Herzen, J., Willner, M.S., Fingerle, A.A., Noel, P.B., Koehler, T., Drecoll, E., Rummeny, E.J., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Imaging Liver Lesions Using Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography with Bi-Lateral Filter Post-Processing}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083369}, abstract = {X-ray phase-contrast imaging shows improved soft-tissue contrast compared to standard absorption-based X-ray imaging. Especially the grating-based method seems to be one promising candidate for clinical implementation due to its extendibility to standard laboratory X-ray sources. Therefore the purpose of our study was to evaluate the potential of grating-based phase-contrast computed tomography in combination with a novel bi-lateral denoising method for imaging of focal liver lesions in an ex vivo feasibility study. Our study shows that grating-based phase-contrast CT (PCCT) significantly increases the soft-tissue contrast in the ex vivo liver specimens. Combining the information of both signals – absorption and phase-contrast – the bi-lateral filtering leads to an improvement of lesion detectability and higher contrast-to-noise ratios. The normal and the pathological tissue can be clearly delineated and even internal structures of the pathological tissue can be visualized, being invisible in the absorption-based CT alone. Histopathology confirmed the presence of the corresponding findings in the analyzed tissue. The results give strong evidence for a sufficiently high contrast for different liver lesions using non-contrast-enhanced PCCT. Thus, ex vivo imaging of liver lesions is possible with a polychromatic X-ray source and at a spatial resolution of ~100 µm. The post-processing with the novel bi-lateral denoising method improves the image quality by combining the information from the absorption and the phase-contrast images.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083369} (DOI). Herzen, J.; Willner, M.; Fingerle, A.; Noel, P.; Koehler, T.; Drecoll, E.; Rummeny, E.; Pfeiffer, F.: Imaging Liver Lesions Using Grating-Based Phase-Contrast Computed Tomography with Bi-Lateral Filter Post-Processing. PLoS One. 2014. vol. 9, no. 1, e83369. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083369}} @misc{fu_helical_differential_2014, author={Fu, J., Willner, M., Chen, L., Tan, R., Achterhold, K., Bech, M., Herzen, J., Kunka, D., Mohr, J., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Helical differential X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.01.005}, abstract = {We report on the first experimental results of helical differential phase-contrast computed tomography (helical DPC-CT) with a laboratory X-ray tube source and a Talbot–Lau grating interferometer. The results experimentally verify the feasibility of helical data acquisition and reconstruction in phase-contrast imaging, in analogy to its use in clinical CT systems. This allows fast and continuous volumetric scans for long objects with lengths exceeding the dimension of the detector. Since helical CT revolutionized the field of medical CT several years ago, we anticipate that this method will bring the same significant impact on the future medical and industrial applications of X-ray DPC-CT.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.01.005} (DOI). Fu, J.; Willner, M.; Chen, L.; Tan, R.; Achterhold, K.; Bech, M.; Herzen, J.; Kunka, D.; Mohr, J.; Pfeiffer, F.: Helical differential X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography. Physica Medica. 2014. vol. 30, no. 3, 374-379. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.01.005}} @misc{kleinteich_anatomy_function_2014, author={Kleinteich, T., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Matsui, M., Haas, A.}, title={Anatomy, function, and evolution of jaw and hyobranchial muscles in cryptobranchoid salamander larvae}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20211}, abstract = {Larval salamanders (Lissamphibia: Caudata) are known to be effective suction feeders in their aquatic environments, although they will eventually transform into terrestrial tongue feeding adults during metamorphosis. Early tetrapods may have had a similar biphasic life cycle and this makes larval salamanders a particularly interesting model to study the anatomy, function, development, and evolution of the feeding apparatus in terrestrial vertebrates. Here, we provide a description of the muscles that are involved in the feeding strike in salamander larvae of the Hynobiidae and compare them to larvae of the paedomorphic Cryptobranchidae. We provide a functional and evolutionary interpretation for the observed muscle characters. The cranial muscles in larvae from species of the Hynobiidae and Cryptobranchidae are generally very similar. Most notable are the differences in the presence of the m. hyomandibularis, a muscle that connects the hyobranchial apparatus with the lower jaw. We found this muscle only in Onychodactylus japonicus (Hynobiidae) but not in other hynobiid or cryptobranchid salamanders. Interestingly, the m. hyomandibularis in O. japonicus originates from the ceratobranchial I and not the ceratohyal, and thus exhibits what was previously assumed to be the derived condition. Finally, we applied a biomechanical model to simulate suction feeding in larval salamanders. We provide evidence that a flattened shape of the hyobranchial apparatus in its resting position is beneficial for a fast and successful suction feeding strike.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20211} (DOI). Kleinteich, T.; Herzen, J.; Beckmann, F.; Matsui, M.; Haas, A.: Anatomy, function, and evolution of jaw and hyobranchial muscles in cryptobranchoid salamander larvae. Journal of Morphology. 2014. vol. 275, no. 2, 230-246. DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20211}} @misc{wang_experimental_and_2014, author={Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Srinivasan, A., Liu, Z., Beckmann, F., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={Experimental and numerical analysis of hot tearing susceptibility for Mg–Y alloys}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7712-z}, abstract = {The influences of Y content and initial mold temperatures on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of binary Mg–Y alloys were investigated using a constrained rod casting (CRC) apparatus, which is equipped with a load cell and data acquisition systems. The hot crack formation was monitored during CRC experiments. The experimental results show that HTS first increases with increase in the Y content, reaches the maximum at about 1.5 wt% Y and then decreases with further increase in the content of Y. The severest of hot tearing is found in Mg–1.5 wt% Y alloy which is due to its large columnar grain structure, wide solidification range, and small amount of eutectic. The resistance to hot tearing is apparently improved by increasing the initial mold temperature. ProCAST simulation software was used to predict the hot tearing of Mg–Y alloys in CRC. The simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental measurements. The numerical simulations will be helpful and valuable to optimize the alloy composition and casting parameters to minimize the hot tearing defects.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7712-z} (DOI). Wang, Z.; Huang, Y.; Srinivasan, A.; Liu, Z.; Beckmann, F.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: Experimental and numerical analysis of hot tearing susceptibility for Mg–Y alloys. Journal of Materials Science. 2014. vol. 49, 353-362. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-013-7712-z}} @misc{gaitzenauer_microstructure_and_2014, author={Gaitzenauer, A., Stark, A., Gosslar, D., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={Microstructure and Texture Evolution in an Intermetallic Beta-Stabilized TiAl Alloy During Forging and Subsequent Isothermal Annealing}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201300265}, abstract = {Microstructure and texture formation were investigated in an intermetallic Ti–43.4Al–4.2Nb–1.1Mo–0.1B (in at.%) alloy after near conventional forging in the (α + β) phase field region and subsequent isothermal annealing treatments at 1150 °C for different holding times. During forging and the following cooling process a fine grained microstructure is formed consisting of lamellar α2/γ colonies and elongated grains of the βo phase situated at the colony boundaries. The isothermal annealing treatment leads to a significant change of the forged microstructure. After hot-forging, all phases show typical fiber textures as it is expected for uniaxial deformation. In the as-forged state the α2(α) phase exhibits a 〈11-20〉 fiber, the βo(β) phase has a strong and sharp fiber and the γ phase shows a and a weaker fiber. After additional annealing at 1150 °C for 8 h, the textures are almost unchanged in contrast to the microstructure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201300265} (DOI). Gaitzenauer, A.; Stark, A.; Gosslar, D.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: Microstructure and Texture Evolution in an Intermetallic Beta-Stabilized TiAl Alloy During Forging and Subsequent Isothermal Annealing. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2014. vol. 16, no. 4, 445-451. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201300265}} @misc{schwaighofer_effect_of_2014, author={Schwaighofer, E., Rashkova, B., Clemens, H., Stark, A., Mayer, S.}, title={Effect of carbon addition on solidification behavior, phase evolution and creep properties of an intermetallic Beta-stabilized Gamma-TiAl based alloy}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.11.011}, abstract = {Improving mechanical properties of advanced intermetallic multi-phase γ-TiAl based alloys, such as the Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B alloy (in at.%), termed TNM alloy, is limited by compositional and microstructural adaptations. A common possibility to further improve strength and creep behavior of such β-solidifying TiAl alloys is e.g. alloying with β-stabilizing substitutional solid solution hardening elements Nb, Mo, Ta, W as well as the addition of interstitial hardening elements C and N which are also carbide and nitride forming elements. Carbon is known to be a strong α-stabilizer and, therefore, alloying with C is accompanied by a change of phase evolution. The preservation of the solidification pathway via the β-phase, which is needed to obtain grain refinement, minimum segregation and an almost texture-free solidification microstructure, in combination with an enhanced content of C, requires a certain amount of β-stabilizing elements, e.g. Mo. In the present study, the solidification pathway, C-solubility and phase evolution of C-containing TNM variants are investigated. Finally, the creep behavior of a refined TNM alloy with 1.5 at.% Mo and 0.5 at.% C is compared with that exhibiting a nominal Ti-43.5Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B alloy composition.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.11.011} (DOI). Schwaighofer, E.; Rashkova, B.; Clemens, H.; Stark, A.; Mayer, S.: Effect of carbon addition on solidification behavior, phase evolution and creep properties of an intermetallic Beta-stabilized Gamma-TiAl based alloy. Intermetallics. 2014. vol. 46, 173-184. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2013.11.011}} @misc{stark_the_transformation_2014, author={Stark, A., Oehring, M., Pyczak, F., Lippmann, T., Lottermoser, L., Schreyer, A.}, title={The Transformation Mechanism of Beta Phase to Omega-Related Phases in Nb-Rich Gamma-TiAl Alloys Studied by In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.772.85}, abstract = {In recent years intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys with additional amounts of the ternary bcc β Ti(Al,Nb) phase attracted increasing attention due to their improved workability at elevated temperatures. Depending on alloy composition and heat treatment the ductile high-temperature β phase can transform to several ordered phases at lower temperatures. However, currently available phase diagrams of these multiphase alloys are quite uncertain and the precipitation kinetics of some metastable phases is far from understood. In the present study various transformation pathways of the third phase were observed in situ by means of high-energy X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. A Ti-45Al-10Nb (at.%) specimen was subjected to a temperature ramp of repeated heating cycles (700 °C - 1100 °C) with subsequent quenching at different rates. Depending on the quenching rate reversible transformations of the B2-ordered βo phase to different ω-related phases were observed. The results indicate that the complete transformation from βo to hexagonal B82-ordered ωo consists of two steps which are both diffusion controlled but proceed with different velocities.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.772.85} (DOI). Stark, A.; Oehring, M.; Pyczak, F.; Lippmann, T.; Lottermoser, L.; Schreyer, A.: The Transformation Mechanism of Beta Phase to Omega-Related Phases in Nb-Rich Gamma-TiAl Alloys Studied by In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction. Materials Science Forum, Mechanical Stress Evaluation by Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation VI. 2014. vol. 772, 85-89. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.772.85}} @misc{jabbar_improvement_of_2014, author={Jabbar, H., Monchoux, J.-P., Thomas, M., Pyczak, F., Couret, A.}, title={Improvement of the creep properties of TiAl alloys densified by Spark Plasma Sintering}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.10.019}, abstract = {Thermal treatments are applied to PM TiAl alloys elaborated by Spark Plasma Sintering with the aim to improve their creep properties. Duplex microstructures are generated and characterized.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.10.019} (DOI). Jabbar, H.; Monchoux, J.; Thomas, M.; Pyczak, F.; Couret, A.: Improvement of the creep properties of TiAl alloys densified by Spark Plasma Sintering. Intermetallics. 2014. vol. 46, 1-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2013.10.019}} @misc{hoppe_deformationinduced_internal_2014, author={Hoppe, R., Appel, F.}, title={Deformation-induced internal stresses in multiphase titanium aluminide alloys}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.024}, abstract = {Long-range internal back stresses developed during room temperature tensile deformation of titanium aluminide alloys have been determined. Dip tests were implemented during the strain-controlled tensile deformation and the resulting sample deformation was monitored in the relaxation regime of the machine. The internal stress was determined as the critical stress at which the inelastic sample relaxation is reversed, i.e. going from the tensile direction to the compression direction. The investigation involves a wide range of alloy compositions with a corresponding variation in the strength properties. For the alloys investigated, the internal stress is about 80% of the yield stress. The mechanical tests were coupled with electron microscopy examination of the defect structure in order to assess the strain accommodation occurring during deformation. Possible sources for the built up internal stresses are discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.024} (DOI). Hoppe, R.; Appel, F.: Deformation-induced internal stresses in multiphase titanium aluminide alloys. Acta Materialia. 2014. vol. 64, 169-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.10.024}} @misc{blonde_positiondependent_shearinduced_2014, author={Blonde, R., Jimenez-Melero, E., Ponnusami, S., Zhao, L., Schell, N., Brueck, E., Zwaag, S.van der, Dijk, N.van}, title={Position-dependent shear-induced austenite-martensite transformation in double-notched TRIP and dual-phase steel samples}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576714006712}, abstract = {While earlier studies on transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steels focused on the determination of the austenite-to-martensite decomposition in uniform deformation or thermal fields, the current research focuses on the determination of the local retained austenite-to-martensite transformation behaviour in an inhomogeneous yet carefully controlled shear-loaded region of double-notched TRIP and dual-phase (DP) steel samples. A detailed powder analysis has been performed to simultaneously monitor the evolution of the phase fraction and the changes in average carbon concentration of metastable austenite together with the local strain components in the constituent phases as a function of the macroscopic stress and location with respect to the shear band. The metastable retained austenite shows a mechanically induced martensitic transformation in the localized shear zone, which is accompanied by an increase in average carbon concentration of the remaining austenite due to a preferred transformation of the austenite grains with the lowest carbon concentration. At the later deformation stages the geometry of the shear test samples results in the development of an additional tensile component. The experimental strain field within the probed sample area is in good agreement with finite element calculations. The strain development observed in the low-alloyed TRIP steel with metastable austenite is compared with that of steels with the same chemical composition containing either no austenite (a DP grade) or stable retained austenite (a TRIP grade produced at a long bainitic holding time). The transformation of metastable austenite under shear is a complex interplay between the local microstructure and the evolving strain fields.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576714006712} (DOI). Blonde, R.; Jimenez-Melero, E.; Ponnusami, S.; Zhao, L.; Schell, N.; Brueck, E.; Zwaag, S.; Dijk, N.: Position-dependent shear-induced austenite-martensite transformation in double-notched TRIP and dual-phase steel samples. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2014. vol. 47, no. 3, 956-964. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576714006712}} @misc{gilles_investigations_of_2014, author={Gilles, R., Mukherji, D., Eckerlebe, H., Karge, L., Staron, P., Strunz, P., Lippmann, T.}, title={Investigations of early stage precipitation in a tungsten-rich nickel-base superalloy using SAXS and SANS}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.154}, abstract = {Characterization of the early stage precipitation is an important issue as it controls the emerging microstructure developed on Ni-based superalloys which are used as single crystal blades in gas turbines. The difficulty is that the gamma prime precipitation occurs at high temperatures and the reaction kinetic is very fast. Therefore, experimental methods with high time resolution are needed to monitor γ′ precipitation. By using the high flux synchrotron instrument HARWI-II set up of the Helmholtz–Zentrum Geesthacht with a fast data collection detector, it was possible to observe the creation of fine precipitates and their early growth in a tungsten-rich Ni-base superalloy. The cooling down of the superalloy from the single-phase region to lower temperatures already leads to the formation of precipitates in the size range of a few nm. The formation and growth of the precipitates at this early stage is described in detail. In addition, SANS measurements were performed at the new SANS-1 instrument at Maier–Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) in Garching to extend the results to larger precipitate sizes. DSC experiments were used to determine the critical temperatures of the formation of these fine precipitates, as well as the temperature at which they dissolve during heating (γ′ solvus temperature).}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.154} (DOI). Gilles, R.; Mukherji, D.; Eckerlebe, H.; Karge, L.; Staron, P.; Strunz, P.; Lippmann, T.: Investigations of early stage precipitation in a tungsten-rich nickel-base superalloy using SAXS and SANS. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2014. vol. 612, 90-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.05.154}} @misc{schell_the_high_2014, author={Schell, N., King, A., Beckmann, F., Fischer, T., Mueller, M., Schreyer, A.}, title={The High Energy Materials Science Beamline (HEMS) at PETRA III}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.772.57}, abstract = {The HEMS beamline at PETRA III has a main energy of 120 keV, is tunable in the range 30-200 keV, and optimized for sub-micrometer focusing with Compound Refractive Lenses. Design, construction, and main funding was the responsibility of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, HZG. Approximately 70 % of the beamtime is dedicated to Materials Research, the rest reserved for “general physics” experiments covered by DESY, Hamburg. The beamline P07 in sector 5 consists of an undulator source optimized for high energies, a white beam optics hutch, an in-house test facility and three independent experimental hutches, plus additional set-up and storage space for long-term experiments. HEMS has partly been operational since summer 2010. First experiments are introduced coming from (a) fundamental research for the investigation of the relation between macroscopic and micro-structural properties of polycrystalline materials, grain-grain-interactions, recrystallisation processes, and the development of new & smart materials or processes; (b) applied research for manufacturing process optimization benefitting from the high flux in combination with ultra-fast detector systems allowing complex and highly dynamic in-situ studies of microstructural transformations, e.g. in-situ friction stir welding; (c) experiments targeting the industrial user community.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.772.57} (DOI). Schell, N.; King, A.; Beckmann, F.; Fischer, T.; Mueller, M.; Schreyer, A.: The High Energy Materials Science Beamline (HEMS) at PETRA III. Materials Science Forum, Mechanical Stress Evaluation by Neutrons and Synchrotron Radiation VI. 2014. vol. 772, 57-61. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.772.57}} @misc{istomin_analysis_of_2014, author={Istomin, K., Doenges, B., Schell, N., Christ, H.-J., Pietsch, U.}, title={Analysis of VHCF damage in a duplex stainless steel using hard X-ray diffraction techniques}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.04.001}, abstract = {Effects of very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) damage were investigated in an austenitic–ferritic duplex stainless steel using the hard X-ray diffraction technique applying a beam diameter in the order of the mean grain size. Diffraction patterns were collected using a large 2D detector as function of the position along the load axis as well as perpendicular to the load axis of hourglass-shaped ultrasonic fatigue specimens. Intensities, angular positions and widths of Bragg reflections from individual grains were studied as a function of load cycles and stress amplitudes. Whereas rocking curves (RC) of ferrite grains behave nearly unaffected by the cyclic load, a splitting of RCs of austenite grains was observed and is taken as an indication for the VHCF damage. The frequency of split RCs of austenite grains increases with the number of load cycles and is found to be a function of the local stress amplitude. The latter one can be modeled by means of the finite element method (FEM). Taken from the 2Θ angles of Bragg peaks the internal compressive lattice strain of ferrite and austenite grains is found to be released for low but increases again for high numbers of load cycles. The evolution of lattice strain and the frequency of split RCs of austenite grains correlate with the appearance of slip bands at the sample surface seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and in the bulk verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microcrack formation in ferrite grains is assumed originated by the high density of slip bands in austenite grains generated by very high cycle fatigue.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.04.001} (DOI). Istomin, K.; Doenges, B.; Schell, N.; Christ, H.; Pietsch, U.: Analysis of VHCF damage in a duplex stainless steel using hard X-ray diffraction techniques. International Journal of Fatigue. 2014. vol. 66, 177-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.04.001}} @misc{turk_b2_order_2014, author={Turk, C., Kellezi, G., Leitner, H., Staron, P., Gan, W., Clemens, H., Primig, S.}, title={B2 order transformation in a Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo alloy}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.117}, abstract = {The ternary system Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo shows an age hardening behavior similar to aluminum alloys. After solution annealing followed by rapid quenching, the Fe-Co-matrix is hardened during subsequent aging through precipitation of the intermetallic μ-phase (Fe,Co)7Mo6. In aged condition the entire Mo content is present in coarse primary and fine μ-phase particles and, therefore, the matrix consists exclusively of 71 at% Fe and 29 at% Co. The binary system Fe-Co shows a transformation from the disordered bcc structure to the ordered B2 structure between 25 and 72 at% Co at a critical ordering temperature ranging from room temperature to 723°C. As a consequence, the remaining overaged matrix in the Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo system should also show such a transition. However, an ordered phase is brittle and, thus, not wanted for many applications. Better mechanical properties in terms of ductility can be achieved with a partially or fully disordered phase. Such a state can be obtained by rapid quenching from temperatures above the critical ordering temperature. In this study such an approach was implemented on the ternary Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo alloy. The effect of different cooling rates on the mechanical properties was investigated by means of hardness testing. The actual ordering transition of the Fe - 29 at% Co matrix was determined with differential scanning calorimetry and neutron diffraction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.117} (DOI). Turk, C.; Kellezi, G.; Leitner, H.; Staron, P.; Gan, W.; Clemens, H.; Primig, S.: B2 order transformation in a Fe - 25 at% Co - 9 at% Mo alloy. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2014. vol. 1760, 175-180. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2015.117}} @misc{blonde_the_mechanical_2014, author={Blonde, R., Jimenez-Melero, E., Zhao, L., Schell, N., Brueck, E., Zwaag, S.van der, Dijk, N.van}, title={The mechanical stability of retained austenite in low-alloyed TRIP steel under shear loading}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.001}, abstract = {The microstructure evolution during shear loading of a low-alloyed TRIP steel with different amounts of the metastable austenite phase and its equivalent DP grade has been studied by in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. A detailed powder diffraction analysis has been performed to probe the austenite-to-martensite transformation by characterizing simultaneously the evolution of the austenite phase fraction and its carbon concentration, the load partitioning between the austenite and the ferritic matrix and the texture evolution of the constituent phases. Our results show that for shear deformation the TRIP effect extends over a significantly wider deformation range than for simple uniaxial loading. A clear increase in average carbon content during the mechanically-induced transformation indicates that austenite grains with a low carbon concentration are least stable during shear loading. The observed texture evolution indicates that under shear loading the orientation dependence of the austenite stability is relatively weak, while it has previously been found that under tensile load the {110}〈001〉 component transforms preferentially. The mechanical stability of retained austenite in TRIP steel is found to be a complex interplay between the interstitial carbon concentration in the austenite, the grain orientation and the load partitioning.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.001} (DOI). Blonde, R.; Jimenez-Melero, E.; Zhao, L.; Schell, N.; Brueck, E.; Zwaag, S.; Dijk, N.: The mechanical stability of retained austenite in low-alloyed TRIP steel under shear loading. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014. vol. 594, 125-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.001}} @misc{altynbayev_intrinsic_instability_2014, author={Altynbayev, E.V, Siegfried, S.-A., Dyadkin, V., Moskvin, E.V., Menzel, D., Heinemann, A., Dewhurst, C., Fomicheva, L.N., Tsvyashchenko, A.V., Grigoriev, S.V.}, title={Intrinsic instability of the helix spin structure in MnGe and order-disorder phase transition}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.174420}, abstract = {The magnetic structure of the cubic helimagnet MnGe was studied by small-angle neutron scattering in a wide temperature range from 10 to 300 K. We show that MnGe undergoes a complex order-disorder phase transition covering more than 100 K above the critical temperature T N =(130±2) K. Moreover, the helical structure is intrinsically unstable below T N , since the profile of the reflection at k h ∼2 nm −1 associated with the spin helix can be described by the sum of Gaussian and Lorentzian contributions, indicating a stable helix and spin-helix fluctuations, respectively. The Gaussian behavior determines the system at low temperature, whereas the Lorentzian is negligible. With increasing temperature, however, the Lorentzian starts to contribute and dominates at T N . The spin-helix fluctuations are accompanied by intensive spin excitations observed in small-angle neutron scattering as Q -independent scattering at Qx c and x 0.1 in the entire temperature range. The given method enables us to construct the temperature dependence of the spin-wave stiffness constant with a high accuracy and a small step.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027451014050292} (DOI). Grigoriev, S.; Altynbayev, E.; Eckerlebe, H.; Okorokov, A.: Study of spin-wave dynamics in Fe65Ni35 ferromagnetic via small-angle polarized-neutron scattering. Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques. 2014. vol. 8, no. 5, 1027-1034. DOI: 10.1134/S1027451014050292}} @misc{song_mechanical_properties_2014, author={Song, J., Dieringa, H., Huang, Y., Gan, W., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Nano SiC Reinforced ZE10 Composites Prepared with Ultrasonic Vibration}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1019.169}, abstract = {In the present investigation, SiC reinforced ZE10 alloy composites were fabricated by direct chill casting assisted with ultrasonic vibration. Two kinds of SiC with a size of 50 nm and 2 μm were chosen. For comparison, ZE10 alloys with and without ultrasound were also fabricated. The microstructures and the distribution of SiC were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Neutron diffraction was also used to identify the second phases in the composites. In addition, mechanical properties such as hardness, creep and compression were evaluated. The results show that SiC was successfully introduced into the magnesium matrix. After the addition of SiC, the mechanical properties of the composites exhibit a slight decrease, which might be due to the grain coarsening.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1019.169} (DOI). Song, J.; Dieringa, H.; Huang, Y.; Gan, W.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Nano SiC Reinforced ZE10 Composites Prepared with Ultrasonic Vibration. Advanced Materials Research, AMI Light Metals Conference 2014. 2014. vol. 1019, 169-176. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1019.169}} @misc{witte_high_energy_2014, author={Witte, K., Bodnar, W., Schell, N., Lang, H., Burkel, E.}, title={High energy X-ray diffraction study of a dental ceramics–titanium functional gradient material prepared by field assisted sintering technique}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.06.018}, abstract = {A functional gradient material with eleven layers composed of a dental ceramics and titanium was successfully consolidated using field assisted sintering technique in a two-step sintering process. High energy X-ray diffraction studies on the gradient were performed at High Energy Material Science beamline at Desy in Hamburg. Phase composition, crystal unit edges and lattice mismatch along the gradient were determined applying Rietveld refinement procedure. Phase analysis revealed that the main crystalline phase present in the gradient is α-Ti. Crystallinity increases stepwisely along the gradient with a decreasing increment between every next layer, following rather the weight fraction of titanium. The crystal unit edge a of titanium remains approximately constant with a value of 2.9686(1) Å, while c is reduced with increasing amount of titanium. In the layer with pure titanium the crystal unit edge c is constant with a value of 4.7174(2) Å. The lattice mismatch leading to an internal stress was calculated over the whole gradient. It was found that the maximal internal stress in titanium embedded in the studied gradient is significantly smaller than its yield strength, which implies that the structure of titanium along the whole gradient is mechanically stable.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2014.06.018} (DOI). Witte, K.; Bodnar, W.; Schell, N.; Lang, H.; Burkel, E.: High energy X-ray diffraction study of a dental ceramics–titanium functional gradient material prepared by field assisted sintering technique. Materials Characterization. 2014. vol. 95, 266-271. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2014.06.018}} @misc{qiao_hardening_mechanism_2014, author={Qiao, X.G., Zhao, Y.W., Gan, W.M., Chen, Y., Zheng, M.Y., Wu, K., Gao, N., Starink, M.J.}, title={Hardening mechanism of commercially pure Mg processed by high pressure torsion at room temperature}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.068}, abstract = {Coarse-grained Mg in the as-cast condition and fine-grained Mg in the extruded condition were processed by high pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature for up to 16 turns. Microstructure observation and texture analysis indicate that to fulfil the Von Mises criterion, the non-basal slip is activated in the as-cast Mg and tension twinning is activated in the as-extruded Mg. Although the deformation mechanism is different in the as-cast Mg and the as-extruded Mg during HPT, their hardening evolutions are similar, i.e. after 1/8 turn of HPT, microhardness of the as-cast Mg and the extruded Mg both show a significant increase and further HPT processing does not significantly further increase the microhardness. Texture strengthening can explain the rapid hardening. Hardness anisotropy and texture data results suggest that texture strengthening plays an important role for both types of samples. Texture strengthening weakens with decreasing grain size.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.068} (DOI). Qiao, X.; Zhao, Y.; Gan, W.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, M.; Wu, K.; Gao, N.; Starink, M.: Hardening mechanism of commercially pure Mg processed by high pressure torsion at room temperature. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014. vol. 619, 95-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.09.068}} @misc{gan_residual_stresses_2014, author={Gan, W.M., Huang, Y.D., Wang, Z., Hort, N., Hofmann, M.}, title={Residual Stresses in the Hot Sprues of as-cast Mg-Zn Alloys Investigated by STRESS-SPEC Neutron Diffractometer}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.768-769.428}, abstract = {Residual strains near the sprues of ingots with different contents of Zn (6 wt. % and 9 wt. %) were measured using neutron diffraction. The results showed that the increase of Zn content decreases the residual stress in the hot sprue region. These results are good in agreement with that obtained by the measurement of hot tearing susceptibility.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.768-769.428} (DOI). Gan, W.; Huang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Hort, N.; Hofmann, M.: Residual Stresses in the Hot Sprues of as-cast Mg-Zn Alloys Investigated by STRESS-SPEC Neutron Diffractometer. Materials Science Forum, International Conference on Residual Stresses 9. 2014. vol. 768-789, 428-432. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.768-769.428}} @misc{hipp_energyresolved_visibility_2014, author={Hipp, A., Willner, M., Herzen, J., Auweter, S., Chabior, M., Meiser, J., Achterhold, K., Mohr, j., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Energy-resolved visibility analysis of grating interferometers operated at polychromatic X-ray sources}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.030394}, abstract = {Grating interferometry has been successfully adapted at standard X-ray tubes and is a promising candidate for a broad use of phase-contrast imaging in medical diagnostics or industrial testing. The achievable image quality using this technique is mainly dependent on the interferometer performance with the interferometric visibility as crucial parameter. The presented study deals with experimental investigations of the spectral dependence of the visibility in order to understand the interaction between the single contributing energies. Especially for the choice which type of setup has to be preferred using a polychromatic source, this knowledge is highly relevant. Our results affirm previous findings from theoretical investigations but also show that measurements of the spectral contributions to the visibility are necessary to fully characterize and optimize a grating interferometer and cannot be replaced by only relying on simulated data up to now.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.030394} (DOI). Hipp, A.; Willner, M.; Herzen, J.; Auweter, S.; Chabior, M.; Meiser, J.; Achterhold, K.; Mohr, j.; Pfeiffer, F.: Energy-resolved visibility analysis of grating interferometers operated at polychromatic X-ray sources. Optics express. 2014. vol. 22, no. 25, 30394-30409. DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.030394}} @misc{zeng_microstructural_evolution_2014, author={Zeng, R.-C., Dietzel, W., Zettler, R., Gan, W.M., Sun, X.X.}, title={Microstructural evolution and delayed hydride cracking of FSW-AZ31 magnesium alloy during SSRT}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63443-9}, abstract = {Evolution of microstructure including texture and fractography in a friction-stir welded (FSW) AZ31 magnesium alloy was investigated. The texture was measured using a neutron diffractometer. The microstructure and fractography of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) samples were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. An X-ray diffraction study was carried out on the fractured surfaces of the SCC specimens. The results indicated that a strong basal fiber was formed on the base material, whereas the grains in the stir zone were reoriented with their most basal planes tilted 25° to the welding direction. Feather-like twins and hydride formed under slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) stress in air and aggressive solutions, respectively. Transgranular cracks propagated and finally failed on the retreating side in the solution. The hydride phase confirmed to sit on the fracture surface demonstrated the delayed hydride cracking (DHC) mechanism of the alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63443-9} (DOI). Zeng, R.; Dietzel, W.; Zettler, R.; Gan, W.; Sun, X.: Microstructural evolution and delayed hydride cracking of FSW-AZ31 magnesium alloy during SSRT. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2014. vol. 24, no. 10, 3060-3069. DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63443-9}} @misc{gan_microstructures_and_2014, author={Gan, W.M., Huang, Y.D., Wang, R., Wang, G.F., Srinivasan, A., Brokmeier, H.-G., Schell, N., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={Microstructures and mechanical properties of pure Mg processed by rotary swaging}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.057}, abstract = {Microstructures and tensile properties of commercial pure magnesium processed by rotary swaging (RS) technique were investigated. Bulk and gradient textures in the RS processed Mg were characterised by neutron and synchrotron diffractions, respectively. Grains of the pure Mg were gradually refined with increase in the RS passes, which largely contributed to an increase in the tensile yield strength. A dominated basal fibre texture was observed in the RS processed pure Mg. Accommodated twinning deformation was also observed. Both the optical observations and texture analyses through the diameter of the swaged rod showed a gradient evolution in microstructure.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.057} (DOI). Gan, W.; Huang, Y.; Wang, R.; Wang, G.; Srinivasan, A.; Brokmeier, H.; Schell, N.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: Microstructures and mechanical properties of pure Mg processed by rotary swaging. Materials and Design. 2014. vol. 63, 83-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.05.057}} @misc{li_insitu_neutron_2014, author={Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Esling, C., Gan, W., Zou, N., Zhao, X., Zuo, L.}, title={In-situ neutron diffraction study of martensitic variant redistribution in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga alloy under cyclic thermo-mechanical treatment}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4890598}, abstract = {The influences of uniaxial compressive stress on martensitic transformation were studied on a polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga bulk alloy prepared by directional solidification. Based upon the integrated in-situ neutron diffraction measurements, direct experimental evidence was obtained on the variant redistribution of seven-layered modulated (7M) martensite, triggered by external uniaxial compression during martensitic transformation. Large anisotropic lattice strain, induced by the cyclic thermo-mechanical treatment, has led to the microstructure modification by forming martensitic variants with a strong ⟨0 1 0⟩7M preferential orientation along the loading axis. As a result, the saturation of magnetization became easier to be reached.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4890598} (DOI). Li, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Esling, C.; Gan, W.; Zou, N.; Zhao, X.; Zuo, L.: In-situ neutron diffraction study of martensitic variant redistribution in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga alloy under cyclic thermo-mechanical treatment. Applied Physics Letters. 2014. vol. 105, no. 2, 021907. DOI: 10.1063/1.4890598}} @misc{mukherji_neutron_and_2014, author={Mukherji, D., Gilles, R., Karge, L., Strunz, P., Beran, P., Eckerlebe, H., Stark, A., Szentmiklosi, L., Macsik, Z., Schumacher, G., Zizak, I., Hofmann, M., Hoelzel, M., Roesler, J.}, title={Neutron and synchrotron probes in the development of Co-Re-based alloys for next generation gas turbines with an emphasis on the influence of boron additives}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576714013624}, abstract = {Nickel-based superalloys are the materials of choice in the hot section of current gas turbines, but they are reaching temperature limits constrained by their melting temperature range. Co-Re alloy development was prompted by a search for new materials for future gas turbines, where the temperature of application will be considerably higher. Addition of the very high melting point refractory metal Re to Co can increase the melting range of Co alloys to much higher temperatures than the commercial Co alloys in use today. The alloy development strategy is first discussed very briefly. In this program, model ternary and quaternary compositions were studied in order to develop a basic understanding of the alloy system. In situ neutron and synchrotron measurements (small and wide angle) at high temperatures were extensively used for this purpose and some selected results from the in situ measurements are presented. In particular, the effect of boron doping in Co-Re-Cr alloys and the stability of the TaC precipitates at high temperatures were investigated. A fine dispersion of TaC precipitates strengthens some Co-Re alloys, and their stability at the application temperature is critical for the long-term creep properties.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576714013624} (DOI). Mukherji, D.; Gilles, R.; Karge, L.; Strunz, P.; Beran, P.; Eckerlebe, H.; Stark, A.; Szentmiklosi, L.; Macsik, Z.; Schumacher, G.; Zizak, I.; Hofmann, M.; Hoelzel, M.; Roesler, J.: Neutron and synchrotron probes in the development of Co-Re-based alloys for next generation gas turbines with an emphasis on the influence of boron additives. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2014. vol. 47, no. 4, 1417-1430. DOI: 10.1107/S1600576714013624}} @misc{marschall_xray_full_2014, author={Marschall, F., Last, A., Simon, M., Kluge, M., Nazmov, V., Vogt, H., Ogurreck, M., Greving, I., Mohr, J.}, title={X-ray Full Field Microscopy at 30 keV}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012007}, abstract = {In our X-ray full field microscopy experiments, we demonstrated a resolution better than 260 nm over the entire field of view of 80 μm × 80 μm at 30 keV. Our experimental setup at PETRA III, P05, had a length of about 5 m consisting of an illumination optics, an imaging lens and a detector. For imaging, we used a compound refractive lens (CLR) consisting of mr-L negative photo resist, which was fabricated by deep X-ray lithography. As illumination optics, we choose a refractive rolled X-ray prism lens, which was adapted to the numerical aperture of the imaging lens.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012007} (DOI). Marschall, F.; Last, A.; Simon, M.; Kluge, M.; Nazmov, V.; Vogt, H.; Ogurreck, M.; Greving, I.; Mohr, J.: X-ray Full Field Microscopy at 30 keV. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2014. vol. 499, 012007. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012007}} @misc{schwaighofer_hotworking_behavior_2014, author={Schwaighofer, E., Clemens, H., Lindemann, J., Stark, A., Mayer, S.}, title={Hot-working behavior of an advanced intermetallic multi-phase Gamma-TiAl based alloy}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.040}, abstract = {New high-performance engine concepts for aerospace and automotive application enforce the development of lightweight intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys with increased high-temperature capability above 750 °C. Besides an increased creep resistance, the alloy system must exhibit sufficient hot-workability. However, the majority of current high-creep resistant γ-TiAl based alloys suffer from poor workability, whereby grain refinement and microstructure control during hot-working are key factors to ensure a final microstructure with sufficient ductility and tolerance against brittle failure below the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature. Therefore, a new and advanced β-solidifying γ-TiAl based alloy, a so-called TNM alloy with a composition of Ti–43Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B (at%) and minor additions of C and Si, is investigated by means of uniaxial compressive hot-deformation tests performed with a Gleeble 3500 simulator within a temperature range of 1150–1300 °C and a strain rate regime of 0.005–0.5 s−1 up to a true deformation of 0.9. The occurring mechanisms during hot-working were decoded by ensuing constitutive modeling of the flow curves by a novel phase field region-specific surface fitting approach via a hyperbolic-sine law as well as by evaluation through processing maps combined with microstructural post-analysis to determine a safe hot-working window of the refined TNM alloy. Complementary, in situ high energy X-ray diffraction experiments in combination with an adapted quenching and deformation dilatometer were conducted for a deeper insight about the deformation behavior of the alloy, i.e. phase fractions and texture evolution as well as temperature uncertainties arising during isothermal and non-isothermal compression. It was found that the presence of β-phase and the contribution of particle stimulated nucleation of ζ-Ti5Si3 silicides and h-type carbides Ti2AlC enhance the dynamic recrystallization behavior during deformation within the (α+β) phase field region, leading to refined and nearly texture-free α/α2-grains. In conclusion, robust deformation parameters for the refinement of critical microstructural defects could be defined for the investigated multi-phase γ-TiAl based alloy.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.040} (DOI). Schwaighofer, E.; Clemens, H.; Lindemann, J.; Stark, A.; Mayer, S.: Hot-working behavior of an advanced intermetallic multi-phase Gamma-TiAl based alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2014. vol. 614, 297-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.07.040}} @misc{vainio_orientation_distribution_2014, author={Vainio, U., Schnoor, T.I.W., Koyiloth Vayalil, S., Schulte, K., Mueller, M., Lilleodden, E.T.}, title={Orientation Distribution of Vertically Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501060s}, abstract = {Carbon nanotube “forests” show great promise in a variety of applications, from supercapacitors to fuel cells, but the realization of such materials for functional devices relies on a better control over processing routes such that targeted structures and associated properties can be reproducibly obtained. The orientation distribution of the nanotubes is a critical structural property affecting both electrical and mechanical response, yet it remains a challenging characteristic to quantify. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a technique well suited to investigate the vertical alignment of nanotubes. Here we show that the orientation distribution obtained from SAXS is not satisfactorily represented by the normal distribution or the Lorentzian, which have been used until now. Instead, an excellent agreement between model and data is found with the generalized normal distribution (GND). Such quantification of the carbon nanotube alignment can be used as direct input in simulations for optimizing structure–property relations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501060s} (DOI). Vainio, U.; Schnoor, T.; Koyiloth Vayalil, S.; Schulte, K.; Mueller, M.; Lilleodden, E.: Orientation Distribution of Vertically Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2014. vol. 118, no. 18, 9507-9513. DOI: 10.1021/jp501060s}} @misc{schwaighofer_in_situ_2014, author={Schwaighofer, E., Staron, P., Rashkova, B., Stark, A., Schell, N., Clemens, H., Mayer, S.}, title={In situ small-angle X-ray scattering study of the perovskite-type carbide precipitation behavior in a carbon-containing intermetallic TiAl alloy using synchrotron radiation}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.06.017}, abstract = {Intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloys of the latest generation, e.g. TNM alloys with a nominal composition of Ti–43.5Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B (in at.%), exhibit the potential to be used in modern high-performance combustion engines due to their low density, high strength and creep resistance as well as their good oxidation properties at elevated temperatures. Alloying with C can further improve the high-temperature performance by both solid solution hardening and/or carbide formation. In this study, starting from a supersaturated TNM–1C alloy the precipitation behavior and thermal stability of perovskite-type carbides Ti3AlC during isothermal annealing and ensuing re-heating to 1200 °C are quantified by means of an in situ small-angle X-ray scattering experiment using synchrotron radiation. Complementarily, the formed hierarchical structures on the nano-scale, i.e. p-type carbide precipitates within ultra-fine γ-lamellae of the α2/γ-colonies, were investigated by means of monochromatic high-energy X-ray diffraction in combination with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, an explanation of an obtained diffraction phenomenon is given, i.e. streak formation that is caused by the very small lamellar spacing of the γ-phase within the α2/γ-colonies. It was also found that the geometrically well-defined nanostructure allows a correlation between the γ-lath thickness and a characteristic dimension of p-type carbides.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.06.017} (DOI). Schwaighofer, E.; Staron, P.; Rashkova, B.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Clemens, H.; Mayer, S.: In situ small-angle X-ray scattering study of the perovskite-type carbide precipitation behavior in a carbon-containing intermetallic TiAl alloy using synchrotron radiation. Acta Materialia. 2014. vol. 77, 360-369. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.06.017}} @misc{hofmann_ageing_effects_2014, author={Hofmann, G., Rochet, A., Baier, S., Casapu, M., Ritter, S., Wilde, F., Ogurreck, M., Beckmann, F., Grunwaldt, J.-D.}, title={Ageing Effects on Exhaust Gas Catalysts: Microscopic Changes Captured by X-Ray Tomography}, year={2014}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012017}, abstract = {Main observations of the tomographic study are: (1) coating inhomogeneities between different channels taken from the same honeycomb and between different honeycombs, (2) formation of cracks in the washcoat material and (3) formation of macroscopic Pt particles in the case of 4 wt% Pt/γ-Al2O3 washcoat. Particularly valuable is the non-destructive ex situ investigation after different ageing steps on the same channel using X-ray tomography.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012017} (DOI). Hofmann, G.; Rochet, A.; Baier, S.; Casapu, M.; Ritter, S.; Wilde, F.; Ogurreck, M.; Beckmann, F.; Grunwaldt, J.: Ageing Effects on Exhaust Gas Catalysts: Microscopic Changes Captured by X-Ray Tomography. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2014. vol. 499, 012017. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/499/1/012017}} @misc{paul_upscaling_the_2013, author={Paul, J.D.H., Lorenz, U., Oehring, M., Appel, F.}, title={Up-scaling the size of TiAl components made via ingot metallurgy}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.08.006}, abstract = {The reliability of the method has been assessed by metallographic and mechanical characterisation. The challenges that have to be addressed for the new technique to be employed for the manufacture of large components are discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.08.006} (DOI). Paul, J.; Lorenz, U.; Oehring, M.; Appel, F.: Up-scaling the size of TiAl components made via ingot metallurgy. Intermetallics. 2013. vol. 32, 318-328. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2012.08.006}} @misc{appel_atomic_level_2013, author={Appel, F.}, title={Atomic level observations of mechanical damage in shot peened TiAl}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2012.699688}, abstract = {High-resolution transmission microscopy has been used to reveal the defect processes occurring during shot peening of a high-strength titanium aluminide alloy with a nearly lamellar microstructure. Deformation is characterised by intensive dislocation glide and mechanical twinning, involving all potential slip systems available in the α2(Ti3Al) and γ(TiAl) phases. The outermost surface layer consists of extremely fine crystals that are probably a contaminant titanium nitride phase, embedded into an amorphous phase. The mechanisms involved in this mechanically driven solid state transformation will be elucidated. Particular emphasis is paid on the thermodynamic and kinetic factors involved in the amorphisation reaction.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2012.699688} (DOI). Appel, F.: Atomic level observations of mechanical damage in shot peened TiAl. Philosophical Magazine. 2013. vol. 93, no. 1-3, 2-21. DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2012.699688}} @misc{hauschildt_diffusion_brazing_2013, author={Hauschildt, K., Stark, A., Lorenz, U., Schell, N., Fischer, T., Blankenburg, M., Mueller, M., Pyczak, F.}, title={Diffusion brazing of Gamma-TiAl-alloys: Investigations of the joint by electron microscopy and high-energy X-ray diffraction}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1750}, abstract = {Diffusion brazing is a potential method to repair parts made from TiAl-alloys. Two different brazing materials with varying contents of titanium, iron and nickel were investigated. The phases present in the brazed zone were identified by high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) at the material science beamline HEMS at the PETRA III synchrotron facility at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, and the microstructure was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The braze zone itself is composed of one to two transitional layers from the substrate material to the middle of the joint. Near the substrate material the phase constitution reassembles a TiAl-alloy while the middle of the joint is similar to α/β-titanium alloys. Besides phases commonly encountered in TiAl-alloys such as γ, α2 and β, additional phases, which are related to the presence of nickel or iron as melting point depressing elements are present. The microstructure of the brazed zone changes significantly during a subsequent heat treatment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1750} (DOI). Hauschildt, K.; Stark, A.; Lorenz, U.; Schell, N.; Fischer, T.; Blankenburg, M.; Mueller, M.; Pyczak, F.: Diffusion brazing of Gamma-TiAl-alloys: Investigations of the joint by electron microscopy and high-energy X-ray diffraction. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2013. vol. 1516, 215-220. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.1750}} @misc{eichenseer_in_situ_2013, author={Eichenseer, C., Wittmann, I., Hartig, C., Schneider, G.A., Schell, N., Hintze, W.}, title={In situ measurement of lattice strains in mixed ceramic cutting tools under thermal and mechanical loads using synchrotron radiation}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-012-0426-2}, abstract = {To completely understand wear mechanisms of mixed ceramic cutting tools (Al2O3–TiC), residual stress states and the superposition of external loads during hard turning should be investigated. This can be done via X-ray diffraction using high-energy synchrotron radiation to determine lattice strains in the material. For this reason, in first model tests, strain states in mixed ceramics were determined during the application of external loads. An experimental setup was developed to measure lattice strains in the different phases of the ceramic material in situ during thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical loading for first reference. The accuracy of the setup was sufficient to clearly determine shifts in lattice parameters in the different phases due to external loads. By applying a thermal load on the mixed ceramic material the two main phases showed different elastic lattice strains. Thus, a slightly lower coefficient of thermal expansion in the Al2O3-phase than in the Ti(O,C)-phase could be determined. This indicated the development of compressive stresses in the Al2O3-phase and tensile stresses in the Ti(O,C)-phase at room temperature. By applying external bending stresses to the mixed ceramic material, for both phases equal lattice strains could be determined. From these strains stresses could be calculated for both phases which were in the same order of magnitude as external stresses. With further in situ investigations of strain and stress states in the different phases of mixed ceramics during friction and turning experiments a more comprehensive characterization of wear mechanisms is possible.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-012-0426-2} (DOI). Eichenseer, C.; Wittmann, I.; Hartig, C.; Schneider, G.; Schell, N.; Hintze, W.: In situ measurement of lattice strains in mixed ceramic cutting tools under thermal and mechanical loads using synchrotron radiation. Production Engineering. 2013. vol. 7, no. 2-3, 283-289. DOI: 10.1007/s11740-012-0426-2}} @misc{moskvin_complex_chiral_2013, author={Moskvin, E., Dyadkin, V., Eckerlebe, H., Schmist, M., Wilhelm, H., Grigoriev, S.}, title={Complex Chiral Modulations in FeGe close to Magnetic Ordering}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {We report on small-angle polarized neutron scattering on the cubic helimagnet FeGe under an external field in the vicinity of the onset of long-period spiral magnetic order at $T_c = 278.7$ K. Magnetic field was applied either along the scattering vector or along the neutron beam. We have mapped the $A$-phase boundaries in the field-temperature ($H$-$T$) phase diagram revealed as a hexagonal pattern of Bragg spots. The small angle neutron scattering ascribed to the form-factor of a single skyrmion was observed below $T_c$ in the field range [$H_{Sk1}, H_{Sk2}$] covering the $A$-phase over. Contrary to the $A$-phase boundaries, the values of $H_{Sk1}$ and $H_{Sk2}$ do not depend on either temperature nor the field direction.}, note = {Moskvin, E.; Dyadkin, V.; Eckerlebe, H.; Schmist, M.; Wilhelm, H.; Grigoriev, S.: Complex Chiral Modulations in FeGe close to Magnetic Ordering. Arxiv.org, Condensed Matter, Materials Science. 2013. 1111.2200.}} @misc{schmoelzer_an_insitu_2013, author={Schmoelzer, T., Liss, K.-D., Kirchlechner, C., Mayer, S., Stark, A., Peel, M., Clemens, H.}, title={An in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study on the hot-deformation behavior of a Beta-phase containing TiAl alloy}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.02.016}, abstract = {In engineering materials, microstructural evolution during hot-working critically determines the properties of the finished part. Intermetallic TiAl alloys are no exception and numerous attempts have been made to improve their performance by subjecting them to harmonized hot-working steps. In the current work a novel in-situ diffraction technique along with conventional microscopic methods were employed to characterize the behavior of the individual phases at two different deformation temperatures. A so-called TNM™ alloy with a nominal composition of Ti-43.5 Al-4 Nb-1 Mo-0.1 B (in at%), which exhibits an adjustable fraction of disordered β-phase at elevated temperatures, was deformed isothermally at 1220 °C and 1300 °C. At 1220 °C three phases (α,β,γ) are present in thermodynamic equilibrium which reduces to two (α,β) at 1300 °C. It was possible to observe in-situ the individual behavior of the involved phases during deformation and the phenomena which accommodate the defects generated by hot-working. Results of post-mortem microscopic investigations were used to confirm the findings. The results of the in-situ experiments give unique insights into the hot-deformation behavior of multi-phase TiAl alloys, which can be used for specific process optimization and for further alloy development.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2013.02.016} (DOI). Schmoelzer, T.; Liss, K.; Kirchlechner, C.; Mayer, S.; Stark, A.; Peel, M.; Clemens, H.: An in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study on the hot-deformation behavior of a Beta-phase containing TiAl alloy. Intermetallics. 2013. vol. 39, 25-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2013.02.016}} @misc{ogurreck_the_nanotomography_2013, author={Ogurreck, M., Wilde, F., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Nazmov, V., Mohr, J., Haibel, A., Mueller, M., Schreyer, A.}, title={The nanotomography endstation at the PETRA III Imaging Beamline}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/425/18/182002}, abstract = {The overall setup is designed to be very flexible, which allows also the implementation of other optical elements (e.g. Fresnel zoneplates, KB mirrors) as well as the application of different magnifying techniques like cone-beam tomography or X-ray microscopy. The accessible energy range for the nano tomography is 10 – 30 keV but the beamline is designed for an energy range of 5 – 50 keV and we aim to allow the same energy range for the nano tomography in the long run.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/425/18/182002} (DOI). Ogurreck, M.; Wilde, F.; Herzen, J.; Beckmann, F.; Nazmov, V.; Mohr, J.; Haibel, A.; Mueller, M.; Schreyer, A.: The nanotomography endstation at the PETRA III Imaging Beamline. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2013. vol. 425, no. 18, 182002. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/425/18/182002}} @misc{gabrisch_tialnballoy_with_2013, author={Gabrisch, H., Lorenz, U., Oehring, M., Paul, J., Pyczak, F., Rackel, M., Schimansky, F.-P., Stark, A.}, title={TiAlNb-alloy with a modulated B19 containing constituent produced by powder metallurgy}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1575}, abstract = {A critical parameter that limits the practical implementation of Ti aluminides is their low ductility at room temperature. Recently, a new class of TiAl alloys based on a modulated lath structure has been introduced that exhibit an excellent combination of ductility and strength. A key component in this alloy is the orthorhombic phase B19 that is attributed to alloying with high amounts of niobium. The driving forces and mechanisms that lead to the observed modulated structures involving the B19 phase are not fully understood yet. As a first step to a better understanding we present a study of the thermal stability range of the phases involved.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1575} (DOI). Gabrisch, H.; Lorenz, U.; Oehring, M.; Paul, J.; Pyczak, F.; Rackel, M.; Schimansky, F.; Stark, A.: TiAlNb-alloy with a modulated B19 containing constituent produced by powder metallurgy. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2013. vol. 1516, 35-40. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.1575}} @misc{hoelzel_rotatable_multifunctional_2013, author={Hoelzel, M., Gan, W.M., Hofmann, M., Randau, C., Seidl, G., Juettner, P., Schmahl, W.W.}, title={Rotatable multifunctional load frames for neutron diffractometers at FRM II—design, specifications and applications}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.049}, abstract = {Novel tensile rigs have been designed and manufactured at the research reactor Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II, Garching near Munich). Besides tensile and compressive stress, also torsion can be applied. The unique Eulerian cradle type design (ω, χ, and φ axis) allows orienting the stress axis with respect to the scattering vector. Applications of these tensile rigs at our neutron diffractometers enable various investigations of structural changes under mechanical load, e.g. crystallographic texture evolution, stress-induced phase transformations or lattice expansion, and the anisotropy of mechanical response.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.049} (DOI). Hoelzel, M.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Randau, C.; Seidl, G.; Juettner, P.; Schmahl, W.: Rotatable multifunctional load frames for neutron diffractometers at FRM II—design, specifications and applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2013. vol. 711, 101-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.049}} @misc{wang_hot_tearing_2013, author={Wang, Z., Huang, Y., Srinivasan, A., Zheng, L., Beckmann, F., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={Hot tearing susceptibility of binary MgY alloy castings}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.044}, abstract = {The influence of Y content on the hot tearing susceptibility (HTS) of binary Mg–Y alloys has been predicted using thermodynamic calculations based on Clyne and Davies model. The calculated results are compared with experimental results determined using a constrained rod casting (CRC) apparatus with a load cell and data acquisition system. Both thermodynamic calculations and experimental measurements indicate that the hot tearing susceptibility as a function of Y content follows the “λ” shape. The experimental results show that HTS first increases with increase in Y content, reaches the maximum at about 0.9 wt.%Y and then decreases with further increase the Y content. The maximum susceptibility observed in Mg–0.9 wt.%Y alloy is attributed to its coarsened columnar microstructure, large solidification range and small amount of eutectic at the time of hot tearing. The initiation of hot cracks is monitored during CRC experiments. It corresponds to a drop in load increment on the force curves. The critical solid fractions at which the hot cracks are initiated are in the range from 0.9 to 0.99. It is also found that it decreases with increasing the content of Y. The hot cracks propagate along the dendritic or grain boundaries through the interdendritic separation or tearing of interconnected dendrites. Some of the formed cracks are possible to be healed by the subsequent refilling of the remained liquids.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.044} (DOI). Wang, Z.; Huang, Y.; Srinivasan, A.; Zheng, L.; Beckmann, F.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: Hot tearing susceptibility of binary MgY alloy castings. Materials and Design. 2013. vol. 47, 90-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.044}} @misc{moskvin_complex_chiral_2013, author={Moskvin, E., Grigoriev, S., Dyadkin, V., Eckerlebe, H., Baenitz, M., Schmidt, M., Wilhelm, H.}, title={Complex Chiral Modulations in FeGe Close to Magnetic Ordering}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.077207}, abstract = {We report on detailed polarized small-angle neutron scattering on cubic FeGe in magnetic fields applied either along (transverse) the scattering vector or parallel (longitudinal) to the neutron beam. The (H, T) phase diagrams for all principal axes contain a segmented A-phase region just below the onset of magnetic order. Hexagonal Bragg-spot patterns were observed across the entire A-phase region for the longitudinal geometry. Scattering intensity was observed in parts of the A phase for both scattering configurations. Only in a distinct pocket (A1) was vanishing scattering intensity found in the transverse geometry.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.077207} (DOI). Moskvin, E.; Grigoriev, S.; Dyadkin, V.; Eckerlebe, H.; Baenitz, M.; Schmidt, M.; Wilhelm, H.: Complex Chiral Modulations in FeGe Close to Magnetic Ordering. Physical Review Letters. 2013. vol. 110, no. 07, 077207. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.077207}} @misc{brazfernandes_in_situ_2013, author={Braz Fernandes, F.M., Mahesh, K.K., Craciunescu, C.M., Oliveira, J.P., Schell, N., Miranda, R.M., Quintino, L., Ocana, J.L.}, title={In situ structural characterization of laser welded NiTi shape memory alloys}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.738-739.338}, abstract = {Preserving the shape memory effect (SME) and superelasticity (SE) in shape memory alloys (SMAs) after a joining process is of great importance. In this work Ni-rich NiTi SMAs were laser welded using a Nd:YAG laser in continuous mode. A detailed structural characterization was carried by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was possible to observe the existence of a microstructural gradient from the base material (BM), which contained only austenite, through the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the fusion zone (FZ), where both zones contained austenite and martensite. The mechanical behavior under cyclic load/unload of the welded samples may be explained taking in consideration the structural information retrieved from the XRD analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.738-739.338} (DOI). Braz Fernandes, F.; Mahesh, K.; Craciunescu, C.; Oliveira, J.; Schell, N.; Miranda, R.; Quintino, L.; Ocana, J.: In situ structural characterization of laser welded NiTi shape memory alloys. Materials Science Forum, European Symposium on Martensitic Transformations. 2013. vol. 738-739, 338-343. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.738-739.338}} @misc{stark_in_situ_2013, author={Stark, A., Schwaighofer, E., Mayer, S., Clemens, H., Lippmann, T., Lottermoser, L., Schreyer, A., Pyczak, F.}, title={In Situ High-Energy XRD Study of the Hot-Deformation Behavior of a Novel Gamma-TiAl Alloy}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1577}, abstract = {Here we present the hot compressive deformation behaviour of a Ti-43Al-4Nb-1Mo-0.1B (in at.%) alloy. Several specimens were deformed at three temperatures each with two compression rates. During the experiments the Debye-Scherrer diffraction rings were continuously recorded.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1577} (DOI). Stark, A.; Schwaighofer, E.; Mayer, S.; Clemens, H.; Lippmann, T.; Lottermoser, L.; Schreyer, A.; Pyczak, F.: In Situ High-Energy XRD Study of the Hot-Deformation Behavior of a Novel Gamma-TiAl Alloy. MRS Online Proceedings Library. 2013. vol. 1516, 71-76. DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.1577}} @misc{tolnai_study_of_2013, author={Tolnai, D., Szakacs, G., Requena, G., Stark, A., Schell, N., Kainer, K.U., Hort, N.}, title={Study of the Solidification of AS Alloys Combining in situ Synchrotron Diffraction and Differential Scanning Calorimetry}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.765.286}, abstract = {In situ synchrotron diffraction experiments were performed during Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) of AS31, AS33 and AS35 alloys. The samples were encapsulated in stainless steel crucibles during the measurement using an empty crucible as the reference. The samples were heated up to 680°C, melted and solidified in the beginning of the experiment in order to fill the crucible. This short cycle was followed by three subsequent cycles between 400°C and 680°C with 5, 10 and 20 K/min heating and cooling rates with 5 min of holding time in the molten state. The diffraction patterns were recorded every 6 s during the DSC program by a Perkin-Elmer XRD 1622 Flatpanel detector including an acquisition time of 3 s and the collection of reference images. The endothermic and exothermic peaks are in correlation with the dissolution and formation of new diffraction patterns, respectively. During cooling from the liquid state, first, α-Mg dendrites solidify, followed by the formation of Mg2Si and Mg17Al12 intermetallics. The results are correlated with those obtained by thermodynamic simulations performed with the software Pandat.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.765.286} (DOI). Tolnai, D.; Szakacs, G.; Requena, G.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.; Kainer, K.; Hort, N.: Study of the Solidification of AS Alloys Combining in situ Synchrotron Diffraction and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Materials Science Forum, Light Metals Technology Conference, LMT 2013. 2013. vol. 765, 286-290. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.765.286}} @misc{carrado_development_of_2013, author={Carrado, A., Brokmeier, H.-G., Pirling, T., Wimpory, R.C., Schell, N., Palkowski, H.}, title={Development of Residual Stresses and Texture in Drawn Copper Tubes}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200161}, abstract = {The residual stress state and the texture in Cu-tubes, drawn without a plug under controlled laboratory conditions, are presented. Neutron stress determination confirms a stress gradient from the outer to the inner surface of the tube walls. High energy X-rays were used to analyze the texture gradient around the perimeter of the tubes as well as over the wall thickness. Anisotropic flow during tube processing results in texture variations described by ODF-analysis.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200161} (DOI). Carrado, A.; Brokmeier, H.; Pirling, T.; Wimpory, R.; Schell, N.; Palkowski, H.: Development of Residual Stresses and Texture in Drawn Copper Tubes. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2013. vol. 15, no. 6, 469-475. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201200161}} @misc{weidner_scanning_and_2013, author={Weidner, A., Pyczak, F., Biermann, H.}, title={Scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations of defect arrangements in a two-phase Gamma-TiAl alloy}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.078}, abstract = {Different methods of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) were applied on a γ-TiAl alloy TNB-V5 after a thermo-mechanical fatigue test. Electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) and electron backscattered diffraction were carried out on bulk specimen. In addition, ECCI and scanning transmission electron microscopy in the SEM were carried out on a TEM-foil in the electron opaque and the electron transparent region, respectively. The investigations were completed by transmission electron microscopy in form of standard bright field imaging as well as by taking corresponding diffraction patterns. The results demonstrate in an impressive way that the ECCI technique applied in scanning electron microscope can successfully supplement or in some cases replace imaging of dislocation arrangements in TEM.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.078} (DOI). Weidner, A.; Pyczak, F.; Biermann, H.: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations of defect arrangements in a two-phase Gamma-TiAl alloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2013. vol. 571, 49-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.078}} @misc{oehring_microstructural_refinement_2013, author={Oehring, M., Stark, A., Paul, J.D.H., Lippmann, T., Pyczak, F.}, title={Microstructural refinement of boron-containing Beta-solidifying Gamma-titanium aluminide alloys through heat treatments in the Beta phase field}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.08.010}, abstract = {The addition of B effectively supports the generation of fine and homogeneous microstructures in as-cast β-solidifying γ-based titanium aluminide alloys. The microstructural refinement in such alloys can be attributed to the borides acting as nucleation sites for new α grains during the solid-state β → α transformation (Hecht U, Witusiewicz V, Drevermann A, Zollinger J, Intermetallics 2008; 16: 969–978). In the current work it is shown that the cooling rate plays a crucial role in determining whether borides serve as nucleation sites for grain refinement. Surprisingly, if the cooling rate is too high then grain refinement by borides is hampered. The positive effect of borides can be used to obtain grain refinement in these materials by a simple heat treatment, even if the microstructure has been extensively coarsened through prior heat treatment.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.08.010} (DOI). Oehring, M.; Stark, A.; Paul, J.; Lippmann, T.; Pyczak, F.: Microstructural refinement of boron-containing Beta-solidifying Gamma-titanium aluminide alloys through heat treatments in the Beta phase field. Intermetallics. 2013. vol. 32, 12-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2012.08.010}} @misc{appel_role_of_2013, author={Appel, F., Herrmann, D., Fischer, F.D., Svoboda, J., Kozeschnik, E.}, title={Role of Vacancies in Work Hardening and Fatigue of TiAl alloys}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.10.001}, abstract = {The role of vacancies in work hardening and fatigue of TiAl alloys was investigated by mechanical testing and TEM examination of deformed samples. The evolution of the dislocation glide resistance during straining and after recovery was analyzed in terms of thermodynamic glide parameters. Strain path change tests with respect to temperature and recovery experiments were performed in order to characterize the thermal stability of the produced defect structures. The recovery of the deformation induced defect structure was observed by TEM in situ heating experiments. The recovery kinetics is described on the basis of a recently published simulation study of vacancy annihilation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.10.001} (DOI). Appel, F.; Herrmann, D.; Fischer, F.; Svoboda, J.; Kozeschnik, E.: Role of Vacancies in Work Hardening and Fatigue of TiAl alloys. International Journal of Plasticity. 2013. vol. 42, 83-100. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.10.001}} @misc{gabrisch_investigation_of_2013, author={Gabrisch, H., Stark, A., Schimansky, F.-P., Wang, L., Schell, N., Lorenz, U., Pyczak, F.}, title={Investigation of carbides in Ti–45Al–5Nb–xC alloys (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) by transmission electron microscopy and high energy-XRD}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.09.023}, abstract = {Here we present a study of the microstructure of Ti–45Al–5Nb alloys (in at.-%) with the addition of 0.5–1 at.-% of carbon. We use electron diffraction accompanied by energy dispersive spectroscopy and imaging in the TEM to characterize carbides. These studies are complemented by high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments using synchrotron radiation and by scanning electron microscopy. Carbides are identified in significant numbers in the alloys containing 1 and 0.75 at.-% of carbon but only rarely at 0.5 at.-% C. Our results show that in these alloys carbon in solid solution has a stronger effect on hardness than carbide precipitation.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2012.09.023} (DOI). Gabrisch, H.; Stark, A.; Schimansky, F.; Wang, L.; Schell, N.; Lorenz, U.; Pyczak, F.: Investigation of carbides in Ti–45Al–5Nb–xC alloys (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) by transmission electron microscopy and high energy-XRD. Intermetallics. 2013. vol. 33, 44-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2012.09.023}} @misc{pyczak_plastic_deformation_2013, author={Pyczak, F., Bauer, A., Goeken, M., Neumeier, S., Lorenz, U., Oehring, M., Schell, N., Schreyer, A., Stark, A., Symanzik, F.}, title={Plastic deformation mechanisms in a crept L12 hardened Co-base superalloy}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.007}, abstract = {Plastic deformation mechanisms in a crept L12 hardened Co-base superalloy are investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The deformation happens mainly in the cobalt solid solution matrix by slip of ordinary a/2〈101〉{111} dislocations and rafting of the γ′ precipitates perpendicular to the external compressive stress axis is observed. Dislocation structures are early stages of the development of γ/γ′ interfacial dislocation networks. Furthermore, γ′ precipitates are sheared by partial dislocations generating stacking faults which sometimes extend over matrix channels and neighbouring γ′ precipitates. Due to the positive lattice mismatch at creep temperature the dislocation activity in matrix channels perpendicular to the compressive external stress axis is less pronounced compared to parallel channels.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.007} (DOI). Pyczak, F.; Bauer, A.; Goeken, M.; Neumeier, S.; Lorenz, U.; Oehring, M.; Schell, N.; Schreyer, A.; Stark, A.; Symanzik, F.: Plastic deformation mechanisms in a crept L12 hardened Co-base superalloy. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2013. vol. 571, 13-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.007}} @misc{willner_quantitative_xray_2013, author={Willner, M., Bech, M., Herzen, J., Zanette, I., Hahn, D., kenntner, J., Mohr, J., Rack, A., Weitkamp, T., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Quantitative X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography at 82 keV}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.004155}, abstract = {Potential applications of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast imaging are investigated in various fields due to its compatibility with laboratory X-ray sources. So far the method was mainly restricted to X-ray energies below 40 keV, which is too low to examine dense or thick objects, but a routine operation at higher energies is on the brink of realisation. In this study, imaging results obtained at 82 keV are presented. These comprise a test object consisting of well-defined materials for a quantitative analysis and a tooth to translate the findings to a biomedical sample. Measured linear attenuation coefficients μ and electron densities ρe are in good agreement with theoretical values. Improved contrast-to-noise ratios were found in phase contrast compared to attenuation contrast. The combination of both contrast modalities further enables to simultaneously assess information on density and composition of materials with effective atomic numbers Z̃ > 8. In our biomedical example, we demonstrate the possibility to detect differences in mass density and calcium concentration within teeth.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.004155} (DOI). Willner, M.; Bech, M.; Herzen, J.; Zanette, I.; Hahn, D.; kenntner, J.; Mohr, J.; Rack, A.; Weitkamp, T.; Pfeiffer, F.: Quantitative X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography at 82 keV. Optics express. 2013. vol. 21, no. 4, 4155-4166. DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.004155}} @misc{golub_xray_and_2013, author={Golub, M., Lott, D., Watkins, E.B., Haramus, V.M., Luthringer, B., Stoermer, M., Schreyer, A., Willumeit, R.}, title={X-ray and neutron investigation of self-assembled lipid layers on a titanium surface}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1559-4106-8-21}, abstract = {Titanium is the most widely preferred metal material for bone reconstruction in orthopedics and dentistry. To improve its biological performance, various coatings can be applied. In this investigation, a biomimetic coating on a model implant surface was studied in X-ray and neutron reflectivity experiments to probe the quality of this coating, which is only few nanometers thick. Titanium was deposited on polished silicon surfaces using a magnetron sputtering technique. To improve the lipid coating’s stability, a stronger van der Waals interaction was first created between the implant surface and the biomimetic coating by adding a phosphonic acid (n-octadecylphosphonic acid – OPA) monolayer onto the surfaces. Then, three monolayers of POPE (phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine) were transferred using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) techniques. The analysis of X-ray and neutron specular reflectivity data shows that OPA molecules cover the model implant surface completely and that approximately 50% coverage of POPE can be achieved by LB and LS transfer.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1186/1559-4106-8-21} (DOI). Golub, M.; Lott, D.; Watkins, E.; Haramus, V.; Luthringer, B.; Stoermer, M.; Schreyer, A.; Willumeit, R.: X-ray and neutron investigation of self-assembled lipid layers on a titanium surface. Biointerphases. 2013. vol. 8, no. 1, 21. DOI: 10.1186/1559-4106-8-21}} @misc{grandl_evaluation_of_2013, author={Grandl, S., Willner, M., Herzen, J., Mayr, D., Auweter, S.D., Hipp, A., Pfeiffer, F., Reiser, M., Hellerhoff, K.}, title={Evaluation of phase-contrast CT of breast tissue at conventional X-ray sources – Presentation of selected findings - Phasenkontrast-CT von Brustgewebe an konventionellen Roentgenquellen – Praesentation ausgewaehlter Befunde}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.005}, abstract = {Anhand ausgewählter Befunde demonstrieren wir, dass die gitterbasierte PC-CT unter Verwendung polychromatischer Röntgenquellen trotz geringerer räumlicher Auflösung im Vergleich zu Synchrotronquellen zusätzliche Informationen in Ergänzung zu dem konventionellen Absorptionskontrast liefert.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.005} (DOI). Grandl, S.; Willner, M.; Herzen, J.; Mayr, D.; Auweter, S.; Hipp, A.; Pfeiffer, F.; Reiser, M.; Hellerhoff, K.: Evaluation of phase-contrast CT of breast tissue at conventional X-ray sources – Presentation of selected findings - Phasenkontrast-CT von Brustgewebe an konventionellen Roentgenquellen – Praesentation ausgewaehlter Befunde. Zeitschrift fuer Medizinische Physik. 2013. vol. 23, no. 3, 212-221. DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.005}} @misc{epple_unwrapping_differential_2013, author={Epple, F.M., Potdevin, G., Thibault, P., Ehn, S., Herzen, J., Hipp, A., Beckmann, F., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Unwrapping differential x-ray phase-contrast images through phase estimation from multiple energy data}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.029101}, abstract = {We present a spectral phase unwrapping approach for grating-based differential phase-contrast data where the unwrapped interferometer phase shift is estimated from energy discriminated measurements using maximum likelihood principles. We demonstrate the method on tomographic data sets of a test specimen taken at different x-ray energies using synchrotron radiation. The proposed unwrapping technique was demonstrated to successfully correct the data set for phase wrapping.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.029101} (DOI). Epple, F.; Potdevin, G.; Thibault, P.; Ehn, S.; Herzen, J.; Hipp, A.; Beckmann, F.; Pfeiffer, F.: Unwrapping differential x-ray phase-contrast images through phase estimation from multiple energy data. Optics express. 2013. vol. 21, no. 24, 29101-29108. DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.029101}} @misc{saam_translation_of_2013, author={Saam, T., Herzen, J., Hetterich, H., Fill, S., Willner, M., Stockmar, M., Achterhold, K., Zanette, I., Weitkamp, T., Schueller, U., Auweter, S., Adam-Neumair, S., Nikolaou, K., Reiser, M.F., Pfeiffer, F., Bamberg, F.}, title={Translation of Atherosclerotic Plaque Phase-Contrast CT Imaging from Synchrotron Radiation to a Conventional Lab-Based X-Ray Source}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073513}, abstract = {Experimental PC-CT of carotid specimens is feasible with both synchrotron and conventional X-ray sources, producing high-resolution images suitable for vessel characterization and atherosclerosis research.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073513} (DOI). Saam, T.; Herzen, J.; Hetterich, H.; Fill, S.; Willner, M.; Stockmar, M.; Achterhold, K.; Zanette, I.; Weitkamp, T.; Schueller, U.; Auweter, S.; Adam-Neumair, S.; Nikolaou, K.; Reiser, M.; Pfeiffer, F.; Bamberg, F.: Translation of Atherosclerotic Plaque Phase-Contrast CT Imaging from Synchrotron Radiation to a Conventional Lab-Based X-Ray Source. PLoS One. 2013. vol. 8, no. 9, e73513. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073513}} @misc{mistonov_threedimensional_artificial_2013, author={Mistonov, A.A., Grigoryeva, N.A., Chumakova, A.V., Eckerlebe, H., Sapoletova, N.A., Napolskii, K.S., Eliseev, A.A., Menzel, D., Grigoriev, S.V.}, title={Three-dimensional artificial spin ice in nanostructured Co on an inverse opal-like lattice}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.220408}, abstract = {The evolution of the magnetic structure for an inverse opal-like structure under an applied magnetic field is studied by small-angle neutron scattering. The samples were produced by filling the voids of an artificial opal film with Co. It is shown that the local configuration of magnetization is inhomogeneous over the basic element of the inverse opal-like lattice structure (IOLS) but follows its periodicity. Applying the “ice-rule” concept to the structure, we describe the local magnetization of this ferromagnetic three-dimensional lattice. We have developed a model of the remagnetization process predicting the occurrence of an unusual perpendicular component of the magnetization in the IOLS which is defined only by the direction and strength of the applied magnetic field.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.87.220408} (DOI). Mistonov, A.; Grigoryeva, N.; Chumakova, A.; Eckerlebe, H.; Sapoletova, N.; Napolskii, K.; Eliseev, A.; Menzel, D.; Grigoriev, S.: Three-dimensional artificial spin ice in nanostructured Co on an inverse opal-like lattice. Physical Review B. 2013. vol. 87, 220408. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.87.220408}} @misc{fan_effect_of_2013, author={Fan, G.D., Zheng, M.Y., Ju, C.H., Wu, K., Gan, W.M., Brokmeier, H.G.}, title={Effect of grain size on cyclic microplasticity of ECAP processed commercial pure magnesium}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6865-5}, abstract = {Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was performed on the extruded commercial pure magnesium at 250 °C for 4 passes. Heat treatments were carried out to modify the microstructures. The cyclic plastic deformation behavior of pure Mg with different grain sizes in microstrain region was studied by tensile loading and unloading experiments. The microplastic deformation process of pure Mg can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, pronounced plastic deformation associated with dislocation motion on basal plane is initiated at several MPa. The materials are softened and characterized by low friction stresses and hardening exponents. The microplastic deformation enters into region II above the strain of about 8 × 10−4. Annihilation and tangle of dislocations lead to the increase of hardening exponents and friction stresses. Pure Mg shows a very pronounced anelastic behavior during cyclic microplastic deformation, which results in a rapid increase of modulus defect, effectively decreasing the elastic modulus by up to 60 %. Grain size has a marked effect on microplastic deformation behavior of pure Mg. With increasing the grain size, the specimen shows a more pronounced microstrain and anelastic behavior.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6865-5} (DOI). Fan, G.; Zheng, M.; Ju, C.; Wu, K.; Gan, W.; Brokmeier, H.: Effect of grain size on cyclic microplasticity of ECAP processed commercial pure magnesium. Journal of Materials Science. 2013. vol. 48, no. 3, 1239-1248. DOI: 10.1007/s10853-012-6865-5}} @misc{pfeiffer_gratingbased_xray_2013, author={Pfeiffer, F., Herzen, J., Willner, M., Chabior, M., Auweter, S., Reiser, M., Bamberg, F.}, title={Grating-based X-ray phase contrast for biomedical imaging applications - Gitterbasierter Roentgen-Phasenkontrast fuer die biomedizinische Bildgebung}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.002}, abstract = {Dieser Übersichtsartikel beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung der Gitterbasierten Röntgen-Phasenkontrastbildgebung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung potentieller zukünftiger biomedizinischer Anwendungen. Es werden die Grundlagen der Bildentstehung von Transmissions-, Phasenkontrast- und Dunkelfeld-Radiographien mit Hilfe eines Gitterbasierten Röntgeninterferometers beschrieben und anschließend die theoretischen Grundlagen der Anwendung der Methode in der quantitativen Transmissions-, Phasenkontrast- und Dunkelfeld-Computertomographie mit Röntgenstrahlen dargelegt.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.002} (DOI). Pfeiffer, F.; Herzen, J.; Willner, M.; Chabior, M.; Auweter, S.; Reiser, M.; Bamberg, F.: Grating-based X-ray phase contrast for biomedical imaging applications - Gitterbasierter Roentgen-Phasenkontrast fuer die biomedizinische Bildgebung. Zeitschrift fuer Medizinische Physik. 2013. vol. 23, no. 3, 176-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.002}} @misc{hetterich_gratingbased_xray_2013, author={Hetterich, H., Fill, S., Herzen, J., Willner, M., Zanette, I., Weitkamp, T., Rack, A., Schueller, U., Sadeghi, M., Brandl, R., Adam-Neumair, S, Reiser, M., Pfeiffer, F., Bamberg, F., Saam, T.}, title={Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography of atherosclerotic plaque at high photon energies - Gitterbasierte Roentgen-Phasenkontrast-Computertomographie atherosklerotischer Plaques bei hohen Photonenenergien}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.12.001}, abstract = {PC-CT kann atherosklerotische Gefäße bei hohen Photonenenergien darstellen und liefert detaillierte Informationen über die Plaquestruktur u.a. von Hochrisiko-Läsionen.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.12.001} (DOI). Hetterich, H.; Fill, S.; Herzen, J.; Willner, M.; Zanette, I.; Weitkamp, T.; Rack, A.; Schueller, U.; Sadeghi, M.; Brandl, R.; Adam-Neumair, S.; Reiser, M.; Pfeiffer, F.; Bamberg, F.; Saam, T.: Grating-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography of atherosclerotic plaque at high photon energies - Gitterbasierte Roentgen-Phasenkontrast-Computertomographie atherosklerotischer Plaques bei hohen Photonenenergien. Zeitschrift fuer Medizinische Physik. 2013. vol. 23, no. 3, 194-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.12.001}} @misc{noel_evaluation_of_2013, author={Noel, P.B., Herzen, J., Fingerle, A.A., Willner, M., Stockmar, M.K., Hahn, D., Settles, M., Drecoll, E., Zanette, I., Weitkamp, T., Rummeny, E.J., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Evaluation of the potential of phase-contrast computed tomography for improved visualization of cancerous human liver tissue - Evaluation von Phasenkontrast-Computertomographie zur verbesserten Visualisierung von Lebermetastasen}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.006}, abstract = {Im Vergleich zu aktuellen klinischen Bildgebungsverfahren hat PCCT das Potenzial deutlich verbesserte diagnostische Informationen über den Weichteil-Kontrast in der Leber zu liefern.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.006} (DOI). Noel, P.; Herzen, J.; Fingerle, A.; Willner, M.; Stockmar, M.; Hahn, D.; Settles, M.; Drecoll, E.; Zanette, I.; Weitkamp, T.; Rummeny, E.; Pfeiffer, F.: Evaluation of the potential of phase-contrast computed tomography for improved visualization of cancerous human liver tissue - Evaluation von Phasenkontrast-Computertomographie zur verbesserten Visualisierung von Lebermetastasen. Zeitschrift fuer Medizinische Physik. 2013. vol. 23, no. 3, 204-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2013.02.006}} @misc{castanhinha_bringing_dicynodonts_2013, author={Castanhinha, R., Araujo, R., Junior, L.C., Angielczyk, K.D., Martins, G.G., Martins, R.M.S., Chaouiya, C., Beckmann, F., Wilde, F.}, title={Bringing Dicynodonts Back to Life: Paleobiology and Anatomy of a New Emydopoid Genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080974}, abstract = {Dicynodontia represent the most diverse tetrapod group during the Late Permian. They survived the Permo-Triassic extinction and are central to understanding Permo-Triassic terrestrial ecosystems. Although extensively studied, several aspects of dicynodont paleobiology such as, neuroanatomy, inner ear morphology and internal cranial anatomy remain obscure. Here we describe a new dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from northern Mozambique: Niassodon mfumukasi gen. et sp. nov. The holotype ML1620 was collected from the Late Permian K5 formation, Metangula Graben, Niassa Province northern Mozambique, an almost completely unexplored basin and country for vertebrate paleontology. Synchrotron radiation based micro-computed tomography (SRµCT), combined with a phylogenetic analysis, demonstrates a set of characters shared with Emydopoidea. All individual bones were digitally segmented allowing a 3D visualization of each element. In addition, we reconstructed the osseous labyrinth, endocast, cranial nerves and vasculature. The brain is narrow and the cerebellum is broader than the forebrain, resembling the conservative, “reptilian-grade” morphology of other non-mammalian therapsids, but the enlarged paraflocculi occupy the same relative volume as in birds. The orientation of the horizontal semicircular canals indicates a slightly more dorsally tilted head posture than previously assumed in other dicynodonts. In addition, synchrotron data shows a secondary center of ossification in the femur. Thus ML1620 represents, to our knowledge, the oldest fossil evidence of a secondary center of ossification, pushing back the evolutionary origins of this feature. The fact that the specimen represents a new species indicates that the Late Permian tetrapod fauna of east Africa is still incompletely known.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080974} (DOI). Castanhinha, R.; Araujo, R.; Junior, L.; Angielczyk, K.; Martins, G.; Martins, R.; Chaouiya, C.; Beckmann, F.; Wilde, F.: Bringing Dicynodonts Back to Life: Paleobiology and Anatomy of a New Emydopoid Genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique. PLoS One. 2013. vol. 8, no. 12, e80974. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080974}} @misc{fan_internal_friction_2013, author={Fan, G.D., Zheng, M.Y., Hu, X.S., Wu, K., Gan, W.M., Brokmeier, H.G.}, title={Internal friction and microplastic deformation behavior of pure magnesium processed by equal channel angular pressing}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.083}, abstract = {Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was performed on the as-extruded commercial pure magnesium at 250 °C for 4 passes. The internal friction of the ECAPed pure Mg as a function of strain amplitude was investigated by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and the cyclic microplasticity of pure Mg was investigated by tensile loading and unloading test. After ECAP processing, the grain size is significantly refined, the texture component with basal planes parallel to extrusion direction is replaced by a new stronger one with basal planes having a tilting angle of about 40° to the extrusion direction. The stress in microplastic region is reduced with increasing ECAP passes, while the internal friction increases. The internal friction of Mg at high strain amplitude is closely related to microplastic deformation and can be interpreted by dislocation mechanism. The Granato and Lücke model only satisfies in anelastic regions, while the internal friction in microplastic deformation region should be explained in terms of the internal friction model postulated by Peguin. The internal friction related to microplasticity can be divided into two parts with different activation volumes of dislocation motion, which correspond to the two regions of microplasctic deformation process. The initial stage associated with dislocation motion on basal plane shows larger activation volume and lower friction stress of dislocations. The second stage related to the annihilation and tangle of dislocations is characterized by larger hardening exponent and friction stress.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.083} (DOI). Fan, G.; Zheng, M.; Hu, X.; Wu, K.; Gan, W.; Brokmeier, H.: Internal friction and microplastic deformation behavior of pure magnesium processed by equal channel angular pressing. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2013. vol. 561, 100-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.083}} @misc{mukherji_application_of_2013, author={Mukherji, D., Roesler, J., Wehrs, J., Strunz, P., Beran, P., Gilles, R., Hofmann, M., Hoelzel, M., Eckerlebe, H., Szentmiklosi, L., Macsik, Z.}, title={Application of In Situ Neutron and X-Ray Measurements at High Temperatures in the Development of Co-Re-Based Alloys for Gas Turbines}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1363-6}, abstract = {Co-Re alloy development is prompted by the search for new materials for future gas turbines which can be used at temperatures considerably higher than the current day single crystal Ni-based superalloys. The Co-Re-based alloys have been designed to have very high melting range, and they are meant for application at +373 K (+100 °C) above Ni-superalloys. They are significantly different from the conventional Co-based alloys that are used in static components of today’s gas turbines, and the Co-Re alloys have never been used for structural applications before. The Co-Re-Cr system has complex microstructure with many different phases present. Phase transformations and stabilities of fine strengthening precipitates at high temperatures remain mostly unexplored in the Co-Re alloys, and to develop basic understanding, model ternary and quaternary compositions were studied within the alloy development program. In situ neutron and synchrotron measurements at high temperatures were extensively used for this purpose, and some recent results from the in situ measurements are presented. In particular, the effect of boron doping in Co-Re alloys and the stabilities of the fine TaC precipitates at high temperatures were investigated. A fine dispersion of TaC precipitates strengthens some Co-Re alloys, and their stabilities at the application temperatures are critical. In the beginning, the alloy development strategy is very briefly discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1363-6} (DOI). Mukherji, D.; Roesler, J.; Wehrs, J.; Strunz, P.; Beran, P.; Gilles, R.; Hofmann, M.; Hoelzel, M.; Eckerlebe, H.; Szentmiklosi, L.; Macsik, Z.: Application of In Situ Neutron and X-Ray Measurements at High Temperatures in the Development of Co-Re-Based Alloys for Gas Turbines. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2013. vol. 44, no. 1, 22-30. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-012-1363-6}} @misc{croci_gembased_thermal_2013, author={Croci, G., Claps, G., Caniello, R., Cazzaniga, C., Grosso, G., Murtas, F., Tardocchi, M., Vassallo, E., Gorini, G., Horstmann, C., Kampmann, R., Nowak, G., Stoermer, M.}, title={GEM-based thermal neutron beam monitors for spallation sources}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.05.111}, abstract = {The development of new large area and high flux thermal neutron detectors for future neutron spallation sources, like the European Spallation Source (ESS) is motivated by the problem of 3He shortage. In the framework of the development of ESS, GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) is one of the detector technologies that are being explored as thermal neutron sensors. A first prototype of GEM-based thermal neutron beam monitor (bGEM) has been built during 2012. The bGEM is a triple GEM gaseous detector equipped with an aluminum cathode coated by View the MathML source1μm thick B4C layer used to convert thermal neutrons to charged particles through the 10B(n,7Li)αα nuclear reaction. This paper describes the results obtained by testing a bGEM detector at the ISIS spallation source on the VESUVIO beamline. Beam profiles (FWHMx=31 mm and FWHMy=36 mm), bGEM thermal neutron counting efficiency (≈1%≈1%), detector stability (3.45%) and the time-of-flight spectrum of the beam were successfully measured. This prototype represents the first step towards the development of thermal neutrons detectors with efficiency larger than 50% as alternatives to 3He-based gaseous detectors.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.05.111} (DOI). Croci, G.; Claps, G.; Caniello, R.; Cazzaniga, C.; Grosso, G.; Murtas, F.; Tardocchi, M.; Vassallo, E.; Gorini, G.; Horstmann, C.; Kampmann, R.; Nowak, G.; Stoermer, M.: GEM-based thermal neutron beam monitors for spallation sources. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2013. vol. 732, 217-220. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2013.05.111}} @misc{meinel_diagnosing_and_2013, author={Meinel, F.G., Schwab, F., Schleede, S., Bech, M., Herzen, J., Achterhold, K., Auweter, S., Bamberg, F., Yildirim, A.Oe., Bohla, A., Eickelberg, O., Loewen, R., Gifford, M., Ruth, R., Reiser, M.F., Pfeiffer, F., Nikolaou, K.}, title={Diagnosing and Mapping Pulmonary Emphysema on X-Ray Projection Images: Incremental Value of Grating-Based X-Ray Dark-Field Imaging}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059526}, abstract = {In a murine model, the complementary information provided by X-ray transmission and dark-field images adds incremental diagnostic value in detecting pulmonary emphysema and visualizing its regional distribution as compared to conventional X-ray projections.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059526} (DOI). Meinel, F.; Schwab, F.; Schleede, S.; Bech, M.; Herzen, J.; Achterhold, K.; Auweter, S.; Bamberg, F.; Yildirim, A.; Bohla, A.; Eickelberg, O.; Loewen, R.; Gifford, M.; Ruth, R.; Reiser, M.; Pfeiffer, F.; Nikolaou, K.: Diagnosing and Mapping Pulmonary Emphysema on X-Ray Projection Images: Incremental Value of Grating-Based X-Ray Dark-Field Imaging. PLoS One. 2013. vol. 8, no. 3, e59526. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059526}} @misc{schwab_comparison_of_2013, author={Schwab, F., Schleede, S., Hahn, D., Bech, M., Herzen, J., Auweter, S., Bamberg, F., Achterhold, K., Yildirim, A.Oe., Bohla, A., Eickelberg, O., Loewen, R., Gifford, M., Ruth, R., Reiser, M.F., Nikolaou, K., Pfeiffer, F., Meinel, F.G.}, title={Comparison of Contrast-to-Noise Ratios of Transmission and Dark-Field Signal in Grating-Based X-ray Imaging for Healthy Murine Lung Tissue - Vergleich des Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Verhaeltnisses von Transmissions- und Dunkelfeld-Signal in der gitterbasierten Roentgenbildgebung fuer gesunde Maeuselungen}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.11.003}, abstract = {Das Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis der Dunkelfeld-Bilder ist im Vergleich zu dem bei Transmissionsbildern insbesondere in peripheren Lungenregionen noch vorteilhafter als in zentralen Regionen. Für eine bestimmte Probe kann eine Berechnung des RCG einen Vergleich erlauben, welche Modalität das bessere Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis in einer wohl definierten ROI liefert.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.11.003} (DOI). Schwab, F.; Schleede, S.; Hahn, D.; Bech, M.; Herzen, J.; Auweter, S.; Bamberg, F.; Achterhold, K.; Yildirim, A.; Bohla, A.; Eickelberg, O.; Loewen, R.; Gifford, M.; Ruth, R.; Reiser, M.; Nikolaou, K.; Pfeiffer, F.; Meinel, F.: Comparison of Contrast-to-Noise Ratios of Transmission and Dark-Field Signal in Grating-Based X-ray Imaging for Healthy Murine Lung Tissue - Vergleich des Kontrast-zu-Rausch-Verhaeltnisses von Transmissions- und Dunkelfeld-Signal in der gitterbasierten Roentgenbildgebung fuer gesunde Maeuselungen. Zeitschrift fuer Medizinische Physik. 2013. vol. 23, no. 3, 236-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2012.11.003}} @misc{hofmann_materials_science_2013, author={Hofmann, M., Gan, W.M., Rebelo-Kommeier, J., Schoebel, M.}, title={Materials science at the diffractometer STRESS-SPEC at FRM II}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/10448632.2013.804358}, abstract = {diffractometers.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1080/10448632.2013.804358} (DOI). Hofmann, M.; Gan, W.; Rebelo-Kommeier, J.; Schoebel, M.: Materials science at the diffractometer STRESS-SPEC at FRM II. Neutron news. 2013. vol. 24, no. 3, 14-17. DOI: 10.1080/10448632.2013.804358}} @misc{sztrokay_assessment_of_2013, author={Sztrokay, A., Herzen, J., Auweter, S.D., Liebhardt, S., Mayr, D., Willner, M., Hahn, D., Zanette, I., Weitkamp, T., Hellerhoff, K., Pfeiffer, F., Reiser, M.F., Bamberg, F.}, title={Assessment of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast CT for differentiation of invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ in an experimental ex vivo set-up}, year={2013}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-2592-1}, abstract = {Our results indicate that unlike conventional CT, grating-based PC-CT may allow the differentiation between invasive carcinoma and intraductal carcinoma and healthy breast tissue and provide 3D visualisation of DCIS.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-012-2592-1} (DOI). Sztrokay, A.; Herzen, J.; Auweter, S.; Liebhardt, S.; Mayr, D.; Willner, M.; Hahn, D.; Zanette, I.; Weitkamp, T.; Hellerhoff, K.; Pfeiffer, F.; Reiser, M.; Bamberg, F.: Assessment of grating-based X-ray phase-contrast CT for differentiation of invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ in an experimental ex vivo set-up. European Radiology. 2013. vol. 23, no. 2, 381-387. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2592-1}} @misc{mohanty_microstructural_investigation_2012, author={Mohanty, D., Gabrisch, H.}, title={Microstructural investigation of LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (x ≤ 1) and its aged products via magnetic and diffraction study}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.08.005}, abstract = {The thermal stability of the layered oxide LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 and its delithiated product is studied by a combination of X-ray and electron diffraction, TEM imaging and magnetic measurements. Diffraction shows that a small fraction of the layered material converts to spinel phase following delithiation. More spinel phase is observed after thermal annealing. The morphology of the particle changes upon thermal annealing of delithiated materials. The selected area electron diffraction and the magnetic measurement results confirm the presence of Ni+2/Li+ disorder in the delithiated material, which increases upon thermal ageing. The oxidation states of the transition metal ions were determined from magnetic data. It is shown that the charge balance due to removal of Li+ is maintained through oxidation of Ni+2 and that the oxidation states remain stable during subsequent annealing. No antiferromagnetic ordering or crystallographic in plane ordering of transition metal ions is observed. These results clearly describe the thermal degradation of LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (x ≤ 1) occur through the significant microstructural changes.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.08.005} (DOI). Mohanty, D.; Gabrisch, H.: Microstructural investigation of LixNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (x ≤ 1) and its aged products via magnetic and diffraction study. Journal of Power Sources. 2012. vol. 220, 405-412. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.08.005}} @misc{bauer_creep_properties_2012, author={Bauer, A., Neumeier, S., Pyczak, F., Singer, R.F., Goeken, M.}, title={Creep properties of different Gamma'-strengthened Co-base superalloys}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.083}, abstract = {The influence of various alloying elements on the creep properties of polycrystalline Co-base superalloys hardened by a ternary L12 compound, Co3(Al,W) (γ′-phase), was investigated. A Ti containing quaternary alloy shows creep strength similar to Ni-base superalloys IN100 and IN713C at 850 °C and strongly superior to conventional Co-base superalloys as Haynes188. The activation energy for creep between 850 and 950 °C is similar to the polycrystalline Ni-base superalloy IN100 in the same temperature range. Strengthening of the grain boundaries by third phase precipitates was found to be crucial for the mechanical properties. This can be achieved either by precipitation of borides or by additional intermetallic phases which precipitate due to oversaturation. During compressive creep at 850 °C only a slight tendency for directional coarsening occurs, while at 950 °C distinct γ/γ′-rafts perpendicular to the external compressive stress axis are formed which indicate a positive lattice misfit even at 950 °C.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.083} (DOI). Bauer, A.; Neumeier, S.; Pyczak, F.; Singer, R.; Goeken, M.: Creep properties of different Gamma'-strengthened Co-base superalloys. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2012. vol. 550, 333-341. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.04.083}} @misc{schmoelzer_in_situ_2012, author={Schmoelzer, T., Stark, A., Schwaighofer, E., Lippmann, T., Mayer, S., Clemens, H.}, title={In Situ Synchrotron Study of B19 Phase Formation in an Intermetallic Gamma-TiAl Alloy}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200047}, abstract = {A multitude of phases exists in the binary Ti–Al phase diagram and even greater numbers are formed in structural TiAl alloys, which contain additional alloying elements to improve their properties. In the current study, a Ti–45 Al–3 Mo–0.1 B (in at%) alloy was investigated with respect to the phases occurring in chemical non-equilibrium. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction experiments enabled to identify a transient phase to be of the B19 type and to determine its temperatures of formation and dissolution.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200047} (DOI). Schmoelzer, T.; Stark, A.; Schwaighofer, E.; Lippmann, T.; Mayer, S.; Clemens, H.: In Situ Synchrotron Study of B19 Phase Formation in an Intermetallic Gamma-TiAl Alloy. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2012. vol. 14, no. 7, 445-448. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201200047}} @misc{thomsen_visualization_of_2012, author={Thomsen, M., Poulsen, M., Bech, M., Velroyen, A., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Feidenhans, R., Pfeiffer, F.}, title={Visualization of subcutaneous insulin injections by x-ray computed tomography}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/21/7191}, abstract = {We report how the three-dimensional structure of subcutaneous injections of soluble insulin can be visualized by x-ray computed tomography using an iodine based contrast agent. The injections investigated are performed ex vivo in porcine adipose tissue. Full tomography scans carried out at a laboratory x-ray source with a total acquisition time of about 1 min yield CT-images with an effective pixel size of 109 × 109 μm2. The depots are segmented using a modified Chan–Vese algorithm and we are able to observe differences in the shape of the injection depot and the position of the depot in the skin among equally performed injections. To overcome the beam hardening artefacts, which affect the quantitative prediction of the volume injected, we additionally present results concerning the visualization of two injections using synchrotron radiation. The spatial concentration distribution of iodine is calculated to show the dilution of the insulin drug inside the depot. Characterisation of the shape of the depot and the spatial concentration profile of the injected fluid is important knowledge when improving the clinical formulation of an insulin drug, the performance of injection devices and when predicting the effect of the drug through biomedical simulations.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/57/21/7191} (DOI). Thomsen, M.; Poulsen, M.; Bech, M.; Velroyen, A.; Herzen, J.; Beckmann, F.; Feidenhans, R.; Pfeiffer, F.: Visualization of subcutaneous insulin injections by x-ray computed tomography. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2012. vol. 57, no. 21, 7191-7203. DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/21/7191}} @misc{klemradt_monitoring_of_2012, author={Klemradt, U., Rieger, T., Herrmann, K., Carmele, D., Meyer, S., Lippmann, T., Stark, A., Bleck, W.}, title={Monitoring of Heat Treatment Processes by High Energy Synchrotron Radiation}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {Advanced engineering materials are frequently based on multiphase microstructures, where the decisive step is the heat treatment adjusting the desired microstructure. A typical example are transformation-induced plasticity assisted steels, where the steel grades depend on the phase composition and the deformation-induced transformation of retained austenite into martensite. Usually methods for microstructural characterization are only applied after completion of the heat treatment process and comprise typically microscopy and X-ray analysis with laboratory tubes. Both methods can suffer from artefacts and probe a relatively small surface or volume, respectively. However, in the last decade synchrotron facilities have become available that offer very hard X-rays, which open up new possibilities for the observation of heat treatment processes owing to the unique combination of extremely high intensities with large penetration depths (mm scale). Sophisticated sample environments allow for complex in situ experiments, currently with a time resolution on the order of seconds. Only recently a commercial dilatometer of type Bähr Dil805AD has become available at the HARWI-2 beamline at the HASYLAB. This experimental setup was used for the in situ investigation of the quenching and partitioning process in transformation-induced plasticity steels. The experiments were performed in transmission at a wavelength of 0.0124 nm. The Debye-Scherrer rings were observed arising from statistical grain distributions characteristic for each microstructure. The time-resolved measurements allow conclusions about the phases present in the sample, their lattice parameters, texture and grain size.}, note = {Klemradt, U.; Rieger, T.; Herrmann, K.; Carmele, D.; Meyer, S.; Lippmann, T.; Stark, A.; Bleck, W.: Monitoring of Heat Treatment Processes by High Energy Synchrotron Radiation. Acta Physica Polonica A. 2012. vol. 121, no. 1, 39-43.}} @misc{doebrich_neutron_scattering_2012, author={Doebrich, F., Kohlbrecher, J., Sharp, M., Eckerlebe, H., Birringer, R., Michels, A.}, title={Neutron scattering study of the magnetic microstructure of nanocrystalline gadolinium}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.094411}, abstract = {We report grain-size-dependent results on nanocrystalline bulk Gd obtained by magnetic small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and magnetometry. This approach allows one to study systematically how the magnetic microstructure of this rare-earth metal is affected by defects in the atomic microstructure, which are largely present in nanocrystalline materials, predominantly in the form of grain boundaries. The neutron scattering data reveal two types of angular anisotropies in the magnetic-field-dependent scattering cross section that are typically not seen in the coarse-grained polycrystal. In particular, a cloverleaf-shaped anisotropy and an elongation of the scattering pattern in the direction of the applied magnetic field have been detected. While the first result, which is an exceptional finding even in the nanocrystalline state, can be attributed to pronounced spin disorder in the vicinity of the Gd grain boundaries, the second anisotropy is related to spin misalignment due to the random magnetocrystalline anisotropy within the individual crystallites. Furthermore, we have calculated the correlation function of the spin misalignment from the radially averaged data, which gives access to the characteristic length scales on which the magnetization is perturbed by crystal defects. The results of this real-space analysis independently support the findings from magnetometry and field-dependent SANS. Wide-angle x-ray diffraction data indicate that stacking faults may limit the range of spin-misalignment fluctuations due to random anisotropy in this material.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.094411} (DOI). Doebrich, F.; Kohlbrecher, J.; Sharp, M.; Eckerlebe, H.; Birringer, R.; Michels, A.: Neutron scattering study of the magnetic microstructure of nanocrystalline gadolinium. Physical Review B. 2012. vol. 85, no. 9, 094411. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.094411}} @misc{gan_identification_of_2012, author={Gan, W., Huang, Y., Yang, L., Kainer, K.U., Jiang, M., Brokmeier, H.-G., Hort, N.}, title={Identification of unexpected hydrides in Mg-20 wt% Dy alloy by high-brilliance synchrotron radiation}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889811053088}, abstract = {An unexpected precipitate phase was observed in Mg-20 wt% Dy alloy, with a cuboid morphology not compatible with any shown in the Mg-Dy binary phase diagram. As observed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, the ratio of atomic percent of Dy to Mg is very high in these particles, probably largely because of the poor spatial resolution of that technique but already showing the mismatch with any previously characterized Mg-Dy compound. High-brilliance synchrotron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy experiments confirmed that these particles are composed of DyH2. They are formed during sample preparation at room temperature when hydrogen-containing sources such as water are used.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889811053088} (DOI). Gan, W.; Huang, Y.; Yang, L.; Kainer, K.; Jiang, M.; Brokmeier, H.; Hort, N.: Identification of unexpected hydrides in Mg-20 wt% Dy alloy by high-brilliance synchrotron radiation. Journal of Applied Crystallography. 2012. vol. 45, 17-21. DOI: 10.1107/S0021889811053088}} @misc{carmele_very_hard_2012, author={Carmele, D., Meyer, S., Rieger, T., Herrmann, K., Lippmann, T., Stark, A., Bleck, W., Klemradt, U.}, title={Very hard synchrotron x-ray radiation as an advanced characterization method exemplarily applied to advanced high-strength steels}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.660}, abstract = {Innovative steel materials of the third generation of advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) are based on complex multiphase microstructures on a submicron scale, which are adjusted in a heat treatment procedure. Established methods for microstructural characterization are usually applied after the heat treatment process (ex-situ) at room temperature and comprise amongst others X-ray analysis based on laboratory tubes with photon energies of several keV. The corresponding penetration depths are on the micron scale. Additionally, the results may be affected by the metallographic preparation process. Using very hard synchrotron X-ray radiation with photon energies of up to 100 keV, penetration depths in the millimetre range are realized and macroscopic volumes (mm³) can be investigated. Furthermore the photon flux of synchrotron sources is several orders of magnitude higher compared to laboratory tubes. Consequently in-situ measurements during a heat treatment process can be performed. Using the example of the standardized multiphase TRIP steel HCT690T, a microstructural investigation with high energy synchrotron X-ray radiation is discussed and compared to established diffraction methods using Co-and Cu-Kα-radiation. In-situ diffraction measurements during a heat treatment are exemplarily shown.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.660} (DOI). Carmele, D.; Meyer, S.; Rieger, T.; Herrmann, K.; Lippmann, T.; Stark, A.; Bleck, W.; Klemradt, U.: Very hard synchrotron x-ray radiation as an advanced characterization method exemplarily applied to advanced high-strength steels. Advanced Materials Research, THERMEC 2011. 2012. vol. 409, 660-665. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.660}} @misc{rieger_quenching_and_2012, author={Rieger, T., Herrmann, K., Carmele, D., Meyer, S., Lippmann, T., Stark, A., Bleck, W., Klemradt, U.}, title={Quenching and Partitioning - An in-situ approach to characterize the process kinetics and the final microstructure}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.713}, abstract = {The ‘Quenching and Partitioning’ (Q&P) concept aims to increase the strength level of conventional TRIP-assisted advanced high strength steel (AHSS) by replacing ferritic constituents by tempered martensite. The Q&P heat treatment process involves austenitization and interrupted quenching followed by carbon partitioning from martensite to austenite at elevated temperatures. The final microstructure is traditionally investigated at room temperature after metallographic preparation by microscopy and x-ray analysis with laboratory tubes. Besides other disadvantages the established characterization methods are not adequate to observe the development of the microstructure during Q&P treatment. In the present work the microstructural evolution during Q&P processing was monitored by in-situ diffraction experiments using very hard (100 keV) synchrotron x-ray radiation. Debye-Scherrer rings were recorded as a function of time and temperature during the heat treatment in a state-of-the-art dilatometer (type Bähr DIL805AD) at the Engineering Materials Science beamline HARWI-II (HZG outstation at Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron (DESY), Hamburg). The diffraction patterns contain quantitative information on the phases present in the sample (for more details cf. Abstract Carmele et al, this conference). The evolution of the austenite phase fraction during the partitioning treatment at the quench temperature (1-step Q&P) is discussed exemplarily for a Si-based TRIP steel with additions of Ni.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.713} (DOI). Rieger, T.; Herrmann, K.; Carmele, D.; Meyer, S.; Lippmann, T.; Stark, A.; Bleck, W.; Klemradt, U.: Quenching and Partitioning - An in-situ approach to characterize the process kinetics and the final microstructure. Advanced Materials Research, THERMEC 2011. 2012. vol. 409, 713-718. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.713}} @misc{schloffer_microstructure_development_2012, author={Schloffer, M., Iqbal, F., Gabrisch, H., Schwaighofer, E., Schimansky, F.-P., Mayer, S., Stark, A., Lippmann, T., Goeken, M., Pyczak, F., Clemens, H.}, title={Microstructure development and hardness of a powder metallurgical multi phase Gamma-TiAl based alloy}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2011.11.015}, abstract = {A β-solidifying TiAl alloy with a nominal composition of Ti–43.5Al–4Nb–1Mo–0.1B (in at.%), termed TNM™ alloy, was produced by a powder metallurgical approach. After hot-isostatic pressing the microstructure is comprised of fine equiaxed γ-TiAl, α2-Ti3Al and βo-TiAl grains. By means of two-step heat-treatments different fine-grained nearly lamellar microstructures were adjusted. The evolution of the microstructure after each individual heat-treatment step was examined by light-optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as by conventional X-ray and in-situ high-energy X-ray diffraction. The experimentally evaluated phase fractions as a function of temperature were compared with the results of a thermodynamical calculation using a commercial TiAl database. Nano-hardness measurements have been conducted on the three constituting phases α2, γ and βo after hot-isostatic pressing, whereas the hardness modification during heat-treatment was studied by macro-hardness measurements. A nano-hardness for the βo-phase is reported for the first time.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2011.11.015} (DOI). Schloffer, M.; Iqbal, F.; Gabrisch, H.; Schwaighofer, E.; Schimansky, F.; Mayer, S.; Stark, A.; Lippmann, T.; Goeken, M.; Pyczak, F.; Clemens, H.: Microstructure development and hardness of a powder metallurgical multi phase Gamma-TiAl based alloy. Intermetallics. 2012. vol. 22, 231-240. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2011.11.015}} @misc{feyerabend_ion_release_2012, author={Feyerabend, F., Druecker, H., Laipple, D., Vogt, C., Stekker, M., Hort, N., Willumeit, R.}, title={Ion release from magnesium materials in physiological solutions under different oxygen tensions}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4490-5}, abstract = {solution. The influence of oxygen on pH was enhanced by proteins, while osmolality was not influenced. Magnesium ion release was solution-dependent and enhanced in the initial phase by proteins with delayed release of alloying elements. The main corrosion product formed was magnesium carbonate. Therefore, cell culture conditions are proposed as first step toward physiological corrosion.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4490-5} (DOI). Feyerabend, F.; Druecker, H.; Laipple, D.; Vogt, C.; Stekker, M.; Hort, N.; Willumeit, R.: Ion release from magnesium materials in physiological solutions under different oxygen tensions. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 2012. vol. 23, no. 1, 9-24. DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4490-5}} @misc{brokmeier_investigation_of_2012, author={Brokmeier, H.-G., Randau, C., Gan, W., Hofmann, M., Lippmann, T., Schell, N.}, title={Investigation of texture gradients of semi-finished products by neutrons and photons}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.702-703.499}, abstract = {Texture gradients are present in most samples, which are due to materials processing. Standard methods to evaluate texture gradients are based on the cut of samples, such as the X-ray investigation of surface textures against the texture inside a sheet. Bulk textures itself averaging over the whole sheet thickness are analysed by thermal neutrons. Both thermal neutrons and photons with high energies allow investigations non-destructively. The beam port Stress-Spec at the Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) at Garching/Germany is equipped with a robot system based on a RX160 Stäubli robot, a Laser Tracker and a heavy basement. Samples up to 30kg can be investigated. Main restrictions are the available neutron flux, the detector efficiency and the detector size. Thus, the gauge volume is restricted to 1x1x1mm for ideal scattering conditions to measure in acceptable time scale. Photons with up to 200keV are known as high brilliant and high intense beam with similar penetration power than thermal neutrons. A typical set up of a high energy beamline for texture gradient investigations works without an Eulerian cradle so that restrictions in handling large sample are of less importance. The HZG materials science beamlines at Doris III and Petra III (Harwi-II@DorisIII and HEMS@PetraIII) are equipped with massif units for sample rotation and x-, y- and z- scanning for samples and additional equipments up to 200kg. Compared to thermal neutrons, which work with wavelengths between 1Å-2.5Å, the wavelength of high energy photons is small (0.05Å – 0.20Å). That leads on one hand to low scattering angles (1° - 10°) and on the other hand to an anisotropic ellipsoidal gauge volume. The local resolution of the synchrotron beam is much better than for thermal neutrons. In both methods corrections for constant gauge volume during pole figure scanning and for anisotropic absorption are of great importance.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.702-703.499} (DOI). Brokmeier, H.; Randau, C.; Gan, W.; Hofmann, M.; Lippmann, T.; Schell, N.: Investigation of texture gradients of semi-finished products by neutrons and photons. Materials Science Forum, Textures of Materials - ICOTOM 16. 2012. vol. 702-703, 499-506. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.702-703.499}} @misc{liu_investigation_of_2012, author={Liu, J., Ventzke, V., Staron, P., Schell, N., Kashaev, N., Huber, N.}, title={Investigation of In Situ and Conventional Post-Weld Heat Treatments on Dual-Laser-Beam-Welded Gamma-TiAl-Based Alloy}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200113}, abstract = {This paper describes a way to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of welding seams by in situ and conventional post-weld heat treatments for laser beam welding of the Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2C–0.2B alloy. The seams are crack-free with reduced longitudinal residual stress and higher elongation to fraction after post-weld heat treatment. The welding zone consists of α2 after welding, transforms to a massive γ during in situ post-weld heat treatment, and finally forms a convoluted microstructure after conventional heating. The phase composition across the welding zone is discussed.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200113} (DOI). Liu, J.; Ventzke, V.; Staron, P.; Schell, N.; Kashaev, N.; Huber, N.: Investigation of In Situ and Conventional Post-Weld Heat Treatments on Dual-Laser-Beam-Welded Gamma-TiAl-Based Alloy. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2012. vol. 14, no. 10, 923-927. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201200113}} @misc{hammel_the_nonhierarchical_2012, author={Hammel, J.U., Filatov, M.V., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Kaandorp, J.A., Nickel, M.}, title={The non-hierarchical, non-uniformly branching topology of a leuconoid sponge aquiferous system revealed by 3D reconstruction and morphometrics using corrosion casting and X-ray microtomography}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x}, abstract = {As sessile filter feeders, sponges rely on a highly efficient fluid transport system. Their physiology depends on efficient water exchange, which is performed by the aquiferous system. This prominent poriferan anatomical character represents a dense network of incurrent and excurrent canals on which we lack detailed 3D models. To overcome this, we investigated the complex leucon-type architecture in the demosponge Tethya wilhelma using corrosion casting, microtomography, and 3D reconstructions. Our integrative qualitative and quantitative approach allowed us to create, for the first time, high-resolution 3D representations of entire canal systems which were used for detailed geometric and morphometric measurements. Canal diameters lack distinct size classes, and bifurcations are non-uniformly ramified. A relatively high number of bifurcations show previously unknown and atypical cross-sectional area ratios. Scaling properties and topological patterns of the canals indicate a more complex overall architecture than previously assumed. As a consequence, it might be more convenient to group canals into functional units rather than hierarchical clusters. Our data qualify the leucon canal system architecture of T. wilhelma as a highly efficient fluid transport system adapted toward minimal flow resistance. Our results and approach are relevant for a better understanding of sponge biology and cultivation techniques.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x} (DOI). Hammel, J.; Filatov, M.; Herzen, J.; Beckmann, F.; Kaandorp, J.; Nickel, M.: The non-hierarchical, non-uniformly branching topology of a leuconoid sponge aquiferous system revealed by 3D reconstruction and morphometrics using corrosion casting and X-ray microtomography. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm). 2012. vol. 93, no. 2, 160-170. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2010.00492.x}} @misc{schleede_emphysema_diagnosis_2012, author={Schleede, S., Meinel, F.G., Bech, M., Herzen, J., Achterhold, K., Potdevin, G., Malecki, A., Adam-Neumair, S., Thieme, S.F., Bamberg, F., Nikolaou, K., Bohla, A., Yildirim, A.Oe., Loewen, R., Gifford, M., Ruth, R., Eickelberg, O., Reiser, M.F., Pfeiffer, F. and }, title={Emphysema diagnosis using X-ray dark-field imaging at a laser-driven compact synchrotron light source}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206684109}, abstract = {In early stages of various pulmonary diseases, such as emphysema and fibrosis, the change in X-ray attenuation is not detectable with absorption-based radiography. To monitor the morphological changes that the alveoli network undergoes in the progression of these diseases, we propose using the dark-field signal, which is related to small-angle scattering in the sample. Combined with the absorption-based image, the dark-field signal enables better discrimination between healthy and emphysematous lung tissue in a mouse model. All measurements have been performed at 36 keV using a monochromatic laser-driven miniature synchrotron X-ray source (Compact Light Source). In this paper we present grating-based dark-field images of emphysematous vs. healthy lung tissue, where the strong dependence of the dark-field signal on mean alveolar size leads to improved diagnosis of emphysema in lung radiographs.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206684109} (DOI). Schleede, S.; Meinel, F.; Bech, M.; Herzen, J.; Achterhold, K.; Potdevin, G.; Malecki, A.; Adam-Neumair, S.; Thieme, S.; Bamberg, F.; Nikolaou, K.; Bohla, A.; Yildirim, A.; Loewen, R.; Gifford, M.; Ruth, R.; Eickelberg, O.; Reiser, M.; Pfeiffer, F.: Emphysema diagnosis using X-ray dark-field imaging at a laser-driven compact synchrotron light source. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America: PNAS. 2012. vol. 109, no. 44, 17880-17885. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206684109}} @misc{staron_absorption_correction_2012, author={Staron, P.}, title={Absorption correction of peak positions for neutron strain measurements}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/340/1/012104}, abstract = {In angle-dispersive neutron strain scanning the information about residual strain comes from the whole gauge volume that is defined by slits in the incoming and diffracted beams. Since the intensity of the neutron beam decreases with the amount of material it has travelled, neutrons diffracted from different locations within the gauge volume contribute with different intensities to the recorded diffraction peak. This can lead to peak shifts, and thus apparent strains. The magnitude of this peak shift depends mostly on the beam attenuation and the size of the gauge volume, but also on the sample geometry and position of the gauge volume within the sample. The peak shift plays a significant role when the size of the gauge volume becomes large because of peak broadening by the sample. An analytic expression for the peak shift was derived for a simple geometry to evaluate a numerical simulation. The numerical simulation was developed to quantify necessary corrections in detail. The attenuation-induced peak shift was demonstrated by measurements on a strain-free powder sample and the results were compared with the numerical predictions.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/340/1/012104} (DOI). Staron, P.: Absorption correction of peak positions for neutron strain measurements. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2012. vol. 340, no. 1, 012104. DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/340/1/012104}} @misc{kostov_fast_in_2012, author={Kostov, V., Gibmeier, J., Wilde, F., Staron, P., Roessler, R., Wanner, A.}, title={Fast in situ phase and stress analysis during laser surface treatment: A synchrotron x-ray diffraction approach}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4764532}, abstract = {An in situ stress analysis by means of synchrotron x-ray diffraction was carried out during laser surface hardening of steel. A single exposure set-up that based on a special arrangement of two fast silicon strip line detectors was established, allowing for fast stress analysis according to the sin2ψ x-ray analysis method. For the in situ experiments a process chamber was designed and manufactured, which is described in detail. First measurements were carried out at the HZG undulator imaging beamline (IBL, beamline P05) at the synchrotron storage ring PETRA III, DESY, Hamburg (Germany). The laser processing was carried out using a 6 kW high power diode laser system. Two different laser optics were compared, a Gaussian optic with a focus spot of ø 3 mm and a homogenizing optic with a rectangular spot dimension of 8 × 8 mm2. The laser processing was carried out using spot hardening at a heating-/cooling rate of 1000 K/s and was controlled via pyrometric temperature measurement using a control temperature of 1150 °C. The set-up being established during the measuring campaign allowed for this first realization data collection rates of 10Hz. The data evaluation procedure applied enables the separation of thermal from elastic strains and gains unprecedented insight into the laser hardening process.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4764532} (DOI). Kostov, V.; Gibmeier, J.; Wilde, F.; Staron, P.; Roessler, R.; Wanner, A.: Fast in situ phase and stress analysis during laser surface treatment: A synchrotron x-ray diffraction approach. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2012. vol. 83, no. 11, 115101. DOI: 10.1063/1.4764532}} @misc{cha_in_situ_2012, author={Cha, L., Schmoelzer, T., Zhang, Z., Mayer, S., Clemens, H., Staron, P., Dehm, G.}, title={In Situ Study of Gamma-TiAl Lamellae Formation in Supersaturated Alpha2-Ti3Al Grains}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201100272}, abstract = {Part of this study was supported by the Austrian Fonds zur Föderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung FWF (P20709-N20) and the Austrian COMET Competence Centre Program. Additionally, the authors highly appreciate the expertise of the beamline staff of HARWI II which contributed greatly to the success of the experiments. The support of the DESY User Office and management is gratefully acknowledged. Research activities leading to the presented HEXRD results received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant Agreement no.8226716. Finally, we thank Prof. F. D. Fischer for fruitful discussions and T. Lippmann and J. Thomas for expert technical assistance.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201100272} (DOI). Cha, L.; Schmoelzer, T.; Zhang, Z.; Mayer, S.; Clemens, H.; Staron, P.; Dehm, G.: In Situ Study of Gamma-TiAl Lamellae Formation in Supersaturated Alpha2-Ti3Al Grains. Advanced Engineering Materials. 2012. vol. 14, no. 5, 299-303. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201100272}} @misc{kleinteich_is_solid_2012, author={Kleinteich, T., Maddin, H.C., Herzen, J., Beckmann, F., Summers, A.P.}, title={Is solid always best? Cranial performance in solid and fenestrated caecilian skulls}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.065979}, abstract = {Caecilians (Lissamphibia: Gymnophiona) are characterized by a fossorial lifestyle that appears to play a role in the many anatomical specializations in the group. The skull, in particular, has been the focus of previous studies because it is driven into the substrate for burrowing. There are two different types of skulls in caecilians: (1) stegokrotaphic, where the squamosal completely covers the temporal region and the jaw closing muscles, and (2) zygokrotaphic, with incomplete coverage of the temporal region by the squamosal. We used 3-D imaging and modeling techniques to explore the functional consequences of these skull types in an evolutionary context. We digitally converted stegokrotaphic skulls into zygokrotaphic skulls and vice versa. We also generated a third, akinetic skull type that was presumably present in extinct caecilian ancestors. We explored the benefits and costs of the different skull types under frontal loading at different head angles with finite element analysis (FEA). Surprisingly, the differences in stress distributions and bending between the three tested skull types were minimal and not significant. This suggests that the open temporal region in zygokrotaphic skulls does not lead to poorer performance during burrowing. However, the results of the FEA suggest a strong relationship between the head angle and skull performance, implying there is an optimal head angle during burrowing.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.065979} (DOI). Kleinteich, T.; Maddin, H.; Herzen, J.; Beckmann, F.; Summers, A.: Is solid always best? Cranial performance in solid and fenestrated caecilian skulls. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2012. vol. 215, no. 5, 833-844. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.065979}} @misc{mukherji_corebased_alloys_2012, author={Mukherji, D., Roesler, J., Wehrs, J., Eckerlebe, H., Gilles, R.}, title={Co-Re-based alloys a new class of material for gas turbine applications at very high temperatures}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {Co-Re alloy development is prompted by the search for new materials for future gas turbines which can be used at temperatures considerably higher than the present day single crystal Ni-based superalloys. The Co-Re based alloys are designed to have very high melting range. Although Co-alloys are used in gas turbine applications today, the Co-Re system was never exploited for structural applications and basic knowledge on the system is lacking. The alloy development strategy therefore is based on studying alloying additions on simple model alloy compositions of ternary and quaternary base. Various strengthening possibilities have been explored and precipitation hardening through fine dispersion of MC type carbides was found to be a promising route. In the early stages of the development we are mainly dealing with polycrystalline alloys and therefore the grain boundary embrittlement needed to be addressed and boron addition was considered for improving the ductility. In this paper recent results on the effect of boron on the strength and ductility and the stability of the fine structure of the strengthening TaC precipitates are presented. In the beginning the alloy development strategy is briefly discussed.}, note = {Mukherji, D.; Roesler, J.; Wehrs, J.; Eckerlebe, H.; Gilles, R.: Co-Re-based alloys a new class of material for gas turbine applications at very high temperatures. Advances in Materials Research. 2012. vol. 1, no. 3, 205-219.}} @misc{potapova_magnetic_ordering_2012, author={Potapova, N., Dyadkin, V., Moskvin, E., Eckerlebe, H., Menzel, D., Grigoriev, S.}, title={Magnetic ordering in bulk MnSi crystals with chemically induced negative pressure}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.060406}, abstract = {MnSi crystals with chemically induced negative pressure (doped by less than 1% Ge) have been synthesized by the Czochralski method. X-ray powder diffraction has revealed that the samples are crystallized in the B20 structure, inherent to pure MnSi, without any impurity phases. The lattice constant a is slightly larger than that of undoped MnSi. The samples have a spiral spin structure with the wave vector |k|=0.385 nm−1 at low temperatures. The ordering temperature is enhanced up to TC=39 K. The critical field HC2 shows an increase of about 25% for the doped samples. Close to the critical temperature the A phase occurs. The temperature range of the A phase in the (H–T) phase diagram for the doped compound ranges from TA=27.5 K, characteristic for pure MnSi, to TC=39 K in the zero-field cooled (ZFC) regime of magnetization. The magnetic features of the (H–T) phase diagram of the compounds MnSi are reminiscent of those observed for the MnSi thin films on the Si substrate.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.060406} (DOI). Potapova, N.; Dyadkin, V.; Moskvin, E.; Eckerlebe, H.; Menzel, D.; Grigoriev, S.: Magnetic ordering in bulk MnSi crystals with chemically induced negative pressure. Physical Review B. 2012. vol. 86, no. 6, 060406. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.060406}} @misc{sharifi_sans_analysis_2012, author={Sharifi, P., Eckerlebe, H., Marlow, F.}, title={SANS analysis of opal structures made by the capillary deposition method}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp40825b}, abstract = {Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to analyze the structure of opals and inverse opals made by the capillary deposition method. We show that there is no deformation in special lattice directions such as the growth direction and the support plane direction. However, effects of twinning of the dense-packed structure and plane-like lattice perturbations have been observed. The latter appear as linear surface disturbances. We propose a model with an anisotropic distribution of stacking faults which delivers the different peak intensities in the neutron diffraction pattern. The rocking curves show that small perfect crystal parts are aligned better than ±3° and ±11° for the opals and inverse opals, respectively.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp40825b} (DOI). Sharifi, P.; Eckerlebe, H.; Marlow, F.: SANS analysis of opal structures made by the capillary deposition method. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2012. vol. 14, no. 29, 10324-10331. DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40825b}} @misc{martins_xray_diffraction_2012, author={Martins, R.M.S., Schell, N., Mahesh, K.K., Silva, R.J.C., Braz-Fernandes, F.M.}, title={X-ray diffraction studies during magnetron co-sputtering of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy films}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {has to be paid to a resetting spring.}, note = {Martins, R.; Schell, N.; Mahesh, K.; Silva, R.; Braz-Fernandes, F.: X-ray diffraction studies during magnetron co-sputtering of Ni-Ti shape memory alloy films. Ciencia & Tecnologia dos Materiais. 2012. vol. 24, no. 3-4, 44-52.}} @misc{neves_in_situ_2012, author={Neves, F., Correia, J.B., Martins, I., Braz Fernandes, F.M., Mahesh, K.K., Stark, A., Schell, N.}, title={In situ experiments with Synchrotron High-Energy X-rays of Ni-Ti alloys produced by powder metallurgy}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {compression) and diffraction data for the detailed analysis of the phase transformations in powder metallurgical Ni-Ti shape memory alloys.}, note = {Neves, F.; Correia, J.; Martins, I.; Braz Fernandes, F.; Mahesh, K.; Stark, A.; Schell, N.: In situ experiments with Synchrotron High-Energy X-rays of Ni-Ti alloys produced by powder metallurgy. Ciencia & Tecnologia dos Materiais. 2012. vol. 24, no. 3-4, 40-43.}} @misc{martins_synchrotron_radiationbased_2012, author={Martins, R.M.S., Castanhinha, R.A., Mateus, O., Araujo, R., Beckmann, F., Schell, N.}, title={Synchrotron radiation-based techniques applied to the study of dinosaur fossils from the collection of the museum of Lourinhae}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, abstract = {The Museum of Lourinhã exhibits one of the most diverse and best-preserved collections of dinosaur fossils in Portugal. Several fossilized dinosaur eggshell fragments and embryonic vertebrae have been studied by Synchrotron Radiation-based Micro-Computed Tomography (SRìCT) at the beamlines operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht at the storage ring DORIS III at the Deutsches Elektronen–Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany. We have obtained high-resolution three-dimensional tomographic datasets using a non-destructive procedure. Combining all the benefits of non-destructive imaging techniques will ensure that rare fossils remain preserved for future generations to enjoy and further analyse them. Furthermore, the analysis of the SRìCT data together with data obtained by synchrotron radiation-based XRD provides valuable information concerning the diagenesis processes of the fossils.}, note = {Martins, R.; Castanhinha, R.; Mateus, O.; Araujo, R.; Beckmann, F.; Schell, N.: Synchrotron radiation-based techniques applied to the study of dinosaur fossils from the collection of the museum of Lourinhae. Ciencia & Tecnologia dos Materiais. 2012. vol. 24, no. 1-2, 1-5.}} @misc{wang_effect_of_2012, author={Wang, L., Pyczak, F., Zhang, J., Lou, L.H., Singer, R.F.}, title={Effect of eutectics on plastic deformation and subsequent recrystallization in the single crystal nickel base superalloy CMSX-4}, year={2012}, howpublished = {journal article}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.11.015}, abstract = {The electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) technique and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the microstructure of a locally deformed single crystal (SX) nickel-base superalloy – CMSX-4. The effect of eutectics on the deformation and recrystallization (RX) behavior was investigated. It was found that the texture component map is a reliable method for the determination of the severity of deformation in locally deformed SX superalloys. Severe deformation was mainly created in interdendritic regions, especially around eutectics. The dislocation distribution and configuration was consistent with the nucleation and the growth behavior of recrystallizing grains.}, note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.11.015} (DOI). Wang, L.; Pyczak, F.; Zhang, J.; Lou, L.; Singer, R.: Effect of eutectics on plastic deformation and subsequent recrystallization in the single crystal nickel base superalloy CMSX-4. Materials Science and Engineering A. 2012. vol. 532, 487-492. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.11.0