%0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Custódio, D., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Spain, T. G., Pankratov, F. F., Strigunova, I., Molepo, K., Skov, H., Bieser, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2022 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 6 %P 3827-3840 %R doi:10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022 %T Odds and ends of atmospheric mercury in Europe and over the North Atlantic Ocean: temporal trends of 25 years of measurements %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-3827-2022 6 %X . Concentrations of TGM at remote marine sites were shown to be affected by continental long-range transport, and evaluation of reanalysis back trajectories displays a significant decrease in TGM in continental air masses from Europe in the last 2 decades. In addition, using the relationship between mercury and other atmospheric trace gases that could serve as a source signature, we perform factorization regression analysis, based on positive rotatable factorization to solve probabilistic mass functions. We reconstructed atmospheric mercury concentration and assessed the contribution of the major natural and anthropogenic sources. The results reveal that the observed downward trend in the atmospheric mercury is mainly associated with a factor with a high load of long-lived anthropogenic species. %0 journal article %@ 2190-4979 %A Meier, H., Kniebusch, M., Dieterich, C., Gröger, M., Zorita, E., Elmgren, R., Myrberg, K., Ahola, M. P., Bartosova, A., Bonsdorff, E., Börgel, F., Capell, R., Carlén, I., Carlund, T., Carstensen, J., Christensen, O. B., Dierschke, V., Frauen, C., Frederiksen, M., Gaget, E., Galatius, A., Haapala, J. J., Halkka, A., Hugelius, G., Hünicke, B., Jaagus, J., Jüssi, M., Käyhkö, J., Kirchner, N., Kjellström, E., Kulinski, K., Lehmann, A., Lindström, G., May, W., Miller, P. A., Mohrholz, V., Müller-Karulis, B., Pavón-Jordán, D., Quante, M., Reckermann, M., Rutgersson, A., Savchuk, O. P., Stendel, M., Tuomi, L., Viitasalo, M., Weisse, R., Zhang, W. %D 2022 %J Earth System Dynamics %N 1 %P 457-593 %R doi:10.5194/esd-13-457-2022 %T Climate change in the Baltic Sea region: a summary %U https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-457-2022 1 %X Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) published in 2015 and focuses on the atmosphere, land, cryosphere, ocean, sediments, and the terrestrial and marine biosphere. Based on the summaries of the recent knowledge gained in palaeo-, historical, and future regional climate research, we find that the main conclusions from earlier assessments still remain valid. However, new long-term, homogenous observational records, for example, for Scandinavian glacier inventories, sea-level-driven saltwater inflows, so-called Major Baltic Inflows, and phytoplankton species distribution, and new scenario simulations with improved models, for example, for glaciers, lake ice, and marine food web, have become available. In many cases, uncertainties can now be better estimated than before because more models were included in the ensembles, especially for the Baltic Sea. With the help of coupled models, feedbacks between several components of the Earth system have been studied, and multiple driver studies were performed, e.g. projections of the food web that include fisheries, eutrophication, and climate change. New datasets and projections have led to a revised understanding of changes in some variables such as salinity. Furthermore, it has become evident that natural variability, in particular for the ocean on multidecadal timescales, is greater than previously estimated, challenging our ability to detect observed and projected changes in climate. In this context, the first palaeoclimate simulations regionalised for the Baltic Sea region are instructive. Hence, estimated uncertainties for the projections of many variables increased. In addition to the well-known influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation, it was found that also other low-frequency modes of internal variability, such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, have profound effects on the climate of the Baltic Sea region. Challenges were also identified, such as the systematic discrepancy between future cloudiness trends in global and regional models and the difficulty of confidently attributing large observed changes in marine ecosystems to climate change. Finally, we compare our results with other coastal sea assessments, such as the North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA), and find that the effects of climate change on the Baltic Sea differ from those on the North Sea, since Baltic Sea oceanography and ecosystems are very different from other coastal seas such as the North Sea. While the North Sea dynamics are dominated by tides, the Baltic Sea is characterised by brackish water, a perennial vertical stratification in the southern subbasins, and a seasonal sea ice cover in the northern subbasins. %0 online contribution %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Hansen, J., Takyar, H., Lange, M., Zimmermann, T., Jahnke, A., Bergmann, M., Peeken, I., Tekman, M., Gerdts, G., Bellou, N., Pohl, F., Baldewein, L., Pröfrock, D., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2022 %J Coastal Pollution Toolbox %T Microplastic Compendium %U %X URL: www.microplastic-compendium.eu %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Joerss, H., Menger, F., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R., Ahrens, L. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 9 %P 5456-5465 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c07987 %T Beyond the Tip of the Iceberg: Suspect Screening Reveals Point Source-Specific Patterns of Emerging and Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in German and Chinese Rivers %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07987 9 %X Only a few dozens of the several thousand existing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are monitored using conventional target analysis. This study employed suspect screening to examine patterns of emerging and novel PFAS in German and Chinese river water affected by industrial point sources. In total, 86 PFAS were (tentatively) identified and grouped into 18 structure categories. Homologue patterns revealed distinct differences between fluoropolymer production sites of the two countries. In the Chinese Xiaoqing River Basin, the C8 homologue was the most prevalent compound of the emerging series of chlorinated perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (Cl-PFCAs) and perfluoroalkylether carboxylic acids (PFECAs). In contrast, C6 and shorter homologues were dominant in the German Alz River. This indicates that the phaseout of long-chain compounds in Europe and their ongoing production in Asian countries also apply to unregulated emerging PFAS classes. Additional characteristics to differentiate the point sources were the peak area ratio of perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) versus the emerging compound hydro-substituted PFBS (H-PFBS) as well as the occurrence of byproducts of the sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer Nafion. The large number of identified unregulated PFAS underlines the importance of a grouping approach on a regulatory level, whereas the revealed contamination patterns can be used to estimate, prioritize, and minimize contributions of specific sources. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhang, L., Xu, W., Mi, W., Yan, W., Guo, T., Zhou, F., Miao, L., Xie, Z. %D 2022 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 150673 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150673 %T Atmospheric deposition, seasonal variation, and long-range transport of organophosphate esters on Yongxing Island, South China Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150673 %X The South China Sea (SCS), surrounded by developing countries/regions with a huge consumption of flame retardants, is generally contaminated by organophosphate esters (OPEs). However, studies on the occurrence, deposition and long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) process over the SCS of OPEs compounds are still limited. In this work, 10 OPEs were measured in 100 atmospheric samples collected from Yongxing Island (YXI) in the SCS. The total OPEs concentrations ranged from 1508 to 1968 pg/m3 with 28.6–1416.9 pg/m3 in gas and 95.2–1066.2 pg/m3 in particle partition. The three chlorinated OPEs are present at higher concentrations than the other seven non-chlorinated OPEs. Most OPEs had clear seasonal variations that followed the order: spring>summer≈winter>autumn except for tri-isobutyl phosphate (TIBP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP). The particle-bound fraction of the total OPEs had little seasonal variations with a mean value of 0.35. Comparing J-P model and Koa model, it was found that the gas/particle partition in the study area was in non-equilibrium condition. LRAT, controlled by seasonal wind direction, was the predominated factor that led to the seasonal variations of OPEs on YXI. The average daily deposition flux of total OPEs was 13.0 ng/m2 with an annual total deposition of 15.06 g. %0 thesis %@ %A Witthoff, C. %D 2022 %J %T Entwicklung einer HPLC-ICP-MS/MS-Methode zur Erfassung von ausgewählten Arsen-Spezies in marinen Sedimenten und deren Anwendung auf einen Sedimentkern aus dem Skagerrak %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Sokhi, R. S., Moussiopoulos, N., Baklanov, A., Bartzis, J., Coll, I., Finardi, S., Friedrich, R., Geels, C., Grönholm, T., Halenka, T., Ketzel, M., Maragkidou, A., Matthias, V., Moldanova, J., Ntziachristos, L., Schäfer, K., Suppan, P., Tsegas, G., Carmichael, G., Franco, V., Hanna, S., Jalkanen, J.-P., Velders, G. J. M., Kukkonen, J. %D 2022 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 7 %P 4615-4703 %R doi:10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022 %T Advances in air quality research - current and emerging challenges %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-4615-2022 7 %X This review provides a community's perspective on air quality research focusing mainly on developments over the past decade. The article provides perspectives on current and future challenges as well as research needs for selected key topics. While this paper is not an exhaustive review of all research areas in the field of air quality, we have selected key topics that we feel are important from air quality research and policy perspectives. After providing a short historical overview, this review focuses on improvements in characterizing sources and emissions of air pollution, new air quality observations and instrumentation, advances in air quality prediction and forecasting, understanding interactions of air quality with meteorology and climate, exposure and health assessment, and air quality management and policy. In conducting the review, specific objectives were (i) to address current developments that push the boundaries of air quality research forward, (ii) to highlight the emerging prominent gaps of knowledge in air quality research, and (iii) to make recommendations to guide the direction for future research within the wider community. This review also identifies areas of particular importance for air quality policy. The original concept of this review was borne at the International Conference on Air Quality 2020 (held online due to the COVID 19 restrictions during 18–26 May 2020), but the article incorporates a wider landscape of research literature within the field of air quality science. On air pollution emissions the review highlights, in particular, the need to reduce uncertainties in emissions from diffuse sources, particulate matter chemical components, shipping emissions, and the importance of considering both indoor and outdoor sources. There is a growing need to have integrated air pollution and related observations from both ground-based and remote sensing instruments, including in particular those on satellites. The research should also capitalize on the growing area of low-cost sensors, while ensuring a quality of the measurements which are regulated by guidelines. Connecting various physical scales in air quality modelling is still a continual issue, with cities being affected by air pollution gradients at local scales and by long-range transport. At the same time, one should allow for the impacts from climate change on a longer timescale. Earth system modelling offers considerable potential by providing a consistent framework for treating scales and processes, especially where there are significant feedbacks, such as those related to aerosols, chemistry, and meteorology. Assessment of exposure to air pollution should consider the impacts of both indoor and outdoor emissions, as well as application of more sophisticated, dynamic modelling approaches to predict concentrations of air pollutants in both environments. With particulate matter being one of the most important pollutants for health, research is indicating the urgent need to understand, in particular, the role of particle number and chemical components in terms of health impact, which in turn requires improved emission inventories and models for predicting high-resolution distributions of these metrics over cities. The review also examines how air pollution management needs to adapt to the above-mentioned new challenges and briefly considers the implications from the COVID-19 pandemic for air quality. Finally, we provide recommendations for air quality research and support for policy. %0 journal article %@ 1462-9011 %A Gerasopoulos, E., Bailey, J., Athanasopoulou, E., Speyer, O., Kocman, D., Raudner, A., Tsouni, A., Kontoes, H., Johansson, C., Georgiadis, C., Matthias, V., Kussul, N., Aquilino, M., Paasonen, P. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science & Policy %P 296-307 %R doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.033 %T Earth observation: An integral part of a smart and sustainable city %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.033 %X Over the course of the 21st century, a century in which the urbanization process of the previous one is ever on the rise, the novel smart city concept has rapidly evolved and now encompasses the broader aspect of sustainability. Concurrently, there has been a sea change in the domain of Earth observation (EO) where scientific and technological breakthroughs are accompanied by a paradigm shift in the provision of open and free data. While the urban and EO communities share the end goal of achieving sustainability, cities still lack an understanding of the value EO can bring in this direction, an next a consolidated framework for tapping the full potential of EO and integrating it in their operational modus operandi. The “SMart URBan Solutions for air quality, disasters and city growth” H2020 project (SMURBS/ERA-PLANET) sits at this scientific and policy crossroad, and, by creating bottom-up EO-driven solutions against an array of environmental urban pressures, and by expanding the network of engaged and exemplary smart cities that push the state-of-the-art in EO uptake, brings the international ongoing discussion of EO for sustainable cities closer to home and contributes in this discussion. This paper advocates for EO as an integral part of a smart and sustainable city and aspires to lead by example. To this end, it documents the project’s impacts, ranging from the grander policy fields to an evolving portfolio of smart urban solutions and everyday city operations, as well as the cornerstones for successful EO integration. Drawing a parallel with the utilization of EO in supporting several aspects of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it aspires to be a point of reference for upcoming endeavors of city stakeholders and the EO community alike, to tread together, beyond traditional monitoring or urban planning, and to lay the foundations for urban sustainability. %0 journal article %@ 1462-9011 %A Georgiadis, C., Patias, P., Verde, N., Tsioukas, V., Kaimaris, D., Georgoula, O., Kocman, D., Athanasopoulou, E., Speyer, O., Raudner, A., Karl, M., Gerasopoulos, E. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science & Policy %P 308-322 %R doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.030 %T State-of-play in addressing urban environmental pressures: Mind the gaps %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.030 %X The creation of Smart Cities is an emerging research and application field that has the objective to increase city resilience and improve the quality of life for citizens. In this paper an extensive and thorough gap analysis that was performed in the framework of the SMURBS1 project is presented. The gap analysis identified 117 gaps in the legal, methodological, and technological framework, in the thematic areas of air quality, disasters, urban growth and migration. The identified gaps can be used by policy makers in local, regional, national, or even at EU or UN level to form new policies that will bridge these gaps and lead to the creation of resilient and sustainable smart cities. %0 master thesis %@ %A Kremmler, S. %D 2022 %J %T Development and Validation of a suitable digestion method for the determination of technology-critical elements in waste printed circuit boards %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2662-138X %A Xie, Z., Wang, P., Wang, X., Castro-Jiménez, J., Kallenborn, R., Liao, C., Mi, W., Lohmann, R., Vila-Costa, M., Dachs, J. %D 2022 %J Nature Reviews. Earth & Environment %N 5 %P 309-322 %R doi:10.1038/s43017-022-00277-w %T Organophosphate ester pollution in the oceans %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00277-w 5 %X The large-scale use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants and plasticizers has led to their prevalence in the environment, with still unknown broader impacts. This Review describes the transport and occurrence of OPEs in marine systems and summarizes emerging evidence of their biogeochemical and ecosystem impacts. Long-range environmental transport via the atmosphere and ocean currents distributes OPEs from industrialized regions to the open ocean. OPEs are most prevalent in coastal regions, but notable concentrations are also found in the Arctic and regions far from shore. Air–water interactions are important for the transport of OPEs to remote oceans and polar regions. Processes such as degradation and sinking of particle-bound compounds modulate the properties and fate of OPEs in the water column, where they are potentially a non-accounted source of anthropogenic organic phosphorus for microbial communities. Some OPEs have toxic effects in marine species and are found in measurable quantities in fish and other aquatic organisms. However, there is conflicting evidence on the potential for bioaccumulation and biomagnification of OPEs. Future work must constrain the large-scale impact of OPEs on marine biota and biogeochemistry to support more effective regulation and mitigation. %0 journal article %@ 2634-3606 %A Feldner, J., Ramacher, M.O.P., Karl, M., Quante, M., Luttkus, M.L. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science: Atmospheres %N 5 %P 1132-1151 %R doi:10.1039/D2EA00038E %T Analysis of the effect of abiotic stressors on BVOC emissions from urban green infrastructure in northern Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00038E 5 %X Many plants are well known to emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Under certain conditions BVOCs strongly enhance the photochemical formation of ozone (O3) and impact the levels of atmospheric photo-oxidants. Urban environments under the influence of climate change may face an increasing risk of elevated ozone formation potentials, because abiotic stressors such as heat and drought can stimulate BVOC emissions. However, it is largely uncertain how a combination of heat episodes and reduced soil water potentials affects air quality in cities. The effect of abiotic stress on BVOC emissions and urban O3 formation was assessed for the coastal metropolitan area of Hamburg in Germany during the vegetation period of 2018, characterized by remarkable drought and heat periods. BVOC emissions were modelled using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) version 3 that accounts for several abiotic stresses. Isoprene is the single VOC with the highest share (∼60%) in the BVOC emissions of the study area. Drought stress was identified as the most important abiotic stressor that modulates BVOC emissions in this area. Modelled biogenic emissions calculcated with MEGAN3 were included together with emissions of relevant anthropogenic sectors in simulations with the chemistry transport model EPISODE-CityChem to calculate ozone concentrations under a scenario of prolonged drought stress. As a major result we identified that isoprene concentrations in Hamburg were reduced by 65% (range 6% to 95%) under drought stress during the growing period compared to non-stress conditions. Reduction of isoprene concentrations due to drought stress spatially coincided with a reduction of ozone concentrations. To asses the importance of chemical reactions involved in the formation of ozone, concentrations of isoprene, methacryloyl peroxy nitrate (MPAN) and methacrolein (MACR) have been analysed. The drought stress effect on isoprene emissions led to reductions of MACR and MPAN by approximately 80% and 20%, respectively. Since a VOC limited regime is found presently for Hamburg, it is likely that further reductions in anthropogenic NOx emissions and/or increased BVOC emissions driven by extended green infrastructure and long-term temperature increases may lead to an enhanced photochemical production of ozone in Hamburg in the future. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Cong, B., Li, S., Liu, S., Mi, W., Zhang, C., Xie, Z. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 7 %P 4199-4209 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c08743 %T Source and Distribution of Emerging and Legacy Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Basins of the Eastern Indian Ocean %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c08743 7 %X Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have received significant and ongoing attention. To establish favorable regulatory policies, it is vital to investigate the occurrence, source, and budgets of POPs worldwide. POPs including phthalic acid esters (PAEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and highly chlorinated flame retardants (HFRs) have not yet been examined in the Eastern Indian Ocean (EIO). In this study, the distribution of POPs has been investigated from surface sediments with the depth of 4369–5742 m in the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) and Wharton Basin (WB) of EIO. The average (±SD) concentrations of ∑11PAEs, ∑11OPEs, ∑4 BFRs, and ∑5HFRs were 1202.0 ± 274.36 ng g–1 dw, 15.3 ± 7.23 ng g–1 dw, 327.6 ± 211.74 pg g–1 dw, and 7.9 ± 7.45 pg g–1 dw, respectively. The high abundance of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAEs, chlorinated OPEs, LMW BDEs, and anti-Dechlorane Plus indicated the pollution characteristics in the EIO. Correlation analysis demonstrated that LMW compounds may be derived from the high-molecular-weight compounds. The monsoon circulation, currents, and Antarctic Bottom Water may be the main drivers. POP accumulation rate, depositional flux, and mass inventory in the Indian Ocean were also estimated. %0 report %@ %A Gandraß, J., Küster, A., Ebinghaus, R., Herata, H., Xie, Z., Koschorreck, J. %D 2022 %J %T Act now - Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Polar Regions : Workshop Report : Online Expert Workshop January 25th -26th 2022 %U %X and Antarctic? %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Karl, M., Pirjola, L., Grönholm, T., Kurppa, M., Anand, S., Zhang, X., Held, A., Sander, R., Dal Maso, M., Topping, D., Jiang, S., Kangas, L., Kukkonen, J. %D 2022 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 9 %P 3969-4026 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-15-3969-2022 %T Description and evaluation of the community aerosol dynamics model MAFOR v2.0 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3969-2022 9 %X Numerical models are needed for evaluating aerosol processes in the atmosphere in state-of-the-art chemical transport models, urban-scale dispersion models, and climatic models. This article describes a publicly available aerosol dynamics model, MAFOR (Multicomponent Aerosol FORmation model; version 2.0); we address the main structure of the model, including the types of operation and the treatments of the aerosol processes. The model simultaneously solves the time evolution of both the particle number and the mass concentrations of aerosol components in each size section. In this way, the model can also allow for changes in the average density of particles. An evaluation of the model is also presented against a high-resolution observational dataset in a street canyon located in the centre of Helsinki (Finland) during afternoon traffic rush hour on 13 December 2010. The experimental data included measurements at different locations in the street canyon of ultrafine particles, black carbon, and fine particulate mass PM1. This evaluation has also included an intercomparison with the corresponding predictions of two other prominent aerosol dynamics models, AEROFOR and SALSA. All three models simulated the decrease in the measured total particle number concentrations fairly well with increasing distance from the vehicular emission source. The MAFOR model reproduced the evolution of the observed particle number size distributions more accurately than the other two models. The MAFOR model also predicted the variation of the concentration of PM1 better than the SALSA model. We also analysed the relative importance of various aerosol processes based on the predictions of the three models. As expected, atmospheric dilution dominated over other processes; dry deposition was the second most significant process. Numerical sensitivity tests with the MAFOR model revealed that the uncertainties associated with the properties of the condensing organic vapours affected only the size range of particles smaller than 10 nm in diameter. These uncertainties therefore do not significantly affect the predictions of the whole of the number size distribution and the total number concentration. The MAFOR model version 2 is well documented and versatile to use, providing a range of alternative parameterizations for various aerosol processes. The model includes an efficient numerical integration of particle number and mass concentrations, an operator splitting of processes, and the use of a fixed sectional method. The model could be used as a module in various atmospheric and climatic models. %0 journal article %@ 1618-3258 %A Hildebrandt, L., Nack, F., Zimmermann, T., El Gareb, F., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Oekotoxikologie %N 1 %P 7-10 %T Mikroplastik als Trojanisches Pferd für Spurenmetalle %U 1 %X giert auch als Trojanisches Pferd für gelöste Metallkationen. %0 journal article %@ 1751-908X %A Ebeling, A., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Irrgeher, J., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research %N 2 %P 351-378 %R doi:10.1111/ggr.12422 %T Analysis of Seventeen Certified Water Reference Materials for Trace and Technology-Critical Elements %U https://doi.org/10.1111/ggr.12422 2 %X Concentrations of elements in the aquatic environment are a key parameter for various scientific fields such as biogeochemistry, biology and environmental science. Within this context, the scientific community asks for new analytical protocols to be able to quantify more and more elements of the periodic table. Therefore, the requirements for aqueous reference materials have increased drastically. Even though a wide variety of CRMs of different water matrices are available, certified values of many elements (e.g., rare earth elements, technology-critical elements, such as Ga and In, and generally those elements which are not part of current monitoring regulations) do not yet exist. Therefore, the scientific community relies on published elemental concentrations of many CRMs provided by other researchers. Some elements of interest, such as the rare earth elements, are well studied and plenty of literature values exist. However, less studied elements, such as Ga and In, are rarely studied. In this study, an 'externally' calibrated quantification method based on an optimised online pre-concentration method, coupled with ICP-MS/MS, is used for the quantification of thirty-four elements. The method is applied to seventeen water CRMs covering freshwater, brackish water and seawater. The measured data is combined with a comprehensive literature review on non-certified values in selected water CRMs and new consensus values are suggested for various non-certified elements. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Logemann, A., Reininghaus, M., Schmidt, M., Ebeling, A., Zimmermann, T., Wolschke, H., Friedrich, J., Brockmeyer, B., Pröfrock, D., Witt, G. %D 2022 %J Environmental Pollution %P 119040 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040 %T Assessing the chemical anthropocene – Development of the legacy pollution fingerprint in the North Sea during the last century %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119040 %X The North Sea and its coastal zones are heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities, which has resulted in significant chemical pollution ever since the beginning of the industrialization in Europe during the 19th century. In order to assess the chemical Anthropocene, natural archives, such as sediment cores, can serve as a valuable data source to reconstruct historical emission trends and to verify the effectiveness of changing environmental legislation. In this study, we investigated 90 contaminants covering inorganic and organic pollutant groups analyzed in a set of sediment cores taken in the North Seas' main sedimentation area (Skagerrak). We thereby develop a chemical pollution fingerprint that records the constant input of pollutants over time and illustrates their continued great relevance for the present. Additionally, samples were radiometrically dated and PAH and PCB levels in porewater were determined using equilibrium passive sampling. Furthermore, we elucidated the origin of lead (Pb) contamination utilizing non-traditional stable isotopic analysis. Our results reveal three main findings: 1. for all organic contaminant groups covered (PAHs, OCPs, PCBs, PBDEs and PFASs) as well as the elements lead (Pb) and titanium (Ti), determined concentrations decreased towards more recent deposited sediment. These decreasing trends could be linked to the time of introductions of restrictions and bans and therefor our results confirm, amongst possible other factors, the effectiveness of environmental legislation by revealing a successive change in contamination levels over the decades. 2. concentration trends for ΣPAH and ΣPCB measured in porewater correspond well with the ones found in sediment which suggests that this method can be a useful expansion to traditional bulk sediment analysis to determine the biologically available pollutant fraction. 3. Arsenic (As) concentrations were higher in younger sediment layers, potentially caused by emissions of corroded warfare material disposed in the study area after WW II. %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2022 %J %T From emission to deposition - developments and improvements along the air quality modelling chain %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2022 %J Vortrag im Winterprogramm 2021/2022 des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für das Fürstentum Lüneburg von 1851 e.V. %T Städte im Klimawandel - zwischen Klimaschutz und Anpassung %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Ma, Y., Luo, Y., Zhu, J., Zhang, J., Gao, G., Mi, W., Xie, Z., Lohmann, R. %D 2022 %J Environmental Pollution %P 118930 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118930 %T Seasonal variation and deposition of atmospheric organophosphate esters in the coastal region of Shanghai, China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118930 %X The coastal megacity Shanghai is located in the center of the Yangtze River Delta, a dominant flame retardants (FRs) production region in China, especially for organophosphate esters (OPEs). This prompted us to investigate occurrence and seasonal changes of atmospheric OPEs in Shanghai, as well as to evaluate their sources, environmental behavior and fate as a case study for global coastal regions. Atmospheric gas and particle phase OPEs were weekly collected at two coastal sites - the emerging town Lingang New Area (LGNA), and the chemical-industry zone Jinshan Area (JSA) from July 2016–June 2017. Total atmospheric concentrations of the observed OPEs were significantly higher in JSA (median of 1800 pg m−3) than LGNA (median of 580 pg m−3). Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the most abundant compound, and the proportion of three chlorinated OPEs were higher in the particle phase (55%) than in the gas phase (39%). The year-round median contribution of particle phase OPEs was 33%, which changed strongly with seasons, accounting for 10% in summer in contrast to 62% in winter. Gas and particle phase OPEs in JSA exhibited significant correlations with inverse of temperature, respectively, indicating the importance of local/secondary volatilization sources. The estimated fluxes of gaseous absorption were almost 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of particle phase deposition, which could act as sources of organic phosphorus to coastal and open ocean waters. %0 conference poster %@ %A El Gareb, F., Hildebrandt, L., Kerstan, A., Zimmermann, T., Emeis, K., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J SETAC Europe 2022 - annual meeting Copenhagen %T Investigation of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean using Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging and microwave-assisted sample preparation %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A El Gareb, F., Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Kerstan, A., Emeis, K., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Wasser 2022 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft %T Analyse des Vorkommens und der Verteilung von Mikrokunststoffen im tropischen Indischen Ozean mittels Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging und mikrowellenunterstützter Probenaufbereitung %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Klein, O., Zimmermann, T., Ebeling, A., Kruse, M., Kirchgeorg, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Wasser 2022 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft %T Technologie-kritische Elemente - Entwicklung und Anwendung einer ICP-MS/MS basierten Methode zur Messung ihrer zeitlichen Variationen in Nordsee Sedimenten %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Nack, F., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Wasser 2022 - Jahrestagung der Wasserchemischen Gesellschaft %T Mikroplastikpartikel als Sorbens für Metall- und Halbmetallionen %U %X %0 lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Nack, F., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J %T Nano-; microplastics and metals - how are they related? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0043-1354 %A Naumann, T., Bento, C., Wittmann, A., Gandrass, J., Tang, J., Zhen, X., Liu, L., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2022 %J Water Research %P 117912 %R doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117912 %T Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of neonicotinoids and related insecticides in the Bohai Sea and its surrounding rivers, China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117912 %X Systemic insecticides like neonicotinoids and the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil are the most widely applied insecticides around the world. Multiple studies analyzed insecticide residues in freshwater systems, but data on seawater contamination levels are scarce. This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution and ecological risk assessment of fipronil, neonicotinoids, sulfoxaflor and selected transformation products (TPs) in the Chinese Bohai Sea and its surrounding rivers. Well-established neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam) and TPs of fipronil and imidacloprid were frequently detected (detection frequency (DF): 42-100%) in freshwater. The median total insecticide concentration in freshwater was significantly higher in summer (72.4 ng•L-1) than in fall (23.4 ng•L-1), with major contributions from neonicotinoids, suggesting that pollution originates mostly from diffuse sources. In 2018, acetamiprid, desnitro-imidacloprid, fipronil-desulfinyl and thiacloprid were abundant in seawater (DF: 47-100%), indicating a high stability of acetamiprid and thiacloprid and a rapid photodegradation of fipronil and imidacloprid in surface waters. These results indicate that the continued use of these parent compounds may lead to their accumulation and/or of their TPs in shallow coastal seas. Consequently, this may lead to their transport to open seas, increasing their potential risk to marine organisms. Similarities between contaminant fingerprints in freshwater and seawater strongly suggest riverine discharges as main pollution source of adjacent coastal areas. This is the first study to perform an ecological risk assessment of fipronil, neonicotinoids, sulfoxaflor and selected TPs on marine ecosystems. Fipronil and its TPs demonstrated to be environmentally relevant with potential high risks for aquatic species. Our study provides novel insights into the fate and ecological risk of fipronil, neonicotinoids, sulfoxaflor and their TPs to marine species in shallow coastal seas. %0 journal article %@ 0090-4341 %A Klein, O., Zimmermann, T., Ebeling, A., Kruse, M., Kirchgeorg, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology %N 4 %P 481-492 %R doi:10.1007/s00244-022-00929-4 %T Occurrence and Temporal Variation of Technology-Critical Elements in North Sea Sediments - A Determination of Preliminary Reference Values %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-022-00929-4 4 %X As interest in the investigation of possible sources and environmental sinks of technology-critical elements (TCEs) continues to grow, the demand for reliable background level information of these elements in environmental matrices increases. In this study, a time series of ten years of sediment samples from two different regions of the German North Sea were analyzed for their mass fractions of Ga, Ge, Nb, In, REEs, and Ta (grain size fraction < 20 µm). Possible regional differences were investigated in order to determine preliminary reference values for these regions. Throughout the investigated time period, only minor variations in the mass fractions were observed and both regions did not show significant differences. Calculated local enrichment factors ranging from 0.6 to 2.3 for all TCEs indicate no or little pollution in the investigated areas. Consequently, reference values were calculated using two different approaches (Median + 2 median absolute deviation (M2MAD) and Tukey inner fence (TIF)). Both approaches resulted in consistent threshold values for the respective regions ranging from 158 µg kg−1 for In to 114 mg kg−1 for Ce. As none of the threshold values exceed the observed natural variation of TCEs in marine and freshwater sediments, they may be considered baseline values of the German Bight for future studies. %0 master thesis %@ %A Rohrweber, A. %D 2022 %J %T Optimized analysis of Pu-239 and Pu-240 in geological samples via ICP–MS/MS for use as a tracer for soil erosion rates %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Xie, Z., Zhang, P., Wu, Z., Zhang, S., Wei, L., Mi, L., Kuester, A., Gandrass, J., Ebinghaus, R., Yang, R., Wang, Z., Mi, W. %D 2022 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 155376 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155376 %T Legacy and emerging organic contaminants in the polar regions %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155376 %X The presence of numerous emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and remobilization of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in polar regions have become significant concerns of the scientific communities, public groups and stakeholders. This work reviews the occurrences of EOCs and POPs and their long-range environmental transport (LRET) processes via atmosphere and ocean currents from continental sources to polar regions. Concentrations of classic POPs have been systematically monitored in air at several Arctic stations and showed seasonal variations and declining trends. These chemicals were also the major POPs reported in the Antarctica, while their concentrations were lower than those in the Arctic, illustrating the combination of remoteness and lack of potential local sources for the Antarctica. EOCs were investigated in air, water, snow, ice and organisms in the Arctic. Data in the Antarctica are rare. Reemission of legacy POPs and EOCs accumulated in glaciers, sea ice and snow may alter the concentrations and amplify their effects in polar regions. Thus, future research will need to understand the various biogeochemical and geophysical processes under climate change and anthropogenic pressures. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Klein, O., Stefan Kremmler, T., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J ICP-MS Anwender*innen Treffen %T Erschließung der „urbanen Miene“ – Entwicklung einer Aufschlussmethode für Leiterplatinen zur Bestimmung der Metallgehälter mittels ICP-MS/MS %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Jesemann, A., Matthias, V., Böhner, J., Bechtel, B. %D 2022 %J Atmosphere %N 11 %P 1929 %R doi:10.3390/atmos13111929 %T Using Neural Network NO2-Predictions to Understand Air Quality Changes in Urban Areas—A Case Study in Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111929 11 %X Due to the link between air pollutants and human health, reliable model estimates of hourly pollutant concentrations are of particular interest. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are powerful modeling tools capable of reproducing the observed variations in pollutants with high accuracy. We present a simple ANN for the city of Hamburg that estimated the hourly NO2 concentration. The model was trained with a ten-year dataset (2007–2016), tested for the year 2017, and then applied to assess the efficiency of countermeasures against air pollution implemented since 2018. Using both meteorological data and describing the weekday dependent traffic variabilities as predictors, the model performed accurately and showed high consistency over the test data. This proved to be very efficient in detecting anomalies in the time series. The further the prediction was from the time of the training data, the more the modeled data deviated from the measured data. Using the model, we could detect changes in the time series that did not follow previous trends in the training data. The largest deviation occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, when traffic volumes decreased significantly. Concluding our case study, the ANN based approach proved suitable for modeling the NO2 concentrations and allowed for the assessment of the efficiency of policy measures addressing air pollution. %0 conference poster %@ %A Menger, F., Joerss, H. %D 2022 %J NTS workshop on analytical techniques and implementation %T The complex PFAS world - Recent discoveries and novel HRMS-based screening tools %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0025-326X %A von der Au, M., Zimmermann, T., Kleeberg, U., von Tümpling, W., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Marine Pollution Bulletin %P 114208 %R doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114208 %T Characteristic regional differences in trace element pattern of 2014 German North Sea surface Wadden sediments – A judge and assessment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114208 %X The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires good ecological status of the marine environment. This also includes the Wadden Sea located in the southeastern part of the North Sea and its chemical status of sediments. Based on results from campaigns conducted in the 1980s, 32 surface sediment samples were taken in 2014 to check whether the sampling strategy required for characterizing the trace element content in sediments is representative and to determine the degree of pollution and potential changes over the last decades. For this purpose the elemental mass fractions of 42 elements were assessed in the ≤20 μm grain size fraction of the surface sediments. %0 master thesis %@ %A Zonderman, A. %D 2022 %J %T Investigation of trace metal patterns in mussels (Mytilus edulis) from North Sea Offshore Wind Farms %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zonderman, A., Wippermann, D., Ebeling, A., Klein, O., Erbslöh, H., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J YOUMARES 13 %T Turbine-colonizing mussels (Mytilus edulis) as an indicator for environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the North Sea %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Custódio, D., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2022 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 119354 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119354 %T Near-global mapping of TGM based on aircraft measurements from intercontinental flights %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2022.119354 %X The improved data analysis tools as probability mass factorization methods provide additional insights into the nature of the mercury source that can then guide the development of more effective mercury-related management strategies. %0 journal article %@ 1726-4170 %A Van Dam, B., Lehmann, N., Zeller, M., Neumann, A., Pröfrock, D., Lipka, M., Thomas, H., Böttcher, M. %D 2022 %J Biogeosciences %N 16 %P 3775-3789 %R doi:10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022 %T Benthic alkalinity fluxes from coastal sediments of the Baltic and North seas: comparing approaches and identifying knowledge gaps %U https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3775-2022 16 %X Benthic alkalinity production is often suggested as a major driver of net carbon sequestration in continental shelf ecosystems. However, information on and direct measurements of benthic alkalinity fluxes are limited and are especially challenging when biological and dynamic physical forcing causes surficial sediments to be vigorously irrigated. To address this shortcoming, we quantified net sediment–water exchange of alkalinity using a suite of complementary methods, including (1) 224Ra budgeting, (2) incubations with 224Ra and Br− as tracers, and (3) numerical modeling of porewater profiles. We choose a set of sites in the shallow southern North Sea and western Baltic Sea, allowing us to incorporate frequently occurring sediment classes ranging from coarse sands to muds and sediment–water interfaces ranging from biologically irrigated and advective to diffusive into the investigations. Sediment–water irrigation rates in the southern North Sea were approximately twice as high as previously estimated for the region, in part due to measured porewater 224Ra activities higher than previously assumed. Net alkalinity fluxes in the Baltic Sea were relatively low, ranging from an uptake of −35 to a release of 53 , and in the North Sea they were from 1 to 34 . Lower-than-expected apparent nitrate consumption (potential denitrification), across all sites, is one explanation for our small net alkalinity fluxes measured. Carbonate mineral dissolution and potentially precipitation, as well as sulfide re-oxidation, also appear to play important roles in shaping net sediment–water fluxes at locations in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Mitrano, D., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J 28. ICP-MS Anwender*innentreffen und 14. Symposium massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse %T ICP-MS-basierte Elementanalytik zur Entwicklung neuer Probenahmetechniken für die Mikroplastikanalytik %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0033-4545 %A Prohaska, T., Irrgeher, J., Benefield, J., Böhlke, J., Chesson, L., Coplen, T., Ding, T., Dunn, P., Gröning, M., Holden, N., Meijer, H., Moossen, H., Possolo, A., Takahashi, Y., Vogl, J., Walczyk, T., Wang, J., Wieser, M., Yoneda, S., Zhu, X., Meija, J. %D 2022 %J Pure and Applied Chemistry %N 5 %P 573-600 %R doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 %T Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report) %U https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5 %X Y (yttrium), 2021: from 88.905 84 +/- 0.000 01 to 88.905 838 +/- 0.000 002 %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Pröfrock, D., Przibilla, A., Klein, O., Hildebrandt, L., Ebeling, A., El Gareb, F., Zimmermann, T. %D 2022 %J 28. ICP-MS Anwender*innentreffen und 14. Symposium massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse %T More than trace elements – New Applications for ICP-MS to investigate the chemical anthropocene %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Wippermann, D., Ebeling, A., Przibilla, A., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J 28. ICP-MS Anwender*innentreffen und 14. Symposium massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse %T Analytik von Meerwasserproben aus Offshore Windparks mittels ICP-MS unter Verwendung des Aufkonzentrierungssystems seaFAST® %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Wichert, V., Bouwer, L., Abraham, N., Brix, H., Callies, U., González Ávalos, E., Marien, L., Matthias, V., Michaelis, P., Rabe, D., Rechid, D., Ruhnke, R., Scharun, C., Valizadeh, M., Vlasenko, A., zu Castell, W. %D 2022 %J Integrating Data Science and Earth Science : Challenges and Solutions %P 29-53 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99546-1_4 %T Data Analysis and Exploration with Computational Approaches %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99546-1_4 %X Artificial intelligence and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly applied in Earth system research, for improving data analysis, and model performance, and eventually system understanding. In the Digital Earth project, several ML approaches have been tested and applied, and are discussed in this chapter. These include data analysis using supervised learning and classification for detection of river levees and underwater ammunition; process estimation of methane emissions and for environmental health; point-to-space extrapolation of varying observed quantities; anomaly and event detection in spatial and temporal geoscientific datasets. We present the approaches and results, and finally, we provide some conclusions on the broad applications of these computational data exploration methods and approaches. %0 journal article %@ %A Klein, O., Zimmermann, T., Hildebrandt, L., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 158464 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464 %T Technology-critical elements in Rhine sediments - A case study on occurrence and spatial distribution %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158464 %X Obtained mass fractions in conjunction with corresponding geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) provide first indications of a possible enrichment along the Rhine for the TCEs of interest (Ga, Ge, Nb, In, Te, rare earth elements, and Ta). Especially the mass fractions of Zn, Ge, In, La, Sm, and Gd exhibit significant anthropogenic inputs. For stations characterized by high Ge and In mass fractions, element fingerprints imply possible atmospheric deposition stemming from e.g. combustion processes. Distinct anomalies of La and Sm most likely originate from discharges located at the city of Worms into the Upper Rhine. Statistical analysis of all analyzed 55 elemental mass fractions revealed similar behavior of TCEs compared to classical heavy metals. Diffuse as well as point sources of TCEs are likely. As a result, this study provides further insight into the role of TCEs as potential emerging contaminants in the environment. %0 journal article %@ 2662-4435 %A Marshall, T., Granger, J., Casciotti, K., Dähnke, K., Emeis, K., Marconi, D., McIlvin, M., Noble, A., Saito, M., Sigman, D., Fawcett, S. %D 2022 %J Communications Earth & Environment %P 151 %R doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00474-x %T The Angola Gyre is a hotspot of dinitrogen fixation in the South Atlantic Ocean %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00474-x %X Biological dinitrogen fixation is the major source of new nitrogen to marine systems and thus essential to the ocean’s biological pump. Constraining the distribution and global rate of dinitrogen fixation has proven challenging owing largely to uncertainty surrounding the controls thereon. Existing South Atlantic dinitrogen fixation rate estimates vary five-fold, with models attributing most dinitrogen fixation to the western basin. From hydrographic properties and nitrate isotope ratios, we show that the Angola Gyre in the eastern tropical South Atlantic supports the fixation of 1.4–5.4 Tg N.a−1, 28-108% of the existing (highly uncertain) estimates for the basin. Our observations contradict model diagnoses, revealing a substantial input of newly-fixed nitrogen to the tropical eastern basin and no dinitrogen fixation west of 7.5˚W. We propose that dinitrogen fixation in the South Atlantic occurs in hotspots controlled by the overlapping biogeography of excess phosphorus relative to nitrogen and bioavailable iron from margin sediments. Similar conditions may promote dinitrogen fixation in analogous ocean regions. Our analysis suggests that local iron availability causes the phosphorus-driven coupling of oceanic dinitrogen fixation to nitrogen loss to vary on a regional basis. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Badeke, R., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Grawe, D. %D 2022 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 10 %P 4077-4103 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022 %T Effects of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions on urban pollutant concentration – a sensitivity study with MITRAS v2.0 and EPISODE-CityChem v1.4 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4077-2022 10 %X The modeling of ship emissions in port areas involves several uncertainties and approximations. In Eulerian grid models, the vertical distribution of emissions plays a decisive role for the ground-level pollutant concentration. In this study, model results of a microscale model, which takes thermal plume rise and turbulence into account, are derived for the parameterization of vertical ship exhaust plume distributions. This is done considering various meteorological and ship-technical conditions. The influence of three different approximated parameterizations (Gaussian distribution, single-cell emission and exponential Gaussian distribution) on the ground-level concentration are then evaluated in a city-scale model. Choosing a Gaussian distribution is particularly suitable for high wind speeds (>5 m s−1) and a stable atmosphere, while at low wind speeds or unstable atmospheric conditions the plume rise can be more closely approximated by an exponential Gaussian distribution. While Gaussian and exponential Gaussian distributions lead to ground-level concentration maxima close to the source, with single-cell emission assumptions the maxima ground-level concentration occurs at a distance of about 1500 m from the source. Particularly high-resolution city-scale studies should therefore consider ship emissions with a suitable Gaussian or exponential Gaussian distribution. From a distance of around 4 km, the selected initial distribution no longer shows significant differences for the pollutant concentration near the ground; therefore, model studies with lower resolution can reasonably approximate ship plumes with a single-cell emission. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Kerstan, A., Emeis, K., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J Environmental Pollution %P 119547 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119547 %T Spatial distribution of microplastics in the tropical Indian Ocean based on laser direct infrared imaging and microwave-assisted matrix digestion %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119547 %X The mean microplastic concentration of the analyzed samples was 50 ± 30 particles/fibers m−3 (1 SD, n = 21). Number concentrations ranged from 8 to 132 particles/fibers m−3 (20–300 μm). The most abundant polymer clusters were acrylates/polyurethane/varnish (49%), polyethylene terephthalate (26%), polypropylene (8%), polyethylene (4%) and ethylene-vinyl acetate (4%). 96% of the microplastic particles had a diameter <100 μm. Though inter-study comparison is difficult, the investigated area exhibits a high contamination with particulate plastics compared to other open ocean regions. A distinct spatial trend was observed with an increasing share of the size class 20–50 μm from east to west. %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Schwarzkopf, D., Petrik, R., Matthias, V., Quante, M., Yu, G., Zhang, Y. %D 2022 %J Atmosphere %N 6 %P 894 %R doi:10.3390/atmos13060894 %T Comparison of the Impact of Ship Emissions in Northern Europe and Eastern China %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060894 6 %X It is well known that ship emissions contribute significantly to atmospheric pollution. However, the impact on air quality can regionally vary, as influenced by parameters such as the composition of the regional shipping fleet, state of background atmospheric pollution, and meteorological aspects. This study compared two regions with high shipping densities in 2015. These include the North and Baltic Seas in Europe and the Yellow and East China Seas in China. Here, a key focal point is an evaluation of differences and similarities of the impacts of ship emissions under different environmental conditions, particularly between regions with medium (Europe) and high air pollution (China). To assess this, two similarly performed chemical transport model runs were carried out with highly resolved bottom-up ship emission inventories for northern Europe and China, calculated with the recently developed MoSES model, publicly available emissions data for nonshipping sources (EDGAR, MEIC). The performance of the model was evaluated against measurement data recorded at coastal stations. Annual averages at affected coastal regions for NO2, SO2, O3 and PM2.5 were modeled in Europe to be 3, below 0.3, 2.5, 1 and in China 3, 2, 2–8, 1.5, respectively, all given in μg/m3. In highly affected regions, such as large harbors, the contributions of ship-related emissions modeled in Europe were 15%, 0.3%, −12.5%, 1.25% and in China were 15%, 6%, −7.5%, 2%, respectively. Absolute pollutant concentrations from ships were modeled slightly higher in China than in Europe, albeit the relative impact was smaller in China due to higher emissions from other sectors. The different climate zones of China and the higher level of atmospheric pollution were found to seasonally alter the chemical transformation processes of ship emissions. Especially in northern China, high PM concentrations during winter were found to regionally inhibit the transformation of ship exhausts to secondary PM, and reduce the impact of ship-related aerosols, compared to Europe. %0 journal article %@ 2305-6304 %A Custódio, D., Borrego, C., Relvas, H. %D 2022 %J Toxics %N 6 %P 331 %R doi:10.3390/toxics10060331 %T Worldwide Evaluation of CAMS-EGG4 CO2 Data Re-Analysis at the Surface Level %U https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10060331 6 %X This study systematically examines the global uncertainties and biases in the carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratio provided by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The global greenhouse gas re-analysis (EGG4) data product from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was evaluated against ground-based in situ measurements from more than 160 of stations across the world. The evaluation shows that CO2 re-analysis can capture the general features in the tracer distributions, including the CO2 seasonal cycle and its strength at different latitudes, as well as the global CO2 trend. The emissions and natural fluxes of CO2 at the surface are evaluated on a wide range of scales, from diurnal to interannual. The results highlight re-analysis compliance, reproducing biogenic fluxes as well the observed CO2 patterns in remote environments. CAMS consistently reproduces observations at marine and remote regions with low CO2 fluxes and smooth variability. However, the model’s weaknesses were observed in continental areas, regions with complex sources, transport circulations and large CO2 fluxes. A strong variation in the accuracy and bias are displayed among those stations with different flux profiles, with the largest uncertainties in the continental regions with high CO2 anthropogenic fluxes. Displaying biased estimation and root-mean-square error (RMSE) ranging from values below one ppmv up to 70 ppmv, the results reveal a poor response from re-analysis to high CO2 mixing ratio, showing larger uncertainty of the product in the boundaries where the CAMS system misses solving sharp flux variability. The mismatch at regions with high fluxes of anthropogenic emission indicate large uncertainties in inventories and constrained physical parameterizations in the CO2 at boundary conditions. The current study provides a broad uncertainty assessment for the CAMS CO2 product worldwide, suggesting deficiencies and methods that can be used in the future to overcome failures and uncertainties in regional CO2 mixing ratio and flux estimates. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Przibilla, A., Iwainski, S., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2022 %J ICP-MS Anwender*innen Treffen %T Aufbereitung von Meerwasserproben für die Messung der Metallgehalte mittels seaFAST-ICP-MS: Einfluss von Filtrationsmethode und Lagerung auf die Ergebnisse %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Pröfrock, D., Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Nack, F., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O. %D 2022 %J Analytic Conference %T ICP-MS/MS and LDIR as complementary technique in small micro- and nanoplastic Research - From method optimization to the study of environmentally relevant polymers as vector for trace metals %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Garnett, J., Halsall, C., Winton, H., Joerss, H., Mulvaney, R., Ebinghaus, R., Frey, M., Jones, A., Lesson, A., Wynn, P. %D 2022 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 16 %P 11246-11255 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c02592 %T Increasing Accumulation of Perfluorocarboxylate Contaminants Revealed in an Antarctic Firn Core (1958–2017) %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c02592 16 %X Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are synthetic chemicals with a variety of industrial and consumer applications that are now widely distributed in the global environment. Here, we report the measurement of six perfluorocarboxylates (PFCA, C4–C9) in a firn (granular compressed snow) core collected from a non-coastal, high-altitude site in Dronning Maud Land in Eastern Antarctica. Snow accumulation of the extracted core dated from 1958 to 2017, a period coinciding with the advent, use, and geographical shift in the global industrial production of poly/perfluoroalkylated substances, including PFAA. We observed increasing PFCA accumulation in snow over this time period, with chemical fluxes peaking in 2009–2013 for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, C8) and nonanoate (PFNA, C9) with little evidence of a decline in these chemicals despite supposed recent global curtailments in their production. In contrast, the levels of perfluorobutanoate (PFBA, C4) increased markedly since 2000, with the highest fluxes in the uppermost snow layers. These findings are consistent with those previously made in the Arctic and can be attributed to chlorofluorocarbon replacements (e.g., hydrofluoroethers) as an inadvertent consequence of global regulation. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Arndt, J. %D 2022 %J Teachers Science Club %T Lockdown; Wetter; Chemie der Atmosphäre %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2022 %J International Forum on Marine Environment and Ecosystem %T From the coastal margins to the Arctic ocean – PFAS in the marine environment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0044-7447 %A Moldanová, J., Hassellöv, I.-M., Matthias, V., Fridell, E., Jalkanen, J.-P., Ytreberg, E., Quante, M., Tröltzsch, J., Maljutenko, I., Raudsepp, U., Eriksson, K.M. %D 2022 %J Ambio %N 3 %P 754-769 %R doi:10.1007/s13280-021-01597-9 %T Framework for the environmental impact assessment of operational shipping %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01597-9 3 %X Shipping is an important source of pollution affecting both atmospheric and aquatic environments. To allow for efficient mitigation of environmental degradation, it is essential to know the extent of the impacts of shipping in relation to other sources of pollution. Here, we give a perspective on a holistic approach to studies of the environmental impacts of operational shipping through presentation of an assessment framework developed and applied on a case of shipping in the Baltic Sea. Through transfer of knowledge and concepts, previously used in assessments of air pollution, now applied to assessments of marine pollution and underwater noise, the horizon of understanding of shipping-related impacts is significantly improved. It identifies the main areas of environmental degradation caused by shipping and potential improvements through legislation and technological development. However, as the vast majority of contaminants discharged into the sea are not routinely monitored and assessed, the links between pressure of contaminants from shipping and environmental state and impacts will not be caught in the current environmental regulatory frameworks. %0 online contribution %@ %A Joerss, H., Lange, M., Takyar, H., Baldewein, L., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2022 %J Coastal Pollution Toolbox %T PFAS explorer %U %X The PFAS Explorer has been developed in the context and is part of the Coastal Pollution Toolbox (URL: https://www.coastalpollutiontoolbox.org), a knowledge hub, digital working environment and tool set to study contaminant, nutrient and carbon dynamics in temperate and polar coastal zones. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2022 %J Universitätsgesellschaftlicher Dienstag %T Climate Engineering - Rettung oder Risiko %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ebeling, A., Voigt, N., Obergfäll, D., Zimmermann, T., Erbsloeh, H., Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, I., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2021 %J The 52nd International Liège colloquium on ocean dynamics %T Corrosion protection of offshore wind farms: An emerging contamination source for the marine environment? %U %X %0 bachelor thesis %@ %A Ludwig, J. %D 2021 %J %T Bestimmung von Element- und Isotopenmustern in Sedimentproben aus verschiedenen Offshore Windparks der deutschen Nordsee zur Untersuchung möglicher stofflicher Freisetzungen aus Korrosionsschutzsystemen %U %X %0 lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., Nack, F., El Gareb, F., Mitrano, D., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J %T Nano-; microplastics and metals - how are they related? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0887-0624 %A Vetere, A., Pröfrock, D., Schrader, W. %D 2021 %J Energy & Fuels %N 10 %P 8723-8732 %R doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00491 %T Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Sulfur-Containing Compound Types in Heavy Crude Oil and Its Fractions %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00491 10 %X Detailed molecular analysis of complex mixtures such as crude oil and its fractions has been successfully covered by a number of groups during the past two decades. On the other side, the most glaring need is some type of method that allows quantitative analysis of a single class, compound species, or even individual compounds. Here, the problem is being complicated by the complexity of the sample and the need for individual response factors necessary for the analysis of single compounds in almost all analytical methods. This can be circumvented by using a method with uniform response like inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Sulfur is one of the most important heteroelements present in crude oil and its products due to stringent regulations. Quantification of sulfur by means of mass spectrometry has always been a challenging task. Here, we present the combination of a sulfur-selective chromatographic separation of crude oil and its fractions on a Pd-coated stationary phase with two-dimensional detection. Qualitative analysis by ultrahigh-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry allows a detailed understanding of individual compositions after chromatographic separation, while the quantitative data from inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry details the quantities of each part of the chromatogram. The combination of the results from both methods allows assigning three different types of sulfur species and their quantitative determination in extremely complex heavy crude oil fractions. %0 journal article %@ 0267-9477 %A Klein, O., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry %N 7 %P 1524-1532 %R doi:10.1039/D1JA00088H %T Improved determination of technologically critical elements in sediment digests by ICP-MS/MS using N2O as a reaction gas %U https://doi.org/10.1039/D1JA00088H 7 %X The investigation of technologically critical elements (TCEs) as emerging pollutants is a constantly growing field of environmental research and societal concern. Nevertheless, existing data for most TCEs are still unsatisfactory for an accurate assessment of their potential (eco)toxicological effects on humans and the environment. The limited availability of data mainly results from the technically challenging analysis of selected TCEs. Low concentrations of TCEs in environmental matrices (μg kg−1 or lower) and the associated complex and time-consuming sample preparation pose the greatest challenges. This work aims at developing a new ICP-MS/MS-based multi-elemental approach targeting the analysis of all major TCEs (Sc, Ga, Ge, Nb, In, Te, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb, Lu, and Ta) in sediment, which represents one of the most important matrices for environmental research. N2O is applied as a reaction gas to overcome possible spectral interferences during ICP-MS/MS analysis. The use of N2O as a reaction gas for ICP-MS/MS analysis enabled higher oxide-product ion yields for many TCEs in comparison to the frequently used O2 cell gas. Hence, the selectivity and sensitivity of the method were improved. The presented multi-element method using N2O as a reaction gas achieved LODs between 0.00023 μg L−1 (Eu) and 0.13 μg L−1 (Te) for all analyzed TCEs. Likewise, for all analyzed elements, except for Te, recoveries between 80% and 112% were obtained for at least one of the analyzed reference materials (GBW 07313, GBW 07311, and BCR-2). %0 master thesis %@ %A El Gareb, F. %D 2021 %J %T Optimization of a microplastic sample preparation protocol for Laser Direct Infrared Imaging (LDIR) measurements to analyze microplastic occurence and distribution along a transect in the Indian Ocean %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Fink, L., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Petrik, R., Majamäki, E., Jalkanen, J., Oppo, S., Kranenburg, R. %D 2021 %J EGU General Assembly 2021 %R doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8344 %T The contribution of shipping to air pollution in the Mediterranean region – a model evaluation study %U https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8344 %X In the framework of the EU H2020 project SCIPPER, ship emission model STEAM and the regional scale models CMAQ and CHIMERE model were applied on a modelling domain covering the Mediterranean Sea. Modeling results were compared to air quality observations at coastal locations. The impact of shipping in the Mediterranean Sea was extracted from the model excluding shipping emissions. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Joerss, H., Menger, F., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R., Ahrens, L. %D 2021 %J SETAC Europe 31st Annual Meeting %T Suspect screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in German and Chinese river water affected by point sources %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Garnett, J., Halsall, C., Thomas, M., Crabeck, O., France, J., Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R., Kaiser, J., Leeson, A., Wynn, P. %D 2021 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 14 %P 9601-9608 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 %T Investigating the Uptake and Fate of Poly- and Perfluoroalkylated Substances (PFAS) in Sea Ice Using an Experimental Sea Ice Chamber %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01645 14 %X Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are contaminants of emerging Arctic concern and are present in the marine environments of the polar regions. Their input to and fate within the marine cryosphere are poorly understood. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the uptake, distribution, and release of 10 PFAS of varying carbon chain length (C4–C12) in young sea ice grown from artificial seawater (NaClsolution). We show that PFAS are incorporated into bulk sea ice during ice formation and regression analyses for individual PFAS concentrations in bulk sea ice were linearly related to salinity (r2 = 0.30 to 0.88, n = 18, p < 0.05). This shows that their distribution is strongly governed by the presence and dynamics of brine (high salinity water) within the sea ice. Furthermore, long-chain PFAS (C8–C12), were enriched in bulk ice up to 3-fold more than short-chain PFAS (C4–C7) and NaCl. This suggests that chemical partitioning of PFAS between the different phases of sea ice also plays a role in their uptake during its formation. During sea ice melt, initial meltwater fractions were highly saline and predominantly contained short-chain PFAS, whereas the later, fresher meltwater fractions predominantly contained long-chain PFAS. Our results demonstrate that in highly saline parts of sea ice (near the upper and lower interfaces and in brine channels) significant chemical enrichment (ε) of PFAS can occur with concentrations in brine channels greatly exceeding those in seawater from which it forms (e.g., for PFOA, εbrine = 10 ± 4). This observation has implications for biological exposure to PFAS present in brine channels, a common feature of first-year sea ice which is the dominant ice type in a warming Arctic. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Deng, F., Hellmann, S., Zimmerman, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 148127 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148127 %T Using Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systems to trace sources of sediment and trace metals to the Weser River system (Germany) and assessment of input to the North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148127 %X In order to trace the sources of sediment materials and trace metals in the Weser River system (Germany), and the riverine input to the North Sea, Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes, together with multi-elemental compositions, were measured for sediments collected over the entire Weser River Basin, from headwaters to the estuary. Mass fractions of metals, including Ag, Cd, and Pb, and of one metalloid, Sb, higher than their crustal abundance, were observed within the entire Weser Basin. Isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) and εNd ranged from 0.71182 ± 0.00005 to 0.72880 ± 0.00009 and −11.3 ± 0.3 to −21.0 ± 0.3, respectively. n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) ranged from 18.226 ± 0.008 to 18.703 ± 0.012, 15.613 ± 0.007 to 15.653 ± 0.012 and 38.14 ± 0.02 to 38.84 ± 0.02, respectively. Sr and Nd isotope compositions reflected primarily a mixture of natural materials derived from the Weser Basin. Pb isotope signatures indicated strong anthropogenic influences in the middle-lower Weser region. Pb isotopic compositions in the sediments from the Aller (tributary of the Weser) and its tributary suggested influence from historical Pb-Zn ore mining in the Harz Mountains that might contribute to the observed elevated mass fractions of Ag, Cd, Sb and Pb in that region. K-means cluster and principal component analysis of the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data yielded results consistent with their isotope systematics, supporting statistical analysis as an unsupervised tool in isotope fingerprinting studies. Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopic signatures in the sediments of the Weser were distinctively different from those of another major river discharging into the North Sea, the Elbe. This suggested that this Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope dataset can be used to distinguish riverine input of sediment materials and metals between the two rivers, thereby assessing their individual contribution to materials transported into the North Sea. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Agilent Analytik-Forum 2021 %T Nano- und Mikroplastik-Analytik mittels ICP-MS/MS und LDIR Imaging - Zwei Anwendungsbeispiele %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Matthias, V., Badeke, R., Petrik, R., Quante, M., Arndt, J., Fink, L., Feldner, J., Schwarzkopf, D., Link, E.M., Wedemann, R. %D 2021 %J International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution and its Application %T Urban Population Exposure to Air Pollution Under COVID-19 Lockdown Conditions—Combined Effects of Emissions and Population Activity %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0967-0645 %A Harms, N., Lahajnar, N., Gaye, B., Rixen, T., Schwarz-Schampera, U., Emeis, K. %D 2021 %J Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography %P 104924 %R doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104924 %T Sediment trap-derived particulate matter fluxes in the oligotrophic subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2020.104924 %X Oligotrophic areas cover about 75% of the ocean's surface, and these ocean regions are predicted to expand under global warming scenarios. To evaluate impacts on global marine biogeochemical cycles and changes in ocean-atmosphere carbon fluxes, it is essential to understand particulate matter fluxes and determine the amount of organic carbon that is exported to the ocean's interior. The oligotrophic Indian Ocean subtropical gyre (IOSG) is one of the least explored ocean regions in terms of particulate matter fluxes. Sediment trap-based particulate matter fluxes determined during a 4-year time series provide new information on the nature of export fluxes, their controlling factors, and on the spatial and temporal variability of oceanic processes in the IOSG. Trap-averaged total mass fluxes (~9.8 ± 3.7 mg m−2 day−1), as well as particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes (0.50 ± 0.15 mg m−2 day−1) measured at 500–600 m above bottom (2600–3500 m water depth) are among the lowest fluxes recorded worldwide. These low flux values are a result of strongly stratified and nutrient-depleted upper waters in the gyre. Such oligotrophic conditions lead to low primary production rates in a relatively homogeneous and isolated ocean region. Consequently, we observe an almost constant rain of POC fluxes in space and time, although minor variations in the net primary production (NPP) and in the sea surface temperature (SST) are seen in satellite surveys and model estimations. Factors contributing to the lack of seasonality in the POC fluxes are intense organic matter degradation, variations in the ocean mixed layer depth (OMLD), and impacts of physical mixing (surface wind stress, cyclonic eddies). Preliminary estimates indicate that the average POC export efficiency (ε = 0.03 ± 0.01) is extremely low in the IOSG. Assuming that the IOSG, as well as comparable ocean regions, will expand under climate warming conditions, it is of major importance to investigate POC export fluxes to the deep ocean in order to predict changes in the global carbon cycle during the next decades. %0 journal article %@ 0043-1354 %A Tröger, R., Ren, H., Yin, D., Postigo, C., Nguyen, P., Baduel, C., Golovko, O., Been, F., Joerss, H., Boleda, M., Polesello, S., Roncoroni, M., Taniyasu, S., Menger, F., Ahrens, L., Lai, F., Wiberg, K. %D 2021 %J Water Research %P 117099 %R doi:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117099 %T What's in the water? – Target and suspect screening of contaminants of emerging concern in raw water and drinking water from Europe and Asia %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117099 %X There is growing worry that drinking water can be affected by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), potentially threatening human health. In this study, a wide range of CECs (n = 177), including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and other compounds, were analysed in raw water and in drinking water collected from drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Europe and Asia (n = 13). The impact of human activities was reflected in large numbers of compounds detected (n = 115) and high variation in concentrations in the raw water (range 15-7995 ng L−1 for ∑177CECs). The variation was less pronounced in drinking water, with total concentration ranging from 35 to 919 ng L−1. Treatment efficiency was on average 65 ± 28%, with wide variation between different DWTPs. The DWTP with the highest ∑CEC concentrations in raw water had the most efficient treatment procedure (average treatment efficiency 89%), whereas the DWTP with the lowest ∑177CEC concentration in the raw water had the lowest average treatment efficiency (2.3%). Suspect screening was performed for 500 compounds ranked high as chemicals of concern for drinking water, using a prioritisation tool (SusTool). Overall, 208 features of interest were discovered and three were confirmed with reference standards. There was co-variation between removal efficiency in DWTPs for the target compounds and the suspected features detected using suspect screening, implying that removal of known contaminants can be used to predict overall removal of potential CECs for drinking water production. Our results can be of high value for DWTPs around the globe in their planning for future treatment strategies to meet the increasing concern about human exposure to unknown CECs present in their drinking water. %0 journal article %@ 0024-3590 %A Neumann, A., Beusekom, J., Eisele, A., Emeis, K., Friedrich, J., Kröncke, I., Logemann, E., Meyer, J., Naderipour, C., Schückel, U., Wrede, A., Zettler, M. %D 2021 %J Limnology and Oceanography %N 6 %P 2203-2217 %R doi:10.1002/lno.11748 %T Macrofauna as a major driver of bentho-pelagic exchange in the southern North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11748 6 %X The contribution of sediments to nutrient cycling of the coastal North Sea is strongly controlled by the intensity of fluxes across the sediment water interface. Pore‐water advection is one major exchange mechanism that is well described by models, as it is determined by physical parameters. In contrast, biotransport (i.e., bioirrigation, bioturbation) as the other major transport mechanism is much more complex. Observational data reflecting biotransport, from the German Bight for example, is scarce. We sampled the major sediment provinces of the German Bight repeatedly over the years from 2013 to 2019. By employing ex situ whole core incubations, we established the seasonal and spatial variability of macrofauna‐sustained benthic fluxes of oxygen and nutrients. A multivariate, partial least squares analysis identified faunal activity, in specifically bioturbation and bioirrigation, alongside temperature, as the most important drivers of oxygen and nutrient fluxes. Their combined effect explained 63% of the observed variability in oxygen fluxes, and 36–48% of variability in nutrient fluxes. Additional 10% of the observed variability of fluxes were explained by sediment type and the availability of plankton biomass. Based on our extrapolation by sediment provinces, we conclude that pore‐water advection and macrofaunal activity contributed equally to the total benthic oxygen uptake in the German Bight. %0 journal article %@ 1674-9278 %A von Storch, H., Geyer, B., Li, Y., Matthias, V., Rockel, B. %D 2021 %J Advances in Climate Change Research %N 5 %P 677-685 %R doi:10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003 %T Chinese lockdown as aerosol reduction experiment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2021.03.003 5 %X The lockdown of large parts of Chinese economy beginning in late January 2020 lead to significant regional changes of aerosol loads, which suggests a reduction of backscatter and consequently a regional warming in the following months. Using local data and a numerical experiment with a limited area model, we have examined how strong this response may have been. The observed (local and reanalysis) observations point to a warming of less than 1.0 K, the simulations to a warming of the order of 0.5 K. These numbers are uncertain, because of large-scale natural variability and an ad-hoc choice of aerosol optical depth anomaly in the simulation. Thus, the result was, in short, that there was actually a weak warming of a few tenth of degrees, while noteworthy changes in circulation or in precipitation were not detected. More specifically, we found that at selected central China stations temperatures were found to be higher than in previous two years. This warming goes with a marked diurnal signal, with a maximum warming in the early afternoon (06 UTC), weakest at night (18 UTC). This may be related to a general warming of large swaths of Asia (including Siberia, which is not related to local aerosol forcing). Indeed, also the stations outside the immediate strong lockdown region are showing warming, albeit a weaker one. Thus, the difference 2020 minus 2019/2018 may overestimate the effect. The ad-hoc series of numerical experiments indicates that the simulated changes are robust and suffer little from internal dynamical variability. In particular, the overall reduction of the aerosol optical depth does not lead to phases of larger intermittent divergence among the model simulations, irrespective of the aerosol load. Instead, the simulations with reduced anthropogenic aerosol load show more a mere locally increased temperature. This may indicate that the aerosol effect is mostly thermodynamic in all local air columns in the region. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Badeke, R., Matthias, V., Grawe, D. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 8 %P 5935-5951 %R doi:10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021 %T Parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion of ship exhaust gas in the near field %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5935-2021 8 %X Estimating the impact of ship emissions on local air quality is a topic of high relevance, especially in large harbor cities. For chemistry-transport modeling studies, the initial plume rise and dispersion play a crucial role for the distribution of pollutants into vertical model layers. This study aims at parameterizing the vertical downward dispersion in the near field of a prototype cruise ship, depending on several meteorological and technical input parameters. By using the microscale chemistry, transport and stream model (MITRAS), a parameterization scheme was developed to calculate the downward dispersion, i.e., the fraction of emissions, which will be dispersed below stack height. This represents the local concentration in the vicinity of the ship. Cases with and without considering the obstacle effect of the ship have been compared. Wind speed and ship size were found to be the strongest factors influencing the downward dispersion, which can reach values up to 55 % at high wind speed and lateral wind. This compares to 31 % in the case where the obstacle effect was not considered and shows the importance of obstacle effects when assessing the ground-level pollution situation in ports. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bento, C., Naumann, T., Wittmann, A., Tang, J., Zhen, X., Liu, L., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2021 %J EGU General Assembly 2021 %R doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13296 %T River-Sea Systems: Spatial and temporal occurrence of Neonicotinoids, Glyphosate and related transformation products in the Chinese Bohai Sea and 36 surrounding Rivers %U https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13296 %X In conclusion, the ubiquitous presence of acetamiprid and the high concentrations and detection frequencies of AMPA in the sampled waters suggest a high persistence and stability of these compounds in surface waters. Therefore, these compounds may accumulate in aquatic/marine environments and may pose a risk to aquatic/marine organisms. The Bohai and Laizhou Bays presented the highest contamination status, to where most contaminated rivers were flowing, indicating that riverine discharges are important contributors to the pollution status of the marine environment. The higher detection frequencies and concentrations of the transformation products of imidacloprid, fipronil and glyphosate in the marine environment indicate the rapid degradation of their parent compounds during their “journey” from the contaminated rivers to the Bohai Sea. Since evidence shows that these transformation products have similar or even higher persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms, it is important to further monitor these compounds in the marine environment. %0 journal article %@ %A Quante, M., Karl, M., Matthias, V., Moldanova, J., Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J EM : Air & Waste Management Association's magazine for environmental managers %N 2 %T Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Assessment of Current and Future Air Quality Implications %U 2 %X Air quality modeling studies reveal that shipping currently contributes considerably to degraded air quality in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea region. Future scenarios highlight the importance of implementing a Nitrogen Emission Control Area (NECA) to improve the situation. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Badeke, R., Matthias, V., Quante, M., Petrik, R., Arndt, J., Ramacher, M., Schwarzkopf, D., Fink, L., Feldner, J., Link, E. %D 2021 %J EGU General Assembly 2021 %R doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12394 %T Air quality improvements caused by COVID-19 lockdown measures in Central Europe – contributions of emission sectors and the meteorological situation %U https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12394 %X Corona lockdown measures caused unprecedented emission reductions in many parts of world. However, this does not linearly translate into improved air quality, since weather phenomena like precipitation, wind and solar radiation also show a significant impact on pollutant concentration patterns. The aim of this study is to disentangle effects of emission reduction and meteorology on the air quality in Central Europe during the first major lockdown from March to June 2020. For this purpose, the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) was used with updated emission data for the year 2020, including time profiles for sectors and countries that approximate the lockdown emission reductions. The contributions of street traffic, air traffic, ship traffic, residential heating and industry to NO2, O3 and PM2.5 concentrations were investigated. Meteorological data was derived from the regional COSMO model in CLimate Mode (COSMO-CLM). Additional city scale measurements were used to account for exceptional weather conditions as well as emission reduction effects at hotspots like traffic stations. Therefore, selected air pollutant and meteorological measurement data in the cities of Hamburg, Liége and Marseille are compared against the statistical trend of 2015 to 2019. %0 journal article %@ 0304-3894 %A Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., Primpke, S., Fischer, D., Gerdts, G., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Journal of Hazardous Materials %P 125482 %R doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125482 %T Comparison and uncertainty evaluation of two centrifugal separators for microplastic sampling %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125482 %X For the first time in microplastic research, an expanded uncertainty was calculated according to the “Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (JCGM 100:2008). Bottom-up uncertainty evaluation revealed the different sampling methods (~ 44%), sample replicates (~ 26%) and the different detection techniques (~ 16%) as the major sources of uncertainty. Depending on the number of particles detected in the samples, the relative expanded uncertainty (Urel (k =2)) ranged from 24% up to > 200% underpinning tremendous importance of sound uncertainty evaluation. Our results indicate that scientist should rethink many “observed patterns” in the literature due to being insignificant and herewith not real. %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Hildebrandt, L. %D 2021 %J %T Development and application of analytical methods to sample; isolate and characterize nano- and microplastics in aquatic environments and associated trace metals %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Vlasenko, A., Matthias, V., Callies, U. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 118236 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118236 %T Simulation of chemical transport model estimates by means of a neural network using meteorological data %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118236 %X Chemical substances of either anthropogenic or natural origin affect air quality and, as a consequence, also the health of the population. Therefore, there is a high demand for reliable air quality scenarios that can support possible management decisions. However, generating long term assessments of air quality assuming different emission scenarios is still a great challenge when using detailed atmospheric chemistry models. In this study, we test machine learning technique based on neural networks (NN) to emulate process-oriented modeling outcomes. A successfully calibrated NN might estimate concentrations of chemical substances in the air several orders faster than the original model and with reasonably small errors. We designed a simple recurrent 3-layer NN to reproduce daily mean concentrations of NO2, SO2 and C2H6 over Europe as simulated by the Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ). The general structure of the NN can be shown to approximate a continuity equation. Inputs of the network are daily mean meteorological state variables, taken from the climate model COSMO-CLM. The proposed NN emulates CMAQ outputs with an error not exceeding the difference between CMAQ and other known chemical transport models. %0 book part %@ %A Ebinghaus, R., Grøsvik, B., Hassellöv, I., Moffat, C., Simcock, A., Sonesten, L., Vlahos, P., Achterberg, E., Alo, B., Andrade, C., Bebianno, M., Caetano, M., Gnandi, K., Hong, G., Kim, S., Lohmann, R., Stankiewicz, M., Wang, J. %D 2021 %J The Second World Ocean Assessment %P 101-150 %T Chapter 11: Changes in liquid and atmospheric inputs to the marine environment from land (including through groundwater), ships and offshore installations %U %X Chemical production has continued to in-crease and change since 2003. The potential geographic impact of the chemical industry continued to change from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, where almost 70 per cent of the industry is expected to operate by 2030, while new products are continually being devel-oped, thus adding to the mixture of chemicals to which biota in the ocean is being exposed.Different lists of hazardous substances have been identified by international organizations, although there is still no agreed single global list of substances that are of concern. The present chapter contains an assessment of the changes since the first Assessment in wa-ter and airborne inputs to the marine environ-ment from land (including groundwater), ships and offshore installations. In addition, the information in the present chapter builds upon the assessment of the list of hazardous sub-stances used in the first Assessment, namely, POPs, metals, hydrocarbons and radioactive substances. It includes new information on rare earth elements, PPCPs and airborne in-puts of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides that were not included in the first Assessment. %0 journal article %@ 0959-6526 %A Lian, L., Huang, T., Ling, Z., Li, S., Li, J., Jiang, W., Gao, H., Tao, S., Liu, J., Xie, Z., Mao, X., Ma, J. %D 2021 %J Journal of Cleaner Production %N Part 1 %P 124368 %R doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124368 %T Interprovincial trade driven relocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lung cancer risk in China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124368 Part 1 %X Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous organic contaminants which poses an adverse health impact on environment and humans. This study assesses the PAHs environmental contamination and associated lung cancer risk attributable to interprovincial trade in goods and services in China. Virtual trade driven PAHs flow mainly from well-developed and industrialized provinces to less-developed provinces that provide energy and raw materials. In 2007, Shanxi (with a net PAHs outflow of 3743 tons) and Hebei (with a net PAHs outflow of 851 tons) account for 66.8% of total PAH emission outflow attributable to interprovincial trade. The largest single net PAHs flow was from Shanxi to Zhejiang (399 tons), followed by Shanxi to Jiangsu (371 tons), and Hebei to Zhejiang (194 tons). Our results also reveal a switching from outflow to inflow of industrial products with high PAH emissions in some provinces from 2007 to 2012 due to the changes in their industrial structure. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) based on modeled benzo [a]pyrene (BaP) concentrations and considering trade driven emissions shows that excess nonoccupational lung cancer cases associated with trade related industrial BaP emissions totaled 2176 in 2007, accounting for 42% of lung cancer cases induced by all Chinese BaP emissions. Without interprovincial trade, Chinese lung cancer cases would increase to 3677 in 2007, indicating that interprovincial trade reduces lung cancer cases in well-developed and populated coastal provinces and increases cases in less populated and less developed provinces, which reduces the overall number of Chinese lung cancer cases. It is recommended that well-developed provinces in eastern and southern China should subsidize those inland provinces providing goods and services to eastern and southern China, in addition to the interprovincial trade. %0 bachelor thesis %@ %A Hansen, J. %D 2021 %J %T Quantification and characterization of microplastics in filtration samples from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Su, P., Cui, M., Han, Y., Matthias, V., Wang, G. %D 2021 %J Environmental Pollution %P 117388 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117388 %T Variations and characteristics of carbonaceous substances emitted from a heavy fuel oil ship engine under different operating loads %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117388 %X Heavy fuel oil (HFO) accounts for approximately 80% of the fuel consumption of ocean-going ships in the world. Multiple toxic species are found in HFO exhaust, however, carbonaceous substances emitted from low-speed marine engine exhaust at different operating loads have not been thoroughly addressed. Therefore, a bench test for a low-speed marine engine with HFO fuel under different operating modes was carried out in this study. Emission factors and characteristics of CO2, CO, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), as well as OC and EC fragments, organic matters of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are given and discussed. Combined with the correlation analysis results among the measured species and engine technical parameters, the formation processes and influence factors of carbonaceous components are also inferred in this study. Besides, together with OC to EC ratio, n-alkanes to PAHs ratio, etc., EC1 to soot-EC ratio in PM can be considered as tracer characteristic of high-sulfur-content HFO ship distinguished from diesel fuel ships. Profiles of n-alkanes and PAHs in PM can be used to distinguish shipping emission source from other combustion sources. Moreover, characteristics of carbonaceous components in size-segregated particles are also discussed, including OC, EC, OC and EC fragments, as well as organic matters. Results show that most of the particle mass, OC, EC, and organic matters are concentrated in fine particles with size of less than 1.1 μm, indicating the significance of ultrafine particles. Formation processes of OC and EC fragments, EC1 and soot-EC are also deduced and proved combined with the characteristics of OC and EC fragments, organic matters, and especially PAHs. Besides, the large variations of OC to EC ratios and speciated profiles of n-alkanes and PAHs in different particle size bins indicate that particle size should be considered when they are used as characteristic tracer in source apportionment studies. %0 journal article %@ 2666-9110 %A Hildebrandt, L., Nack, F., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Journal of Hazardous Materials Letters %P 100035 %R doi:10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100035 %T Microplastics as a Trojan horse for trace metals %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100035 %X Due to an assumed lack of anionic binding sites (most plastics are non-polar), scientists long considered virgin particulate plastics inert towards metal ions. However, we proved significant metal sorption to microplastics at neutral pH and release in a solution mimicking gastrointestinal chemistry serving as a proof-of-principle for environmental and human bioavailability. Competitive ion-exchange incubation experiments comprised 55 metals and metalloids. Fast kinetics were observed with 45 %–75 % of As, Be, Bi, Cr, Fe, In, Pb, Th, Sn and the rare-earth element ions being sorbed after 1 h. The investigated metal and metalloid cations showed significant differences in the extent of sorption, based upon which a distinct categorization was possible. Microplastics are not only a potential danger for aquatic and human life, but - as demonstrated in this paper - also serve as a Trojan Horse for dissolved metal cations. The corresponding effects on aquatic and human health will gain higher importance in the near future due to the predicted increases of marine plastic litter and microplastic sorbents. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., El Gareb, F., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Agilent - Microplastics in the Environment Virtual Symposium %T Nano- and Microplastics Analysis via LDIR and ICP-MS %U %X %0 conference paper %@ 2153-6996 %A Gerasopoulos, E., Athanasopoulou, E., Speyer, O., Bailey, J., Kocman, D., Karl, M. %D 2021 %J 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS %P 1194-1197 %R doi:10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554066 %T Urban resilience to environmental stressors via EO-based smart solutions %U https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS47720.2021.9554066 %X Cities face a wide variety of pressures, many of which negatively impact the health of both the environment and citizens and require an integrated smart city approach to address. By infusing state-of-the-art Earth observation (EO) into tools for cities, the SMart URBan Solutions for air quality, disasters and city growth (SMURBS) project produced a portfolio of smart solutions based off of and refined by continued engagement and co-design with stakeholders and cities to address real needs, gaps, and issues. This portfolio of EO-driven solutions serves as an openly available archive and depository of city solutions for environmental pressures and aims to enhance urban resilience and sustainability, and therefore, make cities smarter. Within this paper, we describe the SMURBS experience of bringing together city stakeholders and EO experts and building the portfolio of smart urban solutions, concluding with the six foundational aspects distilled from this experience to serve as a playbook for solution builders to ensure the production of fit-for-purpose and effective city solutions. %0 conference paper %@ %A Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Quante, M., Winkler, C., Seum, S. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019 %P 39-44 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_6 %T Traffic Emissions 2040 - Impact on Air Quality in Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_6 %X Traffic emissions in Central Europe were calculated for today and for future scenarios in 2040. For Germany, a sophisticated multi-model chain including transport models, fleet composition models and an up-to-date set of emission factors was embedded. The relationship between transport demand and emissions for several road types has then been applied to other Central European countries for calculating transport demand from total road traffic emissions in these countries. This allows for the construction of consistent and detailed future scenarios for 2040, taking into account modified transport demand and fleet composition. Three emission scenarios were modelled with the full model chain based on societal and legislative developments that are both, plausible and consistent. The traffic emission data was then, together with emissions for all other relevant sectors, fed into the CMAQ chemistry transport model. Concentrations of NO2, O3 and PM2.5 have been calculated for summer and winter in the year 2010 and for three emission scenarios for 2040. All scenarios revealed an emission reduction in the order of 75–80% for NOx in 2040 compared to 2010. NO2 concentrations caused by traffic emissions were reduced accordingly. Their contribution to overall NO2 concentrations in Central Europe was halved in 2040. %0 conference paper %@ %A Ramacher, M., Karl, M., Feldner, J., Bieser, J. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019 %P 241-248 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_34 %T The Impact of BVOC Emissions from Urban Trees on O3 Production in Urban Areas Under Heat-Period Conditions %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_34 %X Heat-periods in summer occurred more frequently in this decade and affected the well-being of citizens in several ways. One effect of heat-periods is a higher photochemical ozone (O3) production rate, which leads to higher O3 concentrations. Strategies to influence urban climate and air pollution more often include urban trees. A side effect of urban trees is the emission of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), which are participating in urban O3 production. In this study, we investigate the effect of urban tree BVOCs during heat-period conditions on O3 formation using an integrated urban-scale biogenic emissions and chemistry transport model chain. To demonstrate the possibility of investigating the effect of urban trees on O3 production under heat-period conditions, we performed simulations in the densely populated Rhein-Ruhr area (DE) in July 2018. The results show impacts of up to 4% higher averaged maximum daily 8 h mean (MDA8) O3 concentrations due to local isoprene emissions and up to additional 15% higher MDA8 O3 values when decreasing NOx emissions from traffic and increasing urban tree emissions. In general, the relevance of biogenic emissions is expected to increase in future due to higher frequency of heat-period events related to climate change and due to the decreasing trend of anthropogenic emissions in response to current legislation. Therefore, the established model chain can be a valuable tool for urban planning. %0 journal article %@ 1814-9324 %A Burdanowitz, N., Rixen, T., Gaye, B., Emeis, K. %D 2021 %J Climate of the Past %N 4 %P 1735-1749 %R doi:10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021 %T Signals of Holocene climate transition amplified by anthropogenic land-use changes in the westerly–Indian monsoon realm %U https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1735-2021 4 %X The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall is the lifeline for people living on the Indian subcontinent today and was possibly the driver of the rise and fall of early agricultural societies in the past. The intensity and position of the ISM have shifted in response to orbitally forced thermal land–ocean contrasts. At the northwestern monsoon margins, interactions between the subtropical westerly jet (STWJ) and the ISM constitute a tipping element in the Earth's climate system because their non-linear interaction may be a first-order influence on rainfall. We reconstructed marine sea surface temperature (SST), supply of terrestrial material and vegetation changes from a very well-dated sediment core from the northern Arabian Sea to reconstruct the STWJ–ISM interaction. The Holocene record (from 11 000 years) shows a distinct, but gradual, southward displacement of the ISM in the Early to Mid-Holocene, increasingly punctuated by phases of intensified STWJ events that are coeval with interruptions of North Atlantic overturning circulation (Bond events). The effects of the non-linear interactions culminate between 4.6 and 3 ka BP, marking a climatic transition period during which the ISM shifted southwards and the influence of STWJ became prominent. The lithogenic matter input shows an up to 4-fold increase after this time period, probably related to the strengthened influence of agricultural activities of the Indus civilization, with enhanced erosion of soils. This anthropogenic land-use change is amplifying the impact of Bond events and adding to the marine sedimentation rates adjacent to the continent. %0 journal article %@ 0091-7613 %A Betzler, C., Lindhorst, S., Lüdmann, T., Reijmer, J.J., Braga, J.-C., Bialik, O.M., Reolid, J., Eisermann, J.O., Emeis, K., Rixen, T., Bissessur, D. %D 2021 %J Geology %N 12 %P 1431-1435 %R doi:10.1130/G49090.1 %T Current and sea level control the demise of shallow carbonate production on a tropical bank (Saya de Malha Bank, Indian Ocean) %U https://doi.org/10.1130/G49090.1 12 %X Carbonate platforms are built mainly by corals living in shallow light-saturated tropical waters. The Saya de Malha Bank (Indian Ocean), one of the world's largest carbonate platforms, lies in the path of the South Equatorial Current. Its reefs do not reach sea level, and all carbonate production is mesophotic to oligophotic. New geological and oceanographic data unravel the evolution and environment of the bank, elucidating the factors determining this exceptional state. There are no nutrient-related limitations for coral growth. A switch from a rimmed atoll to a current-exposed system with only mesophotic coral growth is proposed to have followed the South Equatorial Current development during the late Neogene. Combined current activity and sea-level fluctuations are likely controlling factors of modern platform configuration. %0 journal article %@ 2305-6304 %A Lauenburg, M., Karl, M., Matthias, V., Quante, M., Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J Toxics %N 1 %P 3 %R doi:10.3390/toxics10010003 %T City Scale Modeling of Ultrafine Particles in Urban Areas with Special Focus on Passenger Ferryboat Emission Impact %U https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010003 1 %X Air pollution by aerosol particles is mainly monitored as mass concentrations of particulate matter, such as PM10 and PM2.5. However, mass-based measurements are hardly representative for ultrafine particles (UFP), which can only be monitored adequately by particle number (PN) concentrations and are considered particularly harmful to human health. This study examines the dispersion of UFP in Hamburg city center and, in particular, the impact of passenger ferryboats by modeling PN concentrations and compares concentrations to measured values. To this end, emissions inventories and emission size spectra for different emission sectors influencing concentrations in the city center were created, explicitly considering passenger ferryboat traffic as an additional emission source. The city-scale chemical transport model EPISODE-CityChem is applied for the first time to simulate PN concentrations and additionally, observations of total particle number counts are taken at four different sampling sites in the city. Modeled UFP concentrations are in the range of 1.5–3 × 104 cm−3 at ferryboat piers and at the road traffic locations with particle sizes predominantly below 50 nm. Urban background concentrations are at 0.4–1.2 × 104 cm−3 with a predominant particle size in the range 50–100 nm. Ferryboat traffic is a significant source of emissions near the shore along the regular ferry routes. Modeled concentrations show slight differences to measured data, but the model is capable of reproducing the observed spatial variation of UFP concentrations. UFP show strong variations in both space and time, with day-to-day variations mainly controlled by differences in air temperature, wind speed and wind direction. Further model simulations should focus on longer periods of time to better understand the influence of meteorological conditions on UFP dynamics. %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Kakouri, A., Speyer, O., Feldner, J., Karl, M., Timmermans, R., van der Gon, H.D., Kuenen, J., Gerasopoulos, E., Athanasopoulou, E. %D 2021 %J Atmosphere %N 11 %P 1404 %R doi:10.3390/atmos12111404 %T The UrbEm Hybrid Method to Derive High-Resolution Emissions for City-Scale Air Quality Modeling %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111404 11 %X As cities are growing in size and complexity, the estimation of air pollution exposure requires a detailed spatial representation of air pollution levels, rather than homogenous fields, provided by global- or regional-scale models. A critical input for city-scale modeling is a timely and spatially resolved emission inventory. Bottom–up approaches to create urban-scale emission inventories can be a demanding and time-consuming task, whereas local emission rates derived from a top–down approach may lack accuracy. In the frame of this study, the UrbEm approach of downscaling gridded emission inventories is developed, investing upon existing, open access, and credible emission data sources. As a proof-of-concept, the regional anthropogenic emissions by Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) are handled with a top–down approach, creating an added-value product of anthropogenic emissions of trace gases and particulate matter for any city (or area) of Europe, at the desired spatial resolution down to 1 km. The disaggregation is based on contemporary proxies for the European area (e.g., Global Human Settlement population data, Urban Atlas 2012, Corine, OpenStreetMap data). The UrbEm approach is realized as a fully automated software tool to produce a detailed mapping of industrial (point), (road-) transport (line), and residential/agricultural/other (area) emission sources. Line sources are of particular value for air quality studies at the urban scale, as they enable explicit treatment of line sources by models capturing among others the street canyon effect and offer an overall better representation of the critical road transport sector. The UrbEm approach is an efficient solution for such studies and constitutes a fully credible option in case high-resolution emission inventories do not exist for a city (or area) of interest. The validity of UrbEm is examined through the evaluation of high-resolution air pollution predictions over Athens and Hamburg against in situ measurements. In addition to a better spatial representation of emission sources and especially hotspots, the air quality modeling results show that UrbEm outputs, when compared to a uniform spatial disaggregation, have an impact on NO2 predictions up to 70% for urban regions with complex topographies, which corresponds to a big improvement of model accuracy (FAC2 > 0.5), especially at the source-impacted sites. %0 journal article %@ 2375-2548 %A Van Dam, B., Zeller, M., Lopes, C., Smyth, A., Böttcher, M., Osburn, C., Zimmerman, T., Pröfrock, D., Fourqurean, J., Thomas, H. %D 2021 %J Science Advances %N 51 %P eabj1372 %R doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj1372 %T Calcification-driven CO2 emissions exceed “Blue Carbon” sequestration in a carbonate seagrass meadow %U https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj1372 51 %X Long-term “Blue Carbon” burial in seagrass meadows is complicated by other carbon and alkalinity exchanges that shape net carbon sequestration. We measured a suite of such processes, including denitrification, sulfur, and inorganic carbon cycling, and assessed their impact on air-water CO2 exchange in a typical seagrass meadow underlain by carbonate sediments. Eddy covariance measurements reveal a consistent source of CO2 to the atmosphere at an average rate of 610 ± 990 μmol m−2 hour−1 during our study and 700 ± 660 μmol m−2 hour−1 (6.1 mol m−2 year−1) over an annual cycle. Net alkalinity consumption by ecosystem calcification explains >95% of the observed CO2 emissions, far exceeding organic carbon burial and anaerobic alkalinity generation. We argue that the net carbon sequestration potential of seagrass meadows may be overestimated if calcification-induced CO2 emissions are not accounted for, especially in regions where calcification rates exceed net primary production and burial. %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J., Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019. Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 119-123 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_18 %T Multi-compartment Chemistry Transport Models %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_18 %X There exists a large range of pollutants of global concern for whom the ocean is a key part in their environmental cycle. Namely, mercury (Hg) and several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are subject to international treaties (e.g. Minamata Convention, Stockholm Convention) are actively exchanged between atmosphere and ocean and subsequently accumulated in the marine food web. Thus, modeling their environmental fate requires a numerical representation of atmospheric and marine physics and chemistry. Additionally, in the marine environment interactions with biota and detritus are an important factor leading to a multi-disciplinary biogeochemical research field involving chemistry, meteorology, oceanography, and biology. However, the chemistry transport modeling research community is still virtually limited to atmospheric transport and transformation of pollutants. The ocean is typically treated as a boundary condition and only few coupled hydrodynamic models have been developed so far. %0 journal article %@ 1932-6203 %A Silva, V., Alaoui, A., Schlünssen, V., Vested, A., Graumans, M., van Dael, M., Trevisan, M., Suciu, N., Mol, H., Beekmann, K., Figueiredo, D., Harkes, P., Hofman, J., Kandeler, E., Abrantes, N., Campos, I., Martínez, M.Á., Pereira, J., Goossens, D., Gandrass, J., Debler, F., Lwanga, E., Jonker, M., van Langevelde, F., Sorensen, M.T., Wells, J.M., Boekhorst, J., Huss, A., Mandrioli, D., Sgargi, D., Nathanail, P., Nathanail, J., Tamm, L., Fantke, P., Mark, J., Grovermann, C., Frelih-Larsen, A., Herb, I., Chivers, C.-A., Mills, J., Alcon, F., Contreras, J., Baldi, I., Pasković, I., Matjaz, G., Norgaard, T., Aparicio, V., Ritsema, C.J., Geissen, V., Scheepers, P.T.J. %D 2021 %J PLoS One %N 11 %P e0259748 %R doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259748 %T Collection of human and environmental data on pesticide use in Europe and Argentina: Field study protocol for the SPRINT project %U https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259748 11 %X Current farm systems rely on the use of Plant Protection Products (PPP) to secure high productivity and control threats to the quality of the crops. However, PPP use may have considerable impacts on human health and the environment. A study protocol is presented aiming to determine the occurrence and levels of PPP residues in plants (crops), animals (livestock), humans and other non-target species (ecosystem representatives) for exposure modelling and impact assessment. To achieve this, we designed a cross-sectional study to compare conventional and organic farm systems across Europe. Environmental and biological samples were/are being/will be collected during the 2021 growing season, at 10 case study sites in Europe covering a range of climate zones and crops. An additional study site in Argentina will inform the impact of PPP use on growing soybean which is an important European protein-source in animal feed. We will study the impact of PPP mixtures using an integrated risk assessment methodology. The fate of PPP in environmental media (soil, water and air) and in the homes of farmers will be monitored. This will be complemented by biomonitoring to estimate PPP uptake by humans and farm animals (cow, goat, sheep and chicken), and by collection of samples from non-target species (earthworms, fish, aquatic and terrestrial macroinvertebrates, bats, and farm cats). We will use data on PPP residues in environmental and biological matrices to estimate exposures by modelling. These exposure estimates together with health and toxicity data will be used to predict the impact of PPP use on environment, plant, animal and human health. The outcome of this study will then be integrated with socio-economic information leading to an overall assessment used to identify transition pathways towards more sustainable plant protection and inform decision makers, practitioners and other stakeholders regarding farming practices and land use policy. %0 journal article %@ 0039-9140 %A Clases, D., Ueland, M., Gonzalez de Vega, R., Doble, P., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Talanta %P 121424 %R doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121424 %T Quantitative speciation of volatile sulphur compounds from human cadavers by GC-ICP-MS %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121424 %X This work demonstrates the first forensic application of GC-ICP-MS for improved investigations of volatile organic compounds originating from a decomposing body. Volatile organic compounds were extracted from the headspace of human remains using sorbent tubes over a total time of 39 days. To account for naturally abundant species, control sites were prepared and sampled accordingly. All samples were spiked with an internal standard to minimise drift effects and errors during sample preparation and further analysis. Compound independent quantification was possible from a single chromatogram with a standard mix containing volatile pesticide compounds representing different mass fractions of target elements for calibration. Phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine were investigated as biologically relevant elements, which potentially form detectable volatile species during decomposition. The limits of detection of these elements in the headspace were 0.7, 5.4 and 1.6 ng/L, respectively. For sulphur, we identified abundant species which increased in concentrations of up to 1310 ng/L in the headspace above the remains. The concentrations were time dependent and show potential as forensic markers to determine post-mortem intervals or decomposition states. The universal quantification, standardisation and the high sensitivity of GC-ICP-MS augments traditional GC-MS analyses. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Jutterström, S., Moldan, F., Moldanová, J., Karl, M., Matthias, V., Posch, M. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 20 %P 15827-15845 %R doi:10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021 %T The impact of nitrogen and sulfur emissions from shipping on the exceedance of critical loads in the Baltic Sea region %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15827-2021 20 %X The emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) species to the atmosphere from shipping significantly contribute to S and N deposition near the coast and to acidification and/or eutrophication of soils and freshwater. In the countries around the Baltic Sea, the shipping volume and its relative importance as a source of emissions are expected to increase if no efficient regulations are implemented. To assess the extent of environmental damage due to ship emissions for the Baltic Sea area, the exceedance of critical loads (CLs) for N and S has been calculated for the years 2012 and 2040. The paper evaluates the effects of several future scenarios, including the implementation of NECA and SECA (Nitrogen And Sulfur Emission Control Areas). The implementation of NECA and SECA caused a significant decrease in the exceedance of CLs for N as a nutrient while the impact on the – already much lower – exceedance of CLs for acidification was less pronounced. The relative contribution from Baltic shipping to the total deposition decreased from 2012 in the 2040 scenario for both S and N. In contrast to exceedances of CLs for acidification, shipping still has an impact on exceedances for eutrophication in 2040. Geographically, the impact of shipping emissions is unevenly distributed even within each country. This is illustrated by calculating CL exceedances for 21 Swedish counties. The impact, on a national level, is driven by a few coastal counties, where the impact of shipping is much higher than the national summary suggests. %0 conference paper %@ %A Karl, M., Ramacher, M. %D 2021 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVII. ITM 2019 %P 235-239 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_33 %T Urban Atmospheric Chemistry with the EPISODE-CityChem Model %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63760-9_33 %X Photochemical ozone production in the urban area of Hamburg, Germany, was investigated using detailed emission inventories of ozone precursors and an urban-scale chemistry-transport model. Within the urban area, traffic-related emissions of nitric oxide destroy much of the inflowing ozone, mainly at night, leading to minimum concentrations along the traffic network and the port area. Net ozone production was determined based on the difference between the reference simulation, using an advanced photochemistry reaction scheme, and a simulation using photo-stationary state (PSS) assumption. Neglecting the photo-oxidation of VOC resulted in up to 4.5% lower average ozone in the city outflow in summer. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Klein, O., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J 6. Doktorandenseminar des DAAS %T Enhanced detection of technologically critical elements in sediment digestions via ICP-MS/MS utilizing N2O as a reaction gas %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Lange, M. %D 2021 %J The Coastal Atlas of Ireland %P 725-727 %T The Corrib Gas Field %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Deng, F., Hellmann, S., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J Goldschmidt2020 %T Sr-Nd-Pb isotope systems as fingerprinting tools to trace anthropogenic controls on the Weser river system (Germany) %U %X to contaminants transported into the coastal zone. %0 journal article %@ 1364-0321 %A Lange, M., Cummins, V. %D 2021 %J Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews %P 111740 %R doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111740 %T Managing stakeholder perception and engagement for marine energy transitions in a decarbonising world %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111740 %X The insights are relevant for the energy transition in jurisdictions around the world. Given the urgent need for decarbonisation and the potential for marine renewable energy, lessons from the past, as documented in this paper, can help to inform better governance of common pool marine resources. This is increasingly important for the industrialisation of marine renewable energy and the need to reconcile the interests of government, industry and civil society. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Matthias, V., Quante, M., Arndt, J., Badeke, R., Fink, L., Petrik, R., Feldner, J., Schwarzkopf, D., Link, E.-M., Ramacher, M., Wedemann, R. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 18 %P 13931-13971 %R doi:10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021 %T The role of emission reductions and the meteorological situation for air quality improvements during the COVID-19 lockdown period in central Europe %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-13931-2021 18 %X The lockdown can be seen as a big experiment about air quality improvements that can be achieved through drastic traffic emission reductions. From this investigation, it can be concluded that NO2 concentrations can be largely reduced, but effects on annual average values are small when the measures last only a few weeks. Secondary pollutants like ozone and PM2.5 depend more strongly on weather conditions and show a limited response to emission changes in single sectors. %0 journal article %@ 2053-1400 %A Jin, T., Peydayesh, M., Joerss, H., Zhou, J., Bolisetty, S., Mezzenga, R. %D 2021 %J Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology %N 10 %P 1873-1884 %R doi:10.1039/D1EW00373A %T Amyloid fibril-based membranes for PFAS removal from water %U https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EW00373A 10 %X We introduce a green and efficient approach for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) based on the β-lactoglobulin amyloid fibril membrane. The membrane exhibits superior adsorption capability for long-chain PFASs. At low pH, the membrane efficiency improved significantly due to enhanced electrostatic interactions between positively charged fibrils and negatively charged PFASs. Furthermore, intermolecular adhesion force measurements confirm the hydrophobic–hydrophobic interaction at the nanoscale with PFOS and PFOA representing perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), respectively. For real PFAS-contaminated water from the Xiaoqing River basin and under single-step filtration mode, the membrane exhibits high efficiency for removing both high (>μg L−1) and trace (ng L−1) levels of the compounds. To demonstrate the scalability and generality, a commercial amyloid–carbon-based hybrid membrane is applied for removal of a range of long-chain and short-chain PFASs as well as their replacement compounds, offering complete removal of PFASs with ≥4 perfluorinated carbon atoms in the molecular structure and a removal efficiency of low molecular weight PFBA (3 perfluorinated carbon atoms) exceeding 96%. Analysis of the sustainability footprint reveals the superiority of the amyloid–carbon hybrid membrane for PFAS removal. Altogether, these results demonstrate a high potential of amyloid fibril membrane technology for the sustainable removal of PFASs from water. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Deng, F., Hellmann, S., Zimmerman, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2021 %J EGU General Assembly 2020 %R doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13793 %T Sr-Nd-Pb isotope fingerprint analysis of sediment from the river Weser (Germany) and its implication to trace human and climate-induced impacts %U https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-13793 %X Sediment samples were analysed for their elemental compositions to evaluate the load of each chemical composition in the river Weser. Isotopic ratios of Sr, Nd, and Pb were measured on MC-ICP-MS (Multi-collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry) with the newly-developed automated prepFAST sample purification method (Retzmann et al., 2017). The Sr, Nd and Pb isotope results reported here are the first such dataset obtained from the river Weser sediment. Combined with the statistical analysis, such as the principal component analysis, the dataset allows the evaluation of the contribution of various sources to the load of the river Weser, and enables the quantification of the flux of the river to the North Sea, and an estimate of the contribution of the river system to contaminants transported into the coastal zone. These estimates will also be of interest to stakeholders and governments for targeted management interventions of the socio-economically important Weser river system %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Garnett, J., Halsall, C., Vader, A., Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R., Leeson, A., Wynn, P. %D 2021 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 16 %P 11049-11059 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c01676 %T High Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Arctic Seawater Driven by Early Thawing Sea Ice %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01676 16 %X Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances are synthetic chemicals that are widely present in the global environment including the Arctic. However, little is known about how these chemicals (particularly perfluoroalkyl acids, PFAA) enter the Arctic marine system and cycle between seawater and sea ice compartments. To evaluate this, we analyzed sea ice, snow, melt ponds, and near-surface seawater at two ice-covered stations located north of the Barents Sea (81 °N) with the aim of investigating PFAA dynamics in the late-season ice pack. Sea ice showed high concentrations of PFAA particularly at the surface with snow-ice (the uppermost sea ice layer strongly influenced by snow) comprising 26–62% of the total PFAA burden. Low salinities (<2.5 ppt) and low δ18OH20 values (<1‰ in snow and upper ice layers) in sea ice revealed the strong influence of meteoric water on sea ice, thus indicating a significant atmospheric source of PFAA with subsequent transfer down the sea ice column in meltwater. Importantly, the under-ice seawater (0.5 m depth) displayed some of the highest concentrations notably for the long-chain PFAA (e.g., PFOA 928 ± 617 pg L–1), which were ≈3-fold higher than those of deeper water (5 m depth) and ≈2-fold higher than those recently measured in surface waters of the North Sea infuenced by industrial inputs of PFAAs. The evidence provided here suggests that meltwater arising early in the melt season from snow and other surface ice floe components drives the higher PFAA concentrations observed in under-ice seawater, which could in turn influence the timing and extent of PFAA exposure for organisms at the base of the marine food web. %0 journal article %@ 2590-1621 %A Schwarzkopf, D., Petrik, R., Matthias, V., Quante, M., Majamäki, E., Jalkanen, J. %D 2021 %J Atmospheric Environment: X %P 100132 %R doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132 %T A ship emission modeling system with scenario capabilities %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100132 %X A bottom-up modular ship emission modeling system (MoSES) is presented that calculates highly spatiotemporally resolved ship exhaust emissions, based on ship position data recorded from the automatic identification system. MoSES is built in a modularized architecture, which guarantees good expandability. Several ship-type specific methods have been developed for estimating missing ship characteristics that are important for ship emission modeling, such as the gross tonnage, main or auxiliary engine power, engine rating or the service speed, since these characteristics are often not available in present data. Additionally, most recent emission factors for sulfate and black carbon were derived from literature that cover formerly neglected low-sulfur fuels. MoSES is demonstrated by the creation of an emissions inventory for the North and Baltic Sea region, but it may readily be applied to other regions as well. The results were evaluated and compared to ship emission data calculated with the established Ship Traffic Assessment Model (STEAM 3). A good agreement with the daily shipping activity and CO2 emissions was found, although fewer emissions were calculated with MoSES for SO2, SO4 and NOX due to differences in the method for calculating the power consumption, the assumed fuel sulfur content, and applied emission factors. Furthermore, the impact of different emissions factors and uncertainties due to missing ship characteristics has been investigated. Additionally, extensive functionalities for scenario generation were implemented that allow the modification of a ship fleet in a model run. A filtering algorithm was developed to support scenario generation by the creation of sub-emission inventories. These contain only emissions of ships moving between two specific harbors or points of interest. This feature is demonstrated for the ship traffic between the five busiest harbors in the North Sea among each other, and between the English Channel. The scenario capability of the model is exemplified on a case based on sub-emission inventories, that investigates a decreased trade volume between representative ports of mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Ramacher, M. %D 2020 %J %T Development of an urban dynamic exposure model - Quantifying the impact of anthropogenic atmospheric emissions on urban populations in Europe %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1759-9660 %A Zimmermann, T., von der Au, M., Reese, A., Klein, O., Hildebrandt, L., Pröfrock, D. %D 2020 %J Analytical Methods %N 30 %P 3778-3787 %R doi:10.1039/D0AY01049A %T Substituting HF by HBF4 – an optimized digestion method for multi-elemental sediment analysis via ICP-MS/MS %U https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A 30 %X Determination of elemental mass fractions in sediments plays a major role in evaluating the environmental status of aquatic ecosystems. Herewith, the optimization of a new total digestion protocol and the subsequent analysis of 48 elements in different sediment reference materials (NIST SRM 2702, GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2) based on ICP-MS/MS detection is presented. The developed method applies microwave acid digestion and utilizes HBF4 as fluoride source for silicate decomposition. Similar to established protocols based on HF, HBF4 ensures the dissolution of the silicate matrix, as well as other refractory oxides. As HBF4 is not acutely toxic; no special precautions have to be made and digests can be directly measured via ICP-MS without specific sample inlet systems, evaporation steps or the addition of e.g. H3BO3, in order to mask excess HF. Different acid mixtures with and without HBF4 were evaluated in terms of digestion efficiency based on the trace metal recovery. The optimized protocol (5 mL HNO3, 2 mL HCL, 1 mL HBF4) allows a complete dissolution of the analyzed reference materials, as well as quantitative recoveries for a wide variety of certified analytes. Low recoveries for e.g. Sr, Ba and rare earth elements due to fluoride precipitation of HF-based digestions protocols, can be avoided by the usage of HBF4 instead. Based on the usage of high purity HBF4 all relevant trace, as well as matrix elements can be analyzed with sufficiently low LOQs (0.002 μg L−1 for U up to 6.7 μg L−1 for Al). In total, 34 elements were within a recovery range of 80%–120% for all three analyzed reference materials GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2. 14 elements were outside a recovery range of 80%–120% for at least one of the analyzed reference materials. %0 journal article %@ 2662-1355 %A Huang, T., Ling, Z., Ma, J., Macdonald, R., Gao, H., Tao, S., Tian, C., Song, S., Jiang, W., Chen, L., Chen, K., Xie, Z., Zhao, Y., Zhao, L., Gu, C., Mao, X. %D 2020 %J Nature Food %N 5 %P 292-300 %R doi:10.1038/s43016-020-0066-1 %T Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls embodied in global fish trade %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-020-0066-1 5 %X International food trade poses food safety risks through the collateral transport of contaminants that are harmful to human health. Persistent organic pollutants, such as the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener PCB-153, are consumed via fish intake traded globally, but the estimated daily intake and risk to human health are poorly understood. Using a food trade pathway model, a global-scale atmospheric persistent organic pollutant transport model and UN Global Comtrade data, high PCB exposure was identified in Western Europe. Marine fish exported from Europe to Sub-Saharan African countries account for 84% of PCB-153 consumer exposure. In contrast, European fish consumers face reduced exposure to PCB-153 by consuming marine fish imported from countries where PCB-153 concentrations are low. People consuming aquaculture-farmed salmon fed with marine ingredients from PCB-153-contaminated seawaters face a higher PCB exposure. Our findings demonstrate that global fish trade can exacerbate PCB-153 exposure in regions where environmental PCB-153 levels are low. This approach demonstrates how the exposure to harmful food contaminants distributed through global food trade can be predicted and quantified. %0 journal article %@ 2052-4463 %A Kaufman, D., McKay, N., Routson, C., Erb, M., Davis, B., Heiri, O., Jaccard, S., Tierney, J., Dätwyler, C., Axford, Y., Brussel, T., Cartapanis, O., Chase, B., Dawson, A., de Vernal, A., Engels, S., Jonkers, L., Marsicek, J., Moffa-Sánchez, P., Morrill, C., Orsi, A., Rehfeld, K., Saunders, K., Sommer, P.S., Thomas, E., Tonello, M., Tóth, M., Vachula, R., Andreev, A., Bertrand, S., Biskaborn, B., Bringué, M., Brooks, S., Caniupán, M., Chevalier, M., Cwynar, L., Emile-Geay, J., Fegyveresi, J., Feurdean, A., Finsinger, W., Fortin, M.-C., Foster, L., Fox, M., Gajewski, K., Grosjean, M., Hausmann, S., Heinrichs, M., Holmes, N., Ilyashuk, B., Ilyashuk, E., Juggins, S., Khider, D., Koinig, K., Langdon, P., Larocque-Tobler, I., Li, J., Lotter, A., Luoto, T., Mackay, A., Magyari, E., Malevich, S., Mark, B., Massaferro, J., Montade, V., Nazarova, L., Novenko, E., Pařil, P., Pearson, E., Peros, M., Pienitz, R., Płóciennik, M., Porinchu, D., Potito, A., Rees, A., Reinemann, S., Roberts, S., Rolland, N., Salonen, S., Self, A., Seppä, H., Shala, S., St-Jacques, J.-M., Stenni, B., Syrykh, L., Tarrats, P., Taylor, K., van den Bos, V., Velle, G., Wahl, E., Walker, I., Wilmshurst, J., Zhang, E., Zhilich, S. %D 2020 %J Scientific Data %N 1 %P 115 %R doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0445-3 %T A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0445-3 1 %X A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Joerss, H., Xie, Z., Wagner, C., von Appen, W., Sunderland, E., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2020 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 16 %P 9958-9967 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c00228 %T Transport of Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances and the Replacement Compound HFPO-DA through the Atlantic Gateway to the Arctic Ocean—Is the Arctic a Sink or a Source? %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00228 16 %X The spatial distribution of 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in seawater was investigated along a sampling transect from Europe to the Arctic and two transects within Fram Strait, located between Greenland and Svalbard, in the summer of 2018. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA), a replacement compound for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), was detected in Arctic seawater for the first time. This provides evidence for its long-range transport to remote areas. The total PFAS concentration was significantly enriched in the cold, low-salinity surface water exiting the Arctic compared to warmer, higher-salinity water from the North Atlantic entering the Arctic (260 ± 20 pg/L versus 190 ± 10 pg/L). The higher ratio of perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) to perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in outflowing water from the Arctic suggests a higher contribution of atmospheric sources compared to ocean circulation. An east–west cross section of the Fram Strait, which included seven depth profiles, revealed higher PFAS concentrations in the surface water layer than in intermediate waters and a negligible intrusion into deep waters (>1000 m). Mass transport estimates indicated a net inflow of PFASs with ≥8 perfluorinated carbons via the boundary currents and a net outflow of shorter-chain homologues. We hypothesize that this reflects higher contributions from atmospheric sources to the Arctic outflow and a higher retention of the long-chain compounds in melting snow and ice. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M., Zakrzweski, R. %D 2020 %J Geographisches Kolloquium WS 2019/20; Institut für Stadt- und Kulturraumforschung; Leuphana Universität Lüneburg %T Entwicklung und Grenzen der Wettervorhersage %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Proefrock, D., Kerstan, A. %D 2020 %J 37. Agilent Forum Analytik Wien 2020 %T First steps in applying Quantum-Cascade-Laser Imaging for microplastic analysis in environmental samples %U %X Nevertheless, first results show that there are still some challenges to master. Especially, when it comes to the analysis of environmental samples bearing a highly complex matrix. To demonstrate the capabilities of the new QCL system it has been applied for the analysis of suspended particlulate matter sample from the German Elbe River estuary, which have been obtained during the testing of two new water-sampling approaches for microplastic. After an iterative optimization process of the spectral library, first results agree with the results obtained by the FPA-based FTIR approach. %0 journal article %@ 1618-3258 %A Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2020 %J Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie %N 3 %P 76-80 %T Per- und polyfluorierte Alkylsubstanzen im Rheinverlauf - Vorkommen und Verteilung in Wasser und Sedimenten %U 3 %X Zur Stoffgruppe der mehr als 4.700 per-und polyfluorierten Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) gehören neben den gut untersuchten und bereits regulierten langkettigen PFAS auch Ersatzstoffe und weitere PFAS, die bislang nicht im Fokus standen. Um dieseSubstanzen im Rheinverlauf zu untersuchen, wurden 29 PFAS in Oberflächenwasser und Sedimenten analysiert. In 50% bzw. 42% der Wasserproben wurde der etherbasierte Er-satzstoff Hexafluorpropylenoxid-Dimersäure (HFPO-DA) und die cyclische Substanz Perfluor-4-ethylcyclohexansulfonsäure (PFECHS) nachgewiesen. Die Konzentration der bislang wenig untersuchten Perfluoralkylphosphinsäure 6:8 PFPiA in den Sedimentproben war vergleichbar mit den Konzentrationen langkettiger PFAS, die 78 ± 8 % der PFAS-Summe aus-machten. Das stellt die Rolle der Sedimente als Senke für langkettige PFAS heraus %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., Mitrano, D., Proefrock, D. %D 2020 %J SETAC Europe Meeting %T First lab-scale feasibility study on the enrichment of nanoplastic particles from water samples by continuous flow centrifugation using metal-doped nanoplastics and ICP-MS/MS detection %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Tang, L., Ramacher, M.O.P., Moldanova, J., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J.-P., Yaramenka, K., Aulinger, A., Gustafsson, M. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 12 %P 7509-7530 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020 %T The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part 1: 2012 emissions %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7509-2020 12 %X Based on the modelled local and regional shipping contributions, the health effects of PM2.5, NO2 and ozone were assessed using the ALPHA-RiskPoll (ARP) model. An effect of the shipping-associated PM2.5 exposure in the modelled area was a mean decrease in the life expectancy by 0.015 years per person. The relative contribution of local shipping to the impact of total PM2.5 was 2.2 %, which can be compared to the 5.3 % contribution from local road traffic. The relative contribution of the regional shipping was 10.3 %. The mortalities due to the exposure to NO2 associated with shipping were calculated to be 2.6 premature deaths yr−1. The relative contribution of local and regional shipping to the total exposure to NO2 in the reference simulation was 14 % and 21 %, respectively. The shipping-related ozone exposures were due to the NO titration effect leading to a negative number of premature deaths. Our study shows that overall health impacts of regional shipping can be more significant than those of local shipping, emphasizing that abatement policy options on city-scale air pollution require close cooperation across governance levels. Our findings indicate that the strengthened Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECAs) fuel sulphur limit from 1 % to 0.1 % in 2015, leading to a strong decrease in the formation of secondary particulate matter on a regional scale was an important step in improving the air quality in the city. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Ramacher, M., Tang, L., Moldanova, J., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Fridell, E., Johansson, L. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 17 %P 10667-10686 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020 %T The impact of ship emissions on air quality and human health in the Gothenburg area – Part II: Scenarios for 2040 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10667-2020 17 %X The simulated concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 in future scenarios for the year 2040 are in general very low with up to 4 ppb for NO2 and up to 3.5 µg m−3 PM2.5 in the urban areas which are not close to the port area. From 2012 the simulated overall exposure to PM2.5 decreased by approximately 30 % in simulated future scenarios; for NO2 the decrease was over 60 %. The simulated concentrations of O3 increased from the year 2012 to 2040 by about 20 %. In general, the contributions of local shipping emissions in 2040 focus on the harbour area but to some extent also influence the rest of the city domain. The simulated impact of onshore electricity implementation for shipping in 2040 shows reductions for NO2 in the port of up to 30 %, while increasing O3 of up to 3 %. Implementation of onshore electricity for ships at berth leads to additional local reduction potentials of up to 3 % for PM2.5 and 12 % for SO2 in the port area. All future scenarios show substantial decreases in population-weighted exposure and health-effect impacts. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Joerss, H., Schramm, T., Sun, L., Guo, C., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2020 %J Environmental Pollution %P 115567 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115567 %T Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Chinese and German river water – Point source- and country-specific fingerprints including unknown precursors %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115567 %X This study aimed at comparing source-specific fingerprints of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in river water from China and Germany, selected as countries with different histories of PFAS production. Samples were collected from up- and downstream of seven suspected point sources in autumn 2018. Amongst the 29 analyzed legacy and emerging PFASs, 24 were detected, with a sum ranging from 2.7 ng/L (Alz River) to 420,000 ng/L (Xiaoqing River). While mass flow estimates for the Xiaoqing River and Yangtze River (mean: 20 and 43 t/y, respectively) indicated ongoing high emissions of the legacy compound PFOA in China, its ether-based replacements HFPO-DA and DONA showed the highest contribution downstream of a German fluoropolymer manufacturing site (50% and 40% of ΣPFASs measured, respectively). In river water impacted by manufacturing sites for pharmaceutical and pesticide intermediates, the short-chain compound PFBS was the most prevalent substance in both countries. The German Ruhr River, receiving discharges from the electroplating industry, was characterized by the PFOS replacement 6:2 FTSA. Isomer profiling revealed a higher proportion of branched isomers in the Chinese Xi River and Xiaoqing River than in other rivers. This points to different synthesis routes and underlines the importance of differentiating between linear and branched isomers in risks assessments. Upon oxidative conversion in the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay, the increase of the short-chain compound PFBA was higher in German samples than in Chinese samples (88 ± 30% versus 12 ± 14%), suggesting the presence of a higher proportion of unknown precursors to PFBA in the German environment. Amongst the ether-based replacements, DONA and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were fully or partially degraded to non-targeted oxidation products, whereas HFPO-DA showed no degradation. This indicates that the inclusion of ether-based PFASs and their oxidation products in the TOP assay can help in capturing a larger amount of the unknown PFAS fraction. %0 journal article %@ 1660-4601 %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Karl, M. %D 2020 %J International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health %N 6 %P 2099 %R doi:10.3390/ijerph17062099 %T Integrating Modes of Transport in a Dynamic Modelling Approach to Evaluate Population Exposure to Ambient NO2 and PM2.5 Pollution in Urban Areas %U https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062099 6 %X To evaluate the effectiveness of alternative policies and measures to reduce air pollution effects on urban citizen’s health, population exposure assessments are needed. Due to road traffic emissions being a major source of emissions and exposure in European cities, it is necessary to account for differentiated transport environments in population dynamics for exposure studies. In this study, we applied a modelling system to evaluate population exposure in the urban area of Hamburg in 2016. The modeling system consists of an urban-scale chemistry transport model to account for ambient air pollutant concentrations and a dynamic time-microenvironment-activity (TMA) approach, which accounts for population dynamics in different environments as well as for infiltration of outdoor to indoor air pollution. We integrated different modes of transport in the TMA approach to improve population exposure assessments in transport environments. The newly developed approach reports 12% more total exposure to NO2 and 19% more to PM2.5 compared with exposure estimates based on residential addresses. During the time people spend in different transport environments, the in-car environment contributes with 40% and 33% to the annual sum of exposure to NO2 and PM2.5, in the walking environment with 26% and 30%, in the cycling environment with 15% and 17% and other environments (buses, subway, suburban, and regional trains) with less than 10% respectively. The relative contribution of road traffic emissions to population exposure is highest in the in-car environment (57% for NO2 and 15% for PM2.5). Results for population-weighted exposure revealed exposure to PM2.5 concentrations above the WHO AQG limit value in the cycling environment. Uncertainties for the exposure contributions arising from emissions and infiltration from outdoor to indoor pollutant concentrations range from −12% to +7% for NO2 and PM2.5. The developed “dynamic transport approach” is integrated in a computationally efficient exposure model, which is generally applicable in European urban areas. The presented methodology is promoted for use in urban mobility planning, e.g., to investigate on policy-driven changes in modal split and their combined effect on emissions, population activity and population exposure. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959x %A Hamer, P.D., Walker, S.-E., Sousa-Santos, G., Vogt, M., Vo-Thanh, D., Lopez-Aparicio, S., Schneider, P., Ramacher, M., Karl, M. %D 2020 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 9 %P 4323-4353 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-13-4323-2020 %T The urban dispersion model EPISODE v10.0 – Part 1: An Eulerian and sub-grid-scale air quality model and its application in Nordic winter conditions %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4323-2020 9 %X This paper describes the Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. EPISODE was developed to address a need for an urban air quality model in support of policy, planning, and air quality management in the Nordic, specifically Norwegian, setting. It can be used for the calculation of a variety of airborne pollutant concentrations, but we focus here on the implementation and application of the model for NO2 pollution. EPISODE consists of an Eulerian 3D grid model with embedded sub-grid dispersion models (e.g. a Gaussian plume model) for dispersion of pollution from line (i.e. roads) and point sources (e.g. chimney stacks). It considers the atmospheric processes advection, diffusion, and an NO2 photochemistry represented using the photostationary steady-state approximation for NO2. EPISODE calculates hourly air concentrations representative of the grids and at receptor points. The latter allow EPISODE to estimate concentrations representative of the levels experienced by the population and to estimate their exposure. This methodological framework makes it suitable for simulating NO2 concentrations at fine-scale resolution (<100 m) in Nordic environments. The model can be run in an offline nested mode using output concentrations from a global or regional chemical transport model and forced by meteorology from an external numerical weather prediction model; it also can be driven by meteorological observations. We give a full description of the overall model function and its individual components. We then present a case study for six Norwegian cities whereby we simulate NO2 pollution for the entire year of 2015. The model is evaluated against in situ observations for the entire year and for specific episodes of enhanced pollution during winter. We evaluate the model performance using the FAIRMODE DELTA Tool that utilises traditional statistical metrics, e.g. root mean square error (RMSE), Pearson correlation R, and bias, along with some specialised tests for air quality model evaluation. We find that EPISODE attains the DELTA Tool model quality objective in all of the stations we evaluate against. Further, the other statistical evaluations show adequate model performance but that the model scores greatly improved correlations during winter and autumn compared to the summer. We attribute this to the use of the photostationary steady-state scheme for NO2, which should perform best in the absence of local ozone photochemical production. Oslo does not comply with the NO2 annual limit set in the 2008/50/EC directive (AQD). NO2 pollution episodes with the highest NO2 concentrations, which lead to the occurrence of exceedances of the AQD hourly limit for NO2, occur primarily in the winter and autumn in Oslo, so this strongly supports the use of EPISODE for application to these wintertime events. Overall, we conclude that the model is suitable for an assessment of annual mean NO2 concentrations and also for the study of hourly NO2 concentrations in the Nordic winter and autumn environment. Further, in this work we conclude that it is suitable for a range of policy applications specific to NO2 that include pollution episode analysis, evaluation of seasonal statistics, policy and planning support, and air quality management. Lastly, we identify a series of model developments specifically designed to address the limitations of the current model assumptions. Part 2 of this two-part paper discusses the CityChem extension to EPISODE, which includes a number of implementations such as a more comprehensive photochemical scheme suitable for describing more chemical species and a more diverse range of photochemical environments, as well as a more advanced treatment of the sub-grid dispersion. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Quante, M., Bieser, J., Karl, M. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 117674 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117674 %T Contributions of traffic and shipping emissions to city-scale NOx and PM2.5 exposure in Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117674 %X We investigated the contribution of road traffic and shipping related emissions of NO2 and PM2.5 to total air quality and annual mean population exposure in Hamburg 2012. For this purpose, we compiled a detailed emission inventory following SNAP categories focusing on the detailed representations of road traffic and shipping emissions. The emission inventory was applied to a global-to-local Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) system to simulate hourly NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations with a horizontal grid resolution of 500 m. To simulate urban-scale pollutant concentrations we used the coupled prognostic meteorological and chemistry transport model TAPM. The comparison of modelled to measured hourly values gives high correlation and small bias at urban and background stations but large underestimations of NO2 and PM2.5 at measurements stations near roads. Simulated contributions of road traffic emissions to annual mean concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5 is highest close to highways with relative contributions of 50% for NO2 and 40% for PM2.5. Nevertheless, the urban domain is widely affected by road traffic, especially in the city centre. Shipping impact focuses on the port and nearby industrial areas with contributions of up to 60% for NO2 and 40% for PM2.5. In residential areas in the north of the port, shipping contributes with up to 20–30% for NO2 and PM2.5. Our simulation resulted in 14% of the population of Hamburg being exposed to hourly NO2 concentration above the hourly limit of 200 μg/m³, <1% to annual NO2 concentrations above the annual limit of 40 μg/m³, and 39% to PM2.5 concentrations above the annual WHO limit of 10 μg/m³. The calculation of the population-weighted mean exposure (PWE) to NO2 and PM2.5 reveals mean exposures of 20.51 μg/m³ for NO2 and 9.42 μg/m³ for PM2.5. In terms of PWE to NO2, traffic contributes 22.7% to the total and is 1.6 times higher than the contribution of shipping (13.9%). In total, traffic and shipping contribute with 36.6% to the NO2 PWE in Hamburg in 2012. When it comes to PM2.5, traffic contributes 18.1% and is 5.3 times higher than the contribution from shipping (3.4%). In total, traffic and shipping contribute 21.5% to the PM2.5 PWE in Hamburg in 2012. Two local scenarios for emissions reductions have been applied. A scenario simulating decrease in shipping emissions by instalment of on-shore electricity for ships at berth, revealed reduction potentials of up to 40% for total NO2 exposure and 35% for PM2.5 respectively. A road traffic scenario simulating a change in the fleet composition in an inner city zone, shows lower reduction potentials of up to 18% for total exposure to NO2 and 7% for PM2.5 respectively. The discussion of uncertainties revealed high potentials for improving the emission inventories, chemical transport simulation setup and exposure estimates. Due to the use of exposure calculations for policy support and in health-effect studies, it is indispensable to reduce and quantify uncertainties in future studies. %0 journal article %@ 0304-3894 %A Yang, L., He, L., Xue, J., Ma, Y., Xie, Z., Wu, L., Huang, M., Zhang, Z. %D 2020 %J Journal of Hazardous Materials %P 122405 %R doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122405 %T Persulfate-based degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in aqueous solution: Review on influences, mechanisms and prospective %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122405 %X Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) have attracted global attention due to their chemical durability, wide distribution, biotoxicity and bioaccumulative properties. Persulfate is a promising alternative to H2O2 for advanced oxidation processes and effective for organic removal. In this review, persulfate activation methods and operational factors in persulfate-based PFOA / PFOS degradation are analyzed and summarized. Moreover, the decomposing mechanisms of PFOA and PFOS are outlined in terms of molecular structures based a series of proposed pathways. PFOS could be converted to PFOA with the attack of SO4− and OH. And then PFOA defluorination occurs with one CF2 unit missing in each round and the similar procedure would occur continuously with sufficient SO4− and OH until entire decomposition. In addition, several knowledge gaps and research needs for further in-depth studies are identified. This review provides an overview for better understanding of the mechanisms and prospects in persulfate-based degradation of PFOA and PFOS. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Wang, P., Mi, W., Xie, Z., Tang, J., Apel, C., Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R., Zhang, Q. %D 2020 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 139535 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139535 %T Overall comparison and source identification of PAHs in the sediments of European Baltic and North Seas, Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139535 %X An international sampling campaign was carried out to comprehensively investigate the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the marine sediments from the European Baltic and North Seas, Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas. The concentrations of ∑18PAHs in the samples from these four seas were in the range of 0.91–5361 ng/g dry weight (dw), 0.46–227 ng/g dw, 25.0–308 ng/g dw and 4.3–659 ng/g dw, respectively. 4-rings PAHs, e.g., fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene, were commonly the dominant compounds in all the samples. The PAH sources were identified via composition patterns, diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF). Coal combustion, vehicular emission, coke plant and petroleum residue were apportioned as the main sources in these marine sediments. However, through PMF modeling, different contributions of these sources were quantified to the deposited PAHs in the seas, suggesting distinct anthropogenic impacts on the adjacent marine system. It is note-worthy that biomass combustion may not be the main source of PAHs in the majority of sediments from these seas. This was evidenced by the ratios of naphthalene against its methylated derivatives (i.e. 1-,2-methylnaphthalenes) other than the composition pattern in the samples, of which the approach is in prospect of developing in future studies. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Petäjä, T., Duplissy, E., Tabakova, K., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 14 %P 8551-8592 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020 %T Overview: Integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments (iCUPE) – concept and initial results %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8551-2020 14 %X The role of polar regions is increasing in terms of megatrends such as globalization, new transport routes, demography, and the use of natural resources with consequent effects on regional and transported pollutant concentrations. We set up the ERA-PLANET Strand 4 project “iCUPE – integrative and Comprehensive Understanding on Polar Environments” to provide novel insights and observational data on global grand challenges with an Arctic focus. We utilize an integrated approach combining in situ observations, satellite remote sensing Earth observations (EOs), and multi-scale modeling to synthesize data from comprehensive long-term measurements, intensive campaigns, and satellites to deliver data products, metrics, and indicators to stakeholders concerning the environmental status, availability, and extraction of natural resources in the polar areas. The iCUPE work consists of thematic state-of-the-art research and the provision of novel data in atmospheric pollution, local sources and transboundary transport, the characterization of arctic surfaces and their changes, an assessment of the concentrations and impacts of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants and their cycling, the quantification of emissions from natural resource extraction, and the validation and optimization of satellite Earth observation (EO) data streams. In this paper we introduce the iCUPE project and summarize initial results arising out of the integration of comprehensive in situ observations, satellite remote sensing, and multi-scale modeling in the Arctic context. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Xie, Z., Wang, Z., Magand, O., Thollot, A., Ebinghaus, R., Mi, W., Dommergue, A. %D 2020 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 140200 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140200 %T Occurrence of legacy and emerging organic contaminants in snow at Dome C in the Antarctic %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140200 %X Concentrations of 9 organophosphate esters (OPEs), 16 perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) and 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface snow samples collected at Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau in summer 2016. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tri-n-butylphosphate (TnBP) were the dominant compounds of OPEs, with mean concentrations of 8157 ± 4860, 1128 ± 928 and 1232 ± 1147 pg/L. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, mean: 358 ± 71 pg/L) was the dominant compound of PFASs, and following by perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, mean: 222 ± 97 pg/L), perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, 183 ± 60 pg/L) and perfluoro-n-pentanoic acid (PFPeA, 175 ± 105 pg/L). 2-(Heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA, mean: 9.2 ± 2.6 pg/L) was determined in the Antarctic for the first time. Significantly positive correlations were observed between HFPO-DA and the short-chain PFASs, implying they have similar emission sources and long-range transport potential. High levels of 2-methylnaphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene, as well as the ratios of PAH congeners indicated PAHs were attributable mostly to combustion origin. Occurrence and profiles of the indicators of OPEs, PFASs and PAHs, as well as air mass back-trajectory analysis provided direct evidences of human activities on Concordia station and posed obvious impacts on local environments in the Antarctic. Nevertheless, the exchange processes among different environmental matrices may drive the long-range transport and redistribution of the legacy and emerging Organic contaminants from coast to inland in the Antarctic. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2020 %J European Research Course on Atmospheres (ERCA) %T Emission sources; regional and global distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2020 %J European Research Course on Atmospheres (ERCA) %T Emission sources; regional and global distribution of atmospheric mercury %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Custodio, D., Ebinghaus, R., Spain, T., Bieser, J. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 13 %P 7929-7939 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020 %T Source apportionment of atmospheric mercury in the remote marine atmosphere: Mace Head GAW station, Irish western coast %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-7929-2020 13 %X Using a stereo algorithm we reconstructed 99.9 % of the atmospheric mercury. A conservative analysis demonstrated no decrease in total gaseous mercury (TGM) associated with atmospheric species typically used as tracers for oceanic emissions. The results show that the atmospheric mercury mass is mainly loaded in a baseline factor with an ongoing decline. Moreover, we exploit temporal variation and wind pattern effects in the measured atmospheric species; the results show that the diurnal variation and seasonality in TGM observed in Mace Head are closely related to other species linked to primary sources and can be explained by transport from continental areas. %0 journal article %@ 2296-8016 %A Silva Campos, M.R., Blawert, C., Mendis, C.L., Mohedano, M., Zimmermann, T., Proefrock, D., Zheludkevich, M.L., Kainer, K.U. %D 2020 %J Frontiers in Materials %P 84 %R doi:10.3389/fmats.2020.00084 %T Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of Mg-10Gd Alloy in 0.5% NaCl Solution %U https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.00084 %X In 0.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution, Mg-10Gd alloy shows promising corrosion resistance. The microstructure of this alloy was modified via heat treatments to understand the effect of accompanying microstructural changes on the corrosion resistance. It was found that corrosion performance depends both on the amount and the distribution of the cathodic intermetallic phases. The T4 heat treatment (24 h at 540°C) caused the Gd to distribute uniformly in the matrix, which had positive effect on corrosion resistance showing a delay in the time required for the first observation of localized corrosion. The T4 heat treated specimens, specimens aged at 200°C and 300°C, showed relatively uniform degradation and thus these heat treatments are not detrimental in terms of corrosion resistance. In contrast, heat treatment at 400°C seems to increase the formation of small cuboidal particles rich in Gd, most likely to be GdH2 particles, in the matrix, resulting in a detrimental effect on the corrosion behavior. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zimmermann, T., Mohammed, F., Reese, A., Wieser, M., Kleeberg, U., Pröfrock, D., Irrgeher, J. %D 2020 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 135219 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135219 %T Zinc isotopic variation of water and surface sediments from the German Elbe River %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135219 %X Recent studies suggested the use of the isotopic composition of Zn as a possible tracer for anthropogenic Zn emissions. Nevertheless, studies mainly focused on sampling areas of a few km2 with well-characterized anthropogenic Zn emissions. In contrast, this study focused on analyzing a large sample set of water and sediment samples taken throughout the course of the Elbe River, a large, anthropogenically impacted river system located in Central Europe. The primary objective was to evaluate the use of the isotopic composition of Zn to trace anthropogenic Zn emission on a large regional scale. In total 18 water and 26 surface sediment samples were investigated, covering the complete course of over 700 km of the German Elbe between the German/Czech border and the German North Sea, including six tributaries. Stable isotope abundance ratios of Zn were assessed by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC ICP-MS) in water filtrates (<0.45 µm) and total digests of the sieved surface sediment fraction (<63 µm) after analyte/matrix separation using Bio-Rad AG MP-1 resin via a micro-column approach and application of a 64Zn/67Zn double spike. Measured isotopic compositions of δ66Zn/64ZnIRMM-3702 ranged from −0.10 ‰ to 0.32 ‰ for sediment samples, and from −0.51 ‰ to 0.45 ‰ for water samples. In comparison to historical data some tributaries still feature high mass fractions of anthropogenic Zn (e.g. Mulde, Triebisch) combined with δ66Zn/64ZnIRMM-3702 values higher than the lithogenic background. The dissolved δ66Zn/64ZnIRMM-3702 values showed a potential correlation with pH. Our results indicate that biogeochemical processes like absorption may play a key role in natural Zn isotopic fractionation making it difficult to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic processes. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2020 %J Chemosphere %P 127182 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127182 %T Characterization of alloying components in galvanic anodes as potential environmental tracers for heavy metal emissions from offshore wind structures %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127182 %X The impact of offshore constructions on the marine environment is unknown in many aspects. The application of Al- and Zn-based galvanic anodes as corrosion protection results in the continuous emission of inorganic matter (e.g. >80 kg Al-anode material per monopile foundation and year) into the marine environment. To identify tracers for emissions from offshore wind structures, anode materials (Al-based and Zn-based) were characterized for their elemental and isotopic composition. An acid digestion and analysis method for Al and Zn alloys was adapted and validated using the alloy CRMs ERM®-EB317 (AlZn6CuMgZr) and ERM®-EB602 (ZnAl4Cu1). Digests were measured for their elemental composition by ICP-MS/MS and for their Pb isotope ratios by MC ICP-MS. Ga and In were identified as potential tracers. Moreover, a combined tracer approach of the elements Al, Zn, Ga, Cd, In and Pb together with Pb isotope ratios is suggested for a reliable identification of offshore-wind-farm-induced emissions. In the Al anodes, the mass fractions were found to be >94.4% of Al, >26200 mg kg−1 of Zn, >78.5 mg kg−1 of Ga, >0.255 mg kg−1 of Cd, >143 mg kg−1 of In and >6.7 mg kg−1 of Pb. The Zn anodes showed mass fractions of >2160 mg kg−1 of Al, >94.5% of Zn, >1.31 mg kg−1 of Ga, >254 mg kg−1 of Cd, >0.019 mg kg−1 of In and >14.1 mg kg−1 of Pb. The n(208Pb)/n(206Pb) isotope ratios in Al anodes range from 2.0619 to 2.0723, whereas Zn anodes feature n(208Pb)/n(206Pb) isotope ratios ranging from 2.0927 to 2.1263. %0 journal article %@ 1660-4601 %A Karl, M., Pirjola, L., Karppinen, A., Jalkanen, J., Ramacher, M., Kukkonen, J. %D 2020 %J International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health %N 3 %P 777 %R doi:10.3390/ijerph17030777 %T Modeling of the Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles in the Plumes of Ships in the Vicinity of Major Harbors %U https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030777 3 %X Marine traffic in harbors can be responsible for significant atmospheric concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFPs), which have widely recognized negative effects on human health. It is therefore essential to model and measure the time evolution of the number size distributions and chemical composition of UFPs in ship exhaust to assess the resulting exposure in the vicinity of shipping routes. In this study, a sequential modelling chain was developed and applied, in combination with the data measured and collected in major harbor areas in the cities of Helsinki and Turku in Finland, during winter and summer in 2010–2011. The models described ship emissions, atmospheric dispersion, and aerosol dynamics, complemented with a time–microenvironment–activity model to estimate the short-term UFP exposure. We estimated the dilution ratio during the initial fast expansion of the exhaust plume to be approximately equal to eight. This dispersion regime resulted in a fully formed nucleation mode (denoted as Nuc2). Different selected modelling assumptions about the chemical composition of Nuc2 did not have an effect on the formation of nucleation mode particles. Aerosol model simulations of the dispersing ship plume also revealed a partially formed nucleation mode (Nuc1; peaking at 1.5 nm), consisting of freshly nucleated sulfate particles and condensed organics that were produced within the first few seconds. However, subsequent growth of the new particles was limited, due to efficient scavenging by the larger particles originating from the ship exhaust. The transport of UFPs downwind of the ship track increased the hourly mean UFP concentrations in the neighboring residential areas by a factor of two or more up to a distance of 3600 m, compared with the corresponding UFP concentrations in the urban background. The substantially increased UFP concentrations due to ship traffic significantly affected the daily mean exposures in residential areas located in the vicinity of the harbors. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhao, X., Jin, H., Ji, Z., Li, D., Kaw, H., Chen, J., Xie, Z., Zhang, T. %D 2020 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 134763 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134763 %T PAES and PAHs in the surface sediments of the East China Sea: Occurrence, distribution and influence factors %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134763 %X A total of 29 sediment samples were collected from the East China Sea (ECS), with the Yangtze River estuary and the Zhejiang costal area. These sediment samples were analyzed for 6 phthalate esters (PAEs) and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): the ΣPAEs and ΣPAHs concentrations ranged between 1649.5 and 8451.5 ng g−1 (mean = 3446.3 ng g−1) and 57.5–364.5 ng g−1 (mean = 166.2 ng g−1), respectively. Overall, the PAEs and PAHs concentrations gradually decreasing in the offshore and southward directions: their compositions and distributions suggest they could have mainly derived from the Yangtze River. In particular, their distribution was influenced by the sources’ proximity, hydrodynamics, and sediment geochemistry (i.e., TOC content and grain size). A classical two-end member model was utilized to estimate the fraction of terrestrial organic carbon in the sediments of the ECS. When the sediment was dominated by terrestrial-derived organic matter (OM), the concentrations of PAEs and PAHs were significantly correlated to the TOC content and gran size of the sediments. In contrast, the poor correlation of TOC content and grain size with PAEs in those sediments dominated by marine-derived OM, implied that the distribution of PAEs in the ECS was mainly related to land-based inputs, (especially to that of the Yangtze River). Regardless of the origin of most of the OM contained in the sediments, we observed positive correlations between the TOC content, and grain size of those containing PAHs. These results suggest that the distribution of PAHs in the ECS was not only related to the Yangtze River input, but also to the geochemical characteristics of the sediments. %0 journal article %@ 2296-665X %A Hildebrandt, L., Mitrano, D., Zimmermann, T., Pröfrock, D. %D 2020 %J Frontiers in Environmental Science %P 89 %R doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00089 %T A Nanoplastic Sampling and Enrichment Approach by Continuous Flow Centrifugation %U https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00089 %X Substantial efforts have been undertaken to isolate and characterize plastic contaminants in different sample matrices in the last years as the ubiquitous presence of particulate plastic in the environment has become evident. In comparison, plastic particles <1 µm (nanoplastic) in the environment remain mostly unexplored. Adequate techniques for the enrichment, as well as the detection of nanoplastic, are lacking but are urgently needed to assess the full scope of (potential) nanoplastic pollution. Use of Pd-doped nanoplastic particles constitutes a powerful tool to develop new analytical approaches, as they can be traced accurately and with ease in a variety of complex matrices by highly sensitive, time-efficient and robust ICP-MS(/MS) techniques. In this lab-scale study, for the first time, the capability of continuous flow centrifugation to retain nanoplastic particles (∼160 nm) from ultrapure water, as well as from filtered and unfiltered water from the German Elbe River was evaluated. Depending on the pump rate, the retention efficiency for the nanoplastic particles in ultrapure water ranged from 92% ± 8% (1 L h−1) to 53% ± 5% (5 L h−1) [uc (n = 3)] and from 75% ± 5% to 65% ± 6% (uc) (2.5 L h−1) in river water. Recirculating the water through the system two and three times at the highest tested flow rate led to retention efficiencies >90%. In a proof-of-principle setup, it was demonstrated that operating two continuous flow centrifuges sequentially at different rotational speeds bears the potential to enable size- and density-selective sampling of the colloidal fraction. A significant fraction of the spiked nanoplastic particles [76% ± 5% (uc)] could be separated from a model mixture of natural particles with a well-defined mean size of approximately 3 µm. While the certified reference plankton material used here was quantitatively retained in the first centrifuge rotor together with 23.0% ± 2.2% of the effective dose of the spiked nanoplastic, the remaining fraction of the nanoplastic could be recovered in the second rotor (53% ± 5%) and the effluent [24.4% ± 2.4% (uc)]. Based on the good retention efficiencies and the demonstrated separation potential, continuous flow centrifugation has proven to be a very promising technique for nanoplastic sampling and enrichment from natural water samples. %0 journal article %@ 1932-6203 %A Hildebrandt, L., von der Au, M., Zimmermann, T., Reese, A., Ludwig, J., Pröfrock, D. %D 2020 %J PLoS One %N 7 %P e0236120 %R doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236120 %T A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic %U https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236120 7 %X The presence of microplastic (MP) particles in aquatic environments raised concern about possible enrichment of organic and inorganic pollutants due to their specific surface and chemical properties. In particular the role of metals within this context is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a fully validated acid digestion protocol for metal analysis in different polymers, which is a prerequisite to study such interactions. The proposed digestion protocol was validated using six different certified reference materials in the microplastic size range consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyvinyl chloride. As ICP-MS/MS enabled time-efficient, sensitive and robust analysis of 56 metals in one measurement, the method was suitable to provide mass fractions for a multitude of other elements beside the certified ones (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn). Three different microwaves, different acid mixtures as well as different temperatures in combination with different hold times were tested for optimization purposes. With the exception of Cr in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, recovery rates obtained using the optimized protocol for all six certified reference materials fell within a range from 95.9% ± 2.7% to 112% ± 7%. Subsequent optimization further enhanced both precision and recoveries ranging from 103% ± 5% to 107 ± 4% (U; k = 2 (n = 3)) for all certified metals (incl. Cr) in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The results clearly show the analytical challenges that come along with metal analysis in chemically resistant plastics. Addressing specific analysis tools for different sorption scenarios and processes as well as the underlying kinetics was beyond this study’s scope. However, the future application of the two recommended thoroughly validated total acid digestion protocols as a first step in the direction of harmonization of metal analysis in/on MP will enhance the significance and comparability of the generated data. It will contribute to a better understanding of the role of MP as vector for trace metals in the environment. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Han, X., Xie, Z., Tian, Y., Yan, W., Miao, L., Zhang, L., Zhu, X., Xu, W. %D 2020 %J Environmental Pollution %P 114321 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114321 %T Spatial and seasonal variations of organic corrosion inhibitors in the Pearl River, South China: Contributions of sewage discharge and urban rainfall runoff %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114321 %X While organic corrosion inhibitors are ubiquitous in aquatic environments, knowledge on their occurrence, sources and transport in urban surface water is still scarce. In this study, the spatial and seasonal variations of organic corrosion inhibitors and their potential sources were investigated in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), one of the most highly urbanized watersheds in China. A total of 8 compounds belonging to benzothiazole (BTH) and benzotriazole (BTR) groups respectively, were identified in the Pearl River. In addition, there were clear spatial and temporal differentiations in the concentration profiles. The dry season provided higher concentrations of BTH (213–1082 ng L−1) and BTR (112–1279 ng L−1) compared to the wet season (30–574 ng L−1 for BTH and 23–482 ng L−1for BTR), indicating a dominant process of dilution. Remarkably higher concentrations and similar composition features of targets were observed in the effluent samples from two sewage treatment plants (STPs). Our study indicated that rainfall runoff from urban traffic roads during wet season may also be an important contributor to the Pearl River water environment. The annual total mass loading of corrosion inhibitors from the main channel of the Pearl River is 53.2 tons and exhibited strong seasonal variation. Effluents discharge from STPs and urban rainfall runoff from traffic roads are main sources of corrosion inhibitors to the Pearl River. %0 journal article %@ 1361-9209 %A Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Mocanu, T., Pregger, T., Quante, M., Ramacher, M., Seum, S., Winkler, C. %D 2020 %J Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment %P 102536 %R doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102536 %T Modelling road transport emissions in Germany – Current day situation and scenarios for 2040 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102536 %X In the German project Traffic Development and the Environment an advanced model chain was built up that includes traffic models, fleet composition developments, new driving technologies, and emission factors in order to produce spatio-temporal emission distributions for use in atmospheric chemistry transport models. This novel model chain was first used to calculate current day traffic emissions in Germany and then to develop consistent future scenarios for 2040. In all scenarios, NOx emissions from traffic decrease by approximately 80% while PM emissions show a lower reduction. The scenarios Free Play, which is based on a free market economics logic, and Regulated Shift, which considers stricter environmental regulations, represent large differences in traffic emissions. NOx emissions will be 32% lower and PM emissions 13% lower in the Regulated Shift scenario compared to the Free Play. The data can be combined with other anthropogenic emissions for investigating air quality with chemistry transport models. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Zhang, X., Karl, M., Zhang, L., Wang, J. %D 2020 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 22 %P 14161-14171 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c02249 %T Influence of Aviation Emission on the Particle Number Concentration near Zurich Airport %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c02249 22 %X In addition to the much-publicized environmental impact of CO2 emission by air traffic, aviation particulate emission also deserves attention. The abundant ultrafine particles in the aviation exhaust with diameters less than 100 nm may penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and cause adverse health effects. Here, we quantified the detailed aviation particle number emission from Zurich Airport and evaluated its influences on the annual mean particle number concentrations in the surrounding communities. The actual flight trajectory data were utilized for the first time to develop an emission inventory with high spatial resolution. The estimated total particle number emission was in the magnitude of 1024 particles per year. The annual mean particle mass concentrations in the nearby communities were increased by about 0.1 μg m–3 due to the aviation emission, equivalent to about 1% of the background concentration. However, the particle number concentration could be increased by a factor of 2–10 of the background level (104 cm–3) for nearby communities. Further studies are required to investigate the health effects of the increased particle number concentration and to evaluate whether the regulation based on the mass concentration is still sufficient for the air quality near airports. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Zhang, F., Guo, H., Chen, Y., Matthias, V., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Chen, J. %D 2020 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1549-1564 %R doi:10.5194/acp-20-1549-2020 %T Size-segregated characteristics of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and organic matter in particulate matter (PM) emitted from different types of ships in China %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-1549-2020 3 %X Studies of detailed chemical compositions in particles with different size ranges emitted from ships are in serious shortage. In this study, size-segregated distributions and characteristics of particle mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 25 n-alkanes measured aboard 12 different vessels in China are presented. The results showed the following. (1) More than half of the total particle mass, OC, EC, PAHs and n-alkanes were concentrated in fine particles with aerodynamic diameter (Dp) < 1.1 µm for most of the tested ships. The relative contributions of OC, EC, PAH and alkanes to the size-segregated particle mass are decreasing with the increase in particle size. However, different types of ships showed quite different particle-size-dependent chemical compositions. (2) In fine particles, the OC and EC were the dominant components, while in coarse particles, OC and EC only accounted for very small proportions. With the increase in particle size, the OC / EC ratios first decreased and then increased, having the lowest values for particle sizes between 0.43 and 1.1 µm. (3) Out of the four OC fragments and three EC fragments obtained in thermal–optical analysis, OC1, OC2 and OC3 were the dominant OC fragments for all the tested ships, while EC1 and EC2 were the main EC fragments for ships running on heavy fuel oil (HFO) and marine-diesel fuel, respectively; different OC and EC fragments presented different distributions in different particle sizes. (4) The four-stroke low-power diesel fishing boat (4-LDF) had much higher PAH emission ratios than the four-stroke high-power marine-diesel vessel (4-HMV) and two-stroke high-power heavy-fuel-oil vessel (2-HHV) in fine particles, and 2-HHV had the lowest values. (5) PAHs and n-alkanes showed different profile patterns for different types of ships and also between different particle-size bins, which meant that the particle size should be considered when source apportionment is conducted. It is also noteworthy from the results in this study that the smaller the particle size, the more toxic the particle was, especially for the fishing boats in China. %0 conference paper %@ 2213-8684 %A Ramacher, M., Karl, M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J. %D 2020 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXVI. ITM 2018. Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 177-183 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_28 %T Population Exposure to Emissions from Industry, Traffic, Shipping and Residential Heating in the Urban Area of Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22055-6_28 %X This study investigates the contributions of four major emission sources—industry, road traffic, shipping and residential heating—on air quality in the harbour city of Hamburg using a local-scale modelling system comprising meteorological, emissions and chemical transport models. Moreover, human exposure with regard to the overall air quality and the emissions sources under investigation was calculated. Based on detailed emission inventories and an evaluated CTM system, this study identifies road traffic as a major source of PM2.5 pollution and exposure during the entire year and in almost all populated areas in Hamburg. Overall, the highest contributor to PM2.5 concentrations is the industrial sector focussing on less populated areas. %0 other %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., El Gareb, F., Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Emeis, K., Pröfrock, D., Kerstan, A. %D 2020 %J %T Fast, Automated Microplastics Analysis Using Laser Direct Chemical Imaging : Characterizing and quantifying microplastics in water samples from marine environments %U %X It is estimated that more than 75% of the 8.3 billion metric tons of plastic produced over the last 65 years have turned into waste (1). Up to 13 million metric tons of this waste ends up in the ocean every year (2) and recent calculations estimate that more than 5.25 trillion plastic particles float in the world’s oceans (3). Scientists have demonstrated the alarming environmental ubiquity and persistence of particulate plastic in aquatic ecosystems (4). Models predict that approximately 14% of the plastic debris in the ocean surface layer can be classified as so-called microplastics (often referred to as particles between 1 μm and 5 mm in size) (5). These ingestible and potentially harmful particles have been formed by UV-induced, mechanical, or biological degradation of larger debris items (6). To verify the estimates and to meet upcoming regulatory measures (e.g., California Senate Bill 1422) and directives (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), accurate, time-efficient, and robust analytical workflows and techniques are required. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Reese, A., Wieser, M., Mohamed, F., Irrgeher, J., Pröfrock, D. %D 2020 %J Goldschmidt 2020 %R doi:10.46427/gold2020.3228 %T “Non-Traditional” Stable Isotope Analysis as Tracer so Identify Sources and Sinks of Inorganic Contaminants in Riverine Environments %U https://doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.3228 %X Our results clearly indicate that the exclusive focus on the quantitative analysis of metal contamination within the context of environmental research provides only limited information. The progress achieved in isotope ratio analysis over the last decade therefore opens valuable additional information for environmental scientists. %0 journal article %@ 1001-0742 %A Zhang, L., Yan, W., Xie, Z., Cai, G., Mi, W., Xu, W. %D 2020 %J Journal of Environmental Sciences %P 103-108 %R doi:10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.007 %T Bioaccumulation and changes of trace metals over the last two decades in marine organisms from Guangdong coastal regions, South China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2020.05.007 %X Trace metal (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) exposures, distribution and bioaccumulation were investigated in marine organisms from Guangdong coastal regions, South China. The results showed that all of the selected metals were observed in marine organisms with a predomination of Cu and Zn. The metal exposure levels exhibited obvious variations between species with the decreasing order of crab>shellfish>shrimp>fish. The higher metals enrichment seen in shellfish and crab species primarily attributed to their living habits and the higher sediment background values of trace metals. Endpoint bioaccumulation factor (BAFfd) was used to characterize the bioaccumulation potentials of marine organisms to trace metals, of which Cu and Zn were the most accumulated elements. The exposure of trace metals in the cultured organisms was far lower than those in wild marine organisms, which is probably due to the effect of growth dilution. Comparisons with previous studies demonstrated that the concentration profiles of most trace metals declined over the last one to two decades, except Cu, that increased indistinctively. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Reese, A., Irrgeher, J., Pröfrock, D. %D 2020 %J 53rd Annual Conference of the German Society for Mass Spectrometry DGMS including 27th ICP-MS User´s Meeting %T Boron and strontium isotope ratio analysis of the Rhine river – tracer for anthropogenic boron emissions? %U %X The combination of Sr and B isotopic compositions can be used to distinguish different inputs into a complex river system, and can therefore provide a better insight into possible sources and distribution of anthropogenic B inputs. %0 journal article %@ 1812-0784 %A Neumann, D., Karl, M., Radtke, H., Matthias, V., Friedland, R., Neumann, T. %D 2020 %J Ocean Science %N 1 %P 115-134 %R doi:10.5194/os-16-115-2020 %T Quantifying the contribution of shipping NOx emissions to the marine nitrogen inventory – a case study for the western Baltic Sea %U https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-115-2020 1 %X The western Baltic Sea is impacted by various anthropogenic activities and stressed by high riverine and atmospheric nutrient loads. Atmospheric deposition accounts for up to a third of the nitrogen input into the Baltic Sea and contributes to eutrophication. Amongst other emission sources, the shipping sector is a relevant contributor to the atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOX) in marine regions. Thus, it also contributes to atmospheric deposition of bioavailable oxidized nitrogen into the Baltic Sea. In this study, the contribution of shipping emissions to the nitrogen budget in the western Baltic Sea is evaluated with the coupled three-dimensional physical biogeochemical model MOM–ERGOM (Modular Ocean Model–Ecological ReGional Ocean Model) in order to assess the relevance of shipping emissions for eutrophication. The atmospheric input of bioavailable nitrogen impacts eutrophication differently depending on the time and place of input. The shipping sector contributes up to 5 % to the total nitrogen concentrations in the water. The impact of shipping-related nitrogen is highest in the offshore regions distant from the coast in early summer, but its contribution is considerably reduced during blooms of cyanobacteria in late summer because the cyanobacteria fix molecular nitrogen. Although absolute shipping-related total nitrogen concentrations are high in some coastal regions, the relative contribution of the shipping sector is low in the vicinity of the coast because of high riverine nutrient loads. %0 journal article %@ 1759-9660 %A Lechthaler, S., Hildebrandt, L., Stauch, G., Schüttrumpf, H. %D 2020 %J Analytical Methods %N 42 %P 5128-5139 %R doi:10.1039/D0AY01574A %T Canola Oil Extraction in Conjunction with a Plastic Free Separation Unit Optimises Microplastics Monitoring in Water and Sediment %U https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01574A 42 %X Microplastics are widely distributed in the environment and to define contamination hot spots, environmental samples have to be analysed by means of cost- as well as time-efficient and reliable standardised protocols. Due to the lipophilic characteristics of plastic, oil extraction as a fast and density-independent separation is beneficial for the crucial extraction step. It was extensively validated (480 experiments) in two test setups by using canola oil and a cost-effective, plastic-free separation unit with spiked microplastic (19 different polymer types) in the density range from ρ = 11 - 1,760 kg/m³ and in the size range from 0.02 mm - 4.4 mm. Thus, an innovative, new method combination was developed and profoundly validated for water and sediment samples using only a short settling time of 15 minutes. Some experiments were also carried out with zinc chloride to obtain additional reference data (particles ≤ 359 µm). The total mean recovery rate was 89.3%, 91.7% within the larger microplastic fraction and 85.7% for the small fraction. Compared to zinc chloride (87.6%), recovery rates differed not significantly with oil (87.1%). Furthermore, size limits were set, since the method works best with particles 0.02 mm ≥ d ≤ 3 mm. The proposed method exhibits higher efficiency (84.8% for 20 - 63 µm) for the potentially most harmful microplastic size fraction than the classic setup using brine solution. As a result, oil is a comparably effective separation medium and offers further advantages for separating water and sediment samples due to its density independence, simple and fast application and environmental friendliness. Based on this, a new extraction protocol is presented here that confirms oil separation as a sound and effective separation in microplastic analysis and identifies previously missing information. %0 conference lecture %@ %A El Gareb, F., Hildebrandt, L., Kerstan, A., Zimmermann, T., Emeis, K., Pröfrock, D. %D 2020 %J YOUMARES 11 %T Microplastics in the Indian Ocean - Analyzed by Quantum Cascade laser- based infrared imaging %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0141-1136 %A Hildebrandt, L., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Reese, A., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J Marine Environmental Research %P 104768 %R doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104768 %T Evaluation of continuous flow centrifugation as an alternative technique to sample microplastic from water bodies %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104768 %X The scientific and public interest regarding environmental pollution with microplastic has considerably increased within the last 15 years. Nevertheless, up to now there is no widely applied standard operation procedure for microplastic sampling, resulting in a lack of inter-study comparability. In addition, many studies on microplastic occurrences do not indicate a sound methodological validation of the applied methods and procedures. This study presents an alternative volume-reduced sampling technique to sample the entire load of suspended particulate matter including microplastic particles in natural waters, based on continuous flow centrifugation. For the lab-scale validation of the proposed instrumental setup, six different microplastic types (PE, PET, PS, PVDC, EPS and PP) were used. The particles covered a size range from 1 μm to 1 mm and a density range from 0.94 g mL−1 to 1.63 g mL−1. Recoveries ranged from 95.0% ± 2.3%–99.1% ± 0.3% for virgin powders and from 96.1% ± 0.6%–99.4% ± 0.2% (1 SD, n = 2–3) for microplastic suspended in river water for 40 days. Gravimetric and microscopic analysis of the effluent indicates efficient removal of microplastic from the suspensions. Static light scattering analysis of the microplastic suspensions prior to and after centrifugation confirmed that no change of the particle size distribution has occurred – neither through aggregation nor through size-discrimination during centrifugation. Moreover, the system was tested in the field and used twice to sample suspended particulate matter from the Elbe estuary directly on site. Based on these first lab-scale experiments, continuous flow centrifugation proves a promising technique bearing potential to alleviate drawbacks such as contamination, filter clogging and particle size-discrimination of commonly used volume-reduced microplastic sampling approaches. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Joerss, H., Apel, C., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2019 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 360-369 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.363 %T Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface water and sediment of the North and Baltic Seas %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.363 %X Along with the phase-out of legacy long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their precursors, attention has been drawn to emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). This study is aimed at investigating the importance of selected emerging PFASs as pollutants in European coastal environments and a possible transition from legacy long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs to replacement compounds. Therefore, the spatial distribution of 29 PFASs was analysed in surface water and sediment of the North and Baltic Seas sampled in 2017. Levels of the replacement compound HFPO-DA were approximately three times higher than those of its predecessor PFOA in surface water from the North Sea, which is characterised by the influence of point sources and constant exchange with open water. Reanalysis of sample extracts from the last decade showed that HFPO-DA had already been present in 2011, when it had not yet been in focus. In the Baltic Sea with a limited water exchange and dominance of diffuse sources, the proportion of HFPO-DA was negligible, whereas long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs still contributed to ∑PFASs with about 30%. The emerging cyclic compound perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS), which has not yet been reported in European coastal environments, was detected in 86% of the Baltic Sea samples. Influenced by sediment characteristics in addition to source-specific contributions, the spatial distribution of PFASs in surface sediments was more variable than for water samples. The linear isomer of the long-chain legacy substance PFOS was the predominant compound found over the entire study area. Of the emerging PFASs, 6:6 and 6:8 perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acids (PFPiAs) were identified close to potential industrial inputs and in sedimentation areas. The results show that particular emerging PFASs play a relevant role in the investigated coastal environments and that a shift to replacements is dependent on sources and geographical conditions. %0 journal article %@ 1812-0784 %A Callies, U., Carrasco, R., Floeter, J., Horstmann, J., Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Ocean Science %N 4 %P 865-889 %R doi:10.5194/os-15-865-2019 %T Submesoscale dispersion of surface drifters in a coastal sea near offshore wind farms %U https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-865-2019 4 %X We analyse relative dispersion of surface drifters released as pairs (6 instances) or triplets (2 instances) during three field experiments in the German Bight in close proximity to wind farms. Drifter pairs can be classified in a remarkably clear way into those with spatial separation growing either exponentially or non-monotonously. There is some tentative evidence that exponential relative dispersion growth rates preferably occur for drifter pairs that are most exposed to the possible influence of a wind farm. Kinetic energy spectra and velocity structure functions suggest that turbulent energy could be injected by tides, possibly also via an interaction between tidal currents and wind turbine towers. Applicability of inertial range turbulence theory, however, can be doubted given distinct peaks of overtides observed in velocity power spectra. More comprehensive studies would be needed to better separate submesoscale effects of wind farms, tides and possibly baroclinic instabilities on observed drifter behaviour in a complex coastal environment. %0 master thesis %@ %A Klein, O. %D 2019 %J %T Untersuchung von Borisotopenfraktionierung in verschiedenen Flusssystemen als potenzieller neuer Tracer fuer anthropogene Kontaminationsquellen (Masterarbeit) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Lorenz, C., Roscher, L., Meyer, M.S., Hildebrandt, L., Prume, J., Loeder, M.G.J., Primpke, S., Gerdts, G. %D 2019 %J Environmental Pollution %P 1719-1729 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.093 %T Spatial distribution of microplastics in sediments and surface waters of the southern North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.093 %X Microplastic pollution within the marine environment is of pressing concern globally. Accordingly, spatial monitoring of microplastic concentrations, composition and size distribution may help to identify sources and entry pathways, and hence allow initiating focused mitigation. Spatial distribution patterns of microplastics were investigated in two compartments of the southern North Sea by collecting sublittoral sediment and surface water samples from 24 stations. Large microplastics (500−5000 μm) were detected visually and identified using attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The remaining sample was digested enzymatically, concentrated onto filters and analyzed for small microplastics (11−500 μm) using Focal Plane Array (FPA) FTIR imaging. Microplastics were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging between 2.8 and 1188.8 particles kg−1 for sediments and 0.1–245.4 particles m−3 for surface waters. On average 98% of microplastics were <100 μm in sediments and 86% in surface waters. The most prevalent polymer types in both compartments were polypropylene, acrylates/polyurethane/varnish, and polyamide. However, polymer composition differed significantly between sediment and surface water samples as well as between the Frisian Islands and the English Channel sites. These results show that microplastics are not evenly distributed, in neither location nor size, which is illuminating regarding the development of monitoring protocols. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Kall, M., Bieser, J., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 14 %P 9153-9179 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-9153-2019 %T Urban population exposure to NOx emissions from local shipping in three Baltic Sea harbour cities – A generic approach %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9153-2019 14 %X Ship emissions in ports can have a significant impact on local air quality (AQ), population exposure, and therefore human health in harbour cities. We determined the impact of shipping emissions on local AQ and population exposure in the Baltic Sea harbour cities Rostock (Germany), Riga (Latvia) and the urban agglomeration of Gdansk-Gdynia (Poland) for 2012. An urban AQ study was performed using a global-to-local Chemistry Transport Model chain with the EPISODE-CityChem model for the urban scale. We simulated NO2, O3 and PM concentrations in 2012 with the aim to determine the impact of local shipping activities to outdoor population exposure in Baltic Sea harbour cities. Based on simulated concentrations, dynamic population exposure on outdoor NO2 concentrations for all urban domains was calculated. We developed and used a novel generic approach to model dynamic population activity in different microenvironments based on publicly available data. The results of the new approach are hourly microenvironment-specific population grids with a spatial resolution of 100 × 100 m2. We multiplied these grids with surface pollutant concentration fields of the same resolution to calculate total population exposure. We found that the local shipping impact on NO2 concentrations is significant, contributing with 22 %, 11 %, and 16 % to the total annually averaged grid mean concentration for Rostock, Riga and Gdansk-Gdynia, respectively. For PM2.5, the contribution of shipping is substantially lower with 1–3 %. When it comes to microenvironment-specific exposure to annual NO2, the highest exposure to NO2 from all emission sources was found in the home environment (54–59 %). Emissions from shipping have a high impact on NO2 exposure in the port area (50–80 %) while the influence in home, work and other environments is lower on average (3–14 %), but still with high impacts close to the port areas and downwind of them. Besides this, the newly developed generic approach allows for dynamic population exposure calculations in European cities without the necessity of individually measured data or large-scale surveys on population data. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Karl, M., Walker, S.-E., Solberg, S., Ramacher, M.O.P. %D 2019 %J Geoscientific Model Development %P 3357-3399 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019 %T The Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE – Part 2: Extensions to the source dispersion and photochemistry for EPISODE–CityChem v1.2 and its application to the city of Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3357-2019 %X This paper describes the CityChem extension of the Eulerian urban dispersion model EPISODE. The development of the CityChem extension was driven by the need to apply the model in lower latitude cities with higher insolation than in northern European cities. The CityChem extension offers a more advanced treatment of the photochemistry in urban areas and entails specific developments within the sub-grid components for a more accurate representation of the dispersion in the proximity of urban emission sources. The WMPP (WORM Meteorological Pre-Processor) is used in the point source sub-grid model to calculate the wind speed at plume height. The simplified street canyon model (SSCM) is used in the line source sub-grid model to calculate pollutant dispersion in street canyons. The EPISODE-CityChem model integrates the CityChem extension in EPISODE, with the capability of simulating photochemistry and dispersion of multiple reactive pollutants within urban areas. The main focus of the model is the simulation of the complex atmospheric chemistry involved in the photochemical production of ozone in urban areas. EPISODE-CityChem was evaluated with a series of tests and with a first application to the air quality situation in the city of Hamburg, Germany. A performance analysis with the FAIRMODE DELTA Tool for the air quality in Hamburg showed that the model fulfils the model performance objectives for NO2 (hourly), O3 (daily max. of the 8-h running mean) and PM10 (daily mean) set forth in the Air Quality Directive, qualifying the model for use in policy applications. Observed levels of annual mean ozone at the five urban background stations in Hamburg are captured by the model within 15%. Envisaged applications of the EPISODE-CityChem model are urban air quality studies, emission control scenarios in relation to traffic restrictions and the source attribution of sector-specific emissions to observed levels of air pollutants at urban monitoring stations. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Zukunftsgerechtes Bauen - Innovativ und Nachhaltig %T Staedte im Klimawandel – Was kommt auf Bebauung und Infrastruktur zu? %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Nack, F., Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., Reese, A., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J SETAC Europe 29th Annual Meeting %T Studying the sorption of 60 different metals to virgin and UV exposed small PE and PET microplastic using ICP-MS/MS %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Kötke, D., Gandrass, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2019 %J Environmental Pollution %P 113161 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113161 %T Prioritised pharmaceuticals in German estuaries and coastal waters: Occurrence and environmental risk assessment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113161 %X In this study a target analysis approach with method detection limits down to 0.01 ng L−1 was developed in order to determine ultra-trace pharmaceuticals in seawater of the German coast and their estuaries. The selection of target analytes based on a prioritisation commissioned by the German Environmental Agency considering occurrence in German surface waters, production volumes and ecotoxicological data. Using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionisation source 21 prioritised pharmaceuticals out of seven therapeutical classes (antibiotics, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), analgesics, lipid reducers, antiepileptics, anticonvulsants, beta-blockers) have been detected in the low to medium ng L−1-range. The most frequently measured substance groups in the German Baltic Sea and German Bight are the ICM, represented by the non-ionic ICM iomeprol (German Bightmax: 207 ng L−1; Baltic Seamax: 34.5 ng L−1) and the ionic ICM amidotrizoic acid (German Bight: 86.9 ng L−1), respectively. The same pattern of substance distribution could be detected in the German Bight, the German Baltic Sea and their inflows with lower concentrations in the offshore region that are partly a result of dilution with marine water. Pharmaceuticals entering the estuaries and coastal regions are an environmental issue since data on the ecotoxicological effects on aquatic marine organisms is limited. Especially the antibiotics clarithromycin and sulfamethoxazole could be ecotoxicologically/environmentally critical. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Matthias, V., Karl, M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Shipping and the Environment 2019 %T Contributions of shipping and traffic emissions to city scale NO2 and PM2.5 exposure in Hamburg %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M.O.P., Karl, M., Feldner, J. %D 2019 %J 19th GEIA Conference %T The impact of BVOC emissions from urban forests on ozone production in urban areas under heat period condition %U %X %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Zimmermann, T. %D 2019 %J %T Development and application of new analytical methods to describe transport processes within the German Bight using selected non-traditional isotopic systems (Dissertation) %U %X %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Arndt, J.A. %D 2019 %J %T On the effect of reactive oxidized nitrogen emissions from natural sources on air concentrations and deposition of nitrogen compounds in European coastal areas (Dissertation) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Cui, M., Feng, Y., Yang, X., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Gao, H., Tian, C., Matthias, V., Liu, H. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 302-311 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.006 %T Emission factors and environmental implication of organic pollutants in PM emitted from various vessels in China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.006 %X Organic pollutants from ship exhaust have significant health and air quality impact in coastal areas; their profiles are also in urgent need. Studies on organic pollutants from ships are still rare, especially in China. Therefore, 21 PAHs and 29 n-alkanes in PM emitted from 15 ships with different types and fuels under different operating modes in China were tested in this study. The results showed that: (1) Identified organic matters accounted for 0.15%–23.3% of PM. Fuel-based emission factors (EFs) for ∑16PAHs ranged from 0.095 to 5.80 mg (kg fuel)−1, with low-engine-power fishing boats and heavy fuel oil (HFO) training ship had higher values compared with light diesel vessels. EFs for ∑n-alkanes ranged from 5.22 to 1589 mg (kg fuel)−1, with low-engine-power fishing boats had higher values compared with other vessels. (2) The dominant PAHs were medium molecular weight components of Pyr, Flua, Phe, and Chr. N-alkanes from C15 to C33 accounted for more than 97% of the total n-alkanes. (3) Ratios of typical PAHs and n-alkanes parameters in this study showed typical diagnostic characteristics of oil combustion source. Profiles and diagnostic characteristics of PAHs together with n-alkanes could provide a more precise source apportionment result in the future. (4) Besides, PAHs in PM emitted from ships inferred non-ignorable health influence. %0 conference poster %@ %A Apel, C., Bento, C., Ferreira, C., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2019 %J 1st Meeting of the Iberian Ecological Society %T Organic UV filters in the Mondego River, Portugal %U %X %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Apel, C. %D 2019 %J %T Organic UV stabilizers in the coastal and marine environment - European North and Baltic Seas compared to Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas (Dissertation) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Matthias, V., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Fridell, E. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1721-1752 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 %T Impact of a NECA on future air quality %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 3 %X Air pollution due to shipping is a serious concern for coastal regions in Europe. Shipping emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in air over the Baltic Sea are of similar magnitude (330 kt yr−1) as the combined land-based NOx emissions from Finland and Sweden in all emission sectors. Deposition of nitrogen compounds originating from shipping activities contribute to eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coastal areas in the Baltic Sea region. For the North Sea and the Baltic Sea a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) will become effective in 2021; in accordance with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) target of reducing NOx emissions from ships. Future scenarios for 2040 were designed to study the effect of enforced and planned regulation of ship emissions and the fuel efficiency development on air quality and nitrogen deposition. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the current and future air quality situation. The meteorological fields, the emissions from ship traffic and the emissions from land-based sources were considered at a grid resolution of 4×4 km2 for the Baltic Sea region in nested CMAQ simulations. Model simulations for the present-day (2012) air quality show that shipping emissions are the major contributor to atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations over the Baltic Sea. In the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, with the introduction of the NECA, NOx emissions from ship traffic in the Baltic Sea are reduced by about 80 % in 2040. An approximate linear relationship was found between ship emissions of NOx and the simulated levels of annual average NO2 over the Baltic Sea in the year 2040, when following different future shipping scenarios. The burden of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over the Baltic Sea region is predicted to decrease by 35 %–37 % between 2012 and 2040. The reduction in PM2.5 is larger over sea, where it drops by 50 %–60 % along the main shipping routes, and is smaller over the coastal areas. The introduction of NECA is critical for reducing ship emissions of NOx to levels that are low enough to sustainably dampen ozone (O3) production in the Baltic Sea region. A second important effect of the NECA over the Baltic Sea region is the reduction in secondary formation of particulate nitrate. This lowers the ship-related PM2.5 by 72 % in 2040 compared to the present day, while it is reduced by only 48 % without implementation of the NECA. The effect of a lower fuel efficiency development on the absolute ship contribution of air pollutants is limited. Still, the annual mean ship contributions in 2040 to NO2, sulfur dioxide and PM2.5 and daily maximum O3 are significantly higher if a slower fuel efficiency development is assumed. Nitrogen deposition to the seawater of the Baltic Sea decreases on average by 40 %–44 % between 2012 and 2040 in the simulations. The effect of the NECA on nitrogen deposition is most significant in the western part of the Baltic Sea. It will be important to closely monitor compliance of individual ships with the enforced and planned emission regulations. %0 journal article %@ 1618-2642 %A Retzmann, A., Blanz, M., Zitek, A., Irrgeher, J., Feldmann, J., Teschler-Nicola, M., Prohaska, T. %D 2019 %J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry %N 3 %P 565-580 %R doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1489-5 %T A combined chemical imaging approach using (MC) LA-ICP-MS and NIR-HSI to evaluate the diagenetic status of bone material for Sr isotope analysis %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1489-5 3 %X This paper presents a combination of elemental and isotopic spatial distribution imaging with near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) to evaluate the diagenetic status of skeletal remains. The aim is to assess how areas with biogenic n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope-amount ratios may be identified in bone material, an important recorder complementary to teeth. Elemental (C, P, Ca, Sr) and isotopic (n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)) imaging were accomplished via laser ablation (LA) coupled in a split stream to a quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS) and a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC ICP-MS) (abbreviation for the combined method LASS ICP-QMS/MC ICP-MS). Biogenic areas on the bone cross section, which remained unaltered by diagenetic processes, were localized using chemical indicators (I(C)/I(Ca) and I(C) × 10/I(P) intensity ratios) and NIR-HSI at a wavelength of 1410 nm to identify preserved collagen. The n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope signature analyzed in these areas was in agreement with the biogenic bulk signal revealed by solubility profiling used as an independent method for validation. Elevated C intensities in the outer rim of the bone, caused by either precipitated secondary minerals or adsorbed humic materials, could be identified as indication for diagenetic alteration. These areas also show a different n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotopic composition. Therefore, the combination of NIR-HSI and LASS ICP-QMS/MC ICP-MS allows for the determination of preserved biogenic n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope-amount ratios, if the original biogenic material has not been entirely replaced by diagenetic material. %0 conference poster %@ %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J ANAKON 2019 %T Characterization of galvanic anode material for corrosion protection of offshore wind farms by (laser ablation) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Arndt, J.A., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 128-141 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.059 %T Quantification of lightning-induced nitrogen oxide emissions over Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.12.059 %X In this study, the importance of lightning-generated NO over Europe in the year 2010 is assessed with the COSMO-CCLM - SMOKE-EU - CMAQ chemistry transport modeling system. Lightning data from TRMM satellite flash density data climatologies are taken and linearly fitted to convective precipitation climatologies. With the resulting linear model, lightning activity in 2010 is calculated based on the convective precipitation rate from model data. This approach combines the globally available satellite observations with the simplicity of linear convective rain parameterizations. It provides a new method for fitting lightning data for linear flash density parameterizations. Compared to other linear flash rate approaches or the very common cloud top height parameterization, the data for 2010 derived by the climatologies and actual 2010 precipitation data better matches the TRMM observation data. Lightning was found to be the second most important natural source after nitrogen monoxide emission from soil, with an annual average amount of 0.295 Tg N per year and an amount in 2010 of 0.278 Tg N. While it is less important for near-surface concentrations, it has a considerable effect on the nitrogen deposition in southern and eastern Europe and a large effect on the NO2 concentration in higher model layers. The effect in higher atmospheric layers over eastern Europe is 6 times larger than the effect of aircrafts on the air concentration of NO2 in the mid- and high altitudes. Comparisons with NO2 observations from the OMI satellite revealed that lightning NO emissions have an observable impact on the NO2 column density over Europe. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Reese, A., Zimmermann, T., Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J. %D 2019 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 512-523 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.401 %T Extreme spatial variation of Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic signatures and 48 element mass fractions in surface sediment of the Elbe River Estuary - Suitable tracers for processes in dynamic environments? %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.401 %X This study indicates the general potential of combined element fingerprinting and isotope tracer approaches to elucidate processes in complex river systems. Furthermore, it represents an initial characterization of the catchment area of the Elbe River as basis for future studies on river and harbor management. %0 journal article %@ 0584-8547 %A Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Schober, M., Proefrock, D., Prohaska, T., Irrgeher, J. %D 2019 %J Spectrochimica Acta B %P 54-64 %R doi:10.1016/j.sab.2018.11.009 %T Matrix separation of Sr and Pb for isotopic ratio analysis of Ca-rich samples via an automated simultaneous separation procedure %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2018.11.009 %X This paper presents a systematic investigation of the effects of Ca on the matrix separation of Sr and Pb and subsequent isotope-amount ratio measurements using a variety of synthetic solutions and reference materials with varying Ca content during the application of an automated analyte/matrix separation approach. The separation method based on the DGA resin was optimized by using increased column bed volumes, comparing two different column sizes (1-mL and 3-mL-bed volume). Certified reference materials (synthetic calcium carbonate – MACS-3, basalt – BCR-2, saggital otolith – FEBS-1, bone meal – NIST SRM 1486, bone ash – NIST SRM 1400, and skim milk powder – BCR-063R) with varying Ca content, Ca/Sr and Ca/Pb mass fraction ratios were separated using the optimized method and analyzed for the Sr and Pb isotopic composition by multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC ICP-MS). The developed separation method based on the 3-mL-bed volume column provides quantitative recoveries (84% to 105% for Sr, 77 % to 96% for Pb), while maintaining a quantitative separation of Sr and Pb. Procedural blank levels were <0.04 ng g−1 for Sr and <0.05 ng g−1 for Pb, respectively. The method allows for the automated extraction of Sr in Ca-rich matrices with Ca/Sr mass fraction ratios of up to 4051 corresponding to an absolute Ca load of 965 µg ± 86 µg (BCR-063R, milk powder). Furthermore, the method allows for the simultaneous extraction of Pb from these matrices showing Ca/Pb mass fraction ratios of up to 42095 corresponding to an absolute Ca load of 761 µg ± 122 µg on column (NIST SRM 1400, bone tissue), respectively. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2019 %T Corrosion protection of offshore wind farms: A new potential source of inorganic contaminants for the marine environment? %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Reese, A., Voigt, N., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J ANAKON 2019 %T Online matrix separation coupled to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) for the ultra-trace analysis of seawater %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Klein, O., Orth, T., Oppermann, B., Retzmann, A., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2019 %T Analysis of anthropogenic Gd emissions into the German North Sea and potential new insights by the analysis of Gd isotope ratios in MRI contrast agents %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, I., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J Goldschmidt 2019 %T Corrosion protection of offshore wind farms: An emerging inorganic contamination source for the marine environment? %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Voigt, N., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J SETAC Europe 29th Annual Meeting %T First evaluation of continuous flow centrifugation as a novel straightforward and non-size-discriminating sampling technique for microplastic in waters %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Reese, A., Retzmann, A., Orth, T., Klein, O., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J Vortrag im Rahmen eines Arbeitskreisseminars %T Element- und Isotopenanalytik in der marinen Umweltanalytik – Anwendungsgebiete und neue Entwicklungen zur Probenvorbereitung %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M., Gaffron, P. %D 2019 %J 4. Hamburger Symposium zur regionalen Gesundheitsversorgung %T Luft und Laerm – Wie steht es um Hamburg? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M., Jonson, J.E., Uppstu, A., Aulinger, A., Prank, M., Sofiev, M., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Quante, M., Matthias, V. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 10 %P 7019-7053 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-7019-2019 %T Effects of ship emissions on air quality in the Baltic Sea region simulated with three different chemistry transport models %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7019-2019 10 %X The Baltic Sea is highly frequented shipping area with busy shipping lanes close to densely populated regions. Exhaust emissions from ship traffic into the atmosphere are not only enhancing air pollution, they also affect the Baltic Sea environment through acidification and eutrophication of marine waters and surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. As part of the European BONUS project SHEBA (Sustainable Shipping and Environment of the Baltic Sea Region), the transport, chemical transformation and fate of atmospheric pollutants in the Baltic Sea region was simulated with three regional chemistry transport models (CTM) systems, CMAQ, EMEP/MSC-W and SILAM with grid resolutions between 4 km and 11 km. The main goal was to quantify the effect that shipping emissions have on the regional air quality in the Baltic Sea region when the same shipping emissions dataset but different CTMs in their typical setups are used. The performance of these models and the shipping contribution to the results of the individual models was evaluated for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM2.5). Model results from the three CTMs were compared to observations from rural and urban background stations of the AirBase monitoring network in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea region. The performance of the three CTM systems to predict pollutant concentrations is similar. However, observed PM2.5 in summer was underestimated strongly by CMAQ and to some extent by EMEP/MSC-W. The spatial average of annual mean O3 in the EMEP/MSC-W simulation is 15–25 % higher compared to the other two simulations, which is mainly the consequence of using a different set of boundary conditions for the European model domain. There are significant differences in the calculated ship contributions to the levels of air pollutants among the three models. SILAM predicted a much weaker ozone depletion through NO emissions in the proximity of the main shipping routes than the other two models. In the entire Baltic Sea region the average contribution of ships to PM2.5 levels is in the range of 4.3–6.5 % for the three CTMs. Differences in ship-related PM2.5 between the models are mainly attributed to differences in the schemes for inorganic aerosol formation. Inspection of the ship-related elemental carbon (EC) revealed that assumptions about the vertical ship emission profile can affect the dispersion and abundance of ship-related pollutants in the near-ground atmosphere. The models are in agreement regarding the ship-related deposition of oxidised nitrogen, reporting a ship contribution in the range of 21–23 ktN y−1 as atmospheric input to the Baltic Sea. Results from the present study show the sensitivity of the ship contribution to combined uncertainties of boundary conditions, meteorological data and aerosol formation and deposition schemes. This is an important step towards a more reliable evaluation of policy options regarding emission regulations for ship traffic and the planned introduction of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea in 2021. %0 journal article %@ 0280-6509 %A Karl, M., Leck, C., Rad, F.M., Baecklund, A., Lopez-Aparicio, S., Heintzenberg, J. %D 2019 %J Tellus B %N 1 %P 1-29 %R doi:10.1080/16000889.2019.1613143 %T New insights in sources of the sub-micrometre aerosol at Mt. Zeppelin observatory (Spitsbergen) in the year 2015 %U https://doi.org/10.1080/16000889.2019.1613143 1 %X In order to evaluate the potential impact of the Arctic anthropogenic emission sources it is essential to understand better the natural aerosol sources of the inner Arctic and the atmospheric processing of the aerosols during their transport in the Arctic atmosphere. A 1-year time series of chemically specific measurements of the sub-micrometre aerosol during 2015 has been taken at the Mt. Zeppelin observatory in the European Arctic. A source apportionment study combined measured molecular tracers as source markers, positive matrix factorization, analysis of the potential source distribution and auxiliary information from satellite data and ground-based observations. The annual average sub-micrometre mass was apportioned to regional background secondary sulphate (56%), sea spray (17%), biomass burning (15%), secondary nitrate (5.8%), secondary marine biogenic (4.5%), mixed combustion (1.6%), and two types of marine gel sources (together 0.7%). Secondary nitrate aerosol mainly contributed towards the end of summer and during autumn. During spring and summer, the secondary marine biogenic factor reached a contribution of up to 50% in some samples. The most likely origin of the mixed combustion source is due to oil and gas extraction activities in Eastern Siberia. The two marine polymer gel sources predominantly occurred in autumn and winter. The small contribution of the marine gel sources at Mt. Zeppelin observatory in summer as opposed to regions closer to the North Pole is attributed to differences in ocean biology, vertical distribution of phytoplankton, and the earlier start of the summer season. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Voigt, N., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J Goldschmidt 2019 %T First evaluation of continuous flow centrifugation as a novel straightforward and non-size-disriminating sampling technique for microplastic in waters %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Apel, C., Bento, C., Ferreira, C., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2019 %J SETAC Europe 29th Annual Meeting %T Organic UV filters in the Mondego River, Portugal %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Mi, L., Xie, Z., Zhao, Z., Zhong, M., Mi, W., Ebinghaus, R., Tang, J. %D 2019 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 792-800 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.438 %T Occurrence and spatial distribution of phthalate esters in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow seas %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.438 %X Phthalate esters (PEs) are a class of synthetic chemicals that have been widely used as plasticizers in industrial products and households. The occurrence of PEs in the marine environment has been a concern for many years because of their adverse impacts on marine organisms and human health. In this study, six major PEs, i.e. diethyl phthalate (DEP), di‑isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di‑n‑butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), were analyzed in sediment samples collected in the Bohai and Yellow seas. The sum concentrations of the six PEs ranged from 1.4 to 24.6 ng/g and the average was 9.1 ng/g. The highest concentrations of PEs in the sediment samples were those of DEHP with a median concentration of 3.77 ng/g, followed by DiBP (median, 1.60 ng/g), DnBP (0.91 ng/g), DEP (0.32 ng/g), BBP (0.03 ng/g) and DCHP (0.01 ng/g). Generally, concentrations of PEs in the Bohai Sea are higher than those in the Yellow Sea. The varying spatial distributions of the individual PEs can be the result of discharge sources, regional ocean circulation patterns, and mud areas in the Bohai and Yellow seas. Significant positive correlations were found between total organic carbon content and the concentrations of DiBP, DnBP, and DEHP. It is estimated that the inventories of the ∑6PEs were 20.73 tons in the Bohai Sea and 65.87 tons in the Yellow Sea. Both riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition are major input sources for the PE sedimentation, while massive plastic litter and microplastics sinking to the ocean floor can directly release PEs into sediment. This study provides an appropriate data set for the assessment of the risk of PEs to the marine ecosystem. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Voigt, N., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J International Conference on Microplastic Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea %T First evaluation of continuous flow centrifugation as a novel straightforward and non-size-discriminating sampling technique for microplastic in waters %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Zimmermann, T., Reese, A., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2019 %T Development of a microwave-assisted digestion protocol for trace metal analysis in different types of polymers using ICP-MS/MS %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, I., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2019 %J Symposium Marine resources and offshore wind farms %T Corrosion protection of offshore wind farms: An emerging contamination source for the marine environment? %U %X In this study, Al and Zn anodes from several manufacturers were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) based techniques to identify suitable tracers for anode specific emissions as wells as the content of elements of environmental concern. High mass fractions of rare and/or technology- and environmentally-critical elements such as In (≤ 230 mg/kg), Ga (≤ 130 mg/kg), Cd (≤ 700 mg/kg), and Pb (≤ 20 mg/kg) were found. ICP-MS-based techniques were developed for the quantification of new tracer analytes, such as In and Ga, and applied to water, sediment and biota (Mytilidae) samples from inside and around offshore wind farms located in the German North Sea. First results of elemental concentrations in biota (Mytilidae) and spatial trends in seawater and sediment samples will be presented and discussed. %0 journal article %@ 2590-1621 %A Mircea, M., Bessagnet, B., D'Isidoro, M., Pirovano, G., Aksoyoglu, S., Ciarelli, G., Tsyro, S., Manders, A., Bieser, J., Stern, R., Vivanco, M.G., Cuvelier, C., Aas, W., Prévôt, A.S.H., Aulinger, A., Briganti, G., Calori, G., Cappelletti, A., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., Fagerli, H., Finardi, S., Kranenburg, R., Rouïl, L., Silibello, C., Spindler, G., Poulain, L., Herrmann, H., Jimenez, J.L., Day, D.A., Tiitta, P., Carbone, S. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Environment: X %P 100018 %R doi:10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018 %T EURODELTA III exercise: An evaluation of air quality models’ capacity to reproduce the carbonaceous aerosol %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100018 %X The carbonaceous aerosol accounts for an important part of total aerosol mass, affects human health and climate through its effects on physical and chemical properties of the aerosol, yet the understanding of its atmospheric sources and sinks is still incomplete. This study shows the state-of-the-art in modelling carbonaceous aerosol over Europe by comparing simulations performed with seven chemical transport models (CTMs) currently in air quality assessments in Europe: CAMx, CHIMERE, CMAQ, EMEP/MSC-W, LOTOS-EUROS, MINNI and RCGC. The simulations were carried out in the framework of the EURODELTA III modelling exercise and were evaluated against field measurements from intensive campaigns of European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI). Model simulations were performed over the same domain, using as much as possible the same input data and covering four seasons: summer (1–30 June 2006), winter (8 January – 4 February 2007), autumn (17 September- 15 October 2008) and spring (25 February - 26 March 2009). The analyses of models’ performances in prediction of elemental carbon (EC) for the four seasons and organic aerosol components (OA) for the last two seasons show that all models generally underestimate the measured concentrations. The maximum underestimation of EC is about 60% and up to about 80% for total organic matter (TOM). The underestimation of TOM outside of highly polluted area is a consequence of an underestimation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), in particular of its main contributor: biogenic secondary aerosol (BSOA). This result is independent on the SOA modelling approach used and season. The concentrations and daily cycles of total primary organic matter (TPOM) are generally better reproduced by the models since they used the same anthropogenic emissions. However, the combination of emissions and model formulation leads to overestimate TPOM concentrations in 2009 for most of the models. All models capture relatively well the SOA daily cycles at rural stations mainly due to the spatial resolution used in the simulations. For the investigated carbonaceous aerosol compounds, the differences between the concentrations simulated by different models are lower than the differences between the concentrations simulated with a model for different seasons. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Raudsepp, U., Maljutenko, I., Kouts, M., Granhag, L., Wilewska-Bien, M., Hasselöv, I., Eriksson, M., Johansson, L., Jalkanen, J., Karl, M., Matthias, V., Moldanova, J. %D 2019 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 189-207 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.264 %T Shipborne nutrient dynamics and impact on the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.264 %X The Baltic Sea is a severely eutrophicated sea-area where intense shipping as an additional nutrient source is a potential contributor to changes in the ecosystem. The impact of the two most important shipborne nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, on the overall nutrient-phytoplankton-oxygen dynamics in the Baltic Sea was determined by using the coupled physical and biogeochemical model system General Estuarine Transport Model–Ecological Regional Ocean Model (GETM-ERGOM) in a cascade with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. We compared two nutrient scenarios in the Baltic Sea: with (SHIP) and without nutrient input from ships (NOSHIP). The model uses the combined nutrient input from shipping-related waste streams and atmospheric depositions originating from the ship emission and calculates the effect of excess nutrients on the overall biogeochemical cycle, primary production, detritus formation and nutrient flows. The shipping contribution is about 0.3% of the total phosphorus and 1.25–3.3% of the total nitrogen input to the Baltic Sea, but their impact to the different biogeochemical variables is up to 10%. Excess nitrogen entering the N-limited system of the Baltic Sea slightly alters certain pathways: cyanobacteria growth is compromised due to extra nitrogen available for other functional groups while the biomass of diatoms and especially flagellates increases due to the excess of the limiting nutrient. In terms of the Baltic Sea ecosystem functioning, continuous input of ship-borne nitrogen is compensated by steady decrease of nitrogen fixation and increase of denitrification, which results in stationary level of total nitrogen content in the water. Ship-borne phosphorus input results in a decrease of phosphate content in the water and increase of phosphorus binding to sediments. Oxygen content in the water decreases, but reaches stationary state eventually. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Cui, M., Li, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, F., Li, J., Jiang, B., Mo, Y., Yan, C., Zheng, M., Xie, Z., Zhang, G., Zheng, J. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 22 %P 13945-13956 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-13945-2019 %T Molecular characterization of polar organic aerosol constituents in off-road engine emissions using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS): implications for source apportionment %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13945-2019 22 %X The molecular compositions of polar organic compounds (POCs) in particles emitted from various vessels and excavators were characterized using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), and possible molecular structures of POCs were proposed. POCs were extracted with purified water and sorted by elemental composition into three groups: CHO, CHON, and S-containing compounds (CHONS and CHOS). The results show the following. (i) CHO (accounting for 49% of total POCs in terms of peak response) was the most abundant group for all tested off-road engines, followed by CHON (33 %) and CHOS (35 %) for diesel and HFO (heavy-fuel-oil)-fueled off-road engines. (ii) The abundance and structure of the CHON group in water extracts were different in terms of engine type and load. The relative peak response of CHON was the highest for excavator emissions in working mode, compared to the idling and moving modes. Furthermore, dinitrophenol and methyl dinitrophenol were potentially the most abundant emission species for high-rated speed excavators, while nitronaphthol and methyl nitronaphthol were more important for low-rated speed vessels. (iii) The composition and structure of the S-containing compounds were directly influenced by fuel oil characteristics (sulfur content and aromatic ring), with more condensed aromatic rings in the S-containing compounds proposed in HFO-fueled vessel emissions. More abundant aliphatic chains were inferred in diesel equipment emissions. Overall, higher fractions of condensed hydrocarbons and aromatic rings in POCs emitted from vessels using HFO cause strong optical absorption capacity. Different structures in POCs could provide a direction for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic compounds as tracers to distinguish these emissions from diesel or HFO-fueled off-road engines. %0 journal article %@ 0169-8095 %A Custodio, D., Alves, C., Jomolca, Y., de Castro Vasconcellos, P. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Research %P 75-84 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.011 %T Carbonaceous components and major ions in PM10 from the Amazonian Basin %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.08.011 %X Air pollution mainly resulting from deforestation and agricultural activities has become one of the major concerns in the Amazonian Basin. A detailed analysis of the PM10 chemical composition is critical for devising pollution control measures and improving climate models. In this study, daily 24-h filter samples were collected and analyzed in different sites of the Amazon Basin between 2008 and 2016 (over 200 samples). The six sampling sites were classified into two groups, one in South Amazonia, a region with strong influence of land occupation, and another in a remote forest region to the North. The high mean concentrations of PM10 and the occurrences of extreme events at the Southern site denote air pollution episodes. High correlations between the temporal trends of PM10 and primary species linked to soil re-suspension and biomass burning highlight the contribution of these sources of air pollution in the region. Significant differences between PM10 in the South and North regions were observed, for which levels of 72.6 ± 66.5 μg m−3 and 8.9 ± 4.2 μg m−3, respectively. The average concentrations of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in the aerosol were 5.81 ± 4.18 μg m−3, 2.43 ± 1.65 μg m−3 and 5.17 ± 5.54 μg m−3, 0.51 ± 0.41 μg m−3, respectively, for the Southern and Northern Amazonia sampling sites. The aerosol was largely composed of inorganic species in Southern Amazonia, whose carbonaceous matter accounted for 16% of the gravimetrically measured PM10. However, in the forest region, the contribution of carbonaceous species, mainly OC, accounted for >90% and remained more constant throughout the seasons. Na+ was the dominant water soluble ion in samples from the Southern region, followed by SO4−2, NO3−, Ca2+ and K+. High levels of carbonate (CC) were also observed for these samples. For the Northern region, SO4−2 was the dominant soluble ion, followed by K+ and NH4+. Some of these species exhibited a clear seasonal trend during the study period. This study provides a better understanding of the current state of air pollution in diversified Amazon basin sites. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Ringvorlesung Wissenschaft trägt Veranwortung %T Die Pariser Klimaziele und die Netto Negativen Emissionen – ein Blick in die Forschungslandschaft %U %X Die Vorlesung wird zunächst die nachgewiesenen Klimaveränderungen und Ergebnisse von Modellprojektionen kurz zusammenfassen. Im Anschluss wird ein Überblick zum Themenfeld Climate Engineering gegeben. Der Bereich des Carbon Dixiode Removal (CDR) wird anschließend eingehender betrachtet, da hier die NETs verankert sind. Abschließend wird versucht, die aktuellen, lebendigen Diskussionen zum Thema im Forschungssektor zusammenzufassen. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Bento, C., van der Hoeven, S., Yang, X., Riksen, M., Mol, H., Ritsema, C., Geissen, V. %D 2019 %J Environmental Pollution %P 323-331 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.046 %T Dynamics of glyphosate and AMPA in the soil surface layer of glyphosate-resistant crop cultivations in the loess Pampas of Argentina %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.046 %X This study investigates the dynamics of glyphosate and AMPA in the soil surface layer of two fields growing glyphosate-resistant crops in the loess Pampas of Córdoba Province, Argentina. Glyphosate decay and AMPA formation/decay were studied after a single application, using decay kinetic models. Furthermore, glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were investigated in runoff to evaluate their off-site risk. During a 2.5-month study, cultivations of glyphosate-resistant soybean and maize received an application of 1.0 and 0.81 kg a.e. ha−1, respectively, of Roundup UltraMax©. Topsoil samples (0–1, 1–2 cm) were collected weekly (including before application) and analysed for glyphosate, AMPA and soil moisture (SM) contents. Runoff was collected from runoff plots (3 m2) and weirs after 2 erosive rainfall events, and analysed for glyphosate and AMPA contents (water, eroded-sediment). Under both cultivations, background residues in soil before application were 0.27–0.42 mg kg−1 for glyphosate and 1.3–1.7 mg kg−1 for AMPA. In the soybean area, the single-first-order (SFO) model performed best for glyphosate decay. In the maize area, the bi-phasic Hockey-Stick (HS) model performed best for glyphosate decay, due to an abrupt change in SM regimes after high rainfall. Glyphosate half-life and DT90 were 6.0 and 19.8 days, respectively, in the soybean area, and 11.1 and 15.4 days, respectively, in the maize area. In the soybean area, 24% of the glyphosate was degraded to AMPA. In the maize area, it was only 5%. AMPA half-life and DT90 were 54.7 and 182 days, respectively, in the soybean area, and 71.0 and 236 days, respectively, in the maize area. Glyphosate and AMPA contents were 1.1–17.5 times higher in water-eroded sediment than in soil. We conclude that AMPA persists and may accumulate in soil, whereas both glyphosate and AMPA are prone to off-site transport with water erosion, representing a contamination risk for surface waters and adjacent fields. %0 journal article %@ 1025-6016 %A Tchaikovsky, A., Häusler, H., Kralik, M., Zitek, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T. %D 2019 %J Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies %N 2 %P 179-198 %R doi:10.1080/10256016.2019.1577832 %T Analysis of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr), δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 and elemental pattern to characterise groundwater and recharge of saline ponds in a clastic aquifer in East Austria %U https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2019.1577832 2 %X Elemental and isotopic pattern of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) and δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 were used to characterise groundwater and recharge of saline ponds in a clastic aquifer in East Austria. Therefore, shallow, artesian and thermal groundwaters of the investigated aquifer along with rainfall and rivers were analysed using (MC) ICP-MS. The n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio and elemental pattern changed with aquifer depth as a result of progressing bedrock leaching and dissolution with increasing groundwater residence time. The n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio of shallow groundwater below saline ponds of 0.71019 ± 0.00044 was significantly different from thermal groundwater of 0.71205 ± 0.00035 (U, k = 2). In contrast to previous theories, this result suggested no recharge of saline ponds by upwelling paleo-seawater. Isotope pattern deconvolution revealed that rainfall accounted to about 60% of the n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio of shallow groundwater below saline ponds. The δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 values of groundwater decreased from about 0.25 ‰ in most shallow, to predominantly negative values of about –0.24 ‰ in artesian groundwater. This result indicated leaching and dissolution of weathered minerals. In turn, the δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 of deep thermal groundwater showed positive values of about 0.12 ‰, which suggested removal of 86Sr from solution by carbonate precipitation. These results highlight the potential of δ88Sr/86SrSRM987 signature as an additional geochemical tracer. %0 lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L. %D 2019 %J %T Mikro-, Nanoplastik und Metalle – Wie hängt das zusammen? : Ringvorlesung "Ausgewählte Kapitel der Toxikologie und Umweltmedizin %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2019 %J Vollversammlung der Handwerkskammer Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Stade %T Klimawandel in der Nordseeregion – Klimaziele und Klimaschutz %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ramacher, M., Karl, M., Gebert, C., Bieser, J., Feldner, J. %D 2019 %J 37th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %T The impact of BVOC emissions from urban green insfrastructure on ozone production in urban areas under heat period conditions %U %X Heat periods in summer occurred more frequently in this decade and affected the well-being of citizens in several ways. One effect of heat-periods is a higher photochemical ozone production rate, which leads to higher ozone concentrations. Strategies to influence urban climate and air pollution more often include urban green infrastructures (UGI), which are also applied to lower the urban carbon footprint. A side effect of UGI is the emission of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) such as isoprene, terpenes and oxygenates, which are participating in urban ozone production. In this study, we investigate the effect of UGI BVOCs during heat-period conditions on ozone formation using an integrated urban-scale biogenic emissions and chemistry transport model chain. Therefore, we integrated modelling of BVOC emissions in the EPISODE-CityChem model based on high resolution land-cover and vegetation maps, emission factors for vegetation species, and algorithms to account for meteorological dependencies, e.g. radiation, temperature and humidity. The resulting European plant-specific emission inventory for isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated VOC has a spatial resolution of 100m and is applied in the EPISODE-CityChem model with the same resolution. The focus of EPISODE-CityChem is the simulation of complex atmospheric chemistry involved in the photochemical production of ozone in urban areas and accurate representation of dispersion in proximity of emission sources. We performed simulations in the densely populated Rhein-Ruhr area (DE) under heat-period conditions to identify the impact BVOC emissions on ozone formation. The relevance of biogenic emissions is expected to increase in future due to higher frequency of heat-period events related to climate change and due to the decreasing trend of anthropogenic emissions in response to current legislation. Therefore, the established model chain can be a valuable tool for urban planning in view of finding trade-offs between lowering the urban carbon footprint, regulating urban climate, and reduce urban air pollution. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Matthias, V., Jalkanen, J.-P., Johansson, L., Fridell, E. %D 2019 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 1721-1752 %R doi:10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 %T Impact of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) on the future air quality and nitrogen deposition to seawater in the Baltic Sea region %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1721-2019 3 %X Air pollution due to shipping is a serious concern for coastal regions in Europe. Shipping emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in air over the Baltic Sea are of similar magnitude (330 kt yr−1) as the combined land-based NOx emissions from Finland and Sweden in all emission sectors. Deposition of nitrogen compounds originating from shipping activities contribute to eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coastal areas in the Baltic Sea region. For the North Sea and the Baltic Sea a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) will become effective in 2021; in accordance with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) target of reducing NOx emissions from ships. Future scenarios for 2040 were designed to study the effect of enforced and planned regulation of ship emissions and the fuel efficiency development on air quality and nitrogen deposition. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the current and future air quality situation. The meteorological fields, the emissions from ship traffic and the emissions from land-based sources were considered at a grid resolution of 4×4 km2 for the Baltic Sea region in nested CMAQ simulations. Model simulations for the present-day (2012) air quality show that shipping emissions are the major contributor to atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations over the Baltic Sea. In the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, with the introduction of the NECA, NOx emissions from ship traffic in the Baltic Sea are reduced by about 80 % in 2040. An approximate linear relationship was found between ship emissions of NOx and the simulated levels of annual average NO2 over the Baltic Sea in the year 2040, when following different future shipping scenarios. The burden of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over the Baltic Sea region is predicted to decrease by 35 %–37 % between 2012 and 2040. The reduction in PM2.5 is larger over sea, where it drops by 50 %–60 % along the main shipping routes, and is smaller over the coastal areas. The introduction of NECA is critical for reducing ship emissions of NOx to levels that are low enough to sustainably dampen ozone (O3) production in the Baltic Sea region. A second important effect of the NECA over the Baltic Sea region is the reduction in secondary formation of particulate nitrate. This lowers the ship-related PM2.5 by 72 % in 2040 compared to the present day, while it is reduced by only 48 % without implementation of the NECA. The effect of a lower fuel efficiency development on the absolute ship contribution of air pollutants is limited. Still, the annual mean ship contributions in 2040 to NO2, sulfur dioxide and PM2.5 and daily maximum O3 are significantly higher if a slower fuel efficiency development is assumed. Nitrogen deposition to the seawater of the Baltic Sea decreases on average by 40 %–44 % between 2012 and 2040 in the simulations. The effect of the NECA on nitrogen deposition is most significant in the western part of the Baltic Sea. It will be important to closely monitor compliance of individual ships with the enforced and planned emission regulations. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ferreira, C., Apel, C., Bento, C., Koetke, D., Ferreira, A., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2019 %J TERRAenVISION 2019 %T Assessment of UV Filters and Parabens in a Small Portuguese Peri-Urban Catchment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1438-2377 %A Tchaikovsky, A., Zitek, A., Irrgeher, J., Opper, C., Scheiber, R., Moder, K., Congiu, L., Prohaska, T. %D 2019 %J European Food Research & Technology %N 11 %P 2515-2528 %R doi:10.1007/s00217-019-03363-4 %T Chemometric tools for determining site-specific elemental and strontium isotopic fingerprints in raw and salted sturgeon caviar %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-019-03363-4 11 %X This study presents a chemometric protocol for the determination of site-specific elemental and strontium isotopic fingerprints in sturgeon caviar. The elemental and strontium isotopic composition of water, fish feed, salt, raw (i.e., unsalted) and salted sturgeon caviar samples from six fish farms in Europe and Iran was determined by (multi-collector) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ((MC) ICP–MS). Multiple linear regression revealed six site-specific markers absorbed from water into sturgeon caviar (n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope ratio and content of Na, Mn, Cu, Mo, Fe/Ca). Salting changed the chemical composition of four (n(87Sr)/n(86Sr), Na, Mn, Fe/Ca) of the six site-specific markers significantly. Washing of salted caviar could not fully remove the influence of salt on the affected site-specific markers. Therefore, a novel mathematical procedure based on mass balance calculations was developed for determining the n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope ratio absorbed from water into sturgeon caviar. The resulting variable is an estimate for the environmental strontium isotopic signal and independent of the production process. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the combination of the mathematically determined n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope ratio of water in sturgeon caviar and two site-specific markers, which were not affected by salting (Cu, Mo), allowed differentiating salted caviar samples from six fish farms into five distinct clusters. The proposed combination of statistical and mathematical tools provides the basis for origin determination of salted sturgeon caviar using site-specific elemental and strontium isotopic fingerprints, even in cases where the initial environmental signature was altered by the production process. %0 book part %@ %A Quante, M., Matthias, V., Ramacher, M. %D 2019 %J Warnsignal Klima: Die Städte : wissenschaftliche Fakten %P 120-127 %T Städtische Luftqualität im Klimawandel %U %X For particulate matter the overall effect of climate change is more complex to disentangle. In regions with a projected increase in precipitation amounts an increase in wet deposition is expected. Adaptation measures by employing urban trees should be aware of possible additional BVOC emissions and negative effects on ventilation. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Lorenz, C., Primpke, S., Gerdts, G. %D 2018 %J Conference for Young Marine Researchers, Youmares 9 Conference %T Microplastics in coastal North Sea sediments – Analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhang, H., Zhou, Q., Xie, Z., Zhou, Y., Tu, C., Fu, C., Mi, W., Ebinghaus, R., Christie, P., Luo, Y. %D 2018 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 1505-1512 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.163 %T Occurrences of organophosphorus esters and phthalates in the microplastics from the coastal beaches in north China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.163 %X Chemical pollution in the microplastics has been concerned worldwide as pollutants might potentially transfer from the environment to living organisms via plastics. Here, we investigate organophosphorus esters (OPEs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the beached microplastics collected from 28 coastal beaches of the Bohai and Yellow Sea in north China. The analyzed microplastics included polyethylene (PE) pellets and fragments, polypropylene (PP) flakes and fragments and polystyrene (PS) foams. The tris-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the three predominant compounds found overall. The maximum Σ4 OPEs concentration was 84,595.9 ng g− 1, almost three orders of magnitude higher than the maximum Σ9 PAEs concentration. The PP flakes and PS foams contained the highest concentrations of the additives in contrast to the PE pellets which contained the lowest. The high concentration level of carcinogenic chlorinated OPEs and DEHP with endocrine disrupting effects implied the suggested potential hazards to coastal organisms. Spatial differences and compositional variation of the additives among the different microplastics suggests different origins and residence times in the coastal environment. This indicates that the characteristics of chemical additives might be a useful approach when tracing sources of microplastics in the environment. %0 lecture %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Gerdts, G., Proefrock, D., Primpke, S., Lorenz, C. %D 2018 %J %T Ausgewaehlte Kapitel der Toxikologie und Umweltmedizin %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Aulinger, A., Karl, M., Ramacher, M., Quante, M., Lebmeier, M., Beiersdorf, A., Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Best Practices for Ports, Piraeus Port Workshop %T Air pollution in harbour cities - Contributions from shipping and how they can be reduced %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Hildebrandt, L., Lorenz, C., Primpke, S., Gerdts, G. %D 2018 %J Nano and Microplastics in Technical and Freshwater Systems, Microplastics 2018 %T Microplastics in Coastal North Sea Sediments – Analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1868-9531 %A Bookhagen, B., Dorner, U., Damm, S., bergholtz, J., Opper, C., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Koeberl, C. %D 2018 %J ReSource – Abfall, Rohstoff, Energie %N 2 %P 30-36 %T Ressourcenverbrauch im Fokus - Zum Rohstoffbedarf von Smartphones und deren Recyclingfaehigkeit liegen neue Daten vor %U 2 %X Die Diskussion über Themen wie „Rohstoffe aus Konfliktregionen“ und „nachhaltiger Bergbau“ hat dazu geführt, dass die Hersteller von Geräten der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) verstärkt mögliche sozioökonomische und ökologische Aspekte des Rohstoffabbaus und der Produktionsstufen berücksichtigen müssen. Auch die mediale Berichterstattung über entsprechende negative Auswirkungen der Produktion entlang der Lieferketten (etwa Amnesty-Bericht zu Kobalt,2016 [1]; „Blood in the Mobile“, 2010 [6]) befördert dieses Umdenken seit einigen Jahren. Als eine Folge der öffentlichen Aufmerksamkeit fordern Konsumenten und Organisationen ein verantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Handeln, das Konzepte wie „Corporate Social Responsibility“ und „Producer Responsibility“ umsetzt. In den globalen Wertschöpfungsketten ist jedoch immer schwerer nachvollziehbar, woher die Rohstoffe stammen und wie sich die Konsumgüter im Einzelnen zusammensetzen. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Apel, C., Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J Chemosphere %P 254-261 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.105 %T Environmental occurrence and hazard of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the sediment of European North and Baltic Seas %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.105 %X UV absorbing compounds are of emerging concern due to their large production volumes, their persistence or pseudo-persistence, and their potential adverse effects. This is the first study investigating the environmental occurrence and potential hazard of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the North and Baltic Sea surface sediments, including the connecting Skagerrak and Kattegat straits. In total, nineteen substances were identified over the entire study area, including the rarely studied compounds ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) and bisoctrizole (UV-360). Octocrylene (OC) was the predominant compound in this study with regard to detection frequency (79%) and concentrations (up to 9.7 ng/g dw). OC accounted for more than 65% of UV stabilizer contamination in the German Bight. The triazine derivative EHT was quantified in the Rhine-Meuse-Delta and the German Bight in concentrations up to 2.0 ng/g dw. In the Baltic Sea, benzotriazole UV stabilizers accounted for 60% of the contamination, with UV-360 as the main substance. The estimated environmental hazard quotients indicated a negligible impact on benthic and sediment-dwelling organisms in the North and Baltic Seas. Region-specific contamination pattern and riverine influences were revealed. The results suggest that both direct and indirect sources contribute to the UV stabilizer and UV filter contamination in the study area. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Arndt, J.A., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 302-311 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.035 %T Implementation of different big-leaf canopy reduction functions in the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS) and their impact on concentrations of oxidized nitrogen species in northern Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.035 %X Canopy reduction describes NO2 flux reduction at leaf stomata. We implemented the big-leaf reduction approaches of Wang et al. (1998) and Yienger and Levy (1995) in the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS) and compared them with the BEIS standard approach. The different reduction functions lead to a reduction of 17 Gg N or 27 Gg N respectively of nitrogen emission in comparison to the standard approach which reduces the nitrogen flux by about 1 Gg N in the three summer months of 2012. These are significant differences to the standard approach. The concentration reduction of oxidized reactive nitrogen in the model area shows also a significant reduction. While concentration reduction in central europe is low, in more rural regions of Europe, concentration changes are considerably higher. The calculated concentrations of NO2 show a significant improvement of the model performance when compared to EMEP observations in central Europe. This study favors the implementation and use of canopy reduction factors, especially the parameterization of Wang et al. (1998), for regional and global emission models for reasons of model physical correctness and improved model results. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Karl, M., Neumann, D., Ramacher, M., Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Maritime Nacht %T Ist die Seeluft noch sauber? Wie und wo Schiffsemissionen die Luft belasten %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Matthias, V., Ramacher, M., Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Nachhaltige StadtGesundheit Hamburg - Bestandsaufnahme und Perspektiven %P 378-388 %T Luftqualität in Hamburg %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1752-0894 %A Jiskra, M., Sonke, J.E., Obrist, D., Bieser, J., Ebinghaus, R., Myhre, C.L., Pfaffhuber, K.A., Waengberg, I., Kylloenen, K., Worthy, D., Martin, L.G., Labuschagne, C., Mkololo, T., Ramonet, M., Magand, O., Dommergue, A. %D 2018 %J Nature Geoscience %P 244-250 %R doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8 %T A vegetation control on seasonal variations in global atmospheric mercury concentrations %U https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0078-8 %X Anthropogenic mercury emissions are transported through the atmosphere as gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) before they are deposited to Earth’s surface. Strong seasonality in atmospheric Hg(0) concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere has been explained by two factors: anthropogenic Hg(0) emissions are thought to peak in winter due to higher energy consumption, and atmospheric oxidation rates of Hg(0) are faster in summer. Oxidation-driven Hg(0) seasonality should be equally pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere, which is inconsistent with observations of constant year-round Hg(0) levels. Here, we assess the role of Hg(0) uptake by vegetation as an alternative mechanism for driving Hg(0) seasonality. We find that at terrestrial sites in the Northern Hemisphere, Hg(0) co-varies with CO2, which is known to exhibit a minimum in summer when CO2 is assimilated by vegetation. The amplitude of seasonal oscillations in the atmospheric Hg(0) concentration increases with latitude and is larger at inland terrestrial sites than coastal sites. Using satellite data, we find that the photosynthetic activity of vegetation correlates with Hg(0) levels at individual sites and across continents. We suggest that terrestrial vegetation acts as a global Hg(0) pump, which can contribute to seasonal variations of atmospheric Hg(0), and that decreasing Hg(0) levels in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 20 years can be partly attributed to increased terrestrial net primary production. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Li, J., Tang, J., Mi, W., Tian, C., Emeis, K., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z. %D 2018 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 1 %P 89-97 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03807 %T Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Organophosphate Esters in Air above the Bohai and Yellow Seas; China %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03807 1 %X Nine organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in air samples collected over the Bohai and Yellow Seas (East Asia) during a research cruise between June 28 and July 13, 2016. These same OPEs were quantified at a research site (North Huangcheng Island, NHI) in the middle of the Bohai Strait from May 16, 2015, to March 21, 2016. The median total OPE (ΣOPE) concentration over the Bohai and Yellow Seas was 280 pg/m3. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) (TCPP) was the most abundant OPE, followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP). Particle-bound OPEs accounted for 51 ± 21% of the total OPEs. On NHI, the median ΣOPE concentration was 210 pg/m3, and the average particle-bound fraction was 82 ± 17%. For samples collected on NHI, significant negative linear correlations were found between the gaseous OPEs and 1/T (T: temperature (K)) (except TDCP, TPeP, and TCP). Among the 79 investigated samples, significant correlations between the measured OPE gas/particle partitioning coefficients (Kp,m) and subcooled liquid pressure (PL◦) (p < 0.05) were found for only 14 samples, suggesting that OPEs have low potential to achieve equilibrium or ascribe to the artificial sampling. The annual dry deposition input of OPEs into the Bohai and Yellow Seas is estimated to be 12 tons/year. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Apel, C., Tang, J., Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J 38th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, DioXin 2018 %T Organic UV stabilizers in the coastal and marine environment of Europe and China %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Joerss, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting %T Occurrence and distribution of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and fluorinated alternatives in coastal waters of the German North and Baltic Seas %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Hess, C., Niemeyer, T., Fichtner, A., Jansen, K., Kunz, M., Maneke, M., Wehrden, H.v., Quante, M., Walmsley, D., Oheimb, G.v., Haerdtle, W. %D 2018 %J Environmental Pollution %P 92-98 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.024 %T Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition alters growth responses of European beech (Fagus sylvativa L.) to climate change %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.024 %X Global change affects the functioning of forest ecosystems and the services they provide, but little is known about the interactive effects of co-occurring global change drivers on important functions such as tree growth and vitality. In the present study we quantified the interactive (i.e. synergistic or antagonistic) effects of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and climatic variables (temperature, precipitation) on tree growth (in terms of tree-ring width, TRW), taking forest ecosystems with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as an example. We hypothesised that (i) N deposition and climatic variables can evoke non-additive responses of the radial increment of beech trees, and (ii) N loads have the potential to strengthen the trees' sensitivity to climate change. In young stands, we found a synergistic positive effect of N deposition and annual mean temperature on TRW, possibly linked to the alleviation of an N shortage in young stands. In mature stands, however, high N deposition significantly increased the trees’ sensitivity to increasing annual mean temperatures (antagonistic effect on TRW), possibly due to increased fine root dieback, decreasing mycorrhizal colonization or shifts in biomass allocation patterns (aboveground vs. belowground). Accordingly, N deposition and climatic variables caused both synergistic and antagonistic effects on the radial increment of beech trees, depending on tree age and stand characteristics. Hence, the nature of interactions could mediate the long-term effects of global change drivers (including N deposition) on forest carbon sequestration. In conclusion, our findings illustrate that interaction processes between climatic variables and N deposition are complex and have the potential to impair growth and performance of European beech. This in turn emphasises the importance of multiple-factor studies to foster an integrated understanding and models aiming at improved projections of tree growth responses to co-occurring drivers of global change. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Reese, A., Zimmermann, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2018 %J 9th Nordic Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %T Extreme natural abundance variation of multiple isotopes in the estuaries of large rivers to the North Sea %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0301-4215 %A Lange, M., O´Hagan, A.M., Devoy, R.R.N., Le Tissier, M., Cummins, V. %D 2018 %J Energy Policy %P 623-632 %R doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.020 %T Governance barriers to sustainable energy transitions – Assessing Ireland's capacity towards marine energy futures %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.020 %X Results presented may not simply be generalised, as each country context is different. An analysis of examples with similar issues must focus on studying the context of the governance setup and balances of power across domains. %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J., Backes, A.M., Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV - ITM 2016, Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 469-475 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_74 %T Investigation of Current and Future Nitrogen Depositions and Their Impact on Sensitive Ecosystems in Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_74 %X Eutrophication and acidification due to anthropogenic emissions is a major threat for bio diversity in vulnerable ecosystems. The combined impact of N and S deposition can be evaluated using ecosystem dependent critical load masses. Here, we used modelled N and S deposition fields from the CCLM-CMAQ chemistry transport model (CTM) to calculate the annual load. We compared the modelled loads with geo-referenced critical load (CL) maps from the Coordination Centre for Effects (CCE). We found that in central Europe around 25% of the areas defined in the CCE-CL database currently exceed their critical loads due to anthropogenic emissions. Expected NH3 emission reductions in the agricultural sector in the next decade showed little reduction potential in the area with critical load exceedance. A source receptor study of major N and S sources in Europe gave that SO2 emission reductions have a larger potential to decrease critical load exceedances than NH3 emission reductions. The most effective measure was the reduction of SO2 emissions from coal fired power plants. However, each source exhibited a different regional distribution which indicates that there is no general approach to reduce critical load exceedances. Moreover, we found a non-linear relationship between emission reductions and reductions in critical load exceedances. Furthermore, the reduction of only one of the two elements lead to diminishing returns without a reduction of the other. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Apel, C., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting %T Environmental occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers in the sediment of the Bohai and Yellow Seas %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Apel, C., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting %T Environmental occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers in the sediment of the North and Baltic Seas %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Apel, C., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J Environmental Pollution %P 85-94 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.051 %T Environmental occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the sediment of Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.051 %X Organic UV stabilizers and UV filters are applied to industrial materials and cosmetics worldwide. In plastics they prevent photo-induced degradation, while in cosmetics they protect human skin against harmful effects of UV radiation. This study reports on the occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the surface sediment of the Chinese Bohai and Yellow Seas for the first time. In total, 16 out of 21 analyzed substances were positively detected. Concentrations ranged from sub-ng/g dw to low ng/g dw. The highest concentration of 25 ng/g dw was found for octocrylene (OC) in the Laizhou Bay. In the study area, characteristic composition profiles could be identified. In Korea Bay, the dominating substances were OC and ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS). All other analytes were below their method quantification limit (MQL). Around the Shandong Peninsula, highest concentrations of benzotriazole derivatives were observed in this study with octrizole (UV-329) as the predominant compound, reaching concentrations of 6.09 ng/g dw. The distribution pattern of UV-329 and bumetrizole (UV-326) were related (Pearson correlation coefficient r > 0.98, p « 0.01 around the Shandong Peninsula), indicating an identical input pathway and similar environmental behavior. %0 conference poster %@ %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2018 %J 9th Nordic Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %T Offshore Wind Constructions: Corrosion Protection as a New Potential Source of Inorganic Contaminants into the Marine Environment? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1096-2247 %A Matthias, V., Arndt, J.A., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Gon, H.D.van der, Kranenburg, R., Kuenen, J., Neumann, D., Pouliot, G., Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association %N 8 %P 763-800 %R doi:10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057 %T Modeling emissions for three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport models %U https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1424057 8 %X Poor air quality is still a threat for human health in many parts of the world. In order to assess measures for emission reductions and improved air quality, three-dimensional atmospheric chemistry transport modeling systems are used in numerous research institutions and public authorities. These models need accurate emission data in appropriate spatial and temporal resolution as input. This paper reviews the most widely used emission inventories on global and regional scale and looks into the methods used to make the inventory data model ready. Shortcomings of using standard temporal profiles for each emission sector are discussed and new methods to improve the spatio-temporal distribution of the emissions are presented. These methods are often neither top-down nor bottom-up approaches but can be seen as hybrid methods that use detailed information about the emission process to derive spatially varying temporal emission profiles. These profiles are subsequently used to distribute bulk emissions like national totals on appropriate grids. The wide area of natural emissions is also summarized and the calculation methods are described. Almost all types of natural emissions depend on meteorological information, which is why they are highly variable in time and space and frequently calculated within the chemistry transport models themselves. The paper closes with an outlook for new ways to improve model ready emission data, for example by using external databases about road traffic flow or satellite data to determine actual land use or leaf area. In a world where emission patterns change rapidly, it seems appropriate to use new types of statistical and observational data to create detailed emission data sets and keep emission inventories up-to-date. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2018 %J Seminar Joint Mass Spectrometry Center der Uni Rostock %T How shipping and agriculture impact air quality in coastal regions %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0308-597X %A Lange, M., Page, G., Cummins, V. %D 2018 %J Marine Policy %P 37-46 %R doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.008 %T Governance challenges of marine renewable energy developments in the U.S. – Creating the enabling conditions for successful project development %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.01.008 %X Increasingly, marine renewable energy developments are viewed as an opportunity to meet climate change obligations, with the added benefit of powering the economy and the creation of jobs. Technical, economic and engineering challenges co-exist with governance challenges in the development of large-scale marine renewable energy projects. This paper addresses the question, if the prerequisites for sustainable project development are evident in selected case studies. It also asks what lessons can be learned from current practice in the context of energy governance at the local level. The authors argue that these lessons can be central enablers to support decision makers in future programmes, to better understand how to build the enabling conditions for programme implementation towards renewable energy at higher spatial scales of governance, importantly the national level. The study builds on a multiple stakeholder approach involving interviews and group discussions with key individuals from industry, government and civil society in emerging pilot programmes along the East Coast of the United States (U.S.). New policy windows were opening at the time of the analysis and ambitious development was underway by a range of actors who are driving progress in the sector and positioning the area to become a major provider of blue energy. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhong, M., Wu, H., Mi, W., Li, F., Ji, C., Ebinghaus, R., Tang, J., Xie, Z. %D 2018 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 1305-1311 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.272 %T Occurrences and distribution characteristics of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in the sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.272 %X Concentrations and distribution characteristics of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in surface sediment samples were analyzed and discussed for the first time in the open Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS). Three halogenated OPEs [tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP)] and five non-halogenated OPEs [tri-isobutyl phosphate (TiBP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tripentyl phosphate (TPeP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)] were detected in this region. The concentrations of eight OPEs in total (Σ8OPEs) ranged from 83 to 4552 pg g− 1 dry weight (dw). The halogenated OPEs showed higher abundances than the non-halogenated ones did, with TCEP, TCPP, and TEHP the main compounds. Generally, concentrations of OPEs in the BS were higher than those in the YS. Riverine input (mainly the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW)) and deposition effect in the mud areas might have influenced the spatial distributions of OPEs. Correlation between OPE concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) indicated TOC was an effective indicator for the distribution of OPEs. Inventory analysis of OPEs implied that sea sediment might not be the major reservoir of these compounds. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Karl, M., Ramacher, M.O.P. %D 2018 %J 2nd Korea-Germany Environmental Workshop, Urban air pollution control facing human health %T The Effect of Electro Mobility on Air Quality in Hamburg %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Teschler-Nicola, M., Novotny, F., Spannagl-Steiner, M., Haring, E., Irrgeher, J., Zitek, A., Rumpelmayr, K., Wild, E.M., Tautscher, B., Prohaska, T. %D 2018 %J Archaeologische Forschungen in Niederoesterreich, 50 Jahre Archaeologie in Thunau am Kamp - Festschrift fuer Herwig Friesinger %P 219-240 %T Die fruehmittelalterlichen Fundstellen von Thunau am Kamp (NÖ) und ihre bioanthropologischen Evidenzen – eine Zusammenfassung %U %X des Frankenreiches unterstützen. %0 preprint %@ 1991-9611 %A Karl, M. %D 2018 %J Geoscientific Model Development Discussions %P 8 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-2018-8 %T Development of the city-scale chemistry transport model CityChem-EPISODE and its application to the city of Hamburg %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-8 %X This paper describes the City-scale Chemistry (CityChem) extension of the urban dispersion model EPISODE with the aim to enable chemistry/transport simulations of multiple reactive pollutants on urban scales. The new model is called CityChem-EPISODE. The primary focus is on the simulation of urban ozone concentrations. Ozone is produced in photochemical reaction cycles involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by various anthropogenic activities in the urban area. The performance of the new model was evaluated with a series of synthetic tests and with a first application to the air quality situation in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The model performs fairly well for ozone in terms of temporal correlation and bias at the air quality monitoring stations in Hamburg. In summer afternoons, when photochemical activity is highest, modelled median ozone at an inner-city urban background station was about 30 % lower than the observed median ozone. Inaccuracy of the computed photolysis frequency of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is the most probable explanation for this. CityChem-EPISODE reproduces the spatial variation of annual mean NO2 concentrations between urban background, traffic and industrial stations. However, the temporal correlation between modelled and observed hourly NO2 concentrations is weak for some of the stations. For daily mean PM10, the performance of CityChem-EPISODE is moderate due to low temporal correlation. The low correlation is linked to uncertainties in the seasonal cycle of the anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions within the urban area. Missing emissions from domestic heating might be an explanation for the too low modelled PM10 in winter months. Four areas of need for improvement have been identified: (1) dry and wet deposition fluxes; (2) treatment of photochemistry in the urban atmosphere; (3) formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA); and (4) formation of biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The inclusion of secondary aerosol formation will allow for a better sectorial attribution of observed PM levels. Envisaged applications of the CityChem-EPISODE model are urban air quality studies, environmental impact assessment, sensitivity analysis of sector-specific emission and the assessment of local and regional emission abatement policy options. %0 conference poster %@ %A Reese, A., Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2018 %J 26. ICPMS-Anwendertreffen und 13. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse %T Charakterisierung galvanischer Anodenmaterialien zur Identifizierung potentieller Tracer für anorganische Kontaminanten aus Offshore-Windparks %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Wieser, M., Mohammed, F., Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J. %D 2018 %J 9th Nordic Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2018 %T A first comprehensive study in zinc isotopic variation of water and sediment surface sediment samples from the Elbe River %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Slemr, F., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Bieser, J., Brenninkmeijer, C., Rauthe-Schöch, A., Hermann, M., Martinsson, B., van Velthoven, P., Bönisch, H., Neumaier, M., Zahn, A., Ziereis, H. %D 2018 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 16 %P 12329-12343 %R doi:10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018 %T Mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere according to measurements by the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory: 2014–2016 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12329-2018 16 %X Increased upper tropospheric total mercury (TM) concentrations due to large scale biomass burning were observed in the upper troposphere (UT) at the equator and southern latitudes during the flights to Latin America and South Africa in boreal autumn (SON) and boreal winter (DJF). TM concentrations in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) decrease with altitude above the thermal tropopause but the gradient is less steep than reported before. Seasonal variation of the vertical TM distribution in the UT and LMS is similar to that of other trace gases with surface sources and stratospheric sinks. Speciation experiments suggest comparable TM and gaseous elementary mercury (GEM) concentrations at and below the tropopause leaving little space for Hg2+ (TM − GEM) being the dominating component of TM here. In the stratosphere significant GEM concentrations were found to exist up to 4 km altitude above the thermal tropopause. Correlations with N2O as a reference tracer suggest stratospheric lifetimes of 72±37 and 74±27 years for TM and GEM, respectively, comparable to the stratospheric lifetime of COS. This coincidence, combined with pieces of evidence from us and other researchers, corroborates the hypothesis that Hg2+ formed by oxidation in the stratosphere attaches to sulfate particles formed mainly by oxidation of COS and is removed with them from the stratosphere by air mass exchange, gravitational sedimentation and cloud scavenging processes. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhen, X., Tang, J., Liu, L., Wang, X., Li, Y., Xie, Z. %D 2018 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 1370-1377 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.091 %T From headwaters to estuary: Distribution and fate of halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in a river basin near the largest HFR manufacturing base in China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.091 %X With the gradual phasing out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), market demands for alternative halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are increasing. The Laizhou Bay area is the biggest manufacturing base for brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in China, and the Xiaoqing River is the largest and most heavily contaminated river in this region. Water and sediment samples were collected from the headwaters to the estuary of the Xiaoqing River to investigate the distribution and fate of HFRs [i.e., PBDEs, alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) and dechlorane plus (DPs). In the water samples, DPs was the most abundant flame retardant (median: 11.7 ng/L), followed by decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) (5.92 ng/L). In the sediment samples, DBDPE was the predominant flame retardant (39.5 ng/g dw), followed by decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) (2.81 ng/g dw). The levels of DBDPE exceeded those of BDE 209 in most samples, indicating the overwhelming replacement of BDE 209 by DBDPE in this area. In the river section of this study, point source and atmospheric deposition followed by land runoff were the major factors influencing the distribution of HFRs, whereas in the estuary, riverine discharge, the estuarine maximum turbidity zone (MTZ), and hydrodynamic parameters played more important roles. Manufacturing is a significant source of contamination of the Xiaoqing River basin through atmospheric deposition and wastewater discharge. %0 conference paper %@ 2213-8684 %A Arndt, J.A., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV : Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 37-41 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_6 %T An Analysis of Modelled Long-Term Trends of Sulphur in the Atmosphere %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_6 %X Sulphur emissions have significantly decreased in Europe since the 1980s. Consequently, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur dioxide and particle bound sulphate have decreased, too, but not to the same extent. The oxidation of sulphur dioxide has become more efficient over time, leading to an increased sulphate to sulphur dioxide ratio. The reasons for this were investigated in a long term CMAQ model run covering the period 1985–2007. Observations and model results show the same non-linear relation between sulphur dioxide and particle bound sulphate concentrations. An analysis of the sulphur dioxide oxidation pathways was performed in a box-model simulation using the same algorithms as implemented in the CMAQ model. The oxidation was accelerated over time due to an increase in the hydrogen peroxide concentrations. This was mainly caused by a reduction of the sulphur dioxide concentrations, themselves. %0 conference paper %@ 2213-8684 %A Ramacher, M., Karl, M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXV. ITM 2016. Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 309-316 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_49 %T The Impact of Emissions from Ships in Ports on Regional and Urban Scale Air Quality %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57645-9_49 %X Ships emit considerable amounts of pollutants, not only when sailing, but also during their stay in ports. This is of particular importance for harbor cities because ship emissions contribute to regional and urban air pollution. However, only few studies investigated the specific effect of shipping emissions on air pollution in cities. It is difficult to estimate the emissions from ships in harbors only from the technical specifications of the ships because their activities during their stay at berth differ a lot and are not well known. A multi-level approach was used to calculate the total emissions of ship activities in the port of Hamburg. The resulting emission inventory served as input for the Chemical Transport Model systems TAPM and CityChem. To investigate the impact of ship emissions on air pollution in the Hamburg area two different model runs for January and July 2013 were performed; one model run including land-based emissions and the ship emissions and a model run just including the land-based emissions. The modeling outcomes are compared with air quality data and resulted in dispersion maps of pollutants (PM2.5 and NO2) from harbor related ships in the Hamburg metropolitan area. On the urban scale, the highest concentrations are located in the port area of Hamburg. The monthly averaged NO2 concentrations mostly remain within the harbor area and the southwest region of Hamburg. The regional background concentrations in the metropolitan area are only slightly increased by shipping emissions from the harbor. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Feng, Y., Shang, Y., Yang, X., Gao, H., Tian, C., Li, J., Zhang, G., Matthias, V., Xie, Z. %D 2018 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 8 %P 4910-4919 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04002 %T Real-World Emission Factors of Gaseous and Particulate Pollutants from Marine Fishing Boats and Their Total Emissions in China %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04002 8 %X Pollutants from fishing boats have generally been neglected worldwide, and there is an acute shortage of measured emission data, especially in China. Therefore, on-board measurements of pollutants emitted from 12 different fishing boats in China (including gill net, angling, and trawler boats) were carried out in this study to investigate emission factors (EFs), characteristics and total emissions. The average EFs for CO2, CO, NOx, PM, and SO2 were 3074 ± 55.9, 50.6 ± 31.7, 54.2 ± 30.7, 9.54 ± 2.24, and 5.94 ± 6.38 g (kg fuel)−1, respectively, which were higher than those from previous studies of fishing boats. When compared to medium-speed and slow-speed engine vessels, high-speed engines on fishing boats had higher CO EFs but lower NOx EFs. Notably, when fishing boats were in low-load conditions, they always had higher EFs of CO, PM, and NO2 compared to other operating modes. The estimated results showed that emissions from motor-powered fishing boats in China in 2012 (232, 379, and 61.8 kt CO, NOx and PM) accounted for 10.7%, 10.9%, and 19.3% of the total CO, NOx and PM emitted from nonroad mobile sources, which means significant contribution of fishing boats to air pollution, especially in southern China areas. %0 journal article %@ 0009-2541 %A Schlitzer, R., Anderson, R.F., Dodas, E.M., Lohan, M., Geibert, W., Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A., Jeandel, C., Maldonado, M.T., Landing, W.M., Cockwell, D., Abadie, C., Abouchami, W., Achterberg, E.P., Agather, A., Aguliar-Islas, A., van Aken, H.M., Andersen, M., Archer, C., Auro, M., de Baar, H.J., Baars, O., Baker, A.R., Bakker, K., Basak, C., Baskaran, M., Bates, N.R., Bauch, D., van Beek, P., Behrens, M.K., Black, E., Bluhm, K., Bopp, L., Bouman, H., Bowman, K., Bown, J., Boyd, P., Boye, M., Boyle, E.A., Branellec, P., Bridgestock, L., Brissebrat, G., Browning, T., Bruland, K.W., Brumsack, H.-J., Brzezinski, M., Buck, C.S., Buck, K.N., Buesseler, K., Bull, A., Butler, E., Cai, P., Mor, P.C., Cardinal, D., Carlson, C., Carrasco, G., Casacuberta, N., Casciotti, K.L., Castrillejo, M., Chamizo, E., Chance, R., Charette, M.A., Chaves, J.E., Cheng, H., Chever, F., Christl, M., Church, T.M., Closset, I., Colman, A., Conway, T.M., Cossa, D., Croot, P., Cullen, J.T., Cutter, G.A., Daniels, C., Dehairs, F., Deng, F., Dieu, H.T., Duggan, B., Dulaquais, G., Dumousseaud, C., Echegoyen-Sanz, Y., Edwards, R.L., Ellwood, M., Fahrbach, E., Fitzsimmons, J.N., Russell Flegal, A., Fleisher, M.Q., van de Flierdt, T., Frank, M., Friedrich, J., Fripiat, F., Fröllje, H., Galer, S.J.G., Gamo, T., Ganeshram, R.S., Garcia-Orellana, J., Garcia-Solsona, E., Gault-Ringold, M., George, E., Gerringa, L.J.A., Gilbert, M., Godoy, J.M., Goldstein, S.L., Gonzalez, S.R., Grissom, K., Hammerschmidt, C., Hartman, A., Hassler, C.S., Hathorne, E.C., Hatta, M., Hawco, N., Hayes, C.T., Heimbürger, L.-E., Helgoe, J., Heller, M., Henderson, G.M., Henderson, P.B., van Heuven, S., Ho, P., Horner, T.J., Hsieh, Y.-T., Huang, K.-F., Humphreys, M.P., Isshiki, K., Jacquot, J.E., Janssen, D.J., Jenkins, W.J., John, S., Jones, E.M., Jones, J.L., Kadko, D.C., Kayser, R., Kenna, T.C., Khondoker, R., Kim, T., Kipp, L., Klar, J.K., Klunder, M., Kretschmer, S., Kumamoto, Y., Laan, P., Labatut, M., Lacan, F., Lam, P.J., Lambelet, M., Lamborg, C.H., Le Moigne, F.A.C., Le Roy, E., Lechtenfeld, O.J., Lee, J.-M., Lherminier, P., Little, S., López-Lora, M., Lu, Y., Masque, P., Mawji, E., Mcclain, C.R., Measures, C., Mehic, S., Barraqueta, J.-L.M., van der Merwe, P., Middag, R., Mieruch, S., Milne, A., Minami, T., Moffett, J.W., Moncoiffe, G., Moore, W.S., Morris, P.J., Morton, P.L., Nakaguchi, Y., Nakayama, N., Niedermiller, J., Nishioka, J., Nishiuchi, A., Noble, A., Obata, H., Ober, S., Ohnemus, D.C., van Ooijen, J., O'Sullivan, J., Owens, S., Pahnke, K., Paul, M., Pavia, F., Pena, L.D., Peters, B., Planchon, F., Planquette, H., Pradoux, C., Puigcorbé, V., Quay, P., Queroue, F., Radic, A., Rauschenberg, S., Rehkämper, M., Rember, R., Remenyi, T., Resing, J.A., Rickli, J., Rigaud, S., Rijkenberg, M.J.A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, L.F., Roca-Martí, M., Rodellas, V., Roeske, T., Rolison, J.M., Rosenberg, M., Roshan, S., Rutgers van der Loeff, M.M., Ryabenko, E., Saito, M.A., Salt, L.A., Sanial, V., Sarthou, G., Schallenberg, C., Schauer, U., Scher, H., Schlosser, C., Schnetger, B., Scott, P., Sedwick, P.N., Semiletov, I., Shelley, R., Sherrell, R.M., Shiller, A.M., Sigman, D.M., Singh, S.K., Slagter, H.A., Slater, E., Smethie, W.M., Snaith, H., Sohrin, Y., Sohst, B., Sonke, J.E., Speich, S., Steinfeldt, R., Stewart, G., Stichel, T., Stirling, C.H., Stutsman, J., Swarr, G.J., Swift, J.H., Thomas, A., Thorne, K., Till, C.P., Till, R., Townsend, A.T., Townsend, E., Tuerena, R., Twining, B.S., Vance, D., Velazquez, S., Venchiarutti, C., Villa-Alfageme, M., Vivancos, S.M., Voelker, A.H.L., Wake, B., Warner, M.J., Watson, R., van Weerlee, E., Alexandra Weigand, M., Weinstein, Y., Weiss, D., Wisotzki, A., Woodward, E.M.S., Wu, J., Wu, Y., Wuttig, K., Wyatt, N., Xiang, Y., Xie, R.C., Xue, Z., Yoshikawa, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, P., Zhao, Y., Zheng, L., Zheng, X.-Y., Zieringer, M., Zimmer, L.A., Ziveri, P., Zunino, P., Zurbrick, C. %D 2018 %J Chemical Geology %P 210-223 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040 %T The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040 %X The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017 (IDP2017) is the second publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2016. The IDP2017 includes data from the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, Southern and Indian oceans, with about twice the data volume of the previous IDP2014. For the first time, the IDP2017 contains data for a large suite of biogeochemical parameters as well as aerosol and rain data characterising atmospheric trace element and isotope (TEI) sources. The TEI data in the IDP2017 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at crossover stations. The IDP2017 consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 450 TEIs as well as standard hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing an on-line atlas that includes more than 590 section plots and 130 animated 3D scenes. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. Users can download the full data packages or make their own custom selections with a new on-line data extraction service. In addition to the actual data values, the IDP2017 also contains data quality flags and 1-σ data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering and for statistical analysis. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2017 as section plots and rotating 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes combine data from many cruises and provide quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. These 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of tracer plumes near ocean margins or along ridges. The IDP2017 is the result of a truly international effort involving 326 researchers from 25 countries. This publication provides the critical reference for unpublished data, as well as for studies that make use of a large cross-section of data from the IDP2017. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Massei, R., Busch, W., Wolschke, H., Schinkel, L., Bitsch, M., Schulze, T., Krauss, M., Brack, W. %D 2018 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 4 %P 2251-2260 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04355 %T Screening of Pesticide and Biocide Patterns As Risk Drivers in Sediments of Major European River Mouths: Ubiquitous or River Basin-Specific Contamination? %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04355 4 %X Pesticides and biocides (PaB) are ubiquitously present in aquatic ecosystems due to their widespread application and have been detected in rivers at concentrations that may cause distress to aquatic life. Many of these compounds accumulate in sediments acting as long-term source for aquatic ecosystems. However, data on sediment contamination with current-use PaB in Europe are scarce. Thus, in this study, we elucidated PaB patterns and associated risks in sediments of seven major European rivers focusing on their last stretch as an integrative sink of particles transported by these rivers. Sediments were extracted with pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using a broad-spectrum method recovering many compound classes with a wide range of physicochemical properties. Altogether 126 compounds were analyzed and 81 of them were detected with LC-HRMS and GC-NCI-MS/MS at least in one of the sediments. The highest number of compounds was detected (59) in River Elbe sediments close to Cuxhaven with outstanding concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 1691 mg/g organic carbon. Multivariate analysis identified a cluster with 3 ubiquitous compounds (cyhalothrin, carbendazim, fenpropimorph) and three clusters of chemicals with higher variability within and between rivers. Risk assessment indicates an acute toxic risk to benthic crustaceans at all investigated sites with the pyrethroids tefluthrin and cyfluthrin together with the fungicide carbendazim as the main drivers. Risks to algae were driven at most sites almost exclusively by photosynthesis inhibitors with estuary-specific herbicide mixtures, while in the rivers Po and Gironde cell division inhibitors played an important role at some sites. Mixtures of specific concern have been defined and suggested for integration in future monitoring programs. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Bento, C., Commelin, M., Baartman, J., Yang, X., Peters, P., Mol, H., Ritsema, C., Geissen, V. %D 2018 %J Environmental Pollution %P 1011-1020 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.003 %T Spatial glyphosate and AMPA redistribution on the soil surface driven by sediment transport processes – A flume experiment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.003 %X Glyphosate and AMPA off-target particle-bound transport was 9.4% (T1) and 17.8% (T2) of the applied amount, while water-dissolved transport was 2.8% (T1) and 0.5% (T2). Particle size and organic matter influenced the mobility of glyphosate and AMPA to off-target areas. These results indicate that the pollution risk of terrestrial and aquatic environments through runoff and deposition can be considerable. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Wolschke, H., Sühring, R., Massai, R., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2018 %J Environmental Pollution %P 391-395 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.061 %T Regional variations of organophosphorus flame retardants - Fingerprint of large river basin estuaries/deltas in Europe compared with China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.061 %X This study reports the occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizer (OPEs) in sediments of eight large river basin estuaries and deltas across Europe. A robust and sensitive OPE analysis method was developed through the application of an in-cell clean-up in an accelerated solvent extraction and the use of an GC-MSMS System for instrumental analyses. OPEs were detected in all sediment samples with sum concentrations of up to 181 ng g−1 dw. A fingerprinting method was used to identify river specific pattern to compare river systems. The estuaries and deltas were chosen to have a conglomerate print of the whole river. The results are showing very similar OPE patterns across Europe with minor differences driven by local industrial input. The European estuary concentrations and patterns were compared with OPEs detected in the Xiaoquing River in China, as an example for a region with other production, usage and legislative regulations. The Chinese fingerprint differed significant from the overall European pattern. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Natur und Kultur in der Elbtalaue, Jahrestagung Biosphaerenreservat Niedersaechsische Elbtalaue %T Witterungsextreme im Klimawandel – Ursachen und Perspektiven %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Aulinger, A. %D 2018 %J International Workshop on PM Filtration %T PM emissions from ships and their influence on air quality %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1759-9660 %A Bookhagen, B., Obermaier, W., Opper, C., Koeberl, C., Hofmann, T., Prohaska, T., Irrgeher, J. %D 2018 %J Analytical Methods %N 31 %P 3864-3871 %R doi:10.1039/c8ay01192c %T Development of a versatile analytical protocol for the comprehensive determination of the elemental composition of smartphone compartments on the example of printed circuit boards %U https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ay01192c 31 %X A versatile approach to determining the elemental content of more than 50 elements in different components of electronic devices on the example of smartphones was developed. The analytical protocol is based on accurate disassembly of smartphones, a single processing microwave-assisted acid digestion followed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS measurements. Method optimization and validation were performed using the certified reference material ERM®-EZ505 electronic scrap. Combined uncertainties revealed measurement uncertainty and sample heterogeneity as main contributors. The contents of up to 57 elements could be quantified in the certified reference material ERM®-EZ505 electronic scrap. The results of the certified elements Au, Be, Cu, In, Ni, Pd, and Pt overlapped within their uncertainties with the certified range and revealed recoveries of 100% ± 16%. Only Ag shows incomplete recoveries (75% ± 35%). The validated method was applied to all metal-containing components of selected smartphones, excluding batteries. The contents of up to 57 elements could be quantified and are presented exemplarily for printed circuit boards, which represent the most complex components in the investigated smartphones and thus limit the capability of the method. The ten most abundant elements in decreasing order are Cu, Fe, Si, Ni, Sn, Zn, Ba, Al, Cr, Ti, which comprise approx. 80% of the weight of the printed circuit boards. The method allows for the determination of metal content in various parts of modern smartphones, providing the basis for the estimation and prediction of future metal usage and thus the comprehensive investigation of recycling and circular economy aspects. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Wieser, M., Mohammed, F., Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J. %D 2018 %J Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse, 13. Symposium und 26. ICPMS-Anwendertreffen %T Erste Ergebnisse zur Untersuchung von Zinkisotopenverhaeltnissen in Wasser- und Oberflaechensedimentproben der Elbe %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2018 %J DAAS-Doktorandenseminar 2018 %T New, automated sample preparation techniques for the analysis of non-traditional stable isotopes in environmental samples %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2018 %J Wissenschaft traegt Verantwortung, Ringvorlesung %T Die Pariser Klimaziele und die Netto Negativen Emissionen – Ein Blick in die Forschungslandschaft %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Fromme, H., Mi, W., Lahrz, T., Kraft, M., Aschenbrenner, B., Bruessow, B., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z., Fembacher, L. %D 2018 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 412-418 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.070 %T Occurrence of carbazoles in dust and air samples from different locations in Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.070 %X Due to limited toxicological information and exposure data for other relevant pathways (e.g., dietary intake), the risk assessment is inconclusive. Nevertheless, there are indications that 9H-carbazole has carcinogenic properties and that halogenated carbazoles have dioxin-like toxicities. Therefore, further research is essential. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Schumann, U., Baumann, R., Baumgardner, D., Bedka, S.T., Duda, D.P., Freudenthaler, V., Gayet, J.-F., Heymsfield, A.J., Minnis, P., Quante, M., Raschke, E., Schlager, H., Vazquez-Navarro, M., Voigt, C., Wang, Z. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 1 %P 403-438 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-403-2017 %T Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-403-2017 1 %X Mean properties of individual contrails are characterized for a wide range of jet aircraft as a function of age during their life cycle from seconds to 11.5 h (7.4–18.7 km altitude, −88 to −31 °C ambient temperature), based on a compilation of about 230 previous in situ and remote sensing measurements. The airborne, satellite, and ground-based observations encompass exhaust contrails from jet aircraft from 1972 onwards, as well as a few older data for propeller aircraft. The contrails are characterized by mean ice particle sizes and concentrations, extinction, ice water content, optical depth, geometrical depth, and contrail width. Integral contrail properties include the cross-section area and total number of ice particles, total ice water content, and total extinction (area integral of extinction) per contrail length. When known, the contrail-causing aircraft and ambient conditions are characterized. The individual datasets are briefly described, including a few new analyses performed for this study, and compiled together to form a contrail library (COLI). The data are compared with results of the Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model. The observations confirm that the number of ice particles in contrails is controlled by the engine exhaust and the formation process in the jet phase, with some particle losses in the wake vortex phase, followed later by weak decreases with time. Contrail cross sections grow more quickly than expected from exhaust dilution. The cross-section-integrated extinction follows an algebraic approximation. The ratio of volume to effective mean radius decreases with time. The ice water content increases with increasing temperature, similar to non-contrail cirrus, while the equivalent relative humidity over ice saturation of the contrail ice mass increases at lower temperatures in the data. Several contrails were observed in warm air above the Schmidt–Appleman threshold temperature. The emission index of ice particles, i.e., the number of ice particles formed in the young contrail per burnt fuel mass, is estimated from the measured concentrations for estimated dilution; maximum values exceed 1015 kg−1. The dependence of the data on the observation methods is discussed. We find no obvious indication for significant contributions from spurious particles resulting from shattering of ice crystals on the microphysical probes. %0 journal article %@ 1812-0784 %A Callies, U., Groll, N., Horstmann, J., Kapitza, H., Klein, H., Massmann, S., Schwichtenberg, F. %D 2017 %J Ocean Science %N 5 %P 799-827 %R doi:10.5194/os-13-799-2017 %T Surface drifters in the German Bight: model validation considering windage and Stokes drift %U https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-799-2017 5 %X The study suggests that the main sources of simulation errors were inaccurate Eulerian currents and lacking representation of sub-grid-scale processes. Substantial model errors often occurred under low wind conditions. A lower limit of predictability (about 3–5 km day−1) was estimated from two drifters that were initially spaced 20 km apart but converged quickly and diverged again after having stayed at a distance of 2 km or less for about 10 days. In most cases, errors in simulated 25 h drifter displacements were of similar order of magnitude. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2017 %J Wissenschaft traegt Verantwortung, Ringvorlesung %T Klimaveraenderungen und Klimaskepsis %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Fengler, J., Apel, C., Gandrass, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2017 %J 16th International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, ICCE 2017 %T Development of a LC-MS/MS method to determine synthetic antioxidants from plastic products in the marine environment %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Tchaikovsky, A., Irrgeher, J., Zitek, A., Prohaska, T. %D 2017 %J 8th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Food Analysis, RAFA 2017 %T Analytical challenges of origin determination of food with initial chemical composition modified by production practices %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Vivanco, M.G., Bessagnet, B., Cuvelier, C., Theobald, M.R., Tsyro, S., Pirovano, G., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Calori, G., Ciarelli, G., Manders, A., Mircea, M., Aksoyoglu, S., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., D`Isidoro, M., Kranenburg, R., Meleux, F., Menut, L., Pay, M.T., Rouil, L., Silibello, C., Thunis, P., Ung, A. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 152-175 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.042 %T Joint analysis of deposition fluxes and atmospheric concentrations of inorganic nitrogen and sulphur compounds predicted by six chemistry transport models in the frame of the EURODELTAIII project %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.042 %X Large differences between models were also found for the estimates of dry deposition. However, the lack of suitable measurements makes it impossible to assess model performance for this process. These uncertainties should be addressed in future research, since dry deposition contributes significantly to the total deposition for the three deposited species, with values in the same range as wet deposition for most of the models, and with even higher values for some of them, especially for reduced nitrogen. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Gencarelli, C.N., Bieser, J., Carbone, F., De Simone, F., Hedgecock, I.M., matthias, V., Travnikov, O., Yang, X., Pirrone, N. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 1 %P 627-643 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-627-2017 %T Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-627-2017 1 %X Atmospheric deposition is the most important pathway by which Hg reaches marine ecosystems, where it can be methylated and enter the base of food chain. The deposition, the transport and chemical interactions of atmospheric Hg has been simulated over Europe for the year 2013 in the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, performing 14 different model sensitivity tests using two high resolution three-dimensional Chemical Transport Models (CTMs), varying the anthropogenic emissions data sets, atmospheric Br input fields, the Hg oxidation schemes and the modelling domain boundary condition input. Sensitivity simulation results were compared with observations from 28 monitoring sites in Europe, to assess model performance and particularly to analyse the influence of anthropogenic emission speciation and the Hg0(g) atmospheric oxidation mechanism. The contribution of anthropogenic Hg emissions, their speciation and vertical distribution is crucial to the simulated concentration and deposition fields, as is also the choice of Hg0(g) oxidation pathway. The areas most sensitive to changes in Hg emission speciation and the emission vertical distribution are those near major sources, but also the Aegean and the Black Seas, the English Channel, the Skagerrak Strait and the North German coast. Considerable influence was found also evident over the Mediterranean, the North and Baltic Sea, some influence is seen over continental Europe, while this difference is least over the north-western part of the modelling domain, which includes the Norwegian Sea and Iceland. The Br oxidation pathway produces more HgII(g) in the lower model levels, but overall wet deposition is lower in comparison to the simulations which employ an O3/OH oxidation mechanism. The necessity to perform continuous measurements of speciated Hg, to investigate the local impacts of Hg emissions and deposition, as well as interactions dependent on land use and vegetation, forests, peat bogs etc. is highlighted in this study. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhao, Z., Tang, J., Mi, L., Tian, C., Zhong, G., Zhang, G., Wang, S., Li, Q., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z., Sun, H. %D 2017 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 114-123 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.147 %T Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the lower atmosphere and surface waters of the Chinese Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and Yangtze River estuary %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.147 %X Polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), in the forms of neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the gas phase of air and ionic perfluoroalkyl substances in the dissolved phase of surface water, were investigated during a sampling campaign in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and Yangtze River estuary in May 2012. In the gas phase, the concentrations of neutral ∑ PFASs were within the range of 76–551 pg/m3. Higher concentrations were observed in the South Yellow Sea. 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) was the predominant compound as it accounted for 92%–95% of neutral ∑ PFASs in all air samples. Air mass backward trajectory analysis indicated that neutral ∑ PFASs came mainly from the coast of the Yellow Sea, including the Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces of China, and the coastal region of South Korea. The fluxes of gas phase dry deposition were simulated for neutral PFASs, and neutral ∑ PFASs fluxes varied from 0.37 to 2.3 pg/m2/s. In the dissolved phase of the surface water, concentrations of ionic ∑ PFASs ranged from 1.6 to 118 ng/L, with the Bohai Sea exhibiting higher concentrations than both the Yellow Sea and the Yangtze River estuary. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant compound accounting for 51%–90% of the ionic ∑ PFAS concentrations. Releases from industrial and domestic activities as well as the semiclosed geographical conditions increased the level of ionic ∑ PFASs in the Bohai Sea. The spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) were different significantly. The Laizhou Bay was the major source region of PFCAs and the Yangtze River estuary was the major source of PFSAs. %0 journal article %@ 0029-8018 %A Ballini, F., Oelcer, A.I., Brandt, J., Neumann, D. %D 2017 %J Ocean Engineering %P 477-485 %R doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.014 %T Health costs and economic impact of wind assisted ship propulsion %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.014 %X World seaborne transportation is crucial for world trade and global economic growth. Shipping has been increasing since 2009, including oil & gas, dry bulk and container freight, and is very likely to continue this trend in the near future. However, international shipping also produces 2.7% of the world's total CO2 emissions, and globally, air pollutants emitted from international shipping are increasing due to the rise in trade. It is a well-established fact that Greenhouse Gasses (GHGs) cause climate change and that air pollutants trigger a range of health issues for humans. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework, this paper will focus on a general assessment of the health-related externality of air pollution emitted from wind-assisted hybrid ship propulsion within two different emission reduction scenarios. The paper will further analyse the emission impact from both individual scenarios. A Chemical Transport Model (CTM) is used to estimate the realistic concentration of relevant air pollutants, and the Economic Valuation of Air-pollution Model (EVA) is applied to assessing the health-related economic externalities of air pollution. %0 bachelor thesis %@ %A Voigt, N. %D 2017 %J %T Multielement-Charakterisierung von Anodenmaterial fuer den kathodischen Korrosionsschutz von Offshore-Strukturen mittels ICP-MS/MS (Bacherlorarbeit) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Ma, Y., Xie, Z., Lohmann, R., Mi, W., Gao, G. %D 2017 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 7 %P 3809-3815 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00755 %T Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Ocean Sediments from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00755 7 %X The presence of organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers in surface sediment from the North Pacific to Arctic Ocean was observed for the first time during the fourth National Arctic Research Expedition of China in the summer of 2010. The samples were analyzed for three halogenated OPEs [tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(dichloroisopropyl) phosphate], three alkylated OPEs [triisobutyl phosphate (TiBP), tri-n-butyl phosphate, and tripentyl phosphate], and triphenyl phosphate. Σ7OPEs (total concentration of the observed OPEs) was in the range of 159–4658 pg/g of dry weight. Halogenated OPEs were generally more abundant than the nonhalogenated OPEs; TCEP and TiBP dominated the overall concentrations. Except for that of the Bering Sea, Σ7OPEs values increased with increasing latitudes from Bering Strait to the Central Arctic Ocean, while the contributions of halogenated OPEs (typically TCEP and TCPP) to the total OPE profile also increased from the Bering Strait to the Central Arctic Ocean, indicating they are more likely to be transported to the remote Arctic. The median budget of 52 (range of 17–292) tons for Σ7OPEs in sediment from the Central Arctic Ocean represents only a very small amount of their total production volume, yet the amount of OPEs in Arctic Ocean sediment was significantly larger than the sum of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the sediment, indicating they are equally prone to long-range transport away from source regions. Given the increasing level of production and usage of OPEs as substitutes of PBDEs, OPEs will continue to accumulate in the remote Arctic. %0 conference poster %@ %A Apel, C., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2017 %J 37th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, DIOXIN 2017 %T Occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1742-7061 %A Draxler, J., Martinelli, E., Weinberg, A.M., Zitek, A., Irrgeher, J., Meischel, M., Stanzl-Tschegg, S.E., Mingler, B., Prohaska, T. %D 2017 %J Acta Biomaterialia %P 526-536 %R doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.054 %T The potential of isotopically enriched magnesium to study bone implant degradation in vivo %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.054 %X This pilot study highlights the substantial potential of using isotopically enriched (non-radioactive) metals to study the fate of biodegradable metal implants. It was possible to show that magnesium (Mg) release can be observed by combining isotopic mass spectrometry and isotopic pattern deconvolution for data reduction, even at low amounts of Mg released a from slowly degrading 26Mg enriched (>99%) Mg metal. Following implantation into rats, structural in vivo changes were monitored by μCT. Results showed that the applied Mg had an average degradation rate of 16 ± 5 μm year−1, which corresponds with the degradation rate of pure Mg. Bone and tissue extraction was performed 4, 24, and 52 weeks after implantation. Bone cross sections were analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the lateral 26Mg distribution. The 26Mg/24Mg ratios in digested tissue and excretion samples were analyzed by multi collector ICP-MS. Isotope pattern deconvolution in combination with ICP-MS enabled detection of Mg pin material in amounts as low as 200 ppm in bone tissues and 20 ppm in tissues up to two fold increased Mg levels with a contribution of pin-derived Mg of up to 75% (4 weeks) and 30% (24 weeks) were found adjacent to the implant. After complete degradation, no visual bone disturbance or residual pin-Mg could be detected in cortical bone. In organs, increased Δ26Mg/24Mg values up to 16‰ were determined compared to control samples. Increased Δ26Mg/24Mg values were detected in serum samples at a constant total Mg level. In contrast to urine, feces did not show a shift in the 26Mg/24Mg ratios. This investigation showed that the organism is capable of handling excess Mg well and that bones fully recover after degradation. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Apel, C., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2017 %J 37th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, DIOXIN 2017 %T Environmental occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers in sediments of Laizhou Bay and Bohai Sea %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0267-9477 %A Tchaikovsky, A., Irrgeher, J., Zitek, A., Prohaska, T. %D 2017 %J Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry %N 11 %P 2300-2307 %R doi:10.1039/C7JA00251C %T Isotope pattern deconvolution of different sources of stable strontium isotopes in natural systems %U https://doi.org/10.1039/C7JA00251C 11 %X Isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) was used to determine the contribution of different Sr sources to the Sr isotopic composition of natural samples on the example of sturgeon caviar and otoliths. For this purpose, the Sr isotopic composition of raw and salted sturgeon caviar, otoliths as well as water, fish feed and salt (representing the assumed main contributors to the final isotopic composition of strontium in caviar) were analyzed using MC ICP-MS. The molar fractions and their uncertainties were determined using multiple-linear regression modeling and linear algebra calculations. The optimized approach was applied to caviar and otolith samples of different origin. The Sr isotopic composition of raw caviar and otoliths was formed to 79.8 ± 4.3 % by water and 20.2 ± 4.3 % by fish feed (1 SD, n=5, between sites variation). Deconvolution was possible even when the isotopic difference of the n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) between sources was less than 0.1 %. The influence of salting to the isotopic compostion of processed caviar accounted up to almost 80 % for samples treated with salt containing high concentrations of Sr. The developed methodology provides the basis for the accurate origin determination of samples by n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotopic-amount ratios, in cases, where the initial natural signature is modified by known additives. %0 master thesis %@ %A Bruessow, B. %D 2017 %J %T Determination of carbazoles in the German Elbe River and wastewater treatment plants (Masterarbeit) %U %X %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Heydebreck, F. %D 2017 %J %T Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment-Shifting toward Fluorinated Alternatives? (Dissertation) %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Voigt, N., Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2017 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2017 %T Multi-elemental characterization of anode materials used for cathodic corrosion protection of offshore structures using ICP-MS/MS %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1463-5003 %A Paetsch, J., Burchard, H., Dieterich, C., Graewe, U., Groeger, M., Mathis, M., Kapitza, H., Bersch, M., Moll, A., Pohlmann, T., Su, J., Ho-Hagemann, H.T.M., Schulz, A., Elizalde, A., Eden, C. %D 2017 %J Ocean Modelling %P 70-95 %R doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.06.005 %T An evaluation of the North Sea circulation in global and regional models relevant for ecosystem simulations %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.06.005 %X Simulations of the North Sea circulation by the global ocean model MPI-OM and the regional ocean models GETM, HAMSOM, NEMO, TRIM are compared against each other and with observational data for the period 1998–2009. The aim of the study is to evaluate the quality of the simulations in particular with respect to their suitability to drive biogeochemical shelf sea models. Our results demonstrate the benefit of the global model to avoid the specification of lateral open boundary conditions. Due to its stretched grid configuration, which provides a higher grid resolution at the Northwest European Shelf, the global model is able to reproduce the large-scale features, such as the water mass distribution and the thermal stratification in the central and northern North Sea, qualitatively similar to the regional models. The simulation of temperature and salinity near the coast however, shows large biases in almost all models because of the coarse meteorological forcing and too coarse vertical resolutions. The simulation of the Baltic Sea exchange and the spread of freshwater along the Norwegian coast proved difficult for all models except GETM, which reproduces impacts of the Baltic Sea outflow reasonably well. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Bieser, J., Slemr, F., Ambrose, J., Brenninkmeijer, C., Brooks, S., Dastoor, A., De Simone, F., Ebinghaus, R., Gencarelli, C., Geyer, B., Gratz, L.E., Hedgecock, I.M., Jaffe, D., Kelley, P., Lin, C.-J., Matthias, V., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N., Song, S., Travnikov, O., Weigelt, A., Luke, W., Ren, X., Zahn, A., Yang, X., Zhu, Y., Pirrone, N. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 11 %P 6925-6955 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017 %T Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Vertical distribution of mercury species %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6925-2017 11 %X The investigated models proved to be able to reproduce the distribution of total and elemental mercury concentrations in the troposphere including interhemispheric trends. One key aspect of the study is the investigation of mercury oxidation in the troposphere. We found that different chemistry schemes were better at reproducing observed oxidized mercury patterns depending on altitude. High concentrations of oxidized mercury in the upper troposphere could be reproduced with oxidation by bromine while elevated concentrations in the lower troposphere were better reproduced by OH and ozone chemistry. However, the results were not always conclusive as the physical and chemical parameterizations in the chemistry transport models also proved to have a substantial impact on model results. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Freese, M., Suehring, R., Marohn, L., Pohlmann, J.-D., Wolschke, H., Byer, J.D., Alaee, M., Ebinghaus, R., Hanel, R. %D 2017 %J Environmental Pollution %P 348-356 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.096 %T Maternal transfer of dioxin-like compounds in artificially matured European eels %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.096 %X This study presents analytical data on maternal transfer of dioxin-like (dl) compounds in relevant tissue samples taken from artificially matured and non-matured European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) from German inland waters using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS). Detected concentrations revealed a lipid-driven transfer of targeted compounds from muscle-fat-reserves to gonads and eggs respectively, with no distinct preferences concerning the chlorination degree of targeted compounds. Dl-PCBs were shown to contribute the major share of toxicity equivalents found in analysed eel tissues. Maternal muscle tissue to egg concentration ratios in wet weight–based samples had a mean of 6.95 ± 1.49 in accordance with the differences in total lipid content in the respective body matrices. Dioxins and furans in analysed samples were (from a toxicological point of view) of less relevance. Furthermore it was shown that muscle concentrations in silver eels could be used in future assessments to make conservative predictions for expected egg concentrations in female eels. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zitek, A., Tchaikovsky, A., Bakhshalizadeh, S., Irrgeher, J., Opper, C., Congiu, L., Prohaska, T. %D 2017 %J 8th International Symposium on Sturgeons, ISS 8 %T Using modern analytical ecogeochemical methods to study and protect sturgeon populations %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Travnikov, O., Angot, H., Artaxo, P., Bencardino, M., Bieser, J., D`Àmore, F., Dastoor, A., De Simone, F., del Carmen Dieguez, M., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X.B., Gencarelli, C.N., Hedgecock, I.M., Magand, O., Martin, L., Matthias, V., Mashyanov, N., Pirrone, N., Ramachandran, R., Read, K.A., Ryjkov, A., Selin, N.E., Sena, F., Song, S., Sprovieri, F., Wip, D., Waengberg, I., Yang, X. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 8 %P 5271-5295 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017 %T Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Atmospheric processes and model evaluation %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-5271-2017 8 %X Current understanding of mercury (Hg) behaviour in the atmosphere contains significant gaps. Some key characteristics of Hg processes including anthropogenic and geogenic emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and air-surface exchange are still poorly known. This study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data from ground-based sites and simulation results of chemical transport models. A variety of long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) and reactive Hg (RM) concentration as well as Hg wet deposition flux has been compiled from different global and regional monitoring networks. Four contemporary global-scale transport models for Hg were applied both in their state-of-the-art configurations and for a number of numerical experiments aimed at evaluation of particular processes. Results of the model simulation were evaluated against measurements. As it follows from the analysis the inter-hemispheric gradient of GEM is largely formed by the spatial distribution of anthropogenic emissions which prevail in the Northern Hemisphere. Contribution of natural and secondary emissions enhances the south-to-north gradient but their effect is less significant. The atmospheric chemistry does not affect considerably both spatial distribution and temporal variation of GEM concentration in the surface air. On the other hand, RM air concentration and wet deposition are largely defined by oxidation chemistry. The Br oxidation mechanism allows successfully reproducing observed seasonal variation of the RM / GEM ratio in the near-surface layer, whereas it predicts maximum in wet deposition in spring instead of summer as observed at monitoring sites located in North America and Europe. Model runs with the OH chemistry correctly simulate both the periods of maximum and minimum values and the amplitude of observed seasonal variation but lead to shifting the maximum RM / GEM ratios from spring to summer. The O3 chemistry does not provide significant seasonal variation of Hg oxidation. Thus, performance of the considered Hg oxidation mechanisms differs in reproduction of different observed parameters that can imply possibility of more complex chemistry and multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Ma, Y., Halsall, C.J., Xie, Z., Koetke, D., Mi, W., Ebinghaus, R., Gao, G. %D 2017 %J Environmental Pollution %P 498-504 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.087 %T Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ocean sediments from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.087 %X Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surficial sediments along a marine transect from the North Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. The highest average Σ18PAHs concentrations were observed along the continental slope of the Canada Basin in the Arctic (68.3 ± 8.5 ng g−1 dw), followed by sediments in the Chukchi Sea shelf (49.7 ± 21.2 ng g−1 dw) and Bering Sea (39.5 ± 11.3 ng g−1 dw), while the Bering Strait (16.8 ± 7.1 ng g−1 dw) and Central Arctic Ocean sediments (13.1 ± 9.6 ng g−1 dw) had relatively lower average concentrations. The use of principal components analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA/MLR) indicated that on average oil related or petrogenic sources contributed ∼42% of the measured PAHs in the sediments and marked by higher concentrations of two methylnaphthalenes over the non-alkylated parent PAH, naphthalene. Wood and coal combustion contributed ∼32%, and high temperature pyrogenic sources contributing ∼26%. Petrogenic sources, such as oil seeps, allochthonous coal and coastally eroded material such as terrigenous sediments particularly affected the Chukchi Sea shelf and slope of the Canada Basin, while biomass and coal combustion sources appeared to have greater influence in the central Arctic Ocean, possibly due to the effects of episodic summertime forest fires. %0 bachelor thesis %@ %A Klein, O. %D 2017 %J %T Vergleichende Untersuchung von Multi-Elementfingerprints zweier Flusssysteme (Weser und Ems) unter besondererBeruecksichtigung der Metalle der Seltenen Erden (Bachelorarbeit) %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Karl, M. %D 2017 %J Airborne Engineered Nanomaterials: Measurements, Implications and Modelling, NanoFASE Workshop on Airborne Nanomaterials %T Evolution of size and composition of vehicle-exhaust nanoparticles from point of emission to city scale %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Martin, L., Labuschagne, C., Brunke, E., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Slemr, F. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 3 %P 2393-2399 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-2393-2017 %T Trend of atmospheric mercury concentrations at Cape Point for 1995–2004 and since 2007 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2393-2017 3 %X Seasonally resolved trends suggest a modulation of the overall trend by regional processes. The trends in absolute terms (downward in 1995–2004 and upward in 2007–2015) are highest in austral spring (SON), coinciding with the peak in emissions from biomass burning in South America and southern Africa. The influence of trends in biomass burning is further supported by a biennial variation in GEM concentration found here and an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signature in GEM concentrations reported recently. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Dutschke, F., Reese, A., Retzmann, A., Zimmermann, T., Prohaska, T., Wieser, M.E., Proefrock, D. %D 2017 %J European Winter Conference of Plasma Spektroskopie 2017, EWCPS 2017 %T Multi-isotope tracers to investigate processes in river catchment systems: Selected application examples using B, Mo, Sr, Pb, and Ti isotope ratios assessed by MC ICP-MS %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2017 %J International Conference Goldschmidt 2017 %T A new fully automated sample preparation system for the isotopic analysis of Sr, P band Nd via MC ICP-MS and its application to sediment digests %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Song, T., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Liu, F., Fu, P., Shiraiwa, M., Xie, Z., Yue, D., Zhong, L., Zheng, J., Lai, S. %D 2017 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 12 %P 6773-6781 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b00987 %T Proteins and Amino Acids in Fine Particulate Matter in Rural Guangzhou, Southern China: Seasonal Cycles, Sources, and Atmospheric Processes %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00987 12 %X Water-soluble proteinaceous matter including proteins and free amino acids (FAAs) as well as some other chemical components was analyzed in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected over a period of one year in rural Guangzhou. Annual averaged protein and total FAAs concentrations were 0.79 ± 0.47 μg m–3 and 0.13 ± 0.05 μg m–3, accounting for 1.9 ± 0.7% and 0.3 ± 0.1% of PM2.5, respectively. Among FAAs, glycine was the most abundant species (19.9%), followed by valine (18.5%), methionine (16.1%), and phenylalanine (13.5%). Both proteins and FAAs exhibited distinct seasonal variations with higher concentrations in autumn and winter than those in spring and summer. Correlation analysis suggests that aerosol proteinaceous matter was mainly derived from intensive agricultural activities, biomass burning, and fugitive dust/soil resuspension. Significant correlations between proteins/FAAs and atmospheric oxidant (O3) indicate that proteins/FAAs may be involved in O3 related atmospheric processes. Our observation confirms that ambient FAAs could be degraded from proteins under the influence of O3, and the stoichiometric coefficients of the reactions were estimated for FAAs and glycine. This finding provides a possible pathway for the production of aerosol FAAs in the atmosphere, which will improve the current understanding on atmospheric processes of proteinaceous matter. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Yao, Y., Chang, S., Zhao, Y., Tang, J., Sun, H., Xie, Z. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 150-158 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.023 %T Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the urban, industrial, and background atmosphere of Northeastern China coast around the Bohai Sea: Occurrence, partitioning, and seasonal variation %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.023 %X Air samples were collected using high-volume samplers at two coastal towns on the Bohai Sea in China, 320 km apart, and at a background site (North Huangcheng Island) in the Bohai Sea, 50 km from the coast. A suite of neutral and ionic per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated. Urban activity was related to high levels of neutral PFASs at Tianjin while perfluorooctanoic carboxylic acid (PFOA) was dominant in the atmosphere at Weifang, possibly due to industrial sources. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (diPAPs) occurred in the particle phase only, with a total concentration range of 0.02–6.72 pg m−3. The dominant homologue was 6:2 diPAP. PFASs profiles at NHI suggested direct atmospheric transport of neutral and ionic PFASs from source regions. Temperature-dependent partitioning of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) was observed in winter, when total concentrations and particle-phase fractions of FTOHs were significantly higher as compared to those in summer. Correlation analyses suggested more active gas-phase degradation of FTOHs in summer and likely heterogeneous degradation in both seasons. Overall, it is necessary to account for ionic PFASs in both gas and particle phases and particulate matter was important for atmospheric transport and for determining the fate of PFASs, especially in areas close to a source region. %0 conference poster %@ %A Apel, C., Tang, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2017 %J 16th International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, ICCE 2017 %T Occurrence and distribution of organic UV stabilizers in sediments of the Bohai and Yellow Seas %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1759-9660 %A Dutschke, F., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2017 %J Analytical Methods %N 24 %P 3626-3635 %R doi:10.1039/c7ay00635g %T Optimisation of an extraction/leaching procedure for the characterisation and quantification of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in aquatic environments using SdFFF-ICP-MS and SEM-EDX analyses %U https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ay00635g 24 %X The quantitative recovery of nanoparticles from environmental samples represents a critical step during the implementation of routine analytical monitoring methods for the reliable quantitative determination of nanomaterials released into aquatic environments at the expected low concentration levels. In this work, several approaches based on different extraction agents have been evaluated with respect to their suitability for the recovery of TiO2 nanomaterials from fresh sediment samples. Centrifugal-field-flow-fractionation (SdFFF) hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) has been applied to separate the extracted nanoparticles as well as to overcome the known interference problem related to their Ti-specific detection when using ICP-based techniques. SdFFF-ICP-MS/MS method validation included in particular parameters such as particle recovery or stability of the particle size-distribution. Spike recoveries from the optimized colloidal extraction procedure of up to 95 ± 11% have been achieved. In a case study conducted from 2015 to 2016, the developed method was applied to monitor the release of nano-sized TiO2 materials into a lake environment that is frequently used for recreational activities such as swimming and surfing. The investigated sediment samples show a significant increase of the Ti concentration from 26.2 ± 2.7 mg kg−1 in June 2015 to 40.2 ± 4.6 mg kg−1 in December 2016 originating from TiO2 particles. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Li, J., Xie, Z., Mi, W., Lai, S., Tian, C., Emeis, K., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2017 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 12 %P 6887-6896 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b01289 %T Organophosphate Esters in Air, Snow, and Seawater in the North Atlantic and the Arctic %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01289 12 %X The concentrations of eight organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been investigated in air, snow and seawater samples collected during the cruise of ARK-XXVIII/2 from sixth June to third July 2014 across the North Atlantic and the Arctic. The sum of gaseous and particle concentrations (ΣOPE) ranged from 35 to 343 pg/m3. The three chlorinated OPEs accounted for 88 ± 5% of the ΣOPE. The most abundant OPE was tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), with concentrations ranging from 30 to 227 pg/m3, followed by three major OPEs, such as tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP, 0.8 to 82 pg/m3), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP, 2 to 19 pg/m3), and tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP, 0.3 to 14 pg/m3). The ΣOPE concentrations in snow and seawater ranged from 4356 to 10561 pg/L and from 348 to 8396 pg/L, respectively. The atmospheric particle-bound dry depositions of TCEP ranged from 2 to 12 ng/m2/day. The air–seawater gas exchange fluxes were dominated by net volatilization from seawater to air for TCEP (mean, 146 ± 239 ng/m2/day), TCPP (mean, 1670 ± 3031 ng/m2/day), TiBP (mean, 537 ± 581 ng/m2/day) and TnBP (mean, 230 ± 254 ng/m2/day). This study highlighted that OPEs are subject to long-range transport via both air and seawater from the European continent and seas to the North Atlantic and the Arctic. %0 software %@ %A Karl, M. %D 2017 %J Zenodo %R doi:10.5281/zenodo.1116174 %T City-scale Chemistry Transport Model - User Guide CityChem-EPISODE version 1.0 %U https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1116174 %X CityChem-EPISODE, developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) is designed for treating complex atmospheric chemistry in urban areas (Karl, 2017). The model is an extension of the EPISODE dispersion model to enable chemistry/transport simulations of reactive pollutants on city scale. EPISODE is an Eulerian dispersion model developed at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) appropriate for air quality studies at the local scale (Slørdal et al. 2003 & 2008). The model is an open source code subject to the Reciprocal Public License ("RPL"). %0 conference poster %@ %A Reese, A., Irrgeher, J., Zimmermann, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2017 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2017 %T Investigation of elemental and isotopic fingerprints in riverine sediments from the German Elbe catchment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2045-2322 %A Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Xie, Z., Zeng, F. %D 2017 %J Scientific Reports %P 43380 %R doi:10.1038/srep43380 %T Perfluorinated alkyl substances in serum of the southern Chinese general population and potential impact on thyroid hormones %U https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43380 %X In this study, eight perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) and five thyroid hormones (TSH, FT4, FT3, TGAb, and TMAb) were determined in 202 human serum samples of the general population of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces in southern China. Σ8PFASs concentrations ranged from 0.85 to 24.3 ng/mL with a mean value of 4.66 ng/mL. The PFASs composition profiles of human serum samples nearly make no difference at different locations. A significant increase was observed for ∑8PFASs, PFOS, and PFHxS concentrations with age (p < 0.01). Gender-related differences were found; PFOS, PFHxS, PFBS, and PFOA levels were higher in males (p < 0.05), and the mean concentration of ∑8PFASs was 1.5 times greater in males (6.02 ng/mL) than in females (4.15 ng/mL). PFOS and ∑8PFASs were significantly negatively correlated with FT3 and FT4 and positively correlated with TSH while PFPeA and PFHxA were significantly positively correlated with TGAb and TMAb in all the samples. The opposite associations between FT3, TSH and PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS levels in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism group indicate that the PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS enhance the negative feedback mechanisms of the thyroid gland. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Li, J., Tang, J., Mi, W., Tian, C., Emeis, K., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z. %D 2017 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 1 %P 89-97 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b03807 %T Spatial Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Organophosphate Esters in Air above the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03807 1 %X Nine organophosphate esters (OPEs) were investigated in air samples collected over the Bohai and Yellow Seas (East Asia) during a research cruise between June 28 and July 13, 2016. These same OPEs were quantified at a research site (North Huangcheng Island, NHI) in the middle of the Bohai Strait from May 16, 2015, to March 21, 2016. The median total OPE (ΣOPE) concentration over the Bohai and Yellow Seas was 280 pg/m3. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) (TCPP) was the most abundant OPE, followed by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP). Particle-bound OPEs accounted for 51 ± 21% of the total OPEs. On NHI, the median ΣOPE concentration was 210 pg/m3, and the average particle-bound fraction was 82 ± 17%. For samples collected on NHI, significant negative linear correlations were found between the gaseous OPEs and 1/T (T: temperature (K)) (except TDCP, TPeP, and TCP). Among the 79 investigated samples, significant correlations between the measured OPE gas/particle partitioning coefficients (Kp,m) and subcooled liquid pressure (PL◦) (p < 0.05) were found for only 14 samples, suggesting that OPEs have low potential to achieve equilibrium or ascribe to the artificial sampling. The annual dry deposition input of OPEs into the Bohai and Yellow Seas is estimated to be 12 tons/year. %0 journal article %@ 0276-0460 %A Callies, U., Gaslikova, L., Kapitza, H., Scharfe, M. %D 2017 %J Geo-Marine Letters %N 2 %P 151-162 %R doi:10.1007/s00367-016-0466-2 %T German Bight residual current variability on a daily basis: principal components of multi-decadal barotropic simulations %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0466-2 2 %X Time variability of Eulerian residual currents in the German Bight (North Sea) is studied drawing on existing multi-decadal 2D barotropic simulations (1.6 km resolution) for the period Jan. 1958–Aug. 2015. Residual currents are calculated as 25 h means of velocity fields stored every hour. Principal component analysis (PCA) reveals that daily variations of these residual currents can be reasonably well represented in terms of only 2–3 degrees of freedom, partly linked to wind directions. The daily data refine monthly data already used in the past. Unlike existing classifications based on subjective assessment, numerical principal components (PCs) provide measures of strength and can directly be incorporated into more comprehensive statistical data analyses. Daily resolution in particular fits the time schedule of data sampled at the German Bight long-term monitoring station at Helgoland Roads. An example demonstrates the use of PCs and corresponding empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) for the interpretation of short-term variations of these local observations. On the other hand, monthly averaging of the daily PCs enables to link up with previous studies on longer timescales. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Angot, H., Barbante, C., Brunke, E.-G., Arcega-Cabrera, F., Cairns, W., Comero, S., Del Carmen Diéguez, M., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Bin Feng, X., Fu, X., Elizabeth Garcia, P., Manfred Gawlik, B., Hageström, U., Hansson, K., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Labuschagne, C., Magand, O., Martin, L., Mashyanov, N., Mkololo, T., Munthe, J., Obolkin, V., Ramirez Islas, M., Sena, F., Somerset, V., Spandow, P., Vardè, M., Walters, C., Wängberg, I., Weigelt, A., Yang, X., Zhang, H. %D 2017 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 4 %P 2689-2708 %R doi:10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017 %T Five-year records of mercury wet deposition flux at GMOS sites in the Northern and Southern hemispheres %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-2689-2017 4 %X The atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) occurs via several mechanisms, including dry and wet scavenging by precipitation events. In an effort to understand the atmospheric cycling and seasonal depositional characteristics of Hg, wet deposition samples were collected for approximately 5 years at 17 selected GMOS monitoring sites located in the Northern and Southern hemispheres in the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project. Total mercury (THg) exhibited annual and seasonal patterns in Hg wet deposition samples. Interannual differences in total wet deposition are mostly linked with precipitation volume, with the greatest deposition flux occurring in the wettest years. This data set provides a new insight into baseline concentrations of THg concentrations in precipitation worldwide, particularly in regions such as the Southern Hemisphere and tropical areas where wet deposition as well as atmospheric Hg species were not investigated before, opening the way for future and additional simultaneous measurements across the GMOS network as well as new findings in future modeling studies. %0 conference paper %@ %A Mircea, M., Bessagnet, B., Vivanco, M.G., Cuvelier, C., Pirovano, G., Tsyro, S., Aksoyoglu, S., Manders, A., Pay, M.-T., Stern, R., Aas, W., Prévôt, A.S.H., Aulinger, A., Baldasano, J.M., Bieser, J., Briganti, G., Calori, G., Cappelletti, A., Carnevale, C., Ciarelli, G., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., D’Isidoro,M., Dupont, J.-C., Fagerli, H., Finardi, S., Gonzalez, L., Kranenburg, R., Meleux, F., Menut, L., Roberts, P., Rouïl, L., Silibello, C., Theobald, M.R., Thunis, P., Ung, A., White, L. %D 2017 %J 18th International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes (HARMO 18) %P 115-120 %T Evaluation of seven chemistry transport models in the framework of eurodelta III intercomparison exercise %U %X The EURODELTA III (ED-III) exercise aimed to perform a comprehensive chemistry transport model inter-comparison study exploiting the data from four intensive measurement campaigns carried out by EMEP. The campaigns were held in different seasons (1–30 June 2006; 8 January–4 February 2007; 17 September–15 October 2008; 25 February–26 March 2009) thus allowing to test the influence of different meteorological conditions on models’ results. Seven models simulated the air quality over the whole Europe: CHIM (CHIMERE; version chim2013), EMEP (rv 4.1.3), LOTO (LOTOSEUROS, V1.8), CAMX (CAMx, v5.41 VBS), MINNI (version 4.7), CMAQ (V5.0.1) and RCG (v.2.1). Except CMAQ, all the models performed simulations over the same domain with the same horizontal spatial resolution. They also used the same input data (emissions, meteorology and boundary conditions) as much as possible. This work presents and discusses the behaviour of the models with regard to the criteria defined in the EU Directive on Air Quality 2008/50/EC for the air concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2 and SO2 and to the meteorological conditions. The wet deposition of sulphate (S) (WSOx), of oxidized and reduced nitrogen (N) (WNOx and WNHx, respectively) and the air concentrations of the deposited species were also investigated. Furthermore, a comparison of the capacities of air quality models to simulate carbonaceous aerosols (elemental (EC) and organic carbon (OC)) in Europe was conducted, given the diversity in modelling natural precursor emissions and formation and evolution of organic species, both natural and anthropogenic. In addition to EMEP data, the evaluation of models’ output included AirBase data and meteorological data from more than 2000 synoptic stations. The simulated concentrations of organic aerosol (OA) were compared to measurements available from two intensive measurement field campaigns carried out in a joint framework of EMEP and EUCAARI (the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions) project in 2008 and 2009. %0 journal article %@ 1618-2642 %A Retzmann, A., Zimmermann, T., Proefrock, D., Prohaska, T., Irrgeher, J. %D 2017 %J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry %N 23 %P 5463-5480 %R doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0468-6 %T A fully automated simultaneous single-stage separation of Sr, Pb, and Nd using DGA Resin for the isotopic analysis of marine sediments %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-017-0468-6 23 %X A novel, fast and reliable sample preparation procedure for the simultaneous separation of Sr, Pb, and Nd has been developed for subsequent isotope ratio analysis of sediment digests. The method applying a fully automated, low-pressure chromatographic system separates all three analytes in a single-stage extraction step using self-packed columns filled with DGA Resin. The fully automated set-up allows the unattended processing of three isotopic systems from one sediment digest every 2 h, offering high sample throughput of up to 12 samples per day and reducing substantially laboratory manpower as compared to conventional manual methods. The developed separation method was validated using the marine sediment GBW-07313 as matrix-matched certified reference material and combines quantitative recoveries (>90% for Sr, >93% for Pb, and >91% for Nd) with low procedural blank levels following the sample separation (0.07 μg L-1 Sr, 0.03 μg L-1 Pb, and 0.57 μg L-1 Nd). The average δ values for Sr, Pb, and Nd of the separated reference standards were within the certified ranges (δ (87Sr/86Sr)NIST SRM 987 of -0.05(28) ‰, δ(208Pb/206Pb)NIST SRM 981 of -0.21(14) ‰, and δ(143Nd/144Nd)JNdi-1 of 0.00(7) ‰). The DGA Resin proved to be reusable for the separation of >10 sediment digests with no significant carry-over or memory effects, as well as no significant on-column fractionation of Sr, Pb, and Nd isotope ratios. Additional spike experiments of NIST SRM 987 with Pb, NIST SRM 981 with Sr, and JNdi-1 with Ce revealed no significant impact on the measured isotopic ratios, caused by potential small analyte peak overlaps during the separation of Sr and Pb, as well as Ce and Nd. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Dutschke, F., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 12. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse und 25. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen %T Precise titanium isotope ratio measurements using MC ICP-MS: Method validation and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M., Colijn, F., Noehren, I. %D 2016 %J 1st Baltic Earth Conference %T The North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA): What happens in the south west of BACC? %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Neumann, D., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Quante, M., Bieser, J. %D 2016 %J 22nd European Aerosol Conference 2016 %T Source attribution of particulate sulfate concentrations at chosen measurement stations in Europe by the use of the CMAQ chemistry transport model %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Neumann, D., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J 10th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application %T Modelling and Comparing the Impact of three Sea Salt Emission Parameterizations on Atmospheric Nitrate Concentrations in the North-Western European Region %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1867-1381 %A Slemr, F., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H.H., Boedewadt, J., Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M., Rauthe-Schoech, A., Weber, S., Hermann, M., Zahn, A., Martinsson, B. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Measurement Techniques %N 5 %P 2291-2302 %R doi:10.5194/amt-9-2291-2016 %T Atmospheric mercury measurements onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft %U https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2291-2016 5 %X Goal of the project CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container) is to carry out regular and detailed observations of atmospheric composition (particles and gases) at cruising altitudes of passenger aircraft, i.e. at 9–12 km. Mercury has been measured since May 2005 by a modified Tekran instrument (Tekran Model 2537 A analyser, Tekran Inc., Toronto, Canada) during monthly intercontinental flights between Europe and South and North America, Africa, and Asia. Here we describe the instrument modifications, the post-flight processing of the raw instrument signal, and the fractionation experiments. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Lai, S., Song, J., Song, T., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, G., Zheng, J., Mi, W., Tang, J., Zou, S., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z. %D 2016 %J Environmental Pollution %P 449-455 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.047 %T Neutral polyfluoroalkyl substances in the atmosphere over the northern South China Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.047 %X Neutral Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere were measured during a cruise campaign over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from September to October 2013. Four groups of PFASs, i.e., fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorotelomer acrylates (FTAs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FASEs), were detected in gas samples. FTOHs was the predominant PFAS group, accounting for 95.2–99.3% of total PFASs (ΣPFASs), while the other PFASs accounted for a small fraction of ΣPFASs. The concentrations of ΣPFASs ranged from 18.0 to 109.9 pg m−3 with an average of 54.5 pg m−3. The concentrations are comparable to those reported in other marine atmosphere. Higher concentrations of ΣPFASs were observed in the continental-influenced samples than those in other samples, pointing to the substantial contribution of anthropogenic sources. Long-range transport is suggested to be a major pathway for introducing gaseous PFASs into the atmosphere over the northern SCS. In order to further understand the fate of gaseous PFASs during transport, the atmospheric decay of neutral PFASs under the influence of reaction with OH radicals and atmospheric physical processes were estimated. Concentrations of 8:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH and MeFBSE from selected source region to the atmosphere over the SCS after long-range transport were predicted and compared with the observed concentrations. It suggests that the reaction with OH radicals may play an important role in the atmospheric decay of PFAS during long-range transport, especially for shorted-lived species. Moreover, the influence of atmospheric physical processes on the decay of PFAS should be further considered. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Prohaska, T., Irrgeher, J., Zitek, A. %D 2016 %J An interdisciplinary view on climate change issues - Phase II, Joint Seminar TW-AT %T The use of stable isotopes to trace soil erosion %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2016 %J DACH Tagung 2016 %T Klimawandel im Nord- und Ostseeraum - Ergebnisse neuer regionaler Assessments %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Quante, M., Colijn, F., Noehren, I. %D 2016 %J International Baltic Earth Secretariat Publication, Conference Proceedings, 1st Baltic Earth Conference %P 180-181 %T The North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment (NOSCCA): What happens in the south west of BACC? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1618-2642 %A Zitek, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry %N 2 %P 341-343 %R doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9037-z %T Applications of isotopes in analytical ecogeochemistry %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9037-z 2 %X Analytical ecogeochemistry is an emerging transdisciplinary field of science dealing with the development and application of analytical methods for the advanced and reliable measurement of compounds, elements and isotopes at trace levels in abiotic and biological media. The aim is to answer fundamental questions in different research fields, such as ecology, biology, ecosystem research and environmental science as well as climatology and geology. Evidently, a link to other disciplines can be established as well. Therefore, analytical ecogeochemistry conceptually ties analytical chemistry to the holistic view of the The Total Human Ecosystem according to Naveh [1] (Fig. 1). That is why its research objects also include the human sphere with its technologies and products, environmental effects created and the environmental services needed. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J 36th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2016 %T Emission of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from a textile manufacturing plant in China %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zitek, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J An interdisciplinary view on climate change issues - Phase II, Joint Seminar TW-AT %T A multiscale approach of analytical ecogeochemistry in climate change research: background and tools in the context of aquatic ecosystems %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Suehring, R., Wolschke, H., Diamond, M.L., Jantunen, L.M., Scheringer, M. %D 2016 %J SETAC Europe 26th Annual Meeting %T Distribution of organophosphate esters between the gas and particle phase – model predictions vs. measured data %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Suehring, R., Wolschke, H., Diamond, M.L., Jantunen, L.M., Scheringer, M. %D 2016 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 13 %P 6644-6651 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b00199 %T Distribution of organophosphate esters between the gas and particle phase – model predictions vs. measured data %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00199 13 %X Gas-particle partitioning is one of the key factors that affects the environmental fate of semi volatile organic chemicals. Many organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been reported to primarily partition to particles in the atmosphere. However, because of the wide range of their physicochemical properties, it is unlikely that OPEs are mainly in the particle phase “as a class”. We compared gas-particle partitioning predictions for 32 OPEs made by the commonly used OECD POV and LRTP Screening Tool (“the Tool”) with the partitioning models of Junge-Pankow (J-P) and Harner-Bidleman (H-B), as well as recently measured data on OPE gas-particle partitioning. The results indicate that half of the tested OPEs partition into the gas phase. Partitioning into the gas phase seems to be determined by an octanol-air partition coefficient (log KOA) < 10 and a subcooled liquid vapour pressure (log PL) > –5, as well as the total suspended particle concentration (TSP) in the sampling area. The uncertainty of the physicochemical property data of the OPEs did not change this estimate. Furthermore, the predictions by the Tool, J-P- and H-B-models agreed with recently measured OPE gas-particle partitioning. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Zitek, A., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J An interdisciplinary view on climate change issues - Phase II, Joint Seminar TW-AT %T Development of a Multi-Isotope Tracer Tool for Aquatic Ecosystems on the Example of the German Wadden Sea %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Wolschke, H., Suehring, R., Mi, W., Moeller, A., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 1-5 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.028 %T Atmospheric occurrence and fate of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizer at the German coast %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.04.028 %X This study reports the occurrence and distribution of organophosphor esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizer, in the marine atmosphere of the German Coast. From August 2011 to October 2012, 58 high volume air samples (gas/particle phase separately) were collected at the German North Sea coast town Büsum. With the use of a GC-MS/MS System for instrumental analysis, detection limits for OPEs in air samples could be significantly improved compared to the previously used single GC-MS method. The concentration (gas + particle phase) of total OPEs was on average 5 pg/m3, with eight of the nine investigated compounds detectable in over 50% of the samples. A focus of this investigation concerned the partioning of OPEs between the particle and the gas phase. The observed partitioning of OPEs in this study was distinguished from previous studies. While previous studies reported OPEs exclusively in the particle phase, a significant part of the sum OPE concentration (55%) was detected in the gas phase. The contribution of the gas phase even reached up to as high as 88% for individual compounds such as tri-iso-butyl phosphate. %0 conference poster %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Meija, J. %D 2016 %J 12. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse und 25. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen %T IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights - CIAAW %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Zhen, X., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Wang, R., Huang, G., Zheng, Q., Zhang, K., Sun, Y., Tian, C., Pan, X., Li, J., Zhang, G. %D 2016 %J Environmental Pollution %P 386-394 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.042 %T Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) in sediments from four bays of the Yellow Sea, North China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.042 %X The distribution characteristics and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative brominated flame retardants (aBFRs) were investigated in 54 surface sediment samples from four bays (Taozi Bay, Sishili Bay, Dalian Bay, and Jiaozhou Bay) of North China's Yellow Sea. Of the 54 samples studied, 51 were collected from within the four bays and 3 were from rivers emptying into Jiaozhou Bay. Decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) was the predominant flame retardant found, and concentration ranged from 0.16 to 39.7 ng g−1 dw and 1.13–49.9 ng g−1 dw in coastal and riverine sediments, respectively; these levels were followed by those of BDE 209, and its concentrations ranged from n.d. to 10.2 ng g−1 dw and 0.05–7.82 ng g−1 dw in coastal and riverine sediments, respectively. The levels of DBDPE exceeded those of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in most of the samples in the study region, whereas the ratio of DBDPE/BDE 209 varied among the four bays. This is indicative of different usage patterns of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and also different hydrodynamic conditions among these bay areas. The spatial distribution and composition profile analysis indicated that BFRs in Jiaozhou Bay and Dalian Bay were mainly from local sources, whereas transport from Laizhou Bay by coastal currents was the major source of BFRs in Taozi Bay and Sishili Bay. Both the ∑PBDEs and ∑aBFRs (sum of pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2,3-diphenylpropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and hexabromobenzene (HBB)) were at low concentrations in all the sediments. This is probably attributable to a combination of factors such as low regional usage of these products, atmospheric deposition patterns, coastal currents transportation patterns, and degradation processes for higher BDE congeners. This paper is the first study that has investigated the levels of DBDPE in the coastal sediments of China's Yellow Sea. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 49. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie, DGMS 2016 %T Application and optimization of inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) for ultra-trace element analysis of undiluted seawater %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Suehring, R., Busch, F., Fricke, N., Koetke, D., Wolschke, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 578-585 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.085 %T Distribution of brominated flame retardants and dechloranes between sediments and benthic fish — A comparison of a freshwater and marine habitat %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.085 %X This study provides information on HFR contamination patterns and behaviour in both marine and freshwater sediments and their potential role as contamination source for benthic fish. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Pirrone, N., Bieser, J., Boedewadt, J., Esposito, G., Slemr, F., Velthoven, P.F.J.van, Zahn, A., Ziereis, H. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 6 %P 4135-4146 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-4135-2016 %T Tropospheric mercury vertical profiles between 500 and 10 000 m in central Europe %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4135-2016 6 %X No vertical gradient was found inside the well-mixed boundary layer (variation of less than 0.1 ng m−3) at different sites, with GEM varying from location to location between 1.4 and 1.6 ng m−3 (standard temperature and pressure, STP: T  =  273.15 K, p  =  1013.25 hPa). At all locations GEM dropped to 1.3 ng m−3 (STP) when entering the free troposphere and remained constant at higher altitudes. The combination of the vertical profile, measured on 21 August 2013 over Leipzig, Germany, with the CARIBIC measurements during ascent and descent to Frankfurt Airport, Germany, taken at approximately the same time, provide a unique central European vertical profile from inside the boundary layer (550 m a.s.l) to the upper free troposphere (10 500 m a.s.l.) and show a fairly constant free-tropospheric TGM concentration of 1.3 ng m−3 (STP). %0 conference paper %@ %A Neumann, D., Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV - Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 55-59 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5 %T Effect of Sea Salt Emissions on Anthropogenic Air Pollution and Nitrogen Deposition in Northwestern Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5 %X concentrations considerably while fine mode concentrations are decreased. This leads to increased total N deposition in coastal regions. At the same time, the deposition distant to the shore on the land as well as into the ocean decreases. However, this study shows that on spatial average only about 5 % of N deposition into the North Sea is caused by sea salt particles. Locally, the effect of sea salt on N deposition is partly higher. Therefore, sea salt emissions in regional air quality models are important for predicting the partitioning of anthropogenic pollutants between gas and particle phase and their deposition patterns correctly. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J 39th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society, Special Workshop on Environmental Observation Network and Analytical Quality Control %T QA/QC in research networks – The Global Mercury Observation System as an example %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0963-9292 %A Freese, M., Suehring, R., Pohlmann, J.-D., Wolschke, H., Magath, V., Ebinghaus, R., Hanel, R. %D 2016 %J Ecotoxicology %N 1 %P 41-55 %R doi:10.1007/s10646-015-1565-y %T A question of origin: dioxin-like PCBs and their relevance in stock management of European eels %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1565-y 1 %X The stock of European Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) has reached an all-time low in 2011. Spawner quality of mature eels in terms of health status and fitness is considered one of the key elements for successful migration and reproduction. Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are known persistent organic pollutants potentially affecting the reproductive capability and health status of eels throughout their entire lifetime. In this study, muscle tissue samples of 192 European eels of all continental life stages from 6 different water bodies and 13 sampling sites were analyzed for contamination with lipophilic dl-PCBs to investigate the potential relevance of the respective habitat in light of eel stock management. Results of this study reveal habitat-dependent and life history stage-related accumulation of targeted PCBs. Sum concentrations of targeted PCBs differed significantly between life stages and inter-habitat variability in dl-PCB levels and -profiles was observed. Among all investigated life stages, migrant silver eels were found to be the most suitable life history stage to represent their particular water system due to habitat dwell-time and their terminal contamination status. With reference to a possible negative impact of dl-PCBs on health and the reproductive capability of eels, it was hypothesized that those growing up in less polluted habitats have a better chance to produce healthy offspring than those growing up in highly polluted habitats. We suggest that the contamination status of water systems is fundamental for the life cycle of eels and needs to be considered in stock management and restocking programs. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Backes, A.M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 153-161 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.039 %T Ammonia emissions in Europe, part II: How ammonia emission abatement strategies affect secondary aerosols %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.039 %X In central Europe, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate make up a large fraction of fine particles which pose a threat to human health. Most studies on air pollution through particulate matter investigate the influence of emission reductions of sulphur- and nitrogen oxides on aerosol concentration. Here, we focus on the influence of ammonia (NH3) emissions. Emission scenarios have been created on the basis of the improved ammonia emission parameterization implemented in the SMOKE for Europe and CMAQ model systems described in part I of this study. This includes emissions based on future European legislation (the National Emission Ceilings) as well as a dynamic evaluation of the influence of different agricultural sectors (e.g. animal husbandry) on particle formation. The study compares the concentrations of NH3, View the MathML sourceNH4+, NO3 -, sulphur compounds and the total concentration of particles in winter and summer for a political-, technical- and behavioural scenario. It was found that a reduction of ammonia emissions by 50% lead to a 24% reduction of the total PM2.5 concentrations in northwest Europe. The observed reduction was mainly driven by reduced formation of ammonium nitrate. Moreover, emission reductions during winter had a larger impact than during the rest of the year. This leads to the conclusion that a reduction of the ammonia emissions from the agricultural sector related to animal husbandry could be more efficient than the reduction from other sectors due to its larger share in winter ammonia emissions. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Backes, A., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 55-66 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.041 %T Ammonia emissions in Europe, Part I: Development of a dynamical ammonia emission inventory %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.041 %X Nitrogen input from agricultural ammonia emissions into the environment causes numerous environmental and health problems. The purpose of this study is to present and evaluate an improved ammonia emission inventory based on a dynamical temporal parameterization suitable to compare and assess ammonia abatement strategies. The setup of the dynamical time profile (DTP) consists of individual temporal profiles for ammonia emissions, calculated for each model grid cell, depending on temperature, crop type, fertilizer and manure application, as well as on local legislation. It is based on the method of Skjøth et al., 2004 and Gyldenkærne et al., 2005. The method has been modified to cover the study area and to improve the performance of the emission model. To compare the results of the dynamical approach with the results of the static time profile (STP) the ammonia emission parameterizations have been implemented in the SMOKE for Europe emission model. Furthermore, the influence on secondary aerosol formation in the North Sea region and possible changes triggered through the use of a modified temporal distribution of ammonia emissions were analysed with the CMAQ chemistry transport model. The results were evaluated with observations of the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). The correlation coefficient of NH3 improved significantly for 12 out of 16 EMEP measurement stations and an improvement in predicting the Normalized Mean Error can be seen for particulate NH4+ and NO3-. The prediction of the 95th percentile of the daily average concentrations has improved for NH3, NH4+ and NO3-. The NH3 concentration modelled with the STP is 157% higher in winter, and about 22% lower in early summer than the one modelled with the new DTP. Consequently, the influence of the DTP on the formation of secondary aerosols is particularly noticeable in winter, when the PM2.5 concentration is 25% lower in comparison to the use of STP for temporal disaggregation. Besides, the formation of particulate SO42- is not influenced by the use of the DTP. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Backes, A., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Quante, M., Zeretzke, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 2 %P 759-776 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-759-2016 %T The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 2: Scenarios for 2030 %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-759-2016 2 %X Scenarios for future shipping emissions in the North Sea have been developed in the framework of the Clean North Sea Shipping project. The effects of changing NOx and SO2 emissions were investigated with the CMAQ chemistry transport model for the year 2030 in the North Sea area. It has been found that, compared to today, the contribution of shipping to the NO2 and O3 concentrations will increase due to the expected enhanced traffic by more than 20 and 5 %, respectively, by 2030 if no regulation for further emission reductions is implemented in the North Sea area. PM2.5 will decrease slightly because the sulfur contents in ship fuels will be reduced as international regulations foresee. The effects differ largely between regions, seasons and date of the implementation of stricter regulations for NOx emissions from newly built ships. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J 39th Annual Meeting of the Brazilian Chemical Society, Special Workshop on Environmental Observation Network and Analytical Quality Control %T Regulated flame retardants and polyfluorinated compounds vs. their non-regulated replacement substances – Good or only less bad for the environment? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Zeretzke, M., Bieser, J., Quante, M., Backes, A. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 2 %P 739-758 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-739-2016 %T The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region – Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-739-2016 2 %X The North Sea is one of the areas with the highest ship traffic densities worldwide. At any time, about 3000 ships are sailing its waterways. Previous scientific publications have shown that ships contribute significantly to atmospheric concentrations of NOx, particulate matter and ozone. Especially in the case of particulate matter and ozone, this influence can even be seen in regions far away from the main shipping routes. In order to quantify the effects of North Sea shipping on air quality in its bordering states, it is essential to determine the emissions from shipping as accurately as possible. Within Interreg IVb project Clean North Sea Shipping (CNSS), a bottom-up approach was developed and used to thoroughly compile such an emission inventory for 2011 that served as the base year for the current emission situation. The innovative aspect of this approach was to use load-dependent functions to calculate emissions from the ships' current activities instead of averaged emission factors for the entire range of the engine loads. These functions were applied to ship activities that were derived from hourly records of Automatic Identification System signals together with a database containing the engine characteristics of the vessels that traveled the North Sea in 2011. The emission model yielded ship emissions among others of NOx and SO2 at high temporal and spatial resolution that were subsequently used in a chemistry transport model in order to simulate the impact of the emissions on pollutant concentration levels. The total emissions of nitrogen reached 540 Gg and those of sulfur oxides 123 Gg within the North Sea – including the adjacent western part of the Baltic Sea until 5° W. This was about twice as much of those of a medium-sized industrialized European state like the Netherlands. The relative contribution of ships to, for example, NO2 concentration levels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in summer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away from the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and 4 % in winter. The relative contribution of the secondary pollutant NO3− was found to reach 20 % in summer and 6 % in winter even far from the shore. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Booij, K., Robinson, C.D., Burgess, R.M., Mayer, P., Roberts, C.A., Ahrens, L., Allan, I.J., Brant, J., Jones, L., Kraus, U.R., Larsen, M.M., Lepom, P., Petersen, J., Proefrock, D., Roose, P., Schaefer, S., Smedes, F., Tixier, C., Vorkamp, K., Whitehouse, P. %D 2016 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 1 %P 3-17 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04050 %T Passive Sampling in Regulatory Chemical Monitoring of Nonpolar Organic Compounds in the Aquatic Environment %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04050 1 %X We reviewed compliance monitoring requirements in the European Union, the United States, and the Oslo-Paris Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, and evaluated if these are met by passive sampling methods for nonpolar compounds. The strengths and shortcomings of passive sampling are assessed for water, sediments, and biota. Passive water sampling is a suitable technique for measuring concentrations of freely dissolved compounds. This method yields results that are incompatible with the EU’s quality standard definition in terms of total concentrations in water, but this definition has little scientific basis. Insufficient quality control is a present weakness of passive sampling in water. Laboratory performance studies and the development of standardized methods are needed to improve data quality and to encourage the use of passive sampling by commercial laboratories and monitoring agencies. Successful prediction of bioaccumulation based on passive sampling is well documented for organisms at the lower trophic levels, but requires more research for higher levels. Despite the existence of several knowledge gaps, passive sampling presently is the best available technology for chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds. Key issues to be addressed by scientists and environmental managers are outlined. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J ERCA 2016, European Research Course on Atmospheres %T Emission sources, regional and global distribution of atmospheric mercury %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J ERCA 2016, European Research Course on Atmospheres %T Emissions, regional and global distribution of „classical“ and „new“ POPs %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Chen, W.-L., Xie, Z., Wolschke, H., Gandrass, J., Koetke, D., Winkelmann, M., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J Chemosphere %P 586-595 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.051 %T Quantitative determination of ultra-trace carbazoles in sediments in the coastal environment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.051 %X Carbazole and some of its derivatives may possess dioxin-like toxicity and could be persistent in the environment, but information on their distribution and environmental fate is limited. This study developed and validated an ultra-trace targeted-analysis method for the determination of carbazole, 1,2-benzocarbazole, and 13 halogenated carbazoles in sediments from the river, coast, and North Sea. An 8-g sediment sample was extracted using accelerated solvent extraction combined with in-cell cleanup and analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was sensitive and reliable with method detection limits ranging from 4.54 to 52.9 pg/g, and most of the quantification biases and relative standard deviations were <20 and <15%, respectively. Carbazole and 1,2-benzocarbazole were the predominant substances in the sediments (median 565 and 369 pg/g, respectively) followed by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (median 196 pg/g). The detection frequencies of carbazole, benzo-, 3-chloro-, and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were >75%, while those of 3,6-dibromo-, 1-bromo-3,6-dichloro-, and 1,8-dibromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole were approximately 50%. Brominated carbazoles occurred more frequently in marine than river-influenced sediments, which could indicate halogenation after discharge into the river. This is the first study regarding these substances in coastal environments without apparent contamination history. The ubiquity and bioaccumulative potential of these substances needs to be considered. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Neumann, D., Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 5 %P 2921-2942 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016 %T Sensitivity of modeled atmospheric nitrogen species and nitrogen deposition to variations in sea salt emissions in the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2921-2016 5 %X The stations in the EMEP network provide a solid basis for model evaluation and validation. However, for a more detailed analysis of the impact of sea salt particles on atmospheric nitrogen species, size-resolved measurements of Na+, NH4+, and NO3− are needed. %0 conference paper %@ %A Backes, A.M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV - Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 29-35 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_5 %T Influence of ammonia emissions on aerosol formation in northern and central Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_5 %X High concentrations of particles pose a threat to human health and the environment. In this study the influence of ammonia (NH3) emissions on aerosol concentration in central Europe is investigated. Depending on crop growth, temperature and local legislation individual temporal profiles for fertilizer and manure application are calculated for each model grid cell of the SMOKE-EU emission model. The emission data was used as input for the CMAQ chemical transport model. Comparisons to EMEP observations indicate that the new ammonia emission module leads to a better agreement of modeled and observed concentrations. The model was used then to assess the influence of emission changes. It was found that a reduction of ammonia emissions by 50 % lead to a 24 % reduction of total PM2.5 concentrations in the model domain during winter, mainly driven by reduced formation of ammonium nitrate. %0 journal article %@ 0033-4545 %A Meija, J., Coplen, T.B., Berglund, M., Brand, W.A., De Bieve, P., Gröning, M., Holden, N.E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R.D., Walczyk, T., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Pure and Applied Chemistry %N 3 %P 265-291 %R doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 %T Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report) %U https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0305 3 %X thorium to 232.0377(4) from 232.038 06(2). %0 journal article %@ 0033-4545 %A Meija, J., Coplen, T.B., Berglund, M., Brand, W.A., De Bieve, P., Gröning, M., Holden, N.E., Irrgeher, J., Loss, R.D., Walczyk, T., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Pure and Applied Chemistry %N 3 %P 293-306 %R doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503 %T Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report) %U https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503 3 %X The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (ciaaw.org) of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (iupac.org) has revised the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements (TICE). The update involved a critical evaluation of the recent published literature. The new TICE 2013 includes evaluated data from the “best measurement” of the isotopic abundances in a single sample, along with a set of representative isotopic abundances and uncertainties that accommodate known variations in normal terrestrial materials. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Zitek, A., Kleeberg, U., Erbsloeh, H.-B., Karcher, D.B., Zimmermann, T., Von der Au, M., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 2016 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %T Isotopic Tracer Tools for nutrients and pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem of the German Wadden Sea %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J., Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Dutschke, F., Erbsloeh, H.-B., Ruhnau, C. %D 2016 %J 49. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft fuer Massenspektrometrie %T Overview about the potential of collision cell ICP-MS and ICP-MS/MS for sensitive and interference free element and elemental speciation analysis of environmental samples %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Opper, C., Bonnet, S., Irrgeher, J., Leonhartsberger, K., Eigner, C., Diesner, M., Maischberger, T., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Assuring the integrity of the food chain: Fighting Food Fraud, FOODINTEGRITY 2016 %T Provenancing of Fruit Raw Products using Elemental and Strontium Isotopic Fingerprints %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Zitek, A., Kleeberg, U., Erbsloeh, H.-B., Karcher, D.B., Zimmermann, T., Von der Au, M., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 49. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie, DGMS 2016 %T Tracing of Nutrients and Pollutants in the German Wadden Sea Catchment via the Establishment of Aquatic Isoscapes %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Proefrock, D., Prange, A., Bettmer, J. %D 2016 %J 18th International Symposium on Field- and Flow-Based Separations %T Development of an analytical approach using centrifugal field-flow-fractionation hyphenated to ICP-MS/MS for the detection and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the environment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Karl, M., Kukkonen, J., Keuken, M.P., Luetzenkirchen, S., Pirjola, L., Hussein, T. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 8 %P 4817-4835 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-4817-2016 %T Modelling and measurements of urban aerosol processes on the neighborhood scale in Rotterdam, Oslo and Helsinki %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-4817-2016 8 %X ing the need to include nucleation in the process analysis. %0 journal article %@ 0267-9477 %A Soto-Alvaredo, J., Dutschke, F., Bettmer, J., Montes-Bayon, M., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2016 %J Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry %N 7 %P 1549-1555 %R doi:10.1039/C6JA00079G %T Initial results on the coupling of sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) to inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) for the detection and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles %U https://doi.org/10.1039/C6JA00079G 7 %X Manufactured TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are nowadays widely present in products accessible to the mass market like paints, cosmetics or sunscreens. Despite the great increase in the use of these nanoparticles, up to now their potential effects to the environment and biological systems have not been sufficiently studied. Reliable analytical methods are therefore required for a better characterization of these emerging materials. We suggest the hyphenation of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with a separation technique like sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF) to obtain information related to size and state of agglomeration of the investigated nanoparticles. In this work, initial experiments related to the on-line coupling of SdFFF with inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) have been conducted allowing the detection and separation of TiO2 NPs. The application of the ICP-MS/MS technology using the NH3 mass shift mode allowed the removal of the different molecular and isobaric interferences that complicate the reliable detection and quantification of Ti. Under optimised conditions, the achievable instrumental detection limits in matrix solutions were below 10 ng·L-1of Ti. The separation parameters of the SdFFF system were optimized using two commercially available model TiO2 NPs (nominal sizes: 21 and 50 nm). These materials were characterised concerning hydrodynamic sizes and state of aggregation using also a multiangle light scattering analysis detector (MALS). Transmission electron microscopy technique (TEM) was also applied to confirm the sizes and the shapes of the TiO2 NPs as well as the presence of aggregates. To demonstrate the applicability of the combination of SdFFF and ICP-MS/MS for the detection of TiO2 NPs at trace levels as well as to gain information about their hydrodynamic size and agglomeration state, the optimized method has been applied to the analysis of real water samples from a local lake in Germany. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Brunke, E.-G., Walters, C., Mkololo, T., Martin, L., Labuschagne, C., Silwana, B., Slemr, F., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Somerset, V. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 24-32 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.059 %T Mercury in the atmosphere and in rainwater at Cape Point, South Africa %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.059 %X Mercury measurements were concurrently made in air (Gaseous Elemental Mercury, i.e. GEM) as well as in precipitation samples (Total mercury, i.e. TotHg) over a seven year period (2007–2013) at Cape Point, South Africa, during the rainy seasons (May–October). Eighty-five rain events, almost exclusively associated with cold fronts, have been identified of which 75% reached the Cape Point observatory directly across the Atlantic Ocean from the south, while 19% moved in to the measuring site via the Cape Town metropolitan region. In statistic terms the GEM, TotHg, CO and 222Rn levels within the urban-marine events do not differ from those seen in the marine rain episodes. Over the 2007–2013 period, the May till Oct averages for GEM ranged from 0.913 ng m−3 to 1.108 ng m−3, while TotHg concentrations ranged from 0.03 to 52.5 ng L−1 (overall average: 9.91 ng L−1). A positive correlation (R2 = 0.49, n = 7) has been found between the average annual (May till October) GEM concentrations in air and TotHg concentration in rainwater suggesting a close relationship between the two species. The wetter years are normally associated with higher GEM and TotHg levels. Both GEM and TotHg annual means correlate positively with total annual (May till October) rain depths. If one or two outlier years are removed from the data set, the R2 values increase from 0.23 to 0.10 for GEM and TotHg to 0.97 (n = 5) and 0.89 (n = 5), respectively. The relationship between annual mean GEM and annual precipitation depth also holds for the period 1996–2004 (R2 = 0.6, n = 8) when GEM was measured manually (low resolution data). A positive correlation was also seen between annual average GEM concentrations and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Index (SOI), for the 1996–2004 period (R2 = 0.7, n = 8). For the 2007–2013 periods this relationship was also positive but less pronounced. The relationship between annual precipitation depth and annual SOI suggests that the inter-annual variations of GEM (Hg0) concentration might be caused by large-scale meteorological processes. %0 journal article %@ 0094-8276 %A Slemr, F., Brenninkmeijer, C.A., Rauthe-Schoech, A., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Brunke, E.-G., Martin, L., Spain, T.G., O´Doherty, S. %D 2016 %J Geophysical Research Letters %N 4 %P 1766-1771 %R doi:10.1002/2016GL067949 %T El Nino–Southern Oscillation influence on tropospheric mercury concentrations %U https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067949 4 %X The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects the tropospheric concentrations of many trace gases. Here we investigate the ENSO influence on mercury concentrations measured in the upper troposphere during Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container flights and at ground at Cape Point, South Africa, and Mace Head, Ireland. Mercury concentrations cross-correlate with Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with a lag of 8 ± 2 months. Highest mercury concentrations are always found at the most negative SOI values, i.e., 8 months after El Niño, and the amplitude of the interannual variations fluctuates between ~5 and 18%. The time lag is similar to that of CO whose interannual variations are driven largely by emissions from biomass burning (BB). The amplitude of the interannual variability of tropospheric mercury concentrations is consistent with the estimated variations in mercury emissions from BB. We thus conclude that BB is a major factor driving the interannual variation of tropospheric mercury concentrations. %0 conference poster %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J 5th International Symposium on Organofluorine Compounds in Biomedical, Materials and Agriculture Sciences, FluorineDays 2016 %T Emission of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from a textile manufacturing plant in China %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1618-2642 %A Horsky, M., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry %N 2 %P 351-367 %R doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9003-9 %T Evaluation strategies and uncertainty calculation of isotope amount ratios measured by MC ICP-MS on the example of Sr %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9003-9 2 %X This paper critically reviews the state-of-the-art of isotope amount ratio measurements by solution-based multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC ICP-MS) and presents guidelines for corresponding data reduction strategies and uncertainty assessments based on the example of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) isotope ratios. This ratio shows variation attributable to natural radiogenic processes and mass-dependent fractionation. The applied calibration strategies can display these differences. In addition, a proper statement of uncertainty of measurement, including all relevant influence quantities, is a metrological prerequisite. A detailed instructive procedure for the calculation of combined uncertainties is presented for Sr isotope amount ratios using three different strategies of correction for instrumental isotopic fractionation (IIF): traditional internal correction, standard-sample bracketing, and a combination of both, using Zr as internal standard. Uncertainties are quantified by means of a Kragten spreadsheet approach, including the consideration of correlations between individual input parameters to the model equation. The resulting uncertainties are compared with uncertainties obtained from the partial derivatives approach and Monte Carlo propagation of distributions. We obtain relative expanded uncertainties (U rel; k = 2) of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) of < 0.03 %, when normalization values are not propagated. A comprehensive propagation, including certified values and the internal normalization ratio in nature, increases relative expanded uncertainties by about factor two and the correction for IIF becomes the major contributor. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Neumann, D., Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 15 %P 9905-9933 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016 %T A comparison of sea salt emission parameterizations in northwestern Europe using a chemistry transport model setup %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9905-2016 15 %X While the GO03 emissions yielded overestimations in the PM10 concentrations at coastal stations and underestimations of those at inland stations, OV14 emissions conversely led to underestimations at coastal stations and overestimations at inland stations. Because of the differently shaped particle size distributions of the GO03 and OV14 emission cases, the deposition velocity of the coarse particles differed between both cases which yielded this distinct behavior at inland and coastal stations. The PM10 concentrations produced by the SP13 emissions generally overestimated the measured concentrations. The sodium wet deposition was generally underestimated by the model simulations but the SP13 cases yielded the least underestimations. Because the model tends to underestimate wet deposition, this result needs to be considered critically. Measurements of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) were underestimated by all model cases in the summer and partly in winter. None of the model cases clearly improved the modeled AODs. Overall, GO03 and OV14 produced the most accurate results, but both parameterizations revealed weaknesses in some situations. %0 journal article %@ 2053-1400 %A Petersen, J., Proefrock, D., Paschke, A., Broekaert, J.A.C., Prange, A. %D 2016 %J Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology %N 1 %P 146-153 %R doi:10.1039/c5ew00126a %T Development and field test of a mobile continuous flow system utilizing Chemcatcher for monitoring of rare earth elements in marine environments %U https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ew00126a 1 %X An important limiting factor that hampers accurate determination of the time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of aqueous micropollutants by passive sampling is unsteady water turbulence, which can cause high variations of the uptake rates of target substances by the samplers during their field exposure. A mobile continuous flow system (MCFS) was developed for the improved utilization of the Chemcatcher passive sampler for time-integrated field monitoring of metals under controlled and reproducible hydrodynamic conditions. The mobile system is based on a specifically designed stirring system integrated in a flow-through cell. This design enables the adjustment of hydrodynamic conditions around the samplers as used in the laboratory calibration experiments. By using this system, the reliability of monitoring data can be improved. A prototype of this mobile continuous flow system was tested during a research cruise in May 2014 (HE422) to collect TWA concentrations for rare earth elements (REEs). The field test covered two areas in the German Bight of the North Sea. The Chemcatcher® results yield TWA concentration levels of REEs between 3.9 ng L−1 and 19.4 ng L−1 for the off-shore (low anthropogenic influence) and between 7.0 ng L−1 and 38.6 ng L−1 for the near-shore (high anthropogenic impact) areas, while the direct measurements of the ultra-trace levels of the REEs in the seawater spot samples were nearly impossible. The successful application of the developed MCFS demonstrated that monitoring with passive samplers on ships is possible with high accuracy under controlled hydrodynamic conditions even at the ultra-trace element concentration levels as typical for off-shore areas. %0 book part %@ %A Huthnance, J., Weisse, R., Wahl, T., Thomas, H., Pietrzak, J., Souza, A.J., Heteren, S.van, Schmelzer, N., Beusekom, J.van, Colijn, F., Haigh, I., Hjoello, S., Holfort, J., Kent, E.C., Kuehn, W., Loewe, P., Lorkowski, I., Mork, K.A., Paetsch, J., Quante, M., Salt, L., Siddorn, J., Smyth, T., Sterl, A., Woodworth, P. %D 2016 %J North Sea Region Climate Change Assessment %P 85-136 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0_3 %T Recent Change - North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39745-0_3 %X This chapter discusses past and ongoing change in the following physical variables within the North Sea: temperature, salinity and stratification; currents and circulation; mean sea level; and extreme sea levels. Also considered are carbon dioxide; pH and nutrients; oxygen; suspended particulate matter and turbidity; coastal erosion, sedimentation and morphology; and sea ice. The distinctive character of the Wadden Sea is addressed, with a particular focus on nutrients and sediments. This chapter covers the past 200 years and focuses on the historical development of evidence (measurements, process understanding and models), the form, duration and accuracy of the evidence available, and what the evidence shows in terms of the state and trends in the respective variables. Much work has focused on detecting long-term change in the North Sea region, either from measurements or with models. Attempts to attribute such changes to, for example, anthropogenic forcing are still missing for the North Sea. Studies are urgently needed to assess consistency between observed changes and current expectations, in order to increase the level of confidence in projections of expected future conditions. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Weigelt, A., Slemr, F., Ebinghaus, R., Pirrone, N., Bieser, J., Boedewadt, J., Esposito, G., Velthoven, P.F.J.van %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 21 %P 13653-13668 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-13653-2016 %T Mercury emissions of a coal fired power plant in Germany %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13653-2016 21 %X suggests that GOM fractions of ~40% of CFPP mercury emissions in current emission inventories are overestimated. %0 journal article %@ 1618-2642 %A Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry %N 2 %P 369-385 %R doi:10.1007/s00216-015-9025-3 %T Application of non-traditional stable isotopes in analytical ecogeochemistry assessed by MC ICP-MS - A critical review %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-9025-3 2 %X Analytical ecogeochemistry is an evolving scientific field dedicated to the development of analytical methods and tools and their application to ecological questions. Traditional stable isotopic systems have been widely explored and have undergone continuous development during the last century. The variations of the isotopic composition of light elements (H, O, N, C, and S) have provided the foundation of stable isotope analysis followed by the analysis of traditional geochemical isotope tracers (e.g., Pb, Sr, Nd, Hf). Questions in a considerable diversity of scientific fields have been addressed, many of which can be assigned to the field of ecogeochemistry. Over the past 15 years, other stable isotopes (e.g., Li, Zn, Cu, Cl) have emerged gradually as novel tools for the investigation of scientific topics that arise in ecosystem research and have enabled novel discoveries and explorations. These systems are often referred to as non-traditional isotopes. The small isotopic differences of interest that are increasingly being addressed for a growing number of isotopic systems represent a challenge to the analytical scientist and push the limits of today’s instruments constantly. This underlines the importance of a metrologically sound concept of analytical protocols and procedures and a solid foundation of data processing strategies and uncertainty considerations before these small isotopic variations can be interpreted in the context of applied ecosystem research. This review focuses on the development of isotope research in ecogeochemistry, the requirements for successful detection of small isotopic shifts, and highlights the most recent and innovative applications in the field. %0 journal article %@ 1759-9660 %A Hanousek, O., Brunner, M., Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Analytical Methods %N 42 %P 7661-7672 %R doi:10.1039/C6AY02177H %T The performance of single and multi-collector ICP-MS instruments for fast and reliable 34S/32S isotope ratio measurements %U https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY02177H 42 %X The performance and validation characteristics of different single collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers based on different technical principles (ICP-SFMS, ICP-QMS in reaction and collision modes, and ICP-MS/MS) were evaluated in comparison to the performance of MC ICP-MS for fast and reliable S isotope ratio measurements. The validation included the determination of LOD, BEC, measurement repeatability, within-lab reproducibility and deviation from certified values as well as a study on instrumental isotopic fractionation (IIF) and the calculation of the combined standard measurement uncertainty. Different approaches of correction for IIF applying external intra-elemental IIF correction (aka standard-sample bracketing) using certified S reference materials and internal inter-elemental IIF (aka internal standardization) correction using Si isotope ratios in MC ICP-MS are explained and compared. The resulting combined standard uncertainties of examined ICP-QMS systems were not better than 0.3–0.5% (uc,rel), which is in general insufficient to differentiate natural S isotope variations. Although the performance of the single collector ICP-SFMS is better (single measurement uc,rel = 0.08%), the measurement reproducibility (>0.2%) is the major limit of this system and leaves room for improvement. MC ICP-MS operated in the edge mass resolution mode, applying bracketing for correction of IIF, provided isotope ratio values with the highest quality (relative combined measurement uncertainty: 0.02%; deviation from the certified value: <0.002%). %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J., Backes, A.M., Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J 35th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2016 %T Investigation of Current and Future Nitrogen Depositions and Their Impact on Sensitive Ecosystems in Europe %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Travnikov, O., Hedgecock, I.M., Gencarelli, C., De Simone, F., Weigelt, A., Zhu, J %D 2016 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV - Springer Proceedings in Complexity %P 519-523 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_83 %T Diagnostic Evalutation of Bromine Reactions on Mercury Chemistry %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24478-5_83 %X This model study about the influence of chemical reactants on the transport of mercury is part of an international mercury model inter-comparison (MMTF) coordinated by the EU-FP7 Research Project GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System). GMOS focuses on the improvement and validation of mercury models to assist establishing a global monitoring network and to support the implementation of the Minamata Convention. For the model inter-comparison, several global and regional Chemistry Transport Models (CTM) were used to simulate the influence of reactants on mercury oxidation. For this, gas and aqueous phase reactions of mercury with bromine were implemented into the models. As reactants, precalculated bromine concentrations were taken from the global bromine models P-TOMCAT and GEOS-CHEM. The modelled concentrations of oxidized mercury were compared to observations from GMOS measurement stations, and air craft campaigns. It was found that, even outside of polar regions, bromine plays an important role in the oxidation of mercury. Moreover, the chosen reactant influenced the vertical distribution of mercury in the atmosphere. While little difference was found for GOM concentrations at the surface level, the bromine reaction was able to explain the elevated concentration of GOM observed in the free troposphere. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Suehring, R., Ortiz, X., Pena-Abaurrea, M., Jobst, K.J., Freese, M., Pohlmann, J.-D., Marohn, L., Ebinghaus, R., Backus, S., Hanel, R., Reiner, E.J. %D 2016 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 23 %P 12678-12685 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04382 %T Evidence for High Concentrations and Maternal Transfer of Substituted Diphenylamines in European Eels Analyzed by Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography–Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04382 23 %X Chemical pollution is hypothesized to be one of the factors driving the strong decline of the critically endangered European eel population. Specifically, the impact of contaminants on the quality of spawning eels and subsequent embryo survival and development has been discussed as crucial investigation point. However, so far, only very limited information on potential negative effects of contaminants on the reproduction of eels is available. Through the combination of nontargeted ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional gas chromatography, combined with more-conventional targeted analytical approaches and multimedia mass-balance modeling, compounds of particular relevance, and their maternal transfer in artificially matured European eels from the German river Ems have been identified. Substituted diphenylamines were, unexpectedly, found to be the primary organic contaminants in the eel samples, with concentrations in the μg g–1 wet weight range. Furthermore, it could be shown that these contaminants, as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are not merely stored in lipid rich tissue of eels but maternally transferred into gonads and eggs. The results of this study provide unique information on both the fate and behavior of substituted diphenylamines in the environment as well as their relevance as contaminants in European eels. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Efstathiou, C.I., Matejovicova, J., Bieser, J., Lammel, G. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 23 %P 15327-15345 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-15327-2016 %T Evaluation of gas-particle partitioning in a regional air quality model for organic pollutants %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-15327-2016 23 %X Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are of considerable concern due to their well-recognised toxicity and their potential to bioaccumulate and engage in long-range transport. These compounds are semi-volatile and therefore partition between vapour and condensed phases in the atmosphere, while both phases can undergo chemical reactions. This work describes the extension of the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system to POPs with a focus on establishing an adaptable framework that accounts for gaseous chemistry, heterogeneous reactions, and gas-particle partitioning (GPP). The effect of GPP is assessed by implementing a set of independent parameterisations within the CMAQ aerosol module, including the Junge-Pankow (JP) adsorption model, the Harner-Bidleman (HB) organic matter (OM) absorption model, and the dual Dachs-Eisenreich (DE) black carbon (BC) adsorption and OM absorption model. Use of these descriptors in a modified version of CMAQ for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), results in different fate and transport patterns as demonstrated by regional scale simulations performed for a European domain during 2006. The dual DE model predicted 24.1 % higher average domain concentrations compared to the HB model, which was in turn predicting 119.2 % higher levels compared to the baseline JP model. Evaluation against measurements from the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) reveal the capability of the more extensive DE model to better capture the ambient levels and seasonal behaviour of BaP. It is found that the heterogeneous reaction of BaP with O3 may decrease its atmospheric lifetime by 25.2 % (domain and annual average) and near-ground concentrations by 18.8 %. Marginally better model performance was found for one of the six EMEP stations (Košetice) when heterogeneous BaP reactivity was included. Further analysis shows that for the rest of the EMEP locations the model continues to underestimate BaP levels, an observation that can be attributed to low emission estimates for such remote areas. These findings suggest that, when modelling the fate and transport of organic pollutants on large spatiotemporal scales, the selection and parameterisation of GPP can be as important as degradation (reactivity). %0 journal article %@ 0025-326X %A Huang, W., Xie, Z., Yan, W., Mi, W., Xu, W. %D 2016 %J Marine Pollution Bulletin %N 1-2 %P 153-159 %R doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.018 %T Occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks and organic UV filters from riverine and coastal sediments in the Pearl River estuary of China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.018 1-2 %X This study reports the occurrence and distribution of synthetic musks (SMs) and organic UV filters (UVFs) in sediment samples collected in 8 riverine runoffs from the Pearl River and Pearl River estuary (PRE). Here, 6 of the 8 target compounds were detected in all sediments with concentrations ranging from 0.35 ng g− 1 to 456 ng g− 1. Higher concentrations of SMs and UVFs were evident in the eastern outlets compared to the western suggesting greater input of these contaminants from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. All the compounds showed a decreasing trend toward the seaward side which confirming that riverine runoff was the most important source of SMs and UVFs to the coastal environment. Notably, high levels of SMs and UVFs were detected in two fishing harbors in the PRE area. In comparison to UVFs, the SM compounds exhibited a significant correlation with TOC content in the sediments. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Helmholz, H., Ruhnau, C., Proefrock, D., Erbsloeh, H.-B., Prange, A. %D 2016 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 626-636 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.202 %T Seasonal and annual variations in physiological and biochemical responses from transplanted marine bioindicator species Mytilus spp. during a long term field exposure experiment %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.202 %X In a pilot field study the long term response of transplanted bioindicator organisms Mytilus spp. was analyzed on the basis of physiological indices and biochemical measurements related to the energy budget. Three different time series with deployment times of eight to twelve months were compared according to seasonality and repeatability of the responses. Test organisms were incubated at a coastal station in the anthropogenically impacted estuary of the river Elbe and at a North Sea station located in vicinity to the Island of Helgoland in the German Bight. The stations differ in their hydrological as well as chemical characteristics. They can be discriminated by statistical factor analysis based on the measured biochemical parameter. Levels of all energy budget biomarker varied between seasons; however, the degree of variation of the specific response was differently expressed. The mussels deployed at Helgoland showed a reproducible high Condition Index in each sampling series and an oscillating Gonadosomatic Index representing the reproduction cycle. The lowest available energy was recorded in mussels at the estuarine sampling station compared to the off-shore station. This may be caused by the energetically costly maintenance of osmotic balance and consequently result in a lower amount of energy available for defense again chemical stress, growth and reproduction. %0 journal article %@ 1991-959X %A Kukkonen, J., Karl, M., Keuken, M.P., Gon, H.A.C.D.van der, Denby, B.R., Singh, V., Douros, J., Manders, A., Samaras, Z., Moussiopoulos, N., Jonkers, S., Aarnio, M., Karppinen, A., Kangas, L., Lutzenkirchen, S., Petaejae, T., Vouitsis, I., Sokhi, R.S. %D 2016 %J Geoscientific Model Development %N 2 %P 451-478 %R doi:10.5194/gmd-9-451-2016 %T Modelling the dispersion of particle numbers in five European cities %U https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-451-2016 2 %X We present an overview of the modelling of particle number concentrations (PNCs) in five major European cities, namely Helsinki, Oslo, London, Rotterdam, and Athens, in 2008. Novel emission inventories of particle numbers have been compiled both on urban and European scales. We used atmospheric dispersion modelling for PNCs in the five target cities and on a European scale, and evaluated the predicted results against available measured concentrations. In all the target cities, the concentrations of particle numbers (PNs) were mostly influenced by the emissions originating from local vehicular traffic. The influence of shipping and harbours was also significant for Helsinki, Oslo, Rotterdam, and Athens, but not for London. The influence of the aviation emissions in Athens was also notable. The regional background concentrations were clearly lower than the contributions originating from urban sources in Helsinki, Oslo, and Athens. The regional background was also lower than urban contributions in traffic environments in London, but higher or approximately equal to urban contributions in Rotterdam. It was numerically evaluated that the influence of coagulation and dry deposition on the predicted PNCs was substantial for the urban background in Oslo. The predicted and measured annual average PNCs in four cities agreed within approximately  ≤  26 % (measured as fractional biases), except for one traffic station in London. This study indicates that it is feasible to model PNCs in major cities within a reasonable accuracy, although major challenges remain in the evaluation of both the emissions and atmospheric transformation of PNCs. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Zhang, F., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Lou, D., Li, J., Zhang, G., Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 10 %P 6319-6334 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-6319-2016 %T Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-6319-2016 10 %X Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and 1600kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH); for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8gkWh−1 compared to 7.14 and 6.97gkWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09gkWh−1 compared to 0.14 and 0.04gkWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineering vessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (such as 30.2gkg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5gkg−1 fuel in previous studies, 115gkg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to 22.3 to 87gkg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40gkg−1 fuel of PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6gkg−1 fuel in previous studies), while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of the average emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influence factors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The test inland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFs for CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to the significant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that no accurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement data for different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors and economic costs. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Chen, Y., Lin, T., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Tian, C., Li, J., Zhang, G. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 153-160 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.039 %T Exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across the air-water interface in the Bohai and Yellow Seas %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.039 %X In this study, air and surface seawater samples collected from the Bohai (BS) and Yellow Seas (YS) in May 2012 were determined exchange of PAHs, especially of low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs (three- and four-ring PAHs) at the air-water interface. Net volatilization fluxes of LMW PAHs were 266–1454 ng/m2/d and decreased with distance from the coast, indicating that these PAHs transported from coastal runoff were potential contributors to the atmosphere in the BS and YS. Moreover, LMW PAHs were enriched in the dissolved phase compared with those in the particulate phase in the water column, possibly suggesting that the volatilized LMW PAHs were directly derived from wastewater discharge or petroleum pollution rather than released from contaminated sediments. The air–sea exchange fluxes of the three-ring PAHs were 2- to 20-fold higher than their atmospheric deposition fluxes in the BS and YS. The input to and output from the water reached equilibrium for four-ring PAHs. Differently, five- and six-ring PAHs were introduced into the marine environment primarily through dry and wet deposition, indicating that the water column was still a sink of these PAHs from the surrounding atmosphere. %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 39th International Symposium on Environmental Analytical Chemistry, ISEAC 39 %T Optimization of novel automated sample preparation systems for elemental and isotopic analysis of environmental samples via (MC) ICP-MS %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Irrgeher, J., Prohaska, T., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 12. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse und 25. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen %T Optimization of a new fully-automated sample preparation system for isotopic analysis of sediment digests via MC ICP-MS %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Bencardino, M., D'Amore, F., Carbone, F., Cinnirella, S., Mannarino, V., Landis, M., Ebinghaus, R., Weigelt, A., Brunke, E.-G., Labuschagne, C., Martin, L., Munthe, J., Waengberg, I., Artaxo, P., Morais, F., Barbosa, H. D. M. J., Brito, J., Cairns, W., Barbante, C., Diéguez, M. D. C., Garcia, P. E., Dommergue, A., Angot, H., Magand, O., Skov, H., Horvat, M., Kotnik, J., Read, K. A., Neves, L. M., Gawlik, B. M., Sena, F., Mashyanov, N., Obolkin, V., Wip, D., Feng, X. B., Zhang, H., Fu, X., Ramachandran, R., Cossa, D., Knoery, J., Marusczak, N., Nerentorp, M., Norstrom, C. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 18 %P 11915-11935 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016 %T Atmospheric mercury concentrations observed at ground-based monitoring sites globally distributed in the framework of the GMOS network %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-11915-2016 18 %X Long-term monitoring of data of ambient mercury (Hg) on a global scale to assess its emission, transport, atmospheric chemistry, and deposition processes is vital to understanding the impact of Hg pollution on the environment. The Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project was funded by the European Commission (http://www.gmos.eu) and started in November 2010 with the overall goal to develop a coordinated global observing system to monitor Hg on a global scale, including a large network of ground-based monitoring stations, ad hoc periodic oceanographic cruises and measurement flights in the lower and upper troposphere as well as in the lower stratosphere. To date, more than 40 ground-based monitoring sites constitute the global network covering many regions where little to no observational data were available before GMOS. This work presents atmospheric Hg concentrations recorded worldwide in the framework of the GMOS project (2010–2015), analyzing Hg measurement results in terms of temporal trends, seasonality and comparability within the network. Major findings highlighted in this paper include a clear gradient of Hg concentrations between the Northern and Southern hemispheres, confirming that the gradient observed is mostly driven by local and regional sources, which can be anthropogenic, natural or a combination of both. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Bessagnet, B., Pirovano, G., Mircea, M., Cuvelier, C., Aulinger, A., Calori, G., Ciarelli, G., Manders, A., Stern, R., Tsyro, S., Garcia Vivanco, M., Thunis, P., Pay, M.-T., Colette, A., Couvidat, F., Meleux, F., Rouil, L., Ung, A., Aksoyoglu, S., Baldasano, J.M., Bieser, J., Briganti, G., Cappelletti, A., D`Isidoro, M., Finardi, S., Kranenburg, R., Silibello, C., Carnevale, C., Aas, W., Dupont, J.-C., Fagerli, H., Gonzales,L., Menut, L., Prevot, A.S.H., Roberts, P., White, L. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 19 %P 12667-12701 %R doi:10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016 %T Presentation of the EURODELTA III intercomparison exercise – evaluation of the chemistry transport models' performance on criteria pollutants and joint analysis with meteorology %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-12667-2016 19 %X The EURODELTA III exercise has facilitated a comprehensive intercomparison and evaluation of chemistry transport model performances. Participating models performed calculations for four 1-month periods in different seasons in the years 2006 to 2009, allowing the influence of different meteorological conditions on model performances to be evaluated. The exercise was performed with strict requirements for the input data, with few exceptions. As a consequence, most of differences in the outputs will be attributed to the differences in model formulations of chemical and physical processes. The models were evaluated mainly for background rural stations in Europe. The performance was assessed in terms of bias, root mean square error and correlation with respect to the concentrations of air pollutants (NO2, O3, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5), as well as key meteorological variables. Though most of meteorological parameters were prescribed, some variables like the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the vertical diffusion coefficient were derived in the model preprocessors and can partly explain the spread in model results. In general, the daytime PBL height is underestimated by all models. The largest variability of predicted PBL is observed over the ocean and seas. For ozone, this study shows the importance of proper boundary conditions for accurate model calculations and then on the regime of the gas and particle chemistry. The models show similar and quite good performance for nitrogen dioxide, whereas they struggle to accurately reproduce measured sulfur dioxide concentrations (for which the agreement with observations is the poorest). In general, the models provide a close-to-observations map of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations over Europe rather with correlations in the range 0.4–0.7 and a systematic underestimation reaching −10 µg m−3 for PM10. The highest concentrations are much more underestimated, particularly in wintertime. Further evaluation of the mean diurnal cycles of PM reveals a general model tendency to overestimate the effect of the PBL height rise on PM levels in the morning, while the intensity of afternoon chemistry leads formation of secondary species to be underestimated. This results in larger modelled PM diurnal variations than the observations for all seasons. The models tend to be too sensitive to the daily variation of the PBL. All in all, in most cases model performances are more influenced by the model setup than the season. The good representation of temporal evolution of wind speed is the most responsible for models' skillfulness in reproducing the daily variability of pollutant concentrations (e.g. the development of peak episodes), while the reconstruction of the PBL diurnal cycle seems to play a larger role in driving the corresponding pollutant diurnal cycle and hence determines the presence of systematic positive and negative biases detectable on daily basis. %0 doctoral thesis %@ %A Neumann, D. %D 2016 %J %T The impact of sea salt emissions on the air quality in the North Sea and Baltic Sea regions (Dissertation) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1618-3258 %A Apel, C., Wolschke, H., Massei, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Oekotoxikologie %N 3 %P 63-66 %T Vorkommen und Verteilung organischer UV-Stabilisatoren und UV-Filter in Sedimenten europaeischer Flussmuendungen %U 3 %X jedoch nicht möglich. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Karl, M., Quante, M. %D 2016 %J Air quality and emissions reduction from shipping – with regional focus on Baltic and North Seas, International Conference „BLUE SKY OVER THE SEA?“ %T Scenarios of shipping emissions in the North Sea region in 2030: Impact on air quality %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1867-1381 %A Hermann, M., Weigelt, A., Assmann, D., Pfeifer, S., Mueller, T., Conrath, T., Voigtlaender, J., Heintzenberg, J., Wiedensohler, A., Martinsson, B.G., Deshler, T., Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M., Zahn, A. %D 2016 %J Atmospheric Measurement Techniques %N 5 %P 2179-2194 %R doi:10.5194/amt-9-2179-2016 %T An optical particle size spectrometer for aircraft-borne measurements in IAGOS-CARIBIC %U https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-2179-2016 5 %X The particle number size distribution is an important parameter to characterize the atmospheric aerosol and its influence on the Earth's climate. Here we describe a new optical particle size spectrometer (OPSS) for measurements of the accumulation mode particle number size distribution in the tropopause region on board a passenger aircraft (IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory: In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System – Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container). A modified KS93 particle sensor from RION Co., Ltd., together with a new airflow system and a dedicated data acquisition system, is the key component of the CARIBIC OPSS. The instrument records individual particle pulse signal curves in the particle size range 130–1110 nm diameter (for a particle refractive index of 1.47-i0.006) together with a time stamp and thus allows the post-flight choice of the time resolution and the size distribution bin width. The CARIBIC OPSS has a 50 % particle detection diameter of 152 nm and a maximum asymptotic counting efficiency of 98 %. The instrument's measurement performance shows no pressure dependency and no particle coincidence for free tropospheric conditions. The size response function of the CARIBIC OPSS was obtained by a polystyrene latex calibration in combination with model calculations. Particle number size distributions measured with the new OPSS in the lowermost stratosphere agreed within a factor of 2 in concentration with balloon-borne measurements over western North America. Since June 2010 the CARIBIC OPSS is deployed once per month in the IAGOS-CARIBIC observatory. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Kirchgeorg, T., Dreyer, A., Gabrielli, P., Gabrieli, J., Thompson, L.G., Barbante, C., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J Environmental Pollution %P 804-812 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.004 %T Seasonal accumulation of persistent organic pollutants on a high altitude glacier in the Eastern Alps %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.004 %X The seasonal accumulations of perfluorinated substances (PFAS), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured in a 10 m shallow firn core from a high altitude glacier at Mt. Ortles (Italy, 3830 m above sea level) in South Tyrol in the Italian Eastern Alps. The most abundant persistent organic pollutants of each group were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (for PFASs); BDE 47, BDE 99, BDE 209 (for PBDEs) and phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA) and pyrene (PYR) (for PAHs). All compounds show different extents of seasonality, with higher accumulation during summer time compared to winter. This seasonal difference mainly reflects meteorological conditions with a low and stable atmospheric boundary layer in winter and strong convective activity in summer, transformation processes during the transport of chemicals and/or post-depositional alterations. Change in the composition of the water-soluble PFCAs demonstrates the influence of meltwater percolation through the firn layers. %0 journal article %@ 0267-9477 %A Prohaska, T., Irrgeher, J., Zitek, A. %D 2016 %J Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry %N 8 %P 1612-1621 %R doi:10.1039/C6JA00087H %T Simultaneous multi-element and isotope ratio imaging of fish otoliths by laser ablation split stream ICP-MS/MC ICP-MS %U https://doi.org/10.1039/C6JA00087H 8 %X The simultaneous retrieval of spatially resolved information on the elemental content and isotope ratios from the same sampling spot (e.g. in incrementally grown biological material) still represents an analytical challenge. In order to assess multi-elemental (Sr/Ca; Mg/Ca; Ba/Ca; Na/Ca) and isotopic (87Sr/86Sr) data simultaneously on a fish otolith surface, a laser ablation (LA) system was coupled simultaneously to a multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC ICP-MS) and a quadrupole (single collector) ICP-MS via an aerosol split. In addition, a membrane desolvation nebulizer was used for introducing liquid standards in-line to the MC ICP-MS system. The recorded time resolved data of different data density (number of data points/time unit were by a factor of 4 higher using MC ICP-MS) were spatially referenced to the picture using ArcGIS® software. This allowed for the creation of elemental and isotopic images and the combination of data of different spatial resolution. Finally, regions of similar chemical composition were retrieved by cluster analysis. The method was applied to analyze an otolith of a lenok (Brachymystax lenok) caught in the river Eg (northern Mongolia) to assess habitat use and migration in a river system, where only little is known about the migrations of native fish. The combined statistical evaluations of the data showed that the Sr/Ca elemental and 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios assessed in the otolith were the main discriminators of three clearly different zones on the otolith, indicating habitat shifts. Split-stream LA-ICP-MS/MC ICP-MS proved to be a compelling approach to gain elemental and isotopic data simultaneously from the same sampling spots on solid samples with a minimum loss of information. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2016 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 19 %P 10386-10396 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b03213 %T Emissions of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Textile Manufacturing Plant in China and Their Relevance for Workers’ Exposure %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03213 19 %X The manufacturing of high-performance fabrics requires numerous chemical treatment steps that involve the use of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) to protect apparel against water, stain, and oil penetration. However, air and wastewater emissions of PFASs generated during this manufacturing are a potential threat to both factory workers and the environment. We investigated the occurrence and distribution of PFASs in wastewater, air, airborne particles, and settled dust in a textile manufacturing plant in China. PFOA and PFDA or their precursor compounds 8:2 FTOH and 10:2 FTOH were the dominant compounds in all environmental media tested, revealing that long-chain PFASs were preferably used for the manufacturing of functional garments. Besides, PFASs were detected along the textile manufacturing chain, indicating that they were used as durable water repellents and as surfactants in, for example, coating agents. The workers’ exposure to FTOHs via air inhalation was up to 5 orders of magnitude higher than the background exposure of the general western population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study providing information regarding the emission of PFASs during the manufacturing of textiles via various environmental media. %0 conference poster %@ %A Dutschke, F., Irrgeher, J., Proefrock, D. %D 2016 %J 4th Workshop on Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) and Mass Spectro-metric techniques (MS) %T Optimized strategies for the characterization of TiO2-nanoparticles in complex environmental matrices like sediments and water samples using centrifugal-FFF hyphenated to ICP-MS/MS %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V. %D 2016 %J 54th International Young Lawyers’ Congress AIJA %T Environmental impacts of international shipping and aviation %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J., Zimmermann, T., Kleeberg, U. %D 2016 %J Sino-German Workshop Biogeochemical Pressures and their Effects on Marine Ecosystems in China and Europe %T Linking Catchments and Coastal Seas –New Possibilities Through the Application of Non-Traditional Stable Isotopes and Elemental Fingerprints to Trace Sources and Sinks of Inorganic Contaminants in the Wadden Sea %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J., Zimmermann, T., Dutschke, F. %D 2016 %J Agilent ICP-QQQ European User Group Meeting %T Application and Possibilities of ICP-QQQ for Marine Environmental Research %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J., Zimmermann, T., Dutschke, F., Erbsloeh, H.-B., Ruhnau, C. %D 2016 %J International Symposium on Environmental Analytical Chemistry, ISEAC 39 - Environmental and Food Monitoring %T Developments in element and element speciation analysis of environmental samples - Recent trends and future perspectives %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Proefrock, D., Irrgeher, J., Zimmermann, T., Dutschke, F., Retzmann, A. %D 2016 %J 12. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren der Elementspurenanalyse und 25. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen %T Element and Element Speciation Analysis of Environmental Samples: Current Challenges and Solutions %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0584-8547 %A Irrgeher, J., Galler, P., Prohaska, T. %D 2016 %J Spectrochimica Acta B %P 31-42 %R doi:10.1016/j.sab.2016.09.008 %T 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio measurements by laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Reconsidering matrix interferences in bioapatites and biogenic carbonates %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2016.09.008 %X The major focus was set on analysing human tooth samples, fish hard parts and geological carbonates. Potential sources of interferences were identified and corrected for. The combined corrections of interferences and adequate instrumental isotopic fractionation correction procedures lead to accurate data even though increased uncertainties have to be taken into account. The results are discussed along with approaches presented in literature for data correction in laser ablation analysis. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Proefrock, D., Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A. %D 2016 %J 2016 Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry %T Optimization and Application of ICP-MS/MS for the Analysis of Elements and Element Species of Growing Concern %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J International Symposium on Fluorinated Organics in the Environment, Fluoros 2015 %T PFOA vs. its replacement substance HFPO-DA: Their current environmental releases and fates in the rivers and coastal environment of Germany and China %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2015 %J Klima, Wandel, Gerechtigkeit - Leuphana Konferenzwoche 2015 %T Klimawissenschaft und Klimaschutz: Was kann, was weiss die Klimawissenschaft und wie sollte die Gesellschaft sie nutzen? %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Neumann, D., Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Backes, A., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2015 %J European Aerosol Conference, EAC 2015 %T Comparing three sea salt emission parameterizations in the North-Western European domain %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Neumann, D., Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2015 %T Effect of sea salt emissions on anthropogenic air pollution and nitrogen deposition in northwestern Europe %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bonduelle, A., Rynikiewicz, C., Neumann, D. %D 2015 %J Eceee 2015 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency %T Hybrid sailing to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the maritime transportation sector %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0267-9477 %A Gonzalez-Gago, A., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry %P 180-190 %R doi:10.1039/c4ja00112e %T Optimizing GC-ICP-MS for ultra-trace quantification of PBDEs in natural water samples using species-specific isotope dilution %U https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ja00112e %X Due to the increased interest regarding the fate, transport and toxic effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) within the aquatic environment a variety of different methods have been reported, trying to fulfil the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, Directive 2000/60/EC). For PBDEs the WFD specifies Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) at very low trace levels, which correspond to 0.5 ng L−1 for 6 priority brominated flame retardants. The reliable quantification of such low concentration levels in environmental sample matrices requires the development of new analytical approaches. Current standard GC-MS methods, which are frequently used for PBDE analysis, often do not provide sufficient sensitivity for their reliable analysis at ultra-trace levels. Within this context a new GC-ICP-MS method has been developed and optimized allowing the ultra-trace determination of the selected priority congeners at sub ng L−1 levels. The quantification approach is based on the application of 81Br labelled PBDEs as internal standards for species-specific isotope dilution analysis. Natural water samples were analysed to demonstrate the potential of this new detection and quantification approach. %0 conference poster %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J International Symposium on Fluorinated Organics in the Environment, Fluoros 2015 %T Development of a method for the simultaneous determination of Polyfluorinated Phosphate Esters (PAPs) and other Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in sediments %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2194-6434 %A Weisse, R., Bisling, P., Gaslikova, L., Geyer, B., Groll, N., Hortamani, M., Matthias, V., Maneke, M., Meinke, I., Meyer, E., Schwichtenberg, F., Stempinski, F., Wiese, F., Woeckner-Kluwe, K. %D 2015 %J Earth Perspectives %P 3 %R doi:10.1186/s40322-015-0029-0 %T Climate services for marine applications in Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1186/s40322-015-0029-0 %X The term “climate services” is commonly used to refer to the generation of climate information, their transformation according to user needs and the subsequent use of the information in decision making processes. More generally, the concept also involves contextualization of information and knowledge. In the following a series of examples from the marine sector is described covering the generation, transformation and the use of climate information in decision making processes while contextualization is not considered. Examples comprise applications from naval architecture, offshore wind and more generally renewable energies, shipping emissions, and tidal basin water exchange and eutrophication levels. Moreover effects of climate change on coastal flood damages and the need for coastal protection are considered. Based on the analysis of these examples it is concluded that reliable climate information in data sparse regions is urgently needed, that for many applications historical climate information may be as or even more important as future long-term projections, and that the specific needs of different sectors substantially depend on their planning horizons. %0 conference poster %@ %A Apel, C., Wolschke, H., Massei, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J 15th EuCheMS International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, ICCE 2015 %T Occurrence and distribution of organic UV-stabilizers in sediments of rivers distributed over Europe %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Song, S., Selin, N. E., Soerensen, A. L., Angot, H., Artz, R., Brooks, S., Brunke, E.-G., Conley, G., Dommergue, A., Ebinghaus, R., Holsen, T. M., Jaffe, D. A., Kang, S., Kelley, P., Luke, W. T., Magand, O., Marumoto, K., Pfaffhuber, K. A., Ren, X., Sheu, G.-R., Slemr, F., Warneke, T., Weigelt, A., Weiss-Penzias, P., Wip, D. C., Zhang, Q. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 12 %P 7103-7125 %R doi:10.5194/acp-15-7103-2015 %T Top-down constraints on atmospheric mercury emissions and implications for global biogeochemical cycling %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7103-2015 12 %X We perform global-scale inverse modeling to constrain present-day atmospheric mercury emissions and relevant physiochemical parameters in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. We use Bayesian inversion methods combining simulations with GEOS-Chem and ground-based Hg0 observations from regional monitoring networks and individual sites in recent years. Using optimized emissions/parameters, GEOS-Chem better reproduces these ground-based observations and also matches regional over-water Hg0 and wet deposition measurements. The optimized global mercury emission to the atmosphere is ~ 5.8 Gg yr−1. The ocean accounts for 3.2 Gg yr−1 (55 % of the total), and the terrestrial ecosystem is neither a net source nor a net sink of Hg0. The optimized Asian anthropogenic emission of Hg0 (gas elemental mercury) is 650–1770 Mg yr−1, higher than its bottom-up estimates (550–800 Mg yr−1). The ocean parameter inversions suggest that dark oxidation of aqueous elemental mercury is faster, and less mercury is removed from the mixed layer through particle sinking, when compared with current simulations. Parameter changes affect the simulated global ocean mercury budget, particularly mass exchange between the mixed layer and subsurface waters. Based on our inversion results, we re-evaluate the long-term global biogeochemical cycle of mercury, and show that legacy mercury becomes more likely to reside in the terrestrial ecosystem than in the ocean. We estimate that primary anthropogenic mercury contributes up to 23 % of present-day atmospheric deposition. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 14 %P 8386-8395 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01648 %T Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River/Estuary Systems %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01648 14 %X The production and use of long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) must comply with national and international regulations. Driven by increasingly stringent regulations, their production has been outsourced to less regulated countries in Asia. In addition, the fluoropolymer industry started to use fluorinated alternatives, such as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)propanoic acid (HFPO-DA). Between August 2013 and September 2014, we investigated the occurrence and distribution of HFPO-DA and legacy PFASs in surface waters of the following river/estuary systems: the Elbe and Rhine Rivers in Germany, the Rhine-Meuse delta in The Netherlands, and the Xiaoqing River in China. Distinct differences were revealed among the study areas; notably, the Chinese samples were highly polluted by an industrial point source discharging mainly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). This particular point source resulted in concentrations more than 6000 times higher than an industrial point source observed in the Scheur River, where HFPO-DA was the dominant compound with a concentration of 73.1 ng/L. Moreover, HFPO-DA was detected in all samples along the coastline of the North Sea, indicating that the compound may be transported from the Rhine-Meuse delta into the German Bight via the water current. To the best of our knowledge, the fluorinated alternative, HFPO-DA, was detected for the first time in surface waters of Germany and China. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J 2. Forum Junger Umweltwissenschaftler %T Vorkommen und Verbreitung von perfluorierten Alkylsubstanzen (PFASs) in europaeischen und chinesischen Fluss-Aestuar Systemen %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bonduelle, A., Rynikiewicz, C., Neumann, D. %D 2015 %J Eceee 2015 Summer Study proceedings %P 863-872 %T Hybrid sailing to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the maritime transportation sector %U %X The paper relies on work in progress in the course of the S@IL project. S@IL (Sustainable Approaches and Innovative Liaisons) is a European INTERREG program linking research teams, harbours, NGOs and freight professionals across the North Sea Region, in particular from The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden and Denmark. It will end by mid-2015. It is led by the Fryslan Province (NL). The authors in the E&E Consultant team (Cassel, France) are involved in economic evaluation in the project. %0 conference poster %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J 15th EuCheMS International Conference on Chemistry and the Environment, ICCE 2015 %T PFOA vs. its replacement substance HFPO-DA: Their current environmental releases and fates in coastal rivers of Germany and China %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0025-326X %A Wolschke, H., Meng, X.-Z., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R., Cai, M. %D 2015 %J Marine Pollution Bulletin %N 1-2 %P 513-518 %R doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.012 %T Novel flame retardants (N-FRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in fish, penguin, and skua from King George Island, Antarctica %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.012 1-2 %X Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are frequently detected in biota from Antarctica, whereas no data are available for their replacements, such as novel flame retardants (N-FRs). This study presented the occurrence of several N-FRs, PBDEs, and PCBs in tissue samples of an Antarctic rock cod (Trematomus bernacchii), a young gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), and a brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) collected from King George Island. The total concentrations of N-FRs (ΣN-FRs; mean: 931 pg/g dry weight (dw)) were comparable to PBDEs (Σ8PBDEs; 681 pg/g dw), which were much lower than PCBs (ΣDL-PCBs; 12,800 pg/g dw). Overall, skua contained two to three orders of magnitude higher contamination than penguin and fish. In the future, more attention should be focused on the fate of N-FRs in Antarctica, where usages have increased since PBDEs were banned. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N-FRs in biota from Antarctica. %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2015 %T On-line matrix removal and preconcentration using the ESI seaFAST system coupled to ICP-MS/MS for the ultra-trace analysis of undiluted seawater %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Wang, R., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Mi, W., Chen, Y., Wolschke, H., Tian, C., Pan, X., Luo, Y., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Pollution %P 172-178 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.037 %T Occurrence and spatial distribution of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in 40 rivers draining into the Bohai Sea, north China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.037 %X Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are alternatives to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, often used as flame-retardants and plasticizers. There are few reports of OPEs in river water. This study focused on the occurrence and spatial distribution of 11 OPE congeners and one synthetic intermediate triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) in 40 major rivers entering into the Bohai Sea. Total OPEs ranged from 9.6 to 1549 ng L−1, with an average of 300 ng L−1. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) (4.6–921 ng L−1, mean: 186 ng L−1) and tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (1.3–268 ng L−1, mean: 80.2 ng L−1) were the most abundant OPEs and their distribution patterns are similar, indicating the same source (r = 0.61, P < 0.05) and the influence of large production and consumption of chlorinated OPEs in the region. Priority should be given to TCPP, PCEP and TPPO due to their high concentrations in the rivers and potential threat to aquatic organisms. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Wang, Z., Xie, Z., Moeller, A., Mi, W., Wolschke, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Pollution %P 120-125 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.029 %T Estimating dry deposition and gas/particle partition coefficients of neutral poly-/perfluoroalkyl substances in northern German coast %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.03.029 %X Dry deposition fluxes of 12 neutral poly-/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were estimated at Büsum located in northern German coast, and their gas/particle partition coefficients were predicted by employing the polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs). The gas deposition flux, particle deposition flux and total (gas + particle) flux of the 12 PFASs during sampling periods were 1088 ± 611, 189 ± 75 and 1277 ± 627 pg/(m2 d), respectively. The gas deposition of PFASs played a key role during deposition to marine ecosystem. Sensitivity analysis showed that wind speed was the most sensitive parameter for gas deposition fluxes. Good agreements (within 1 log unit) were observed between the measured gas/particle partitioning data of PFASs and the predicted partition coefficients using PP-LFERs, indicating the model can reliably predict the gas/particle partitioning behaviors of atmospheric neutral PFASs. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Slemr, F., Angot, H., Dommergue, A., Magand, O., Barret, M., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Brunke, E.-G., Pfaffhuber, K., Edwards, G., Howard, D., Powell, J., Keywood, M., Wang, F. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 6 %P 3125-3133 %R doi:10.5194/acp-15-3125-2015 %T Comparison of mercury concentrations measured at several sites in the Southern Hemisphere %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3125-2015 6 %X Our knowledge of the distribution of mercury concentrations in air of the Southern Hemisphere was until recently based mostly on intermittent measurements made during ship cruises. In the last few years continuous mercury monitoring has commenced at several sites in the Southern Hemisphere, providing new and more refined information. In this paper we compare mercury measurements at several remote sites in the Southern Hemisphere made over a period of at least 1 year at each location. Averages of monthly medians show similar although small seasonal variations at both Cape Point and Amsterdam Island. A pronounced seasonal variation at Troll research station in Antarctica is due to frequent mercury depletion events in the austral spring. Due to large scatter and large standard deviations of monthly average median mercury concentrations at Cape Grim, no systematic seasonal variation could be found there. Nevertheless, the annual average mercury concentrations at all sites during the 2007–2013 period varied only between 0.85 and 1.05 ng m−3. Part of this variability is likely due to systematic measurement uncertainties which we propose can be further reduced by improved calibration procedures. We conclude that mercury is much more uniformly distributed throughout the Southern Hemisphere than the distributions suggested by measurements made onboard ships. This finding implies that smaller trends can be detected in shorter time periods. We also report a change in the trend sign at Cape Point from decreasing mercury concentrations in 1996–2004 to increasing concentrations since 2007. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Proefrock, D., Gonzalez-Gago, A., Zimmermann, T., Retzmann, A., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2015 %T ICP-MS and hyphenated techniques for trace analysis of emerging contaminants in marine environmental samples %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Beyn, F., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Daehnke, K. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 281-288 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.057 %T Do N-isotopes in atmospheric nitrate deposition reflect air pollution levels? %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.057 %X Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric reactive nitrogen compounds mostly originate from anthropogenic NH3 and NOX sources. Regarding land-borne pollutants, coastal environments usually have a lower pollution level than terrestrial/urban areas, which have a greater anthropogenic imprint. To investigate this spatial characteristic, we measured View the MathML sourceNO3− and View the MathML sourceNH4+ deposition and N isotopes of View the MathML sourceNO3− (δ15N–View the MathML sourceNO3−) in 94 and 88 wet and dry deposition samples, respectively, at a coastal (List on Sylt) and a terrestrial/urban site (Geesthacht) in Germany from May 2012 to May 2013. A higher total N deposition rate was observed in Geesthacht (10.4 vs. 8.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1) due to higher View the MathML sourceNH4+ deposition, which can be explained by more agricultural influence. Surprisingly, overall View the MathML sourceNO3− fluxes were higher at the coastal site than at the terrestrial/urban site. We assume that sea-salt aerosols and the increased influence of NOX emissions from ships in most recent times compensate the higher terrestrial/urban pollution level and thus lead to higher View the MathML sourceNO3− fluxes in dry and comparable fluxes in wet deposition at the coastal site, despite a much lower impact of land-based sources. In line with this, overall mean N isotopes values of View the MathML sourceNO3− show higher values in List than in Geesthacht in dry (+3.1 vs. +1.9‰) as well as in wet deposition (−0.1 vs. −1.0‰). This surprising result can mainly be attributed to an emerging source of NOX, ship emissions, which have a distinctly higher impact at the coastal site. The usage of heavy oil and possibly new technologies in marine engines, which emit more enriched 15N in comparison to older engines, caused the spatial isotopic differences. %0 journal article %@ 2045-2322 %A Xie, Z., Wang, Z., Mi, W., Moeller, A., Wolschke, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Scientific Reports %P 8912 %R doi:10.1038/srep08912 %T Neutral Poly-/perfluoroalkyl Substances in Air and Snow from the Arctic %U https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08912 %X Levels of neutral poly-/perfluoroalkyl substances (nPFASs) in air and snow collected from Ny-Ålesund were measured and their air-snow exchange was determined to investigate whether they could re-volatilize into the atmosphere driven by means of air-snow exchange. The total concentration of 12 neutral PFASs ranged from 6.7 to 39 pg m−3 in air and from 330 to 690 pg L−1 in snow. A significant log-linear relationship was observed between the gas/particle partition coefficient and vapor pressure of the neutral PFASs. For fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOHs) and fluorotelomer acrylates (FTAs), the air-snow exchange fluxes were positive, indicating net evaporative from snow into air, while net deposition into snow was observed for perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (Me/EtFOSEs) in winter and spring of 2012. The air-snow exchange was snow-phase controlled for FTOHs and FTAs, and controlled by the air-phase for FOSEs. Air-snow exchange may significantly interfere with atmospheric concentrations of neutral PFASs in the Arctic. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Tang, J., Sturm, R., Chen, Y., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Chemosphere %P 118-125 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.050 %T Seasonal variations and spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances in the rivers Elbe and lower Weser and the North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.050 %X The spatial distributions and seasonal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface waters were investigated for the German rivers Elbe and lower Weser, and the North Sea. ∑PFAS concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 250 ng L−1 in the River Elbe, from 3.8 to 16 ng L−1 in the lower Weser, and from 0.13 to 10 ng L−1 in the North Sea. The most abundant compound was perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) with a proportion of 24% in river water and 31% in seawater samples. The concentrations of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Elbe River water showed significant seasonal variation in 2011. The seasonal variations might be related to the variations of water discharge. The highest concentrations of PFOA and PFHxA were detected in August. Pearson correlations showed that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and PFBS had different sources from other PFASs, and the current manufacturing and use of C4-based products could explain the distinction. The estimated fluxes of individual substances and ∑PFASs in the River Elbe showed no significant seasonal variation. The annual fluxes of PFASs to the North Sea were estimated to be 335 ± 100 kg year−1 from the River Elbe and 102 ± 22 kg year−1 from the River Weser. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Lai, S., Xie, Z., Song, T., Tang, J., Zhang, Y., Mi, W., Peng, J., Zhao, Y., Zou, S., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Chemosphere %P 195-200 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.015 %T Occurrence and dry deposition of organophosphate esters in atmospheric particles over the northern South China Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.015 %X Nine organophosphate esters (OPEs) in airborne particles were measured during a cruise campaign over the northern South China Sea (SCS) from September to October 2013. The concentration of the total OPEs (∑OPEs) was 47.1–160.9 pg m−3, which are lower than previous measurements in marine atmosphere environments. Higher OPE concentrations were observed in terrestrially influenced samples, suggesting that OPE concentrations were significantly influenced by air mass transport. Chlorinated OPEs were the dominant OPEs, accounting for 65.8–83.7% of the ∑OPEs. Tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was the predominant OPE compound in the samples (45.0 ± 12.1%), followed by tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphates (TCPPs) (28.8 ± 8.9%). Dry particle-bound deposition fluxes ranged from 8.2 to 27.8 ng m−2 d−1 for the ∑OPEs. Moreover, the dry deposition input of the ∑OPEs was estimated to be 4.98 ton y−1 in 2013 in a vast area of northern SCS. About half of the input was found to relate to air masses originating from China. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Lu, Z., Song, L., Zhao, Z., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Yang, H., Ma, H., Cai, M., Codling, G., Ebinghaus, R., Xie, Z., Giesy, J.P. %D 2015 %J Chemosphere %P 820-827 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.045 %T Occurrence and trends in concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in surface waters of eastern China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.045 %X Spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated in surface waters in Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces of eastern China during 2011. A total of 39 samples of surface waters, including 29 rivers, 6 lakes and 4 reservoirs were collected. High performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(−)ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify PFASs. Concentrations of PFAS were greater in Shanghai than that in Zhejiang Province. Concentrations of the sum of PFASs (∑PFASs) in Shanghai and Kunshan ranged from 39 to 212 ng L−1, while in Zhejiang Province, concentrations of ∑PFASs ranged from 0.68 to 146 ng L−1. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the prevalent PFAS in Shanghai. In contrast, PFOA and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were the prevalent PFASs in Zhejiang Province. Concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) ranged from <0.07 to 9.7 ng L−1. Annual mass of ∑PFASs transported by rivers that flow into the East China Sea were calculated to be more than 4000 kg PFASs. Correlation analyses between concentrations of individual PFASs showed the correlation between PFHxA and PFOA was positive, while the correlation between PFHxA and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) was negative in Shanghai, which indicated that PFHxA and PFOA have common sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify important components or factors that explain different compounds, and results showed that PFHxA and FOSA dominated factor loadings. %0 journal article %@ 0944-1344 %A Zhong, G., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Mi, W., Chen, Y., Moeller, A., Sturm, R., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Science and Pollution Research %N 3 %P 1653-1661 %R doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2648-7 %T Selected current-use pesticides (CUPs) in coastal and offshore sediments of Bohai and Yellow seas %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2648-7 3 %X China is one of the largest producers, consumers, and traders for pesticides in the world. Currently, there are more than 600 pesticide-active substances registered in China, whereas few studies were conducted to improve our understanding of the occurrence and environmental impact of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in China’s environment. In this work, 72 surface sediment samples were taken from the coastal and offshore of Bohai and Yellow seas and were analyzed for six CUPs (trifluralin, dacthal, quintozene, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol) and two metabolites (pentachloroanisole and endosulfan sulfate). Sediment samples were categorized as estuarine or near-shore sediments (Laizhou Bay, Taozi Bay, Sishili Bay, and Jiaozhou Bay) and offshore sediments. Trifluralin, α-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, and pentachloroanisole were detected in more than 60 % of the samples. Dicofol was the predominant compound with concentrations mostly higher than 100 pg/g dry weight (dw) with the highest concentration of 18,000 pg/g dw. Concentrations of other compounds were mainly below 100 pg/g dw. CUP levels were much lower than the sediment screening benchmark calculated. The highest levels of α-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, trifluralin, and chlorpyrifos existed at Laizhou Bay, whereas pentachloroanisole and dicofol had highest mean concentrations at Jiaozhou Bay. Generally, no correlation between pesticide concentrations and total organic carbon was observed either for offshore samples or for near-shore samples. %0 master thesis %@ %A Retzmann, A. %D 2015 %J %T Development of Capillary-HILIC/ICP-MS for the determination of Gadolinium-based contrast agents in the aquatic and estarine environments (Masterarbeit) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Ma, Y., Xie, Z., Halsall, C., Moeller, A., Yang, H., Zhong, G., Cai, M., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Chemosphere %P 953-960 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.012 %T The spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides and halogenated flame retardants in the surface sediments of an Arctic fjord: The influence of ocean currents vs. glacial runoff %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.012 %X Selected organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were analyzed in surficial fjord sediments collected down the length of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in the Norwegian high Arctic. Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCHs) was found to be the most abundant OC in the sediment, followed by BDE-209 > chlordane > α-endosulfan > Dechlorane Plus (anti-DP)> trifluralin concentration ranges were high over the relatively small study area of the fjord (e.g. ∑HCH: 7.2–100 pg g−1 dry weight (dw)), with concentrations broadly similar to, or lower than, measurements conducted in other parts of the Arctic. Concentrations of legacy OCs, including both HCH isomers and chlordane showed a decreasing trend from the outer, seaward end of the fjord to the inner, glacier end of the fjord. Conversely, sediment concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan (0.1–12.5 pg g−1 dw) increased from the outer fjord to the inner fjord. This contrasting pattern may be attributed to the influence of historical vs. contemporary sources of these chemicals to the fjord area, whereby the North Atlantic/West Spitzbergen oceanic current dominates the transport and input of the legacy OCs, whereas atmospheric deposition and meltwater runoff from the glaciers influence the inner fjord sediments for endosulfan. Interestingly, BDE-209 and Dechlorane Plus did not reveal any clear spatial trend. It is plausible that both glacial runoff and oceanic current end members are playing a role in introducing these chemicals to the fjord sediments. The relatively low fractional abundance of the syn-DP isomer (fsyn), however, indicates the long-range transport of this chemical to this Arctic site. %0 conference poster %@ %A Chen, W.-L., Xie, Z., Wolschke, H., Gandrass, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J 35th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2015 %T Accelerated solvent extraction combined with in-line cleanup and GC-MS/MS with isotope dilution techniques to determine trace-level carbazoles in sediment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0078-3234 %A Storch, H.v., Emeis, K., Meinke, I., Kannen, A., Matthias, V., Ratter, B.M.W., Stanev, E., Weisse, R., Wirtz, K. %D 2015 %J Oceanologia %N 1 %P 3-16 %R doi:10.1016/j.oceano.2014.09.001 %T Making coastal research useful – Cases from practice %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2014.09.001 1 %X Important issues are the recognition of alternative knowledge claims, the inevitableness of uncertainties and incompleteness of scientific analysis, the acceptance of the political nature of decisions and the ubiquitous presence of social values. Modesty, self-reflexivity and skepticism are needed on the side of science and an organized exchange with stakeholders and public through designated “border” services. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Manning, A.J., Derwent, R.G., Simmonds, P.G., Spain, T.G., Jennings, S.G., Slemr, F. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 85-93 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.050 %T Analysis and interpretation of 18 years of mercury observations since 1996 at Mace Head, Ireland %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.050 %X Observations of atmospheric mercury at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the Atlantic coast of Ireland made from February 1996 to December 2013 are analyzed. Using meteorological analysis and a sophisticated Lagrangian dispersion model, the hourly averaged mercury concentrations were attributed to four different air mass types: baseline, local, European polluted, and sub-tropical maritime. Monthly median Hg concentrations of all types decreased over the analyzed period but the trend for sub-tropical maritime air masses was with −0.016 ± 0.002 ng m−3 yr−1 in absolute terms significantly smaller than the trends for all other classes which varied between −0.021 and −0.023 ng m−3 yr−1. The seasonal variation for sub-tropical maritime air masses is also shallower than for all other classes. This is most likely due to shallower seasonal variation of oxidant concentrations at lower latitudes. The north-south gradient of the trend is qualitatively consistent with the GEOS-Chem model predictions based on decrease of mercury concentrations in surface waters of the North Atlantic but the trends are smaller than predicted. Tests for temporal change of the trends indicate that the decreasing trends of mercury concentrations are leveling off for all air masses with possible exception of the sub-tropical maritime air mass. Quantitative assessment of the trend changes, however, will require a longer time series of the mercury measurements at Mace Head. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Reckermann, M., Storch, H.v., Quante, M., Omstedt, A. %D 2015 %J European Geosciences Union General Assembly, EGU 2015 %T Assessments of regional climate change and its impacts in Northern Europe %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Sturm, R., Gutow, L., Winkelmann, M., Gandrass, J., Wolschke, H., Xie, Z., Krone, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Conference on Wind energy and Wildlife impacts, CWW 2015 %T Are geotextile scour protections of offshore wind turbines a source of environmental contaminants? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1618-2642 %A Gonzalez-Gago, A., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry %N 26 %P 8009-8018 %R doi:10.1007/s00216-015-8973-y %T Comparison of GC–NCI MS, GC–ICP-MS, and GC–EI MS–MS for the determination of PBDEs in water samples according to the Water Framework Directive %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8973-y 26 %X The Water Framework Directive (WFD) includes some polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the list of priority substances that must be measured in surface waters at very low concentrations. The typical approaches applied to the determination of PBDEs in environmental samples might not meet the demanding requirements of the WFD. In this work, the instrumental capabilities of the mass-spectrometry (MS) techniques most frequently used in the determination of PBDEs, namely gas chromatography–negative-chemical-ionisation MS (GC–NCI MS) and GC–electrospray-ionisation tandem MS (EI MS–MS), are evaluated in comparison with highly sensitive GC–inductively-coupled-plasma MS (ICP-MS) for the reliable determination of PBDEs according to the WFD. Three analytical methods based on the liquid–liquid extraction of water samples and measurement of the extracts by GC–NCI MS, GC–EI MS–MS, or GC–ICP-MS are described. The priority PBDEs were quantified in different types of water sample by means of isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) using 81Br-labelled or 13C-labelled PBDEs spikes, depending on the selected ionisation source. The three proposed methods met the requirements of the European legislation in terms of LOQs and expanded uncertainties. The determination method using 81Br-labelled PBDEs and GC–ICP-MS had the highest sensitivity and the lowest instrumental limits of detection and expanded uncertainties. %0 journal article %@ 0013-9351 %A Suehring, R., Barber, J.L., Wolschke, H., Koetke, D., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Research %P 569-578 %R doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.018 %T Fingerprint analysis of brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes in North Sea sediments %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.018 %X In order to do that a fast and effective ASE extraction method with an on-line clean-up was developed as well as a GC-EI-MSMS and LC-ESI-MSMS method to analyse PBDEs, MeOBDEs, alternate BFRs, Dechloranes as well as TBBPA and HBCDD. A fingerprinting method was adopted to identify representative area-specific patterns based on detection frequency as well as concentrations of individual compounds. Concentrations in general were low, with<1 ng g−1 dw for most compounds. Exceptions were the comparably high concentrations of BDE-209 with up to 7 ng g−1 dw in selected samples and TBBPA in UK samples with 2.7±1.5 ng g−1 dw. Apart from BDE-209 and TBBPA, alternate BFRs and Dechloranes were predominant in all analysed samples, displaying the increasing relevance of these compounds as environmental contaminants. %0 conference poster %@ %A Irrheher, J., Proefrock, D., Prohaska, T., Zitek, A., Kleeberg, U., Erbsloeh, B., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J 2015 Goldschmidt Conference %T Development of a Multi-Isotope Tracer Tool for Aquatic Ecosystems on the Example of the German Wadden Sea %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0304-4203 %A Mawji, E., Schlitzer, R., Masferrer Dodas, E., Abadie, C., Abouchami, W., Anderson, R.F., Baars, O., Bakker, K., Baskaran, M., Bates, N.R., Bluhm, K., Bowie, A., Bown, J., Boye, M., Boyle, E.A., Branellec, P., Bruland, K.W., Brzezinski, M.A., Bucciarelli, E., Buesseler, K., Butler, E., Cai, P., Cardinal, D., Casciotti, K., Chaves, J., Cheng, H., Chever, F., Church, T.M., Colman, A.S., Conway, T.M., Croot, P.L., Cutter, G.A., de Baar, H.J.W., de Souza, G.F., Dehairs, F., Deng, F., Thi Dieu, H., Dulaquais, G., Echegoyen-Sanz, Y., Edwards, R.L., Fahrbach, E., Fitzsimmons, J., Fleisher, M., Frank, M., Friedrich, J., Fripiat, F., Galer, S.J.G., Gamo, T., Garcia Solsona, E., Loes J.A. Gerringa, L.J.A., Godoy, J.M., Gonzalez, S., Grossteffan, E., Hatta, M., Hayes, C.T., Heller, M.I., Henderson, G., Huang, K.-F., Jeandel, C., Jenkins, W.J., John, S., Kenna, T.C., Klunder, M., Kretschmer, S., Kumamoto, Y., Laan, P., Labatut, M., Lacan, F., Lam, P.J., Lannuzel, D., le Moigne, F., Lechtenfeld, O.J., Lohan, M.C., Lu, Y., Masque, P., McClain, C.R., Measures, C., Middag, R., Moffett, J., Navidad, A., Nishioka, J., Noble, A., Obata, H., Ohnemus, D.C., Owens, S., Planchon, F., Pradoux, C., Puigcorbe, V., Quay, P., Radic, A., Rehkaemper, M., Remenyi, T., Rijkenberg, M.J.A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, L.F., Roeske, T., Rosenberg, M., van der Loeff, M.R., Ryabenko, E., Saito, M.A., Roshan, S., Salt, L., Sarthou, G., Schauer, U., Scott, P., Sedwick, P.N., Sha, L., Shiller, A.M., Sigman, D.M., Smethie, W., Smith, G.J., Sohrin, Y., Speich, S., Stichel, T., Stutsman, J., Swift, J.H., Tagliabue, A., Thomas, A., Tsunogai, U., Twining, B.S., Aken, H.M.van, Heuven, S.van, Ooijen, J.van, Weerlee, E.van, Venchiarutti, C., Voelker, A.H.L., Wake, B., Warner, M.J., Woodward, E.M.S., Wu, J., Wyatt, N., Yoshikawa, H., Zheng, X.-Y., Xue, Z., Zieringer, M., Zimmer, L.A. %D 2015 %J Marine Chemistry %P 1-8 %R doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.005 %T The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.005 %X The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014 (IDP2014) is the first publicly available data product of the international GEOTRACES programme, and contains data measured and quality controlled before the end of 2013. It consists of two parts: (1) a compilation of digital data for more than 200 trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) as well as classical hydrographic parameters, and (2) the eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas providing a strongly inter-linked on-line atlas including more than 300 section plots and 90 animated 3D scenes. The IDP2014 covers the Atlantic, Arctic, and Indian oceans, exhibiting highest data density in the Atlantic. The TEI data in the IDP2014 are quality controlled by careful assessment of intercalibration results and multi-laboratory data comparisons at cross-over stations. The digital data are provided in several formats, including ASCII spreadsheet, Excel spreadsheet, netCDF, and Ocean Data View collection. In addition to the actual data values the IDP2014 also contains data quality flags and 1-σ data error values where available. Quality flags and error values are useful for data filtering. Metadata about data originators, analytical methods and original publications related to the data are linked to the data in an easily accessible way. The eGEOTRACES Electronic Atlas is the visual representation of the IDP2014 data providing section plots and a new kind of animated 3D scenes. The basin-wide 3D scenes allow for viewing of data from many cruises at the same time, thereby providing quick overviews of large-scale tracer distributions. In addition, the 3D scenes provide geographical and bathymetric context that is crucial for the interpretation and assessment of observed tracer plumes, as well as for making inferences about controlling processes. %0 conference poster %@ %A Backes, A.M., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2015 %J 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2015 %T Influence of ammonia emissions on aerosol formation in northern and central Europe %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Travnikov, O., Hedgecock, I.M., Gencarelli, C., De Simone, F., Weigelt, A., Zhu, J %D 2015 %J 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application, ITM 2015 %T Diagnostic Evalutation of Bromine Reactions on Mercury Chemistry %U %X %0 report part %@ %A Zitek, A., Tchaikovsky, A., Irrgeher, J., Waidbacher, H., Prohaska, T. %D 2015 %J Joint Danube Survey 3 - A Comprehensive Analysis of Danube Water Quality %P 349-354 %T The 87Sr/86Sr river water isoscape of the Danube catchment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1618-3258 %A Heydebreck, F., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Mitteilungen der Fachgruppe Umweltchemie und Oekotoxikologie %N 4 %P 103-106 %T Vorkommen und Verbreitung von perfluorierten Alkylsubstanzen (PFAS) in eeuropaeischen und chinesischen Fluss-Aestuar Systemen %U 4 %X propansäure (HFPO-DA). %0 conference lecture %@ %A Teschler-Nicola, M., Novotny, F., Spannagl-Steiner, M., Haring, E., Irrgeher, J., Zitek, A., Rumpelmayr, K., Wild, E.M., Tautscher, B., Prohaska, T. %D 2015 %J 50 Jahre Archaeologie in Thunau. Zur Situation eines oesterreichischen Langzeitprojektes %T Die fruehmittelalterlichen Fundstellen von Thunau am Kamp (NÖ) und ihre bioanthropologischen Evidenzen – eine Zusammenfassung %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhao, Z., Xie, Z., Tang, J., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 145-152 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.063 %T Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids in surface sediments of the German Bight, North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.063 %X Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been determined in the environment globally. However, studies on the occurrence of PFAAs in marine sediment remain limited. In this study, 16 PFAAs are investigated in surface sediments from the German Bight, which provided a good overview of the spatial distribution. The concentrations of ΣPFAAs ranged from 0.056 to 7.4 ng/g dry weight. The highest concentration was found at the estuary of the River Ems, which might be the result of local discharge source. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound, and the enrichment of PFOS in sediment might be strongly related to the compound structure itself. The geographical condition of the German Bight influenced the movement of water and sediment, resulting in complex distribution. Following normalization according to total organic carbon (TOC) content, PFAA distributions showed a different picture. Significant linear relationships were found between total PFAA concentrations and TOC (R2 = 0.50, p < 0.01). Compared with a previous study conducted in the same area, a declining trend was presented for the concentrations of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Compound structure, geographical condition, and organic carbon in the sediment influence the distribution of PFAAs in the German Bight. Environmental risk assessment indicated that the risk from PFOA is negligible, whereas PFOS in marine sediment may present a risk for benthic organisms in the German Bight. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Zhu, J., Wang, T., Bieser, J., Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 15 %P 8767-8779 %R doi:10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015 %T Source attribution and process analysis for atmospheric mercury in eastern China simulated by CMAQ-Hg %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8767-2015 15 %X The contribution from different emission sources and atmospheric processes to gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM), particulate bound mercury (PBM) and mercury deposition in eastern China were quantified using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ-Hg) modeling system run with a nested domain. Natural sources (NAT) and six categories of anthropogenic mercury sources (ANTH) including cement production (CEM), domestic life (DOM), industrial boilers (IND), metal production (MET), coal-fired power plants (PP) and traffic (TRA) were considered for source apportionment. NAT were responsible for 36.6 % of annual averaged GEM concentration, which was regarded as the most important source for GEM in spite of obvious seasonal variation. Among ANTH, the influence of MET and PP on GEM were most evident especially in winter. ANTH dominated the variations of GOM and PBM concentrations with contributions of 86.7 and 79.1 %, respectively. Among ANTH, IND were the largest contributor for GOM (57.5 %) and PBM (34.4 %) so that most mercury deposition came from IND. The effect of mercury emitted from out of China was indicated by a > 30 % contribution to GEM concentration and wet deposition. The contributions from nine processes – consisting of emissions (EMIS), gas-phase chemical production/loss (CHEM), horizontal advection (HADV), vertical advection (ZADV), horizontal advection (HDIF), vertical diffusion (VDIF), dry deposition (DDEP), cloud processes (CLDS) and aerosol processes (AERO) – were calculated for process analysis with their comparison in urban and non-urban regions of the Yangtze River delta (YRD). EMIS and VDIF affected surface GEM and PBM concentrations most and tended to compensate each other all the time in both urban and non-urban areas. However, DDEP was the most important removal process for GOM with 7.3 and 2.9 ng m−3 reduced in the surface of urban and non-urban areas, respectively, in 1 day. The diurnal profile variation of processes revealed the transportation of GOM from urban area to non-urban areas and the importance of CHEM/AERO in higher altitudes which partly caused diffusion of GOM downwards to non-urban areas. Most of the anthropogenic mercury was transported and diffused away from urban areas by HADV and VDIF and increased mercury concentrations in non-urban areas by HADV. Natural emissions only influenced CHEM and AERO more significantly than anthropogenic. Local emissions in the YRD contributed 8.5 % more to GEM and ~ 30 % more to GOM and PBM in urban areas compared to non-urban areas. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Dreyer, A., Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, I., Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J Chemosphere %P 142-149 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.069 %T Particle-size distribution of airborne poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.069 %X Eleven particle-size-segregated samples were taken to investigate the particle-size distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) using two five stage impactors in parallel. Samples were extracted with methanol and detected by HPLC/MS–MS. Investigation yielded reproducible results for the parallel samples over the entire sampling period. Particle-size distribution varied between perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs), perfluorooctane carboxylate (PFOA) and other perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and n-methyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol (MeFOSE). Whereas PFOA and MeFOSE were predominantly observed in smallest size fraction (<0.14 μm), maximum PFOS mass fractions were observed in the coarser size fractions between 1.38 and 3.81 μm. The reason for this different behaviour remained unclear and indicated a complex atmospheric PFAS processing and sampling which should be further investigated and optimized, respectively. %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Suehring, R., Freese, M., Schneider, M., Schubert, S., Pohlmann, J.-D., Alaee, M., Wolschke, H., Hanel, R., Ebinghaus, R., Marohn, L. %D 2015 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 209-218 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.094 %T Maternal transfer of emerging brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in European eels %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.094 %X To our knowledge, the findings in this publication for the first time describe maternal transfer of contaminants in eels. We analysed the concentrations of in total 53 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their halogenated substitutes in muscle, gonads and eggs of artificially matured European eels and in muscle and gonads of untreated European eels that were used for comparison. We found evidence that persistent organic pollutants such as PBDEs, as well as their brominated and chlorinated substitutes are redistributed from muscle tissue to gonads and eggs. Concentrations ranged from 0.001 ng g− 1 ww for sum Dechlorane metabolites (DPMA, aCL10DP, aCl11DP) to 2.1 ng g− 1 ww for TBA in eggs, 0.001 ng g− 1 ww for Dechlorane metabolites to 9.4 ng g− 1 ww for TBA in gonads and 0.002 ng g− 1 ww for Dechlorane metabolites to 54 ng g− 1 ww for TBA in muscle tissue. Average egg muscle ratios (EMRs) for compounds detectable in artificially matured eels from both Schlei Fjord and Ems River ranged from 0.01 for Dechlorane 602 (DDC-DBF) to 10.4 for PBEB. Strong correlations were found between flame retardant concentrations and lipid content in the analysed tissue types, as well as transfer rates and octanol–water partitioning coefficient, indicating that these parameters were the driving factors for the observed maternal transfer. Furthermore, indications were found, that TBP-DBPE, TBP-AE, BATE and TBA have a significant uptake from the surrounding water, rather than just food and might additionally be formed by metabolism or biotransformation processes. Dechloranes seem to be of increasing relevance as contaminants in eels and are transferred to eggs. A change of the isomer pattern in comparison to the technical product of Dechlorane Plus (DP) was observed indicating a redistribution of DP from muscle tissue to gonads during silvering with a preference of the syn-isomer. The highly bioaccumulative DDC-DBF was the most abundant Dechlorane in all fish of the comparison group even though it is not produced or imported in the EU. The aldrin related “experimental flame retardant” dibromoaldrin (DBALD) was detected for the first time in the environment in similar or higher concentrations than DP. %0 journal article %@ 0924-7963 %A Emeis, K., van Beusekom, J., Callies, U., Ebinghaus, R., Kannen, A., Kraus, G., Kröncke, I., Lenhatz, H., Lorkoswski, I., Matthias, V., Möllmann, H., Pätsch, J., Scharfe, M., Thomas, H., Weisse, R., Zorita, E. %D 2015 %J Journal of Marine Systems %P 18-33 %R doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012 %T The North Sea - A shelf sea in the Anthropocene %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012 %X Global and regional change clearly affects the structure and functioning of ecosystems in shelf seas. However, complex interactions within the shelf seas hinder the identification and unambiguous attribution of observed changes to drivers. These include variability in the climate system, in ocean dynamics, in biogeochemistry, and in shelf sea resource exploitation in the widest sense by societies. Observational time series are commonly too short, and resolution, integration time, and complexity of models are often insufficient to unravel natural variability from anthropogenic perturbation. The North Sea is a shelf sea of the North Atlantic and is impacted by virtually all global and regional developments. Natural variability (from interannual to multidecadal time scales) as response to forcing in the North Atlantic is overlain by global trends (sea level, temperature, acidification) and alternating phases of direct human impacts and attempts to remedy those. Human intervention started some 1000 years ago (diking and associated loss of wetlands), expanded to near-coastal parts in the industrial revolution of the mid-19th century (river management, waste disposal in rivers), and greatly accelerated in the mid-1950s (eutrophication, pollution, fisheries). The North Sea is now a heavily regulated shelf sea, yet societal goals (good environmental status versus increased uses), demands for benefits and policies diverge increasingly. Likely, the southern North Sea will be re-zoned as riparian countries dedicate increasing sea space for offshore wind energy generation — with uncertain consequences for the system's environmental status. We review available observational and model data (predominantly from the southeastern North Sea region) to identify and describe effects of natural variability, of secular changes, and of human impacts on the North Sea ecosystem, and outline developments in the next decades in response to environmental legislation, and in response to increased use of shelf sea space. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Neumann, D., Quante, M. %D 2015 %J Nacht des Wissens, 2015, Universitaet Hamburg %T Gesunde Seeluft Fehlanzeige? Wie dicke Poette Hamburgs Luft belasten %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0141-1136 %A Helmholz, H., Lassen, S., Ruhnau, C., Proefrock, D., Erbsloeh, H.-B., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J Marine Environmental Research %P 69-80 %R doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.021 %T Investigation on the proteome response of transplanted blue mussel (Mytilus sp.) during a long term exposure experiment at differently impacted field stations in the German Bight (North Sea) %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.07.021 %X In a pilot field study the proteome response of Mytilus sp. was analyzed in relation to the concentration of different trace metal contaminants. Over a period of eight month test organisms have been exposed at a near-shore station in the anthropogenic impacted estuary of the river Elbe and at an off-shore station in the vicinity of the Island of Helgoland in the German Bight (North Sea). The stations differ in their hydrological as well as chemical characteristics. The physiological biomarkers, such as condition index which have been continuously monitored during the experiment clearly indicate the effects of the different environmental conditions. Multiple protein abundance changes were detected utilizing the techniques of two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2dGE) and consequently proteins arising as potential candidates for ecotoxicological monitoring have been identified by MALDI-ToF and ToF/ToF mass spectrometry. Different cytoskeletal proteins, enzymes of energy metabolism, stress proteins and one protein relevant for metal detoxification have been pointed out. %0 conference poster %@ %A Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J European Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry 2015 %T Separation and detection of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from marine sediments samples using centrifugal-Field-Flow-Fractionation hyphenated to ICP-MS-MS %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2015 %J ANAKON 2015 %T Detection and separation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from marine sediments samples using centrifugal-Field-Flow-Fractionation hyphenated to ICP-MS-MS %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Proefrock, D., Prange, A., Bettmer, J. %D 2015 %J 10th International Conference on the Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials %T Evaluation of the fate and the behavior of anthropogenic Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in seawater and marine sediments using Centrifugal Field-Flow-Fractionation hyphenated to ICP-MS/MS (CFFF-ICP-MS/MS) %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Wang, Z., Xie, Z., Mi, W., Moeller, A., Wolschke, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 13 %P 7770-7775 %R doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b00920 %T Neutral Poly/Per-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Air from the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean and in Antarctic Snow %U https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00920 13 %X The oceanic scale occurrences of typical neutral poly/per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere across the Atlantic, as well as their air-snow exchange at the Antarctic Peninsula, were investigated. Total concentrations of the 12 PFASs (∑PFASs) in gas phase ranged from 2.8 to 68.8 pg m–3 (mean: 23.5 pg m–3), and the levels in snow were from 125 to 303 pg L–1 (mean: 209 pg L–1). Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were dominant in both air and snow. The differences of specific compounds to ∑PFASs were not significant between air and snow. ∑PFASs were higher above the northern Atlantic compared to the southern Atlantic, and the levels above the southern Atlantic <30°S was the lowest. High atmospheric PFAS levels around the Antarctic Peninsula were the results of a combination of air mass, weak elimination processes and air-snow exchange of PFASs. Higher ratios of 8:2 to 10:2 to 6:2 FTOH were observed in the southern hemisphere, especially around the Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting that PFASs in the region were mainly from the long-range atmospheric transport. No obvious decrease of PFASs was observed in the background marine atmosphere after 2005. %0 journal article %@ 1759-9660 %A Somoano-Blanco, L., Rodriquez-Gaozalez, P., Proefrock, D., Prange, A., Garcia Alonso, J.I. %D 2015 %J Analytical Methods %N 21 %P 9068-9075 %R doi:10.1039/c5ay01752a %T Comparison of different mass spectrometric techniques for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls by isotope dilution using 37Cl-labelled analogues %U https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ay01752a 21 %X This work presents the comparison of four different mass spectrometric techniques coupled to gas chromatography (single quadrupole ICP-MS, triple quadrupole ICP-MS/MS, single quadrupole NCI-MS and triple quadrupole EI-MS/MS) for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in environmental samples and their determination by a new isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) approach. A mixture of twelve priority PCBs labelled with 37Cl was employed as the species-specific isotopically labelled internal standard. The 37Cl-labelled PCBs enable the use of both molecular and elemental ionization sources, such as ICP or NCI, as the isotopic label is in the heteroatom. First, the comparison was carried out by assessing the capabilities of all instruments to measure chlorine isotope ratios and calculating the isotopic enrichment of the labelled analogues. Finally, the analysis of the Certified Reference Material SRM 1941b (organics in marine sediment) containing PCBs in the low ng g−1 range was carried out for method comparison. Elemental ionization sources such as ICP and NCI combined with quadrupole mass spectrometry provided chlorine specific detection and high sensitivity for higher chlorinated compounds but suffered from high background signals from other chlorine containing, co-eluting compounds in the sample which prevented the accurate measurement of PCB-specific chlorine isotope ratios. On the other hand, the use of GC-MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring mode (SRM) provided selective and accurate measurements but suffered from lower sensitivity for higher chlorinated compounds. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Ebinghaus, R., Heydebreck, F., Moeller, A., Xie, Z., Tang, J. %D 2015 %J 8th National Conference on Environmental Chemistry, 8th NCEC %T Regulated flame retardants and polyfluorinated compounds vs. their non-regulated replacement substances – good or only less bad for the marine environment? %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Wolschke, H., Suehring, R., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J Environmental Pollution %P 488-493 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.002 %T Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in the aquatic environment: A case study of the Elbe River, Germany %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.002 %X This study reports the occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) in the Elbe and Rhine rivers. A special focus of this investigation concerns the potential impacts of a major flood event in 2013 on the OPE patterns and levels in the Elbe River. In this river, 6 of 13 OPEs were detected, with tris-ethyl-phosphate (TEP, 168 ± 44 ng/L), tris-1,3-dichloro-2-propyl-phosphate (TDCPP, 155 ± 14 ng/L) and tris-1-chloro-2-propyl phosphate (TCPP, 126 ± 14 ng/L) identified as the dominant compounds. Relative to previous studies, an increase in the concentrations and relative contributions of TDCPP to the total level of OPEs was observed, which was likely caused by its increased use as a replacement for the technical pentaBDE formulation. During the flood event, the concentrations of OPEs were similar to the normal situation, but the mass fluxes increased by a factor of approximately ten (∼16 kg/d normal versus ∼160 kg/d flood peak). No input hotspots were identified along the transects of the Elbe and Rhine rivers, and the mass flux of OPEs appeared to be driven by water discharge. %0 report %@ %A Ballini, F., Neumann, D., Brandt, J., Aulinger, A., Olcer, A., Matthias, V. %D 2015 %J %T Air Pollution, Health and Economic Assessment Report - Periodic Compliance Activity WP3 %U %X Report on the impact of wind assisted hybrid shipping on the reduction of green house gasses, health and economics. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Chen, W.-L., Xie, Z., Wolschke, H., Gandrass, J., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2015 %J 2nd International Conference on Emerging Contaminants, EMCON Forum2015 %T Determination of Carbazoles in Sediment from Environmental Water Bodies Using GC-MS/MS with Isotope Dilution Techniques %U %X %0 report %@ %A Schwarz-Roehr, B., Eggers, R., Neumann, D., Grijpstra, J., de Vries, J., Insel, M., Meer, R.van der, Voerman, E.-J. %D 2015 %J %T Roadmap for Sail Transport: Engineering %U %X This report sketches a strategy to include wind propulsion systems into the standard design and building process of commercial cargo ships. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2015 %J Wissenschaft traegt Verantwortung, Ringvorlesung %T Klimaveraenderungen und Klimaskepsis %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Slemr, F., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Manning, A., Derwent, D., Simmonds, P., Spain, G., Jennings, G. %D 2014 %J 17th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2014 %T Analysis and interpretation of 18 years of mercury observations since 1996 at Mace Head on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ireland %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Pirrone, N., Boedewadt, J., Ammoscato, I., Esposito, G., Bieser, J., Slemr, F. %D 2014 %J 17th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2014 %T Mercury vertical profiles, measured in August 2013 over different locations in central Europe %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Wolschke, H., Mi, W., Moeller, A., Suehring, R., Xie, Z., Wang, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J 34th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2014 %T Atmospheric concentrations of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizer in the German coast: case study at Buesum %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Wang, Z., Xie, Z., Moeller, A., Mi, W., Wolschke, H., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 207-213 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.036 %T Atmospheric concentrations and gas/particle partitioning of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in northern German coast %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.06.036 %X Total 58 high volume air samples were collected in Büsum, Germany, from August 2011 to October 2012 to investigate air concentrations of 12 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their gas/particle partitioning. The total concentration (vapor plus particle phases) of the 12 PFASs (ΣPFASs) ranged from 8.6 to 155 pg/m3 (mean: 41 pg/m3) while fluorotelomer alcohols 8:2 (8:2 FTOH) dominated all samples accounting for 61.9% of ΣPFASs and the next most species were 10:2 FTOH (12.7%). Air mass back trajectory analysis showed that atmospheric PFASs in most samples were from long range atmospheric transport processes and had higher ratios of 8:2 to 6:2 FTOH compared to the data obtained from urban/industrial sources. Small portion of particle PFASs in the atmosphere was observed and the average percent to ΣPFASs was 2.0%. The particle-associated fractions of different PFASs decreased from perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (15.5%) to fluorotelomer acrylates (FTAs) (7.6%) to perfluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs) (3.1%) and FTOHs (1.8%), indicating the functional group obviously influenced their gas/particle partitioning. For neutral compounds with acid dissociation constant (pKa) > 7.0 (i.e., FTOHs, FOSEs and FOSAs), a significant log-linear relationship was observed between their gas/particle partition coefficients (KSP) and vapor pressures (pºL), suggesting the gas/particle partitioning of neutral PFASs agreed with the classical logKSP - logpºL relation. Due to the pKa values of 6:2 and 8:2 FTA below the typical environmental pH conditions, they mainly exist as ionic form in aerosols, and the corrected logKSP (neutral form) were considerably lower than those of FTOHs, FOSEs and FOSAs with similar vapor pressures. Considering the strong partitioning potential to aqueous phases for ionic PFASs at higher pH values, a need exists to develop a model taking account of the ad/absorption mechanism to the condensed phase of aerosols for ionizable PFASs (e.g., FTAs). %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J. %D 2014 %J International Conference Emission Control for Seagoing Ships, ECSS %T Shipping Emissions in the North Sea Area: Scenarios for 2030 %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Pirrone, N., Boedewadt, J., Ammoscato, I., Esposito, G., Bieser, J., Slemr, F. %D 2014 %J 17th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2014 %T Airborne measurements of mercury emissions from a modern coal fired power plant in central Europe %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Wolschke, H., Suehring, R., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J 34th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2014 %T Occurrence of organophosphorous flame retardants and plasticizer in the River Elbe during the summer flood event 2013 – A case study at the barrage Geesthacht %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Suehring, R., Freese, M., Pohlmann, J.-D., Alaee, M., Wolschke, H., Hanel, R., Ebinghaus, R., Marohn, L. %D 2014 %J 34th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2014 %T Maternal transfer of emerging brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in European eels %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Suehring, R., Wolschke, H., Koetke, D., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J 34th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2014 %T Distribution and input of brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes in the German Bight %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII - NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %P 553-557 %R doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_93 %T The relation of the planetary boundary layer height to the vertical aerosol distribution in chemistry transport models %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_93 %X Simulated meteorological fields, ground values of aerosol concentrations (PM2.5) and aerosol concentration profiles, all calculated within the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) for the year 2006 for Europe are used to investigate the relation of the height of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) to the modelled aerosol concentrations. It was found that in many cases simulated PBL heights match the observed values at Lindenberg, Germany, quite well at noon and under convective conditions. On the other hand, in winter and at night time, when the atmosphere is more frequently stably stratified, the modelled values underestimate the observed PBL height quite significantly. A strong relationship between the simulated PBL height and the aerosol concentrations at ground was found. While those models which showed good agreement with the observed PBL height typically underestimate PM2.5, too low PBL heights were connected with higher aerosol concentrations close to ground and therefore lower bias. Model biases in PBL height and in PM2.5 concentration at ground were found to be highly anti-correlated. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ho-Hagemann, H., Rockel, B., Kapitza, H., Behrens, J. %D 2014 %J 3rd Lund Regional-Scale Climate Modelling Workshop, 21st Century Challenges in Regional Climate Modelling %T Impacts of different coupling methods on regional atmosphere - Ocean simulations %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Aulinger, A., Bieser, J. %D 2014 %J Green Shipping Technology Conference %T Scenarios for Future Shipping emissions in the North Sea %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Strizak, Z., Ivankovic, D., Proefrock, D., Helmholz, H., Cindric, A.-M., Erk, M., Prange, A. %D 2014 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 159-170 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.051 %T Characterization of the cytosolic distribution of priority pollutant metals and metalloids in the digestive gland cytosol of marine mussels: Seasonal and spatial variability %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.051 %X Cytosolic profiles of several priority pollutant metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb) and metalloid As were analyzed in the digestive gland of the mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) sampled at locations with different environmental pollution levels along the Croatian coast in the spring and summer season. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) connected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine selected elements bound to cytosolic biomolecules separated based on their molecular size. Copper, cadmium and zinc eluted mostly associated with high molecular weight (HMW) and medium molecular weight (MMW) biomolecules, but with a more prominent elution in the MMW peak at polluted locations which were probably associated with the 20 kDa metallothionein (MT). Elution of all three metals within this peak was also strongly correlated with cytosolic Cd as strong inducer of MT. Lead mostly eluted in HMW biomolecule range, but in elevated cytosolic Pb concentrations, significant amount eluted in low molecular weight (LMW) biomolecules. Arsenic, on the other hand eluted almost completely in LMW range, but we could not distinguish specific molecular weight biomolecules which would be predominant in detoxification mechanism. Seasonal variability in element abundance within specific peaks was present, although not in the same extent, for all elements and locations, especially for As. The results confirm the suitability of the distribution of selected metals/metalloids among different cytosolic ligands as potential indicator for metal exposure. Obtained findings can also serve as guidelines for further separation and characterization of specific cytosolic metal-binding biomolecules. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2014 %J 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %T The relation of the planetary boundary layer height to the vertical aerosol distribution in chemistry transport models %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0148-0227 %A Zhong, G., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Moeller, A., Zhao, Z., Sturm, R., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Pan, X., Qin, W., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres %N 2 %P 1073-1086 %R doi:10.1002/2013JD020951 %T Selected current‐use and historic‐use pesticides in air and seawater of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China %U https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020951 2 %X Consumption of pesticides in China has increased rapidly in recent years; however, occurrence and fate of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in China coastal waters are poorly understood. Globally banned pesticides, so-called historic-use pesticides (HUPs), are still commonly observed in the environment. In this work, air and surface seawater samples taken from the Bohai and Yellow Seas in May 2012 were analyzed for CUPs including trifluralin, quintozene, chlorothalonil, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, and dacthal, as well as HUPs (hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfan). CUP profile in both air and seawater samples generally reflected their consumption patterns in China. HUPs in the air and seawater samples were in comparable levels as those of CUPs with high concentrations. α-Endosulfan, dicofol, and chlorothalonil showed strong net deposition likely resulting from their intensive use in recent years, while CUPs with low consumption amount (quintozene and dacthal) were close to equilibrium at most samplings sites. Another CUP with high usage amout (i.e., chlorpyrifos) underwent volatilization possibly due to its longer half-life in seawater than that in air. α-HCH and γ-HCH were close to equilibrium in the Bohai Sea, but mainly underwent net deposition in the Yellow Sea. The net deposition of α-HCH could be attributed to polluted air pulses from the East China identified by air mass back trajectories. β-HCH showed net volatilization in the Bohai Sea, which was driven by its relative enrichment in seawater. HCB either slightly favored net volatilization or was close to equilibrium in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. %0 conference poster %@ %A Kattner, L., Matthieu-Ueffing, B., Aulinger, A., Burrows, J., Chirkov, M., Matthias, V., Neumann, D., Richter, A., Schmolke, S., Seyler, A., Theobald, N., Wittrock, F. %D 2014 %J European Geosciences Union General Assembly, EGU 2014 %T Monitoring Shipping Emissions with In-situ Measurements of Trace Gases %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2014 %J 9th International Conference on Air Quality - Science and Application %T Effects of Future Ship Emissions in the North Sea on Air Quality %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Ho-Hagemann, H., Rockel, B., Kapitza, H., Behrens, J. %D 2014 %J International Baltic Earth Publication, 3rd Lund Regional-Scale Climate Modelling Workshop, 21st Century Challenges in Regional Climate Modelling, Workshop Proceedings %P 26-27 %T Impacts of different coupling methods on regional atmosphere - Ocean simulations %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXII - NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, Proceedings of the 32nd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %P 59-63 %R doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_10 %T Reconstruction of Past and Prediction of Future Benzo[a]pyrene Concentrations Over Europe %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5577-2_10 %X Finally, several regions were identified in which the annual BaP target value of 1 ng/m3 was exceeded. In 1980 this was the case for the Po-valley, the Paris metropolitan area, the Rhine-Ruhr area, Vienna, and Madrid. Predictions for 2020 lead to exceedances in the Po-valley, the Paris metropolitan area, and Vienna. %0 journal article %@ 0013-936X %A Wang, X., Halsall, C., Codling, G., Xie, Z., Xu, B., Zhao, Z., Xue, Y., Ebinghaus, R., Jones, K.C. %D 2014 %J Environmental Science and Technology %N 1 %P 173-181 %R doi:10.1021/es4044775 %T Accumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in Tibetan Mountain Snow: Temporal Patterns from 1980 to 2010 %U https://doi.org/10.1021/es4044775 1 %X The use of snow and ice cores as recorders of environmental contamination is particularly relevant for per- and polyfluoroalky substances (PFASs) given their production history, differing source regions and varied mechanisms driving their global distribution. In a unique study perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were analyzed in dated snow-cores obtained from high mountain glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). One snow core was obtained from the Mt Muztagata glacier (accumulation period of 1980–1999), located in western Tibet and a second core from Mt. Zuoqiupo (accumulation period: 1996–2007) located in southeastern Tibet, with fresh surface snow collected near Lake Namco in 2010 (southern Tibet). The higher concentrations of ∑PFAAs were observed in the older Mt Muztagata core and dominated by perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (61.4–346 pg/L) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (40.8–243 pg/L), whereas in the Mt Zuoqiupu core the concentrations were lower (e.g., PFOA: 37.8–183 pg/L) with PFOS below detection limits. These differences in PFAA concentrations and composition profile likely reflect the upwind sources affecting the respective sites (e.g., European/central Asian sources for Mt Muztagata and India sources for Mt Zuoqiupu). Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) dominated the recent surface snowpack of Lake Namco which is mainly associated with India sources where the shorter chain volatile PFASs precursors predominate. The use of snow cores in different parts of Tibet provides useful recorders to examine the influence of different PFASs source regions and reflect changing PFAS production/use in the Northern Hemisphere. %0 book part %@ %A Ebinghaus, R., Temme, C., Xie, Z. %D 2014 %J Warnsignal Klima: Die Polarregionen : Wissenschaftliche Fakten %P 310-318 %T Ausbreitung von Schadstoffen in den Polarregionen %U %X Auf unterschiedlichen Klimaszenarien beruhende Untersuchungen zeigen, dass signifikante Veränderungen der wesentlichen atmosphärischen und ozeanischen Transportmuster möglich sind. Dies bedeutet auch, dass die Klimavariabilität der vergangenen Dekaden möglicherweise für einige der beobachteten Trends der Schadstoffbelastung zum Teil mitverantwortlich sein könnte. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Steffen, A., Bottenheim, J., Cole, A., Ebinghaus, R., Lawson, G., Leaitch, W.R. %D 2014 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 5 %P 2219-2231 %R doi:10.5194/acp-14-2219-2014 %T Atmospheric mercury speciation and mercury in snow over time at Alert, Canada %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2219-2014 5 %X Ten years of atmospheric mercury speciation data and 14 years of mercury in snow data from Alert, Nunavut, Canada, are examined. The speciation data, collected from 2002 to 2011, includes gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate mercury (PHg) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). During the winter-spring period of atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs), when GEM is close to being completely depleted from the air, the concentration of both PHg and RGM rise significantly. During this period, the median concentrations for PHg is 28.2 pgm−3 and RGM is 23.9 pgm−3, from March to June, in comparison to the annual median concentrations of 11.3 and 3.2 pgm−3 for PHg and RGM, respectively. In each of the ten years of sampling, the concentration of PHg increases steadily from January through March and is higher than the concentration of RGM. This pattern begins to change in April when the levels of PHg peak and RGM begin to increase. In May, the high PHg and low RGM concentration regime observed in the early spring undergoes a transition to a regime with higher RGM and much lower PHg concentrations. The higher RGM concentration continues into June. The transition is driven by the atmospheric conditions of air temperature and particle availability. Firstly, a high ratio of the concentrations of PHg to RGM is reported at low temperatures which suggests that oxidized gaseous mercury partitions to available particles to form PHg. Prior to the transition, the median air temperature is −24.8 °C and after the transition the median air temperature is −5.8 °C. Secondly, the high PHg concentrations occur in the spring when high particle concentrations are present. The high particle concentrations are principally due to Arctic haze and sea salts. In the snow, the concentrations of mercury peak in May for all years. Springtime deposition of total mercury to the snow at Alert peaks in May when atmospheric conditions favour higher levels of RGM. Therefore, the conditions in the atmosphere directly impact when the highest amount of mercury will be deposited to the snow during the Arctic spring. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Suehring, R., Byer, J., Freese, M., Pohlmann, J.-D., Wolschke, H., Moeller, A., Hodson, P.V., Alaee, M., Hanel, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J Chemosphere %P 104-111 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.096 %T Brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes in European and American eels from glass to silver life stages %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.096 %X In general, concentrations of flame retardants (FRs) were similar to or higher in American than in European eels, and a greater number of FRs were detected. PBDE congeners that are characteristic of the Penta-PBDE formulation were the most abundant FRs in all adult eels as well as American glass eels. In European glass eels the alternate BFR 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenylether (DPTE) and Dechlorane Plus were the dominating FRs, with average concentrations of 1.1 ± 0.31 ng g−1 ww and up to 0.32 ng g−1 ww respectively. Of the PBDEs BDE-183 was the most abundant congener in European glass eels. Low concentrations (less than 10% of the total contamination) of Tetra and Penta-PBDEs in juvenile European eels indicated that bans of technical Penta-PBDE in the European Union are effective. Enrichment of PBDEs was observed over the life stages of both European and American eels. However, a greater relative contribution of PBDEs to the sum FR contamination in American eels indicated an on-going exposure to these substances. High contributions of alternate BFRs in juvenile eels indicated an increased use of these substances in recent years. Concentrations seemed to be driven primarily by location, rather than life stage or age. %0 journal article %@ 0160-4120 %A Trautwein, C., Berset, J.-D., Wolschke, H., Kuemmerer, K. %D 2014 %J Environment International %P 203-212 %R doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.008 %T Occurrence of the antidiabetic drug Metformin and its ultimate transformation product Guanylurea in several compartments of the aquatic cycle %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.008 %X To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2–10 ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n = 11: AVMet = 102 ng/L, AVGua = 16 ng/L), river Elbe (n = 12: AVMet = 472 ng/L, AVGua = 9 ng/L), river Weser (n = 6: AVMet = 349 ng/L, AVGua = 137 ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n = 14: AVMet = 13 ng/L, AVGua = 11 ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2 kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4 kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2 ng/L and 61 ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain. %0 conference poster %@ %A Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Pirrone, N., Boedewadt, J., Ammoscato, I., Esposito, G., Spoveri, F., Mannarino, V., Montagnoli, M., Slemr, F. %D 2014 %J 17th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2014 %T Airborne mercury measurements in the plume of the Mt. Etna volcano (Italy) in July/August 2012 %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %P 295-300 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_48 %T Effects of Future Ship Emissions in the North Sea on Air Quality %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_48 %X By means of model simulations with the chemistry transport model CMAQ the influence of ship emissions in the North Sea on concentrations and depositions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides over Europe was investigated. Ship emissions for the North Sea of the base year 2008 were provided by the Dutch research institute MARIN. Based on this, emission scenarios were developed that comply to ECA regulations at different levels. Finally, the emissions were fed into the CMAQ model that simulates the fate of pollutants in the atmosphere in order to estimate concentrations and depositions of the pollutants of interest for each scenario. A comparison of the simulation results yielded a quantification of the changes of air pollution levels over the North Sea riparian states and, hence, provided information for estimating the benefit of installing ECAs in the North Sea. Concentration differences can reach up to 50 % close to shipping lines and still 25 % ashore. The ECA regulations to lower nitrogen and sulfur exhaust take effect at different time scales and are counteracted by the expected increase of fuel use due to increased ship traffic. %0 lecture %@ %A Schulze, S., Palm, W., Ebinghaus, R., Scheringer, M., Floeser, G. %D 2014 %J %T Ecosystem responses to chemical pollution %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Zimmermann, T., Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Krystek, P., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2014 %J 24. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen und 11. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren Elementspurenanalyse 2014 %T Goldrausch oder die Frage was schmiere ich mir da ins Gesicht? Charakterisierung von anorganischen partikulaeren Bestandteilen in einem Kosmetikprodukt %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Quante, M. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %P 211-217 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_34 %T Air Pollution in China in January 2013 %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_34 %X In January 2013 exceptionally high levels of particulate matter (PM) concentrations were reported for the area around Beijing (40 N, 116 E) with maximum concentrations exceeding 500 μg/m3. Observations of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) within the Aeronet sun-photometer network showed an AOD of more than 2 on several days. In order to analyze this high pollution episode PM concentrations in China were simulated with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for the period from 10 December 2012 to 31 January 2013. Emissions were taken from the EDGAR data base. The most recent emission rates from 2008 were further increased considering the growth of China’s gross domestic product. The results were compared to ground based PM2.5 measurements taken at the US embassy in Beijing and to Aeronet sun-photometer observations. The model was generally able to reproduce the high PM levels measured in situ close to ground, however the largest peak on 12 January was not captured, because of an exceptionally strong temperature inversion close to ground that was not reproduced in the meteorological fields. The meteorological model significantly underestimated the relative humidity in the lowest layer, leading to some underestimations of the aerosol optical depth. An analysis of the most important source sectors showed that residential heating was the main emission source sector on those days with the highest aerosol concentrations. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2014 %J 24. ICP-MS Anwendertreffen und 11. Symposium Massenspektrometrische Verfahren Elementspurenanalyse 2014 %T Optimization of Centrifugal-FFF coupled to ICP-MS-MS for the detection of nanoparticles in marine samples %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Dutschke, F., Soto-Alvaredo, J., Proefrock, D., Prange, A. %D 2014 %J 3. Doktorandenseminar des DAAS, Spektroskopie und Spurenanalytik %T Optimization of Centrifugal-FFF coupled to ICP-MS-MS for the detection of nanoparticles in marine samples %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J. %D 2014 %J Maritime Abgasrunde %T Szenarien kuenftiger Schiffsemissionen auf der Nordsee %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Suehring, R., Freese, M., Pohlmann, J.-D., Alaee, M., Wolschke, H., Hanel, R., Ebinghaus, R., Marohn, L. %D 2014 %J Organohalogen compounds, 34th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2014 %P 250-253 %T Maternal transfer of emerging brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in European eels %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Suehring, R., Wolschke, H., Koetke, D., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J Organohalogen compounds, 34th International Symposium on Halogenated Persistent Organic Pollutants, Dioxin 2014 %P 214-217 %T Distribution and input of brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes in the German Bight %U %X %0 lecture %@ %A Kuemmerer, K., Ebinghaus, R., Scheringer, M., Matthias, V. %D 2014 %J %T Aktuelle Fragen der Umweltchemie und Nachhaltigen Chemie %U %X %0 journal article %@ 2211-4645 %A Ramachandran, R., Ramachandran, P., Lowry, K., Kremer, H., Lange, M. %D 2014 %J Environmental Development %P 4-18 %R doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2014.02.002 %T Improving science and policy in managing land-based sources of pollution %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2014.02.002 %X In 2010 the Global Environment Facility [GEF] developed a medium-sized project on ‘Enhancing the use of science in International Waters projects to improve projects results׳ to examine the role of science and technical analysis in transboundary water projects. This article follows up an analysis of the LBSP working group. The emphasis was on examining the science-policy interface in over forty projects dealing with LBSP. The analytical framework combined descriptive [scientific component-incorporation into project design and implementation], evaluative [extent of use of analytical tools] and prescriptive elements. Best practices for management of LBSP were identified. The prescriptive analysis discussed the importance of enhancing communication among scientists and policy makers. The authors conclude that a common framework [here the DPSIR, further developed as DPSWR approach] should be applied across projects to enable collective framing of the key environmental issues and working towards informal adaptive management. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J Seminar at Council for Scientific and Industrial Research %T Regional and global distribution of mercury and halogenated flame retardants in the atmospheric and marine environment %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Bieser, J., Schwerin, A., Schuetze, M., Bieber, E., Hawkins, L. %D 2014 %J Seminar at Yantai University %T Long term speciated atmospheric mercury measurements at a Central European rural background site %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Geyer, B., Hedgecock, I., de Simone, F., Gencarelli, C., Travnikov, O. %D 2014 %J Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIII, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %P 189-195 %R doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_31 %T Impact of Mercury Chemistry on Regional Concentration and Deposition Patterns %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04379-1_31 %X In the course of this study the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the transport and deposition of mercury. CMAQ was run on a regional domain over Europe using different chemical mechanisms for the oxidation of mercury. The model results were compared to newly available long term observations of speciated mercury. Based on this unique dataset, the relevance of different chemical reactions for the oxidation and reduction of mercury were investigated. The main finding was that the emissions of GOM as well as the production of GOM by oxidation processes is vastly overestimated. Moreover, there are indicators that the fraction of PBM, produced by reaction of GEM with ozone and OH is overestimated. %0 journal article %@ 0025-326X %A Neumann, D., Callies, U., Matthies, M. %D 2014 %J Marine Pollution Bulletin %N 1-2 %P 219-228 %R doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.016 %T Marine litter ensemble transport simulations in the southern North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.07.016 1-2 %X The drift of marine litter in the southern North Sea was simulated with the offline Lagrangian transport model PELETS-2D. Assuming different source regions, passive tracer particles were released every 28 h within a nine-year period. Based on pre-calculated hourly wind and ocean current data, drift simulations were carried out forward and backward in time with and without the assumption of extra wind forces influencing particle movement. Due to strong variability of currents, backward simulations did not allow for the identification of particular source regions influencing given monitoring sites. Neither accumulation regions at open sea could be identified by forward simulations. A seasonal signal, however, could be identified in the number of tracer particles that reached the coastal areas. Both particle drift velocity and variability of drift paths further increased when an extra wind drift was assumed. %0 journal article %@ 2073-4433 %A Slemr, F., Weigelt, A., Ebinghaus, R., Brenninkmeijer, C., Baker, A., Schuck, T., Rauthe-Schöch, A., Riede, H., Leedham, E., Hermann, M., Velthoven, P.van, Oram, D., O`Sullivan, D., Dyroff, C., Zahn, A., Ziereis, H. %D 2014 %J Atmosphere %N 2 %P 342-369 %R doi:10.3390/atmos5020342 %T Mercury Plumes in the Global Upper Troposphere Observed during Flights with the CARIBIC Observatory from May 2005 until June 2013 %U https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos5020342 2 %X Tropospheric sections of flights with the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrumented Container) observatory from May 2005 until June 2013, are investigated for the occurrence of plumes with elevated Hg concentrations. Additional information on CO, CO2, CH4, NOy, O3, hydrocarbons, halocarbons, acetone and acetonitrile enable us to attribute the plumes to biomass burning, urban/industrial sources or a mixture of both. Altogether, 98 pollution plumes with elevated Hg concentrations and CO mixing ratios were encountered, and the Hg/CO emission ratios for 49 of them could be calculated. Most of the plumes were found over East Asia, in the African equatorial region, over South America and over Pakistan and India. The plumes encountered over equatorial Africa and over South America originate predominantly from biomass burning, as evidenced by the low Hg/CO emission ratios and elevated mixing ratios of acetonitrile, CH3Cl and particle concentrations. The backward trajectories point to the regions around the Rift Valley and the Amazon Basin, with its outskirts, as the source areas. The plumes encountered over East Asia and over Pakistan and India are predominantly of urban/industrial origin, sometimes mixed with products of biomass/biofuel burning. Backward trajectories point mostly to source areas in China and northern India. The Hg/CO2 and Hg/CH4 emission ratios for several plumes are also presented and discussed. %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Beyn, F., Matthias, V., Daehnke, K. %D 2014 %J Environmental Pollution %P 1-10 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.043 %T Changes in atmospheric nitrate deposition in Germany – An isotopic perspective %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.043 %X We investigated the isotopic composition of atmospheric NO3− deposition at a moderately polluted site in Western Europe over an annual cycle from December 2011 to November 2012. On average, we measured load-weighted δ15N values of +0.1 and +3.0‰ in wet and dry deposition, respectively. A comparison to source-specific N emission trends and to isotope data from the 1980s reveals distinct changes in δ15N–NO3− values: In contrast to the increasing relative importance of isotopically depleted natural NOx sources, we find an increase of isotope values in comparison to historical data. We explore the role of land-based N sources, because backward trajectories reveal a correlation of higher δ15N to air mass origin from industrialized areas. Nowadays isotopically enriched NOx of coal-fired power plants using selective catalytic converters and land-based vehicle emissions, which use same technology, are apparently the main driver of rising δ15N values in nitrate deposition. %0 journal article %@ 1867-1381 %A Martinsson, B.G., Friberg, J., Andersson, S.M., Weigelt, A., Hermann, M., Assmann, D., Voigtlaender, J., Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M., Velthoven, P.J.F.van, Zahn, A. %D 2014 %J Atmospheric Measurement Techniques %N 8 %P 2581-2596 %R doi:10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014 %T Comparison between CARIBIC Aerosol Samples Analysed by Accelerator-Based Methods and Optical Particle Counter Measurements %U https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2581-2014 8 %X Inter-comparison of results from two kinds of aerosol systems in the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on a Instrument Container) passenger aircraft based observatory, operating during intercontinental flights at 9–12 km altitude, is presented. Aerosol from the lowermost stratosphere (LMS), the extra-tropical upper troposphere (UT) and the tropical mid troposphere (MT) were investigated. Aerosol particle volume concentration measured with an optical particle counter (OPC) is compared with analytical results of the sum of masses of all major and several minor constituents from aerosol samples collected with an impactor. Analyses were undertaken with the following accelerator-based methods: particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and particle elastic scattering analysis (PESA). Data from 48 flights during 1 year are used, leading to a total of 106 individual comparisons. The ratios of the particle volume from the OPC and the total mass from the analyses were in 84% within a relatively narrow interval. Data points outside this interval are connected with inlet-related effects in clouds, large variability in aerosol composition, particle size distribution effects and some cases of non-ideal sampling. Overall, the comparison of these two CARIBIC measurements based on vastly different methods show good agreement, implying that the chemical and size information can be combined in studies of the MT/UT/LMS aerosol. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ebinghaus, R. %D 2014 %J Seminar at University of Western Cape %T Regional and global distribution of mercury and halogenated flame retardants in the atmospheric and marine environment %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0944-1344 %A Bieser, J., De Simone, F., Gencarelli, C., Geyer, B., Hedgecock, I., Matthias, V., Travnikov, O., Weigelt, A. %D 2014 %J Environmental Science and Pollution Research %N 16 %P 9995-10012 %R doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2863-2 %T A diagnostic evaluation of modeled mercury wet depositions in Europe using atmospheric speciated high-resolution observations %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2863-2 16 %X This study is part of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS), a European FP7 project dedicated to the improvement and validation of mercury models to assist in establishing a global monitoring network and to support political decisions. One key question about the global mercury cycle is the efficiency of its removal out of the atmosphere into other environmental compartments. So far, the evaluation of modeled wet deposition of mercury was difficult because of a lack of long-term measurements of oxidized and elemental mercury. The oxidized mercury species gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particle-bound mercury (PBM) which are found in the atmosphere in typical concentrations of a few to a few tens pg/m3 are the relevant components for the wet deposition of mercury. In this study, the first European long-term dataset of speciated mercury taken at Waldhof/Germany was used to evaluate deposition fields modeled with the chemistry transport model (CTM) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) and to analyze the influence of the governing parameters. The influence of the parameters precipitation and atmospheric concentration was evaluated using different input datasets for a variety of CMAQ simulations for the year 2009. It was found that on the basis of daily and weekly measurement data, the bias of modeled depositions could be explained by the bias of precipitation fields and atmospheric concentrations of GOM and PBM. A correction of the modeled wet deposition using observed daily precipitation increased the correlation, on average, from 0.17 to 0.78. An additional correction based on the daily average GOM and PBM concentration lead to a 50 % decrease of the model error for all CMAQ scenarios. Monthly deposition measurements were found to have a too low temporal resolution to adequately analyze model deficiencies in wet deposition processes due to the nonlinear nature of the scavenging process. Moreover, the general overestimation of atmospheric GOM by the CTM in combination with an underestimation of low precipitation events in the meteorological models lead to a good agreement of total annual wet deposition besides the large error in weekly deposition estimates. Moreover, it was found that the current speciation profiles for GOM emissions are the main factor for the overestimation of atmospheric GOM concentrations and might need to be revised in the future. The assumption of zero emissions of GOM lead to an improvement of the mean normalized bias for three-hourly observations of atmospheric GOM from 9.7 to 0.5, Furthermore, the diurnal correlation between model and observation increased from 0.01 to 0.64. This is a strong indicator that GOM is not directly emitted from primary sources but is mainly created by oxidation of GEM. %0 journal article %@ 0944-1344 %A Xie, Z., Zhao, Z., Moeller, A., Wolschke, H., Ahrens, L., Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J Environmental Science and Pollution Research %N 11 %P 7988-8000 %R doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1757-z %T Neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in air and seawater of the North Sea %U https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1757-z 11 %X Concentrations of neutral poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), such as fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs), perfluoroalkane sufonamidoethanols (FASEs), and fluorotelomer acrylates (FTACs), have been simultaneously determined in surface seawater and the atmosphere of the North Sea. Seawater and air samples were taken aboard the German research vessel Heincke on the cruise 303 from 15 to 24 May 2009. The concentrations of FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs in the dissolved phase were 2.6–74, <0.1–19, <0.1–63, and <1.0–9.0 pg L−1, respectively. The highest concentrations were determined in the estuary of the Weser and Elbe rivers and a decreasing concentration profile appeared with increasing distance from the coast toward the central part of the North Sea. Gaseous FTOHs, FASAs, FASEs, and FTACs were in the range of 36–126, 3.1–26, 3.7–19, and 0.8–5.6 pg m−3, which were consistent with the concentrations determined in 2007 in the North Sea, and approximately five times lower than those reported for an urban area of Northern Germany. These results suggested continuous continental emissions of neutral PFASs followed by transport toward the marine environment. Air–seawater gas exchanges of neutral PFASs were estimated using fugacity ratios and the two-film resistance model based upon paired air–seawater concentrations and estimated Henry's law constant values. Volatilization dominated for all neutral PFASs in the North Sea. The air–seawater gas exchange fluxes were in the range of 2.5 × 103–3.6 × 105 pg m−2 for FTOHs, 1.8 × 102–1.0 × 105 pg m−2 for FASAs, 1.1 × 102–3.0 × 105 pg m−2 for FASEs and 6.3 × 102–2.0 × 104 pg m−2 for FTACs, respectively. These results suggest that the air–seawater gas exchange is an important process that intervenes in the transport and fate for neutral PFASs in the marine environment. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Whittlestone, S., Zahorowski, W., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H.H., Labuschagne, C. %D 2013 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 13 %P 6421-6428 %R doi:10.5194/acp-13-6421-2013 %T 222Rn-calibrated mercury fluxes from terrestrial surface of southern Africa %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6421-2013 13 %X Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and 222Rn, a radioactive gas of primarily terrestrial origin with a half-life of 3.8 days, have been measured simultaneously at Cape Point, South Africa, since March 2007. Between March 2007 and December 2011, altogether 191 events with high 222Rn concentrations were identified. GEM correlated with 222Rn in 94 of the events and was constant during almost all the remaining events without significant correlation. The average GEM / 222Rn flux ratio of all events including the non-significant ones was −0.0001 with a standard error of ±0.0030 pg mBq−1. Weighted with the event duration, the average GEM / 222Rn flux ratio was −0.0048 ± 0.0011 pg mBq−1. With an emission rate of 1.1 222Rn atoms cm−2 s−1 and a correction for the transport time, this flux ratio corresponds to a radon-calibrated flux of about −0.54 ng GEM m−2 h−1 with a standard error of ±0.13 ng GEM m−2 h−1 (n = 191). With wet deposition, which is not included in this estimate, the terrestrial surface of southern Africa seems to be a net mercury sink of about −1.55 ng m−2 h−1. The additional contribution of an unknown but presumably significant deposition of reactive gaseous mercury would further increase this sink. %0 conference paper %@ %A Slemr, F., Ebinghaus, R., Weigelt, A., Kock, H.H., Brenninkmeijer, C., Schuck, T., Herrmann, M., Zahn, A., Velthoven, P.van, Martinsson, B., Ziereis, H. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2012 %P 17001 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130117001 %T CARIBIC observations of gaseous mercury in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130117001 %X A unique set of gaseous mercury measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS) has been obtained during the monthly CARIBIC (www.caribic-atmospheric.com) flights since May 2005. The passenger Airbus 340-600 of Lufthansa covered routes to the Far East, North America, India, and the southern hemisphere. The accompanying measurements of CO, O3, NOy, H2O, aerosols, halocarbons, hydrocarbons, greenhouse gases, and several other parameters as well as backward trajectories enable a detailed analysis of these measurements. Speciation tests have shown that the CARIBIC measurements represent a good approximation of total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations. Above the tropopause TGM always decrease with increasing potential vorticity (PV) and O3 which implies its conversion to particle bound mercury. The observation of the lowest TGM concentrations at the highest particle concentrations in the stratosphere provides further evidence for such conversion. We will show how a seasonally dependent conversion rate could be derived using concomitantly measured SF6 mixing ratios as a timer. Tropospheric mercury data suggest the existence of a decreasing trend in the northern hemisphere whose size is comparable with the trend derived from long-term measurements by ship cruises, at Cape Point (South Africa) and Mace Head (Ireland). %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Zhang, Y., Lai, S., Zhao, Z., Liu, F., Chen, H., Zou, S., Xie, Z., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J Chemosphere %N 8 %P 1519-1525 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.060 %T Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids in the Pearl River of Southern China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.060 8 %X An intensive campaign was conducted in September 2012 to collect surface water samples along the tributaries of the Pearl River in southern China. Thirteen perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs, C4–C11) and perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs, C4, C6–C8, and C10), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/(-)ESI–MS/MS). The concentrations of total PFAAs (ΣPFAAs) ranged from 3.0 to 52 ng L−1, with an average of 19 ± 12 ng L−1. The highest concentrations of ΣPFAAs were detected in the surface water of the Dong Jiang tributary (17–52 ng L−1), followed by the main stream (13–26 ng L−1) and the Sha Wan stream (3.0–4.5 ng L−1). Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the three most abundant PFAAs and on average accounted for 20%, 24%, and 19% of ΣPFAAs, respectively. PFBS was the most abundant PFAA in the Dong Jiang tributary, and PFOA was the highest PFAA in the samples from the main stream of the Pearl River. A correlation was found between PFBS and PFOA, which suggests that both of these PFAAs originate from common source(s) in the region. Nevertheless, the slope of PFBS/PFOA was different in the different tributaries sampled, which indicates a spatial difference in the source profiles of the PFAAs. %0 conference paper %@ %A Slemr, F., Brunke, E.-G., Wittlestobe, S., Zahorowski, M., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H.H., Labuschagne, C. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2012 %P 17005 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130117005 %T 222Rn calibrated mercury fluxes from terrestrial surfaces of southern Africa derived from observations at Cape Point, South Africa %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130117005 %X Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and 222Rn, a radioactive gas of primarily terrestrial origin with a half-life of 3.8 days, have been measured simultaneously at Cape Point, South Africa, since March 2007. Between March 2007 and December 2009 altogether 59 events with high 222Rn concentrations were identified. GEM correlated with 222Rn in 41 of the events and was constant during the remaining events without significant correlation. The average GEM/222Rn emission ratio of all events was −0.0047 ± 0.0054 pg mBq−1, with ± 0.0054 being the standard error of the average. With an emission rate of 1.1 222Rn atoms cm−2 s−1 and a correction for the transport duration, this emission ratio corresponds to a radon calibrated flux of about −0.53 ± 0.62 ng m−2 h−1 which is statistically not distinguishable from zero. With wet deposition, which is not included in this estimate, the terrestrial surface of southern Africa appears to be a net mercury sink. %0 conference paper %@ %A Soerensen, A., Jacob, D., Streets, D., Witt, M., Ebinghaus, R., Mason, R., Andersson, M., Sunderland, E. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2012 %P 7002 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130107002 %T Hg0 trends in the North and South Atlantic Marine Boundary Layer %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130107002 %X It was recently found that atmospheric Hg had decreased with 20-38% worldwide since the mid 1990s. However, the decrease is not supported by emission inventories that show rising global anthropogenic emissions over the past decades. We analyzed atmospheric data from 22 ship cruises in the North Atlantic (defined as 2°N-65°N), and 15 in the South Atlantic (defined as 70°S-8°N) between 1977 and 2010, as well as surface water Hg0 from 10 cruises in the West Atlantic Ocean between 1998 and 2010. Linear regression analysis based on these cruise ensembles for each hemisphere will be discussed. We use the GEOS-Chem biogeochemical model to explore possible drivers of the Hg0 trends found in this study and at previous studies at land based stations. These findings will also be discussed. %0 conference paper %@ %A Brunke, E.-G., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H.H., Weigelt, A., Labuschagne, C., Slemr, F. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment %P 17002 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130117002 %T Trend and seasonal variation of atmospheric mercury concentrations at the Cape Point GAW observatory, South Africa %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130117002 %X Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) has been measured at the WMO Global Atmospheric Watch station at Cape Point, South Africa since September 1995. Two techniques were used: a low resolution manual technique till the end of 2004 and a high resolution automated technique since March 2007. The GEM measurements at Cape Point constitute only one component of the GAW monitoring program consisting of continuous measurements of CO, CH4, CO2, O3, N2O, and since March 1999 also of 222Rn. The seasonality and trend of GEM concentrations from the low resolution data was analyzed by Slemr et al. (2008) and the trend of the combined low and high resolution data until the end of 2009 by Slemr et al. (2011). In this paper we will present an updated analysis of the trend and seasonality of GEM data until the end of 2011 and compare these to measurements made at Troll, a Norwegian research station in Antarctica (Pfaffhuber et al., 2012). %0 conference poster %@ %A Suehring, R., Quade, S., Wolschke, H., Heydebreck, F., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J SETAC Europe 23rd Annual Meeting %T Novel brominated and chlorinated flame retardants in sediments from the German Bight %U %X %0 journal article %@ 1448-2517 %A Weigelt, A., Temme, C., Bieber, E., Schwerin, A., Schuetze, M., Ebinghaus, R., Kock, H.-H. %D 2013 %J Environmental Chemistry %N 2 %P 102-110 %R doi:10.1071/EN12107 %T Measurements of atmospheric mercury species at a German rural background site from 2009 to 2011 - methods and results %U https://doi.org/10.1071/EN12107 2 %X Measurements of mercury species started in 2009 at the air pollution monitoring site ‘Waldhof’ of the German Federal Environmental Agency. Waldhof (52°48′N, 10°45′E) is a rural background site located in the northern German lowlands in a flat terrain, 100 km south-east of Hamburg. The temporally highly resolved measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM), gaseous oxidised mercury (GOM), particle-bound mercury (PBMPM2.5, with particulate matter of a diameter of ≤2.5 µm) and gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) cover the period from 2009 to 2011. The complete measurement procedure turned out to be well applicable to detect GOM and PBMPM2.5 levels in the range of 0.4 to 65 pg m–3. As the linearity of the analyser was proven to be constant over orders of magnitude, even larger concentrations can be measured accurately. The 3-year median concentration of GEM is found to be 1.61 ng m–3, representing typical northern hemispheric background concentrations. With 6.3 pg m–3, the 3-year average concentration of PBMPM2.5 is found to be approximately six times higher than the 3-year average GOM concentration. During winter the PBMPM2.5 concentration is on average twice as high as the PBMPM2.5 summer concentration, whereas the GOM concentration shows no clear seasonality. However, on a comparatively low level, a significant diurnal cycle is shown for GOM concentrations. This cycle is most likely related to photochemical oxidation mechanisms. Comparison with selected North American long-term mercury speciation datasets shows that the Waldhof 3-year median speciated mercury data represent typical rural background values. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Hagemann, H., Rockel, B., Kapitza, H., Geyer, B., Meyer, E. %D 2013 %J COSMO/CLM User Seminar 2013 %T How a two-way online coupled model system impacts regional climate simulations %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Wolschke, H., Heydebreck, F., Xie, Z., Suehring, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J SETAC Europe 23rd Annual Meeting %T Occurrence and distribution of organic UV-stabilizers in sediments of the German Bight %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Hagemann, H., Rockel, B., Kapitza, H., Geyer, B. %D 2013 %J CLM-Assembly 2013 %T COSTRICE - A coupled system for atmosphere, ocean and sea ice simulations %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Heydebreck, F., Wolschke, H., Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J SETAC Europe 23rd Annual Meeting %T Development and validation of a method for the determination of plastic additives in sediments %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Wolschke, H., Heydebreck, F., Xie, Z., Suehring, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J 7th Network Conference on Persistent Organic Pollutants %T Occurrence and distribution of organic UV-stabilizers in sediments of the German Bight %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Metropolitan Solutions Forum, Hannover Messe %T Climate change and the implications to coastal regions and harbor cities %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J ERCA 2013, European Research Course on Atmospheres %T The Role of Clouds in Climate and Environment %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J ERCA 2013, European Research Course on Atmospheres %T Cloud and precipitation physics - An introduction %U %X %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Vortrag an der Heinrich Boell Stiftung Hamburg %T Geoengineering - Was steckt hinter dieser hoch umstrittenen Option dem Klimawandel zu begegnen? %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Online Praesentation, Global Classroom ‐ Arizona State University / Leuphana University %T Urban Climate and Climate Change %U %X %0 book part %@ %A Readman, J., de Luna, F., Ebinghaus, R., Guzman, A.N., Price, A., Readman, E., Shepard, A., Sleight, V., Sturm, R., Thompson, R., Tonkin, A., Wolschke, H., Wright, R. %D 2013 %J Coral Reefs of the United Kingdom Overseas Territories, Coral Reefs of the World %P 283-298 %R doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5965-7_21 %T Contaminants, Pollution and Potential Anthropogenic Impacts in Chagos/BIOT %U https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5965-7_21 %X A broad range of chemical contaminants and pollutants have been measured within the Chagos Archipelago. Contamination is amongst the lowest in the world. Whilst much data is in the open literature, the chapter also includes details of extensive pollution monitoring for the atoll Diego Garcia which hosts a military facility. Hydrocarbons present are primarily of a natural origin with negligible evidence of contamination from petroleum or combustion origins. Tar balls, however, have been reported on several beaches in the Archipelago. Analyses of faecal steroids provide negligible evidence of sewage contamination. ‘Persistent organic pollutants’ (POPs), including PCBs and pesticides, were generally below analytical detection limits, as were polyfluorinated compounds, brominated, chlorinated and organo-phosphorous flame retardants, fluorinated tensides, and surfactants (PFOS). Antifouling biocides and herbicides in Diego Garcia show negligible contamination. Metal concentrations are very low. Levels of most contaminants are typically comparable to those recorded in environments perceived to be pristine, for example, the Antarctic. In Diego Garcia, extensive monitoring includes regular analyses in accredited US laboratories of over one hundred metals and organic contaminants. Results generally reveal concentrations below detection limits. This is in agreement with the open literature surveys. These legislated assessments are designed to ensure both environmental and human health preservation. Whilst many detection limits are higher than those of the independent surveys, they generally confirm the pristine nature of the Archipelago. Beach surveys, however, revealed a surprisingly high number of pieces of debris throughout the Archipelago, mainly plastics of South East Asian origin. The number of litter pieces in Diego Garcia was less than in the other atolls, reductions being attributed to beach clean-up events. Microplastic contamination is shown to be both widespread and relatively high compared to other locations on a global scale, and there were significantly more microplastics at uninhabited atolls compared to the Diego Garcia, showing the potential for microplastics to accumulate in remote locations. Holothurian (sea cucumber) poaching has been another significant environmental pressure on the coral reefs of Chagos and is included in this review, in view of the reported ecological benefits of the group to reef health and resilience. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Ho, H., Rockel, B., Kapitza, H., Geyer, B., Meyer, E. %D 2013 %J 4th WGNE Workshop on Systematic Errors in Weather and Climate Models %T The role of coupling in reducing biases of atmosphere, ocean and sea-ice simulations %U %X %0 conference paper %@ %A Weigelt, A., Bieber, E., Temme, C., Kock, H.H., Schwerin, A., Schuetze, M., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ICHMET 2012 %P 17004 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130117004 %T Speciated mercury measurements in ambient air from 2009 to 2011 at a Central European rural background monitoring site %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130117004 %X Since January 2009 highly time-resolved mercury speciation measurements in ambient air are carried out at the Central European German EMEP monitoring station and measurement site of the German Federal Environment Agency “Waldhof“, providing the longest Central European dataset for mercury species. First statistical analyses do not indicate long term trends for the concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and particle bound mercury (TPM). A potential increasing trend for reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) will have to be verified in the coming years and should be regarded as indicative only at present. A seasonal cycle for TPM could be observed with higher concentrations during winter time. Furthermore a diurnal cycle for RGM is apparent with highest concentrations in the early afternoon. %0 journal article %@ 1352-2310 %A Pirrone, N., Aas, W., Cinnirella, S., Ebinghaus, R., Hedgecock, I.M., Pacyna, J., Sprovieri, F., Sunderland, E.M. %D 2013 %J Atmospheric Environment %P 599-611 %R doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.053 %T Toward the next generation of air quality monitoring: Mercury %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.053 %X For air quality monitoring, priorities include expanding the existing data collection network and widening the scope of atmospheric mercury measurements (elemental, oxidised, and particulate species as well as mercury in precipitation). Presently, the only accurate indicators of mercury impacts on human and biological health are methylmercury concentrations in biota. However, recent advances in analytical techniques (stable mercury isotopes) and integrated modelling tools are allowing greater understanding of the relationship between atmospheric deposition, concentrations in water, methylation and uptake by biota. This article recommends an expansion of the current atmospheric monitoring network and the establishment of new coordinated measurements of total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in seawater and concurrent concentrations and trends in marine fish. %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Nordsee zwischen Oekologie und Oekonomie, Evangelische Akademie Loccum %T Der Norseeklimabericht – ein Ueberblick %U %X %0 conference paper %@ 2267-1242 %A Bieser, J., Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Quante, M. %D 2013 %J E3S Web of Conferences : Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment %P 27002 %R doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20130127002 %T Influence of emissions on regional atmospheric mercury concentrations %U https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130127002 %X Mercury is a global pollutant that is rapidly transported in the atmosphere. Unlike the majority of air pollutants the background concentrations of mercury play a major role for the atmospheric concentrations on a hemispheric scale. In this study the influence of regional anthropogenic emissions in comparison to the global emissions on mercury concentrations over Europe are investigated. For this purpose an advanced threedimensional model system is used that consists of three components. The emission model SMOKE-EU, the meteorological model COSMO-CLM, and the chemistry transport model (CTM) CMAQ. A variety of sensitivity runs is performed in order to determine the influence of different driving factors (i.e. boundary conditions, anthropogenic and natural emissions, emission factors, meteorological fields) on the atmoshperic concentrations of different mercury species. This study is part of the European FP7 project GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System). The aim is to identify the most important drivers for atmospheric mercury in order to optimize future regional modelling studies in the course of the GMOS project. Moreover, the model results are used to determine areas of interest for air-plane based in-situ measurements which are also part of GMOS. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Suehring, R., Byer, J., Freese, M., Pohlmann, J.-D., Wolschke, H., Moeller, A., Hodson, P.V., Alaee, M., Hanel, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J 6th International Symposium on Flame Retardants, BFR 2013 %T Brominated flame retardants and Dechloranes in European and American eels from glass to silver life stages %U %X %0 thesis %@ %A Heydebreck, F. %D 2013 %J %T Entwicklung einer Methode zur Bestimmung von Plastikadditiven in Sedimenten mittels LC-MS/MS (Diplomarbeit) %U %X %0 conference poster %@ %A Aulinger, A., Matthias, V., Bieser, J., Quante, M. %D 2013 %J 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %T Effects of future ship emissions in the North Sea on air quality %U %X %0 conference lecture %@ %A Bieser, J., Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Geyer, B., Hedgecock, I., de Simone, F., Gencarelli, C., Travnikov, O. %D 2013 %J 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %T Impact of mercury chemistry on regional concentration and deposition patterns %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0048-9697 %A Zhao, Z., Tang, J., Xie, Z., Chen, Y., Pan, X., Zhong, g., Sturm, R., Zhang, G., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J Science of the Total Environment %P 415-423 %R doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.095 %T Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in riverine and coastal sediments of Laizhou Bay, North China %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.095 %X This study investigates the concentrations and distributions of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), including perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulphonates (PFSAs), in surface sediments from Laizhou Bay and its adjacent rivers. ∑ PFAAs showed much higher levels in the river sediment (with a mean of 5.25 ng/g dw) than in the coastal sediment (with a mean of 0.76 ng/g dw). Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the predominant compound, accounting for 50% to 97% of ∑ PFAA concentrations in 70% of the samples. The highest concentrations were detected in the Xiaoqing River, possibly due to the rapid development of the nearby fluorochemical industry. Hydrodynamics strongly influenced the distribution of PFAAs in Laizhou Bay. The hydrophilic property of shorter-chained PFAAs (C ≤ 8) allowed them to be transported to the inner bay via currents, to adsorb onto suspended sediment and then to be deposited. The Xiaoqing River showed the highest PFOA concentration (76.9 ng/g dw) among the bodies of sediment that had been studied worldwide, which might pose a potential threat for the benthic organisms of this river. %0 conference lecture %@ %A Matthias, V., Aulinger, A., Bieser, J., Geyer, B., Quante, M. %D 2013 %J 33rd International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application %T Air pollution in China in Januray 2013 %U %X %0 report part %@ %A Bieber, E., Cinnirella, S., Dastoor, A., Derwent, D., Ebinghaus, R., Feng, X., Gratz, L., Hedgecock, I., Jaffe, D., Jennings, G., Kock, H.-H., Manning, A., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., Schwerin, A., Schuetze, M., Spain, G.T., Sprovieri, F., Travnikov, O., Weigelt, A. %D 2013 %J Technical Background Report for the Global Mercury Assessment 2013 %P 38-68 %T Atmospheric Pathways, Transport and Fate %U %X for future studies. %0 journal article %@ 1680-7316 %A Steffen, A., Bottenheim, J., Cole, A., Douglas, T.A., Ebinghaus, R., Friess, U., Netcheva, S., Nghiem, S., Sihler, H., Staebler, R. %D 2013 %J Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics %N 14 %P 7007-7021 %R doi:10.5194/acp-13-7007-2013 %T Atmospheric mercury over sea ice during the OASIS-2009 campaign %U https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7007-2013 14 %X Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate mercury (PHg) were collected on the Beaufort Sea ice near Barrow, Alaska, in March 2009 as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS) and OASIS-Canada International Polar Year programmes. These results represent the first atmospheric mercury speciation measurements collected on the sea ice. Concentrations of PHg averaged 393.5 pg m−3 (range 47.1–900.1 pg m−3) and RGM concentrations averaged 30.1 pg m−3 (range 3.5–105.4 pg m−3) during the two-week-long study. The mean concentration of GEM during the study was 0.59 ng m−3 (range 0.01–1.51 ng m−3) and was depleted compared to annual Arctic ambient boundary layer concentrations. It is shown that when ozone (O3) and bromine oxide (BrO) chemistry were active there is a positive linear relationship between GEM and O3, a negative one between PHg and O3, a positive correlation between RGM and BrO, and none between RGM and O3. For the first time, GEM was measured simultaneously over the tundra and the sea ice. The results show a significant difference in the magnitude of the emission of GEM from the two locations, with significantly higher emission over the tundra. Elevated chloride levels in snow over sea ice are proposed to be the cause of lower GEM emissions over the sea ice because chloride has been shown to suppress photoreduction processes of RGM to GEM in snow. Since the snowpack on sea ice retains more mercury than inland snow, current models of the Arctic mercury cycle may greatly underestimate atmospheric deposition fluxes because they are based predominantly on land-based measurements. Land-based measurements of atmospheric mercury deposition may also underestimate the impacts of sea ice changes on the mercury cycle in the Arctic. The predicted changes in sea ice conditions and a more saline future snowpack in the Arctic could enhance retention of atmospherically deposited mercury and increase the amount of mercury entering the Arctic Ocean and coastal ecosystems. %0 journal article %@ 2169-897X %A Ma, Y., Xie, Z., Yang, H., Möller, A., Halsall, C., Cai, M., Sturm, R., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres %N 11 %P 5822-5829 %R doi:10.1002/jgrd.50473 %T Deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the North Pacific and the Arctic %U https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50473 11 %X Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously measured in surface seawater and boundary layer air from the North Pacific toward the Arctic Ocean during the Fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summer of 2010. Atmospheric Σ18PAH ranged from 910 to 7400 pg m−3, with the highest concentrations observed in the coastal regions of East Asia. Correlations of PAHs' partial pressures versus inverse temperature were not significant, indicating the importance of ongoing primary sources on ambient PAH levels in the remote marine atmosphere. The relatively high atmospheric concentrations observed in the most northerly latitudes of the Arctic Ocean suggest the influence of regional sources. For example, higher levels of particle‐bound PAHs were observed in the air of the Arctic Ocean than the North Pacific, indicating forest fire and/or within‐Arctic sources. Concentrations of PAHs in surface seawater were within a range of 14–760 pg L−1 and generally decreased with increasing latitude. The observed air‐sea gas exchange gradients strongly favored net deposition of PAHs along the entire cruise, with increasing deposition with increasing latitude, while the particle‐bound dry deposition fluxes (particularly for the high molecular weight PAH) were highest at sample sites close to East Asia. Based on characteristic PAH ratios, atmospheric PAHs originated from the combustion of biomass or coal, while the ratios observed in seawater reflected a mixture of sources. Given the dominance of primary emissions to the atmosphere and the relatively fast removal of PAHs from the water column, then PAHs will continue to load into the surface waters of the remote marine environment via atmospheric deposition. %0 journal article %@ 0045-6535 %A Vierke, L., Ahrens, L., Shoeib, M., Palm, W.-U., Webster, E.M., Ellis, D.A., Ebinghaus, R., Harner, T. %D 2013 %J Chemosphere %N 9 %P 2207 %R doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.008 %T Response to comment on "In situ airwater and particlewater partitioning of perfluorocarboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acids and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide at a wastewater treatment plant" %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.008 9 %X No abstract %0 conference lecture (invited) %@ %A Quante, M. %D 2013 %J Nordsee zwischen Oekologie und Oekonomie, Evangelische Akademie Loccum %T Auswirkungen des Schiffsverkehrs auf die Stickstoffdeposition in der Nordsee %U %X %0 journal article %@ 0269-7491 %A Kirchgeorg, T., Dreyer, A., Gabrieli, J., Kehrwald, N., Sigl, M., Schwikowski, M., Boutron, C., Gambaro, A., Barbante, C., Ebinghaus, R. %D 2013 %J Environmental Pollution %P 367-374 %R doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.043 %T Temporal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in alpine snow %U https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.043 %X The occurrence and temporal variation of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 8 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the European Alps was investigated in a 10 m shallow firn core from Colle Gnifetti in the Monte Rosa Massif (4455 m above sea level). The firn core encompasses the years 1997–2007. Firn core sections were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (PFASs) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (PBDEs). We detected 12 PFASs and 8 PBDEs in the firn samples. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA; 0.3–1.8 ng L−1) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 0.2–0.6 ng L−1) were the major PFASs while BDE 99 (