@article{feurdean_fire_hazard_2020, 
author={Feurdean, A. and Lemmen, C. and et al.},
title={Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe},
year={2020},
journal = {Biogeosciences},
volume = {17},
number = {5},
pages = {1213 - 1230},
doi = {10.5194/bg-17-1213-2020},
abstract = {Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3–4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ∼45 % tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60 % and 70 % tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ∼ 60 %–65 % tree cover and steeply declined at >65 % tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ∼ 15 %–20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that long-term fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1213-2020} (DOI). Feurdean, A.; Lemmen, C.; et al.: Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe. In: Biogeosciences. Vol. 17 (2020) 5, 1213 - 1230. (DOI:  /10.5194/bg-17-1213-2020)}}
@article{stanev_extreme_westward_2019, 
author={Stanev, E. and Badewien, T. and Freund, H. and Grayek, S. and Hahner, F. and Meyerjhürgens, J. and Ricker, M. and Schöneich-Argent, R. and Wolff, J. and Zielinski, O.},
title={Extreme westward surface drift in the North Sea: Public reports of stranded drifters and Lagrangian tracking},
year={2019},
journal = {Continental Shelf Research},
volume = {177},
pages = {24 - 32},
doi = {10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003},
abstract = {Observations using two kinds of drifters were carried out in the southern North Sea aiming to study the propagation pathways of marine litter. One drifter, which was driven by the upper layer currents, was equipped with Global Positioning System. Further 1600 wooden drifters, mostly driven by wind and Stokes drift, were released offshore in German waters. The detailed reports of stranded wooden drifters from members of the public, the majority of which are likely to be non-scientists, provided a valuable contribution to the drifter experiment demonstrating the usefulness of citizen science. In 2018, an extreme wind event reversed the circulation of North Sea for more than a month which resulted in a large number of wooden drifters being washed ashore on the British coast. Lagrangian numerical experiments, calibrated using data from the drifter observations, helped explain the anomalous transport and the reversal of the circulation at the sea surface and in deeper layers. The plausibility of similar events during past decades has also been estimated using data from atmospheric analyses. Events as strong as the one observed in 2018 occurred only four times in the last 40 years.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003} (DOI). Stanev, E.; Badewien, T.; Freund, H.; Grayek, S.; Hahner, F.; Meyerjhürgens, J.; Ricker, M.; Schöneich-Argent, R.; Wolff, J.; Zielinski, O.: Extreme westward surface drift in the North Sea: Public reports of stranded drifters and Lagrangian tracking. In: Continental Shelf Research. Vol. 177 (2019) 24 - 32. (DOI:  /10.1016/j.csr.2019.03.003)}}
@article{bothe_opinion_when_2019, 
author={Bothe, O.},
title={Opinion: When Does Weather Become Climate?},
year={2019},
journal = {Eos : Earth & Space Science News},
volume = {100},
doi = {10.1029/2019EO131019},
abstract = {Flexible definitions of the word “climate” may impede policy discussions on climate change. Closing apparent gaps between “climate” and “weather” may help reduce the ambiguity.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019EO131019} (DOI). Bothe, O.: Opinion: When Does Weather Become Climate?. In: Eos : Earth & Space Science News. Vol. 100 (2019) (DOI:  /10.1029/2019EO131019)}}
@article{slavik_the_largescale_2018, 
author={Slavik, K. and Lemmen, C. and Zhang, W. and Kerimoglu, O. and Klingbeil, K. and Wirtz, K.W.},
title={The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea},
year={2018},
journal = {Hydrobiologia},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3653-5},
abstract = {The increasing demand for renewable energy is projected to result in a 40-fold increase in offshore wind electricity in the European Union by 2030. Despite a great number of local impact studies for selected marine populations, the regional ecosystem impacts of offshore wind farm (OWF) structures are not yet well assessed nor understood. Our study investigates whether the accumulation of epifauna, dominated by the filter feeder Mytilus edulis (blue mussel), on turbine structures affects pelagic primary productivity and ecosystem functioning in the southern North Sea. We estimate the anthropogenically increased potential distribution based on the current projections of turbine locations and reported patterns of M. edulis settlement. This distribution is integrated through the Modular Coupling System for Shelves and Coasts to state-of-the-art hydrodynamic and ecosystem models. Our simulations reveal non-negligible potential changes in regional annual primary productivity of up to 8% within the OWF area, and induced maximal increases of the same magnitude in daily productivity also far from the wind farms. Our setup and modular coupling are effective tools for system scale studies of other environmental changes arising from large-scale offshore wind farming such as ocean physics and distributions of pelagic top predators.},
note = {Online available at: \url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-018-3653-5} (DOI). Slavik, K.; Lemmen, C.; Zhang, W.; Kerimoglu, O.; Klingbeil, K.; Wirtz, K.W.: The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea. In: Hydrobiologia. (2018) (DOI:  .1007/s10750-018-3653-5)}}
@article{travnikov_multimodel_study_2016, 
author={Travnikov, O. and Angot, H. and Artaxo, P. and Bencardino, M. and Bieser, J. and D`Àmore, F. and Dastoor, A. and De Simone, F. and del Carmen Dieguez, M. and Dommergue, A. and Ebinghaus, R. and Feng, X.B. and Gencarelli, C.N. and Hedgecock, I.M. and Magand, O. and Martin, L. and Matthias, V. and Mashyanov, N. and Pirrone, N. and Ramachandran, R. and Read, K.A. and Ryjkov, A. and Selin, N.E. and Sena, F. and Song, S. and Sprovieri, F. and Wip, D. and Waengberg, I. and Yang, X.},
title={Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Atmospheric processes and model evaluation},
year={2016},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : Discussions},
pages = {924},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-924},
abstract = {Current understanding of mercury (Hg) behaviour in the atmosphere contains significant gaps. Some key characteristics of Hg processes including anthropogenic and geogenic emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and air-surface exchange are still poorly known. This study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measurement data from ground-based sites and simulation results of chemical transport models. A variety of long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) and reactive Hg (RM) concentration as well as Hg wet deposition flux has been compiled from different global and regional monitoring networks. Four contemporary global-scale transport models for Hg were applied both in their state-of-the-art configurations and for a number of numerical experiments aimed at evaluation of particular processes. Results of the model simulation were evaluated against measurements. As it follows from the analysis the inter-hemispheric gradient of GEM is largely formed by the spatial distribution of anthropogenic emissions which prevail in the Northern Hemisphere. Contribution of natural and secondary emissions enhances the south-to-north gradient but their effect is less significant. The atmospheric chemistry does not affect considerably both spatial distribution and temporal variation of GEM concentration in the surface air. On the other hand, RM air concentration and wet deposition are largely defined by oxidation chemistry. The Br oxidation mechanism allows successfully reproducing observed seasonal variation of the RM / GEM ratio in the near-surface layer, whereas it predicts maximum in wet deposition in spring instead of summer as observed at monitoring sites located in North America and Europe. Model runs with the OH chemistry correctly simulate both the periods of maximum and minimum values and the amplitude of observed seasonal variation but lead to shifting the maximum RM / GEM ratios from spring to summer. The O3 chemistry does not provide significant seasonal variation of Hg oxidation. Thus, performance of the considered Hg oxidation mechanisms differs in reproduction of different observed parameters that can imply possibility of more complex chemistry and multiple pathways of Hg oxidation occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.},
note = {Online available at: \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-924} (DOI). Travnikov, O.; Angot, H.; Artaxo, P.; Bencardino, M.; Bieser, J.; D`Àmore, F.; Dastoor, A.; De Simone, F.; del Carmen Dieguez, M.; Dommergue, A.; Ebinghaus, R.; Feng, X.B.; Gencarelli, C.N.; Hedgecock, I.M.; Magand, O.; Martin, L.; Matthias, V.; Mashyanov, N.; Pirrone, N.; Ramachandran, R.; Read, K.A.; Ryjkov, A.; Selin, N.E.; Sena, F.; Song, S.; Sprovieri, F.; Wip, D.; Waengberg, I.; Yang, X.: Multi-model study of mercury dispersion in the atmosphere: Atmospheric processes and model evaluation. In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : Discussions. (2016) 924. (DOI:  10.5194/acp-2016-924)}}
@article{gencarelli_sensitivity_model_2016, 
author={Gencarelli, C.N. and Bieser, J. and Carbone, F. and De Simone, F. and Hedgecock, I.M. and matthias, V. and Travnikov, O. and Yang, X. and Pirrone, N.},
title={Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere},
year={2016},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : Discussions},
pages = {663},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-663},
abstract = {Atmospheric deposition is the most important pathway by which Hg reaches marine ecosystems, where it can be methylated and enter the base of food chain. The deposition, the transport and chemical interactions of atmospheric Hg has been simulated over Europe for the year 2013 in the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, performing 14 different model sensitivity tests using two high resolution three-dimensional Chemical Transport Models (CTMs), varying the anthropogenic emissions data sets, atmospheric Br input fields, the Hg oxidation schemes and the modelling domain boundary condition input. Sensitivity simulation results were compared with observations from 28 monitoring sites in Europe, to assess model performance and particularly to analyse the influence of anthropogenic emission speciation and the Hg0(g) atmospheric oxidation mechanism. The contribution of anthropogenic Hg emissions, their speciation and vertical distribution is crucial to the simulated concentration and deposition fields, as is also the choice of Hg0(g) oxidation pathway. The areas most sensitive to changes in Hg emission speciation and the emission vertical distribution are those near major sources, but also the Aegean and the Black Seas, the English Channel, the Skagerrak Strait and the North German coast. Considerable influence was found also evident over the Mediterranean, the North and Baltic Sea, some influence is seen over continental Europe, while this difference is least over the north-western part of the modelling domain, which includes the Norwegian Sea and Iceland. The Br oxidation pathway produces more HgII(g) in the lower model levels, but overall wet deposition is lower in comparison to the simulations which employ an O3/OH oxidation mechanism. The necessity to perform continuous measurements of speciated Hg, to investigate the local impacts of Hg emissions and deposition, as well as interactions dependent on land use and vegetation, forests, peat bogs etc. is highlighted in this study.},
note = {Online available at: \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-663} (DOI). Gencarelli, C.N.; Bieser, J.; Carbone, F.; De Simone, F.; Hedgecock, I.M.; matthias, V.; Travnikov, O.; Yang, X.; Pirrone, N.: Sensitivity model study of regional mercury dispersion in the atmosphere. In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : Discussions. (2016) 663. (DOI:  10.5194/acp-2016-663)}}
@article{solazzo_evaluation_and_2016, 
author={Solazzo, E. and Bianconi, R. and Hogrefe, C. and Curci, G. and Alyuz, U. and Balzarini, A. and Baro, R. and Bellasio, R. and Bieser, J. and Brandt, J. and Christensen, J.H. and Colette, A. and Francis, X. and Fraser, A. and Garcia Vivanco, M. and Jimenez-Guerrero, P. and Im, U. and Manders, A. and Nopmongcol, U. and Kitwiroon, N. and Pirovano, G. and Pozzoli, L. and Prank, M. and Sokhi, R.S. and Tuccella, P. and Unal, A. and Yarwood, G. and Galmarini, S.},
title={Evaluation and Error Apportionment of an Ensemble of Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Modelling Systems: Multi-variable Temporal and Spatial Breakdown},
year={2016},
journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : Discussions},
pages = {682},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-682},
abstract = {Through the comparison of several regional-scale chemistry transport modelling systems that simulate meteorology and air quality over the European and American continents, this study aims at i) apportioning the error to the responsible processes using time-scale analysis, ii) helping to detect causes of models error, and iii) identifying the processes and scales most urgently requiring dedicated investigations.

The analysis is conducted within the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) and tackles model performance gauging through measurement-to-model comparison, error decomposition and time series analysis of the models biases for several fields (ozone, CO, SO2, NO, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, wind speed, and temperature). The operational metrics (magnitude of the error, sign of the bias, associativity) provide an overall sense of model strengths and deficiencies, while apportioning the error to its constituent parts (bias, variance and covariance) can help to assess the nature and quality of the error. Each of the error components is analysed independently and apportioned to specific processes based on the corresponding timescale (long scale, synoptic, diurnal, and intra-day) using the error apportionment technique devised in the former phases of AQMEII.

The application of the error apportionment method to the AQMEII Phase 3 simulations provides several key insights. In addition to reaffirming the strong impact of model inputs (emissions and boundary conditions) and poor representation of the stable boundary layer on model bias, results also highlighted the high inter-dependencies among meteorological and chemical variables, as well as among their errors. This indicates that the evaluation of air quality model performance for individual pollutants needs to be supported by complementary analysis of meteorological fields and chemical precursors to provide results that are more insightful from a model development perspective. The error embedded in the emissions is dominant for primary species (CO, PM, NO) and largely outweighs the error from any other source. The uncertainty in meteorological fields is most relevant to ozone. Some further aspects emerged whose interpretation requires additional consideration, such as, among others, the uniformity of the synoptic error being region and model-independent, observed for several pollutants; the source of unexplained variance for the diurnal component; and the type of error caused by deposition and at which scale.},
note = {Online available at: \url{http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-682} (DOI). Solazzo, E.; Bianconi, R.; Hogrefe, C.; Curci, G.; Alyuz, U.; Balzarini, A.; Baro, R.; Bellasio, R.; Bieser, J.; Brandt, J.; Christensen, J.H.; Colette, A.; Francis, X.; Fraser, A.; Garcia Vivanco, M.; Jimenez-Guerrero, P.; Im, U.; Manders, A.; Nopmongcol, U.; Kitwiroon, N.; Pirovano, G.; Pozzoli, L.; Prank, M.; Sokhi, R.S.; Tuccella, P.; Unal, A.; Yarwood, G.; Galmarini, S.: Evaluation and Error Apportionment of an Ensemble of Atmospheric Chemistry Transport Modelling Systems: Multi-variable Temporal and Spatial Breakdown. In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics : Discussions. (2016) 682. (DOI:  10.5194/acp-2016-682)}}